Electricity Theft Control Using Microcontroller

7/24/2019 Electricity Theft Control Using Microcontroller

1/45

ELECTRICITY THEFT CONTROL USING

MICROCONTROLLER

A

PRACTICAL PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Bachelor of Technology

In Departent of Electr!cal Eng!neer!ng

S"#!tte$ to% S"#!tte$ By%

Mr. Rahul Kumar Harshi Ga!"#al

$Ass. L%&. EE. D%'.( )*ESBEE+),

Departent of Electr!cal Eng!neer!ng


2/45

Sr! Bala&! Techn!cal Cap"'( )a!p"r

Ra&a'than Techn!cal Un!*er'!ty( +ota

No*e#er, -./0


3/45

1BSTR1CT

S&i%!&% a!- %&h!l"/ #ih all is mira&ulus a-0a!&%m%!s has 1as&i!a%- huma! li1% a

"r%a %2%! ha ima"i!i!" a #rl- #ihu h%s% i!!0ai!s is har-l/ 'ssi3l%. Whil%

%&h!l"/ is ! h% raisi!" sl'%4 #% shul- als !% h% i!&r%asi!" immral a&i0ii%s. Wih

a %&h!i&al 0i%#4 5P#%r Th%16 is a !!7i"!ra3l% &rim% ha is hi"hl/ 'r%0al%!4 a!- a h%

sam% im% i -ir%&l/ a11%&s h% %&!m/ 1 a !ai!. Daa &ll%&%- 0%r A Hus%4 #hi&h

'r0%s h% !%&%ssi/ 1 his 'r8%&. D%%&i!" a!- %ra-i&ai!" su&h &rim%s #ih h% assisa!&%

1 h% -%0%l'i!" s&i%!i1i& 1i%l- is h% 5N%%- 1 h% Hur6. Wih h%s% 0i%#s #as his 'a'%r

&!&%i0%- a!- -%si"!%-. Our 'a'%r 'r0i-%s a &m'l%% a!- &m'r%h%!si0% l 'r%0%!

'#%r h%1 #hi&h is 0%r/ sim'l% u!-%rsa!- a!- %as/ im'l%m%! $A&&%'%- 3/Electr!c!ty Boar$ 11i&ials(. I i!&lu-%s 1ur s%&i!s 9 ra!smii!"4 r%&%i0i!"4 &u!%r

-is'la/ a!- 'r&%ssi!" s%&i!s

.


4/45

CONTENTS

A3sra& i

Lis 1 Fi"ur% ii

Chapter / El%&ri&i/ Th%1 )7):

).) Pr3l%m )

).* D%1i!i!" El%&ri&i/ Th%1*

).; P#%r Th%1 El%&ri&i/ Th%1 ,

).: C!s%?u%!&% 1 h%1 @

).< Wha Ca! 3% D!%

)., R%-u&i!" P#%r Th%1

Chapter - Em3%--%- S/s%m )


5/45

LIST OF FIGURES

F!g"re TITLE 3age No4

Fi"ur% ;.) Bl& -ia"ram )D lss%s 1r )@+ a!- *+++ %!a3l% a! hisri&al '%rs'%&i0%.

R%as!a3l% &!1i-%!&% i! h% a&&ura&/ 1 h% -aa a!- ha s/s%m us% #as ! i!&lu-%-.

Cu!ri%s s%l%&%- ha0% a "- r%&r- i! h% &ll%&i! 1 -aa i! h%r s&ial4 %&!mi&

a!- '#%r s%&r 0aria3l%s.

Th% &!1irmai! 1 h% &u!r/ -aa 3/ a s%&!- sur&% su&h as h% US EIA4 r%'rs !

%!%r"/ -%0%l'm%!4 a!- saisi&s 3ur%aus a!- %l%&ri&i/ r"a!iai!s i! h% s%l%&%-

&u!ri%s.

Th% l#%s T>D lss%s $l%ss ha!


13/45

I! umuluus im%s "0%r!m%! r"a!iai!s &%as% 1u!&i! %11i&i%!l/4 3%&m% 'r!%

&rru' 'ra&i&%s4 i!0%sm%! is ! ma-% i! s/s%m ma!a"%m%!4 a!- h% &!sum%rs a%

a-0a!a"% 1 h% s/s%m ariai!s i! T>D lss%s #ihi! %a&h &u!r/ ma/ 3% lar"%. I! h%

Phili''i!%s h% T>D lss%s #%r% %sima%- 3% ), i! ),.H#%0%r4 ass%ssm%! 1

r%"i!al 0ariai!s sh#s ha si2 1 ): r%"i!s ha- lss%s 3%l# ),.O!% r%"i! has 0%r

*, lss a!- 1i0% #%r% 3%#%%! *+ a!- *,.Th% M%ral& r%"i! $Ma!ila( r%'r%- lss%s

1 )*.=4 #%ll 3%l# h% rural ar%as $Nai!al E&!mi& D%0%l'm%! Auhri/4 )@4

Ta3l% :.=(. I!-ia has 0%rall T>D lss%s 1 0%r *


14/45

Gra1 a!- &rru'i!

Th% %2%r&is% 1 'u3li& '#%r 1r '%rs!al "ai!4 3ri3%r/4 im'a& 1 &rru'i! ! 3usi!%ss.

I! h% I!-ia!4 Paisa! a!- Ba!"la-%sh &as%s4 h% 0%r#h%lmi!" %0i-%!&% is ha &rru'

'ra&i&%s ar% #i-%s'r%a- i! h% %l%&ri&i/ s%&r. Th% Lu&!# El%&ri&al S%r0i&%s Auhri/G%!%ral Ma!a"%r &!&%-%- ha4 Ou 1 ))+ milli! u!i 1 %l%&ri&i/ su''li%- h%

r%si-%!s 1 Lu&!#4 a l%as ;; ar% 'il1%r%- a!- r%suli!" i! lss%s #rh Rs )++ &rr%s

$Rs ) 3illi!( %0%r/ /%ar. H% als a-mi%- ha ms 1 h% 'il1%ra"% 'la&% i! &!!i0a!&%

#ih '#%r %m'l/%%s $Tri'ahi4 *+++(.

/40 THE CONSE8UENCES OF ELECTRICITY THEFT

Frm a 3usi!%ss '%rs'%&i0%4 %l%&ri&i/ h%1 r%suls i! %&!mi& lss%s h% uili/. Sm%

ma/ ar"u% ha lar"% uilii%s 'r0i-i!" %ss%!ial s%r0i&%s "i0% 'r s%r0i&%4 0%r7&har"%4ma% mu&h m!%/ a!/#a/4 a!-4 h%r%1r%4 sm% h%1 #ill ! 3r%a h% &m'a!/ r

-rasi&all/ a11%& is '%rai!s a!- 'r1ia3ili/. Oh%rs li!" a h% sam% siuai! #ul-

ar"u% ha h%1 is a &rim% a!- shul- ! 3% all#%-.

A! I!%r!ai!al Uilii%s R%0%!u% Pr%&i! Ass&iai! has 3%%! %sa3lish%-

'rm% h% -%%&i! a!- 'r%0%!i! 1 '#%r h%19mai!l/ 1r h% 1i!a!&ial s%&uri/ 1

'#%r uili/ &m'a!i%s. Th% &!s%?u%!&%s 1 h%1 i! h% #rs &as% s/s%ms ar% im'ra!

h% 0ia3ili/ 1 h% s%r0i&%s 'r0i-%-.

Th% &m3i!%- lss%s $i!&lu-i!" !!7'a/m%! 1 3ills( i! sm% s/s%ms ha0% s%0%r% im'a&s

r%suli!" i! uilii%s '%rai!" a a lss a!- mus &!i!uall/ i!&r%as% %l%&ri&i/ &har"%s.

L&%- i! a &ulur% 1 i!%11i&i%!&/ a!- &rru'i!4 h% %l%&ri&i/ uilii%s ha0% -i11i&ul/

-%li0%ri!" r%lia3l% s%r0i&%. E0%! i! r%as!a3l/ %11i&i%! '#%r s/s%ms4 su&h as Mala/sias

T%!a"a4 '#%r h%1 a&&u!s 1r lss%s 1 RM:++ milli! $);* milli!( a!!uall/ $Mala/

Mail4 )(.Fr lar"% s/s%ms a ) h%1 lss &a! 3% su3sa!ial.

Wih sal%s 1 0%r ); 3illi!4 ) 1 h%1 1r h% Kr%a El%&ri& P#%r Cr'rai! is 0%r

);+ milli!. L0%i a!- M&K%&h!i% $*+++( ma% a &as% ha '#%r h%1 im'a&s u'! h%

'r 3/ '%r'%uai!" a s/s%m ha 3%!%1is h% #%alh/ a!- '#%r1ul. P#%r s/s%ms ma/

als 'rm% Gra!- Th%1 3/ a#ar-i!" lu&rai0% &!ra&s a!- m!'li%s ha l%a- h%

%!ri&hm%! 1 1a0r%- i!-i0i-uals. I!-ias '#%r s/s%m is a! illusrai! 1 a #rs7&as%

siuai!. I! &!sa! urmil4 Sa% El%&ri&i/ Bar-s $SEBs( ha0% a hi"h h%1 l%0%l a!-

&!sum%rs - ! 'a/ h%ir 3ills.


15/45

Th% SEBs s%l-m ha0% 'r1is a!- ar% h%a0il/ su3si-i%- 1r h%ir lss%s $Smih4 );(.O!l/

hr%% SEBs ma-% a 'r1i i! )


16/45

El%&ri& '#%r is ! a !%# %&h!l"/ a!- i!!0ai!s ai!" 'la&% %!a3l% 0%r/ %11i&i%!

s/s%ms 3% i!sall%- a!- mai!ai!%-. Ma!/ '#%r s/s%ms -%0% i!a-%?ua% r%sur&%s

a!- %11r ra!smissi! a!- -isri3ui! s/s%ms a!- - ! us% h% la%s %&h!l"i%s.

Th% i!0%sm%! !%&%ssar/ r%-u&% lss%s i!&lu-%s u'"ra-i!" '#%r li!%s4

ra!s1rm%rs4 i!1rmai! %&h!l"/ m!iri!" s/s%ms4 a!- i!salli!" a!- mai!%!a!&% 1

m-%r! m%%ri!" s/s%ms ha ar% a h% i!%r1a&% 1 h% r"a!iai! a!- h% &!sum%rs 1

h% %l%&ri&i/. Si"!i1i&a! %&h!l"i&al a-0a!&%m%! i! m%%ri!" has &&urr%-.

Si!&% mu&h h%1 is 1rm m%%r am'%ri!"4 i is im'ra! r%'la&% l-4 %as/ am'%r7#ih

m%%rs. N%# hi"h7%&h s%al%- m%%rs ha &a!! 3% al%r%- i! a!/ #a/ a!- &a! 3% r%a-

aumai&all/ ar% &sl/4 3u &a! r%-u&% h%1 #h%! r%?uir%- 1 m-%ra% h%a0/ '#%r

us%rs $s%% Arru-a4 *+++ I/%r4 *+++ Ra8a!4 )@(. Sil0a"/i $)( ma%s a sr!" &as% ha

h% i!0%sm%! i! hi"h %&h!l"/ m%%ri!" r%?uir%s a su!- a!- &m'l%2 i!1rasru&ur% i!

'la&% ma% h% s/s%m #r %11%&i0%l/.

/4;4- Manager!al Metho$

El%&ri& '#%r r"a!iai!s ar% 0%r/ lar"% %!ii%s ha '%ra% as 3ur%au&ra&i%s %0%! hu"h

ma!/ ar% 'ri0a% s%&r r"a!iai!s. Cm3i!i!" sr!" %&h!i&al im'r0%m%!s #ih a!

i!%lli"%! a!- a&i0% a!i7h%1 'r"ram ma/ r%sul si"!i1i&a! im'r0%m%!s $s%%

Ahm%-a3a- El%&ri&i/ C.L-.4 *+++(. I!s'%&i! a!- m!iri!" '#%r us%rs a r%"ular

i!%r0als is %ss%!ial r%-u&i!" h%1 $G#%r4 *+++(.I! Brail4 CEMIG ha- lss%s 1 )*

milli!.B/ s'%!-i!" *.) milli! ! %ss a!- i!s'%&i!4


17/45

Crru'i! is !% 1 h% ms -i11i&ul 'r3l%m ar%as 1r %l%&ri&i/ r"a!iai!s 3%&aus%

'#%r h%1 &&urs #ih h% &!!i0a!&% 1 %m'l/%%s 1 h% '#%r r"a!iai!. I!&r%as%-

i!0%si"ai! a!- sur0%illa!&% ma/ 'r0i-% ''ru!i/ 1r mr% &rru'i! $A!ura-ha4

*+++(.Em'l/%%s ma/ %0%! %2r m!%/ 1rm %l%&ri&i/ &!sum%rs ! -is&ls% h%1.

I is im'ra! -%%& a!- 'rs%&u% &rru' '#%r s%&r %m'l/%%shis i!&lu-%s4 i1

!%&%ssar/4 h% !%s a h% 0%r/ ' 1 h% r"a!iai!. Em'l/%%s shul- 3% 'ai- a-%?ua%l/

s ha h%/ #ill ! ha0% r%sr 3ri3%s i! r-%r su''r a 1amil/. ARTICLE IN

PRESS T.B. Smih E!%r"/ Pli&/ ;* $*++=( *+


18/45

Th% A!-hra Pra-%sh am%!-m%!s h% I!-ia! El%&ri&i/ A& $))+( &!ai!s 'u!ishm%!s

1rm < m!hs : /%ars im'ris!m%!4 1i!%s 1 3%#%%! :+++ :+4+++ Ru'%%s4 a!-

-%'ri0i!" h% hi%1 1 %l%&ri& '#%r 1r u' < /%ars. I! Mala/sia hal17'a"% a-s !%#s'a'%rs

#ar! &!sum%rs 1 h% ill%"ali/ 1 '#%r h%1 #ih 1i!%s 1 u' RM )++4+++ a!-

im'ris!m%! 1 u' : /%ars. Th% !%# la#s ma% h% 'u!ishm%! 1r h%1 mu&h %asi%r

im'l%m%! a!- h% 1i!%s a!- '%!ali%s im's%- a -%%rr%! 1uur% h%1. Th% 'r3l%m 1

arr%ars r !!7'a/m%! is a -i11i&ul !%. El%&ri&i/ is a! %ss%!ial &mm-i/ a!- a ! 'a/4

! %l%&ri&i/ 'li&/ ma/ ! 3% 'lii&all/ a&&%'a3l% i! sm% &u!ri%s. Dis&!!%&i! als

&a! 3% -a!"%rus as a Wrl- Ba! $)( su-/ !%-4 I! Al3a!ia4 &!sum%rs #ih "u!s /

hr%a%!%- sh h% uili/ 11i&ials #h a%m'%- -is&!!%& -%1auli!" &usm%rs.

Th% s&'% 1 his 'r3l%m &a! 3% s s%rius ha h% 1i!a!&ial 0ia3ili/ 1 h% r"a!iai! is

8%'ar-i%-. C!ra&i!" h% 3ill &ll%&i! a 'ri0a% a"%!&/ ma/ 'rm% sm%

%11%&i0%!%ss i! r%0%!u% &ll%&i!.

Al%r!ai0% m%h-s a!- 'la&%s 1r 3ill 'a/m%! ma/ als h%l'. Sm% '#%r s/s%ms ha0%

'rm%- 'r%'ai- &ar-s as a m%h- %!sur% 'a/m%!. H#%0%r4 &ha!"i!" a &ulur% 1 !!7

'a/m%! has ! %as/ slui!s $Bar!%s4 *+++ La!-i!4 *++)(.I! sm% &as%s hs% #i!" h%

ms m!%/ ar% "0%r!m%! a"%!&i%s4 a!- &ll%&i!" &a! &!1r! l%"al a!- 'lii&al hur-l%s.

/4;42 Sy'te Change

I! h% s/s%ms #h%r% '#%r h%1 is h% hi"h%s4 %l%&ri&i/ s%&r r"a!iai!s ar% sa%

#!%- a!- ma!a"%- %!%r'ris%s.

Sm% '#%r s%&r sa% %!%r'ris%s ha0% '%ra%- #ih su3sa!ial %11i&i%!&/ $i! Si!"a'r%4

1r i!sa!&%(4 s !% &a!! ar"u% a &as% ha h% 'u3li& s%&r is i!&a'a3l% 1 ru!!i!"

s%r0i&%s %11%&i0%l/ a!- %11i&i%!l/. H#%0%r4 a &as% &a! 3% ma-% ha sa% #!%- a!-

'%ra%- %!%r'ris%s ar% ! ma!a"%- as ru% 3usi!%ss%s a!- h%r%1r% - ! r/ 'imi%

'r1is. Th% r"a!iai!s ma/ 3% i!%r#i!%- i! h% 'lii&al a!- 3ur%au&rai& sru&ur%s

a!- 'r&%ss%s a!- h%r% ar% 1%# i!&%!i0%s r%-u&% h%1 .I! h% I!-ia! &as%4 h%1 -i- !

sl#l/ %m%r"%4 i has 3%%! aru!- 1r ma!/ -%&a-%si is 8us ha !hi!" #as %0%r -!%

a3u i. Plii&al l%a-%rs4 '#%r &!sum%rs a!- SEB ma!a"%rs a!- %m'l/%%s ha0%

3%!%1i%- 1rm h% s/s%m.

A #rl- r%!- has 3%%! -%r%"ulai! a!- h% ra!s1rmai! 1 'u3li& s%&r %!%r'ris%s i!

h% 'ri0a% s%&r. I! h% 'as -%&a-% ma!/ '#%r s/s%ms #%r% 'ri0ai%- a!- !# '%ra% as

3usi!%ss%s #ih shar%s ra-%- ! h% s& %2&ha!"%s $Ba&!4 )(.Th% al '#%r s%&r is

-i11i&ul 'ri0ai% i! %11%&i0% 'ri0a% s%&r %!%r'ris%s 3%&aus% ra!smissi! a!-

-isri3ui! ar% !aural m!'li%s4 a!- &m'%ii! is %ss%!ial s'ur 3usi!%ss%s 3% mr%


19/45

%11i&i%!. Nai!al a!- sa% l%0%l '#%r s/s%ms ha0% 3%%! ra!s1rm%- i! h% 'as -%&a-%

a!- h% &r%ai! 1 a! i!-%'%!-%! r%"ular/ &mmissi! 1r %l%&ri&i/ has 3%%! a &mm!

r%1rm.

Th% 'r3l%m 1 h# -%al #ih %&h!i&al a!- !!7%&h!i&al lss%s is a &m'l%2 !% 1r h%

!%# &mmissi!s. Th% issu%s "ra''l% #ih i!&lu-% s%i!" l%0%ls 1 a&&%'a3l% lss4

#h%h%r uilii%s shul- 3% all#%- 'ass ! h%1 a!- h%r i!%11i&i%!&/ &ss &usm%rs4

a!- #h%h%r uilii%s shul- 3% '%!ali%- i1 h%/ - ! a&hi%0% r%-u&i!s i! T>D a!- h%1.

Th% ra!s1rmai! 1 %l%&ri& '#%r s/s%ms i! mr% 3usi!%ss7li% %!%r'ris%s m%a!s 1r

ma!/ &u!ri%s h% %limi!ai! 1 su3si-i%s 'r0i-%- 3/ h% sa% ha %' %l%&ri&i/ 'ri&%s

l# 1r &!sum%rs.

As 'ri&%s i! 'r &u!ri%s ris% i!%r!ai!al l%0%ls4 ma!/ &!sum%rs ar% ra''%-. Th%ir

#! i!&m% is 3/ l&al sa!-ar-s'%rha's * : '%r -a/4 3u h%ir %l%&ri&i/ ARTICLE

IN PRESS *+,= T.B. Smih E!%r"/ Pli&/ ;* $*++=( *+


20/45

Th% r%&%! %&!mi& &risis s%0%r%l/ -%!%- T%!a"as 'r1ia3ili/. L# 'r1is a11%& h% s&

mar% 'ri&% 1 shar%s 1r&%- ru! %11i&i%!l/4 T%!a"a ma!a"%m%! ur!%-4 i! a 0%r/ s%rius

#a/4 h% r%-u&i! 1 '#%r h%1 ha &aus%s lss%s 1 M:++ milli! a /%ar. Caui!

!%%-s 3% %2%r&is%- a3u 'rmi!" 'ri0aiai! as a 'a!a&%a 1r h% ills 1 i!%11i&i%!&/.

Th% Orissa $I!-ia( %l%&ri&i/ s%&r #as 'ri0ai%- i! )< #ih h% &r'raiai! 1 h%

Orissa Sa% El%&ri&i/ Bar-4 h% %sa3lishm%! 1 h% Gri- Cr'rai! 1 Orissa ma!a"%

T>D 1 %l%&ri&i/ a!- h% Orissa El%&ri&i/ R%"ular/ Cmmissi! r%"ula% h% s/s%m.

Th% r%&r- sh#s u!%0%! im'r0%m%! $s%% Di2i % al.4 )@(.P#%r ari11s #%! u' 3/ ,D lss%s sar%- =:4 a!- r%0%!u% &ll%&i! #as !l/ a := 1 hs% 3ill%- $Dhum%4

)(. )). C!&lusi!s Th% %0i-%!&% 'i!s h% i!&r%asi!" l%0%ls 1 '#%r h%1 i! ma!/

&u!ri%s a!- h% 1i!a!&ial lss%s 1r sm% s/s%ms ar% s imm%!s% ha h% uili/ is i!

1i!a!&ial urmil.

I!0%sm%! i! im'r0i!" h% s/s%m a!- a--i!" a--ii!al &a'a&i/ &a!! 3% u!-%ra%!4

la!s a!- 'a/m%!s &a!! 3% m%4 a!- h% &!sum%r 1a&%s i!&r%as%- %l%&ri&i/ &har"%s.

E0%! i! %11i&i%! s/s%ms4 h%1 lss%s &a! a&&u! 1r milli!s 1 -llars %a&h /%ar i! ls

r%0%!u%. El%&ri&i/ h%1 i! is 0arius 1rms &a! 3% r%-u&%- a!- %' i! &h%& !l/ 3/ h%

sr!" a!- ass%ri0% a&i! 1 '#%r s%&r r"a!iai!s.

Th% sra%"/ a!- h% a&i! shul- 3% 3as%- u'! a hru"h u!-%rsa!-i!" 1 h% s'%&i1i&

!aur% 1 h% h%1 'r3l%m. A sr!" &as% &a! 3% ma-% ha %a&h '#%r s/s%m $i!&lu-i!"

&!sum%rs aiu-%s a!- 3%ha0ir( has is #! u!i?u% ?ualii%s a!- !l/ 3/ !#i!" h%

s/s%m a!- h% 'r3l%m &a! %11%&i0% slui!s 3% -%si"!%- a!- im'l%m%!%-.

Si!&% a hi"h l%0%l 1 '#%r h%1 is li!%- #ih &rru'i!4 h% a!al/sis &a!! 3% &!1i!%-

%&h!i&al a!- ma!a"%rial '%rs'%&i0%s a!- !%%-s 3% muli7-is&i'li!ar/ i! a''ra&h. Th%1

as a! a&i0i/ i! sm% s/s%ms is &ls%l/ i!%r#i!%- #ih "0%r!a!&% a!- #ih h% s&ial4

%&!mi& a!- 'lii&al %!0ir!m%!.

Crru'i! a!- %l%&ri&i/ h%1 hri0%s 11 %a&h h%r.

I! a! 0%rall &ulur% 1 &rru'i! as a #a/ 1 li1%4 %l%&ri&i/ h%1 &a! 3% r%-u&%-

sm-%ra% l%0%ls 3/ %&h!i&al%!"i!%%ri!" m%h-s. Bu i is a! u'hill 3al% r%-u&% h%

%l%&ri&i/ h%1 ra% -rasi&all/ as l!" as %2%!si0% &rru'i! &!i!u%s. R%-u&i! i! '#%r

h%1 a!- %%'i!" i #ihi! r%as!a3l% 3u!-s is mr% li%l/ 3% su&&%ss1ul i! s/s%ms #ih

a "- "0%r!a!&% &ulur%. This is 3%&aus% h% h%1 r%-u&i! m%&ha!isms 1i!- a 1ri%!-l/

%!0ir!m%! 1r i!iiai! a!- im'l%m%!ai!.


21/45

As 'ar 1 "%!%rai!" a!- susai!i!" "- "0%r!a!&% i! &mmu!ii%s4 %l%&ri& '#%r

s/s%ms ha0% h% ''ru!i/ a% h% l%a- i! 'rmi!" su!- &r'ra% "0%r!a!&%. Th%

%&h!l"i&al i!!0ai!s ma% his as %asi%r shul- h% ma!a"%rial sills a!- -%sir% %2is.

El%&ri& '#%r s/s%ms &a! 3% r%sru&ur%- ma% '#%r s%&r r"a!iai!s '%ra% i!

&m'%ii0% %!0ir!m%!s #h%r% %11i&i%!&/ a!- %11%&i0%!%ss i! s%r0i&% -%li0%r/.


22/45

Chapter -

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

-4/ INTRODUCTION

Em3%--%- s/s%m is a &m'u%r s/s%m -%si"!%- 1r s'%&i1i& &!rl 1u!&i!s #ihi! a

lar"%r s/s%m4 1%! #ih r%al7im% &m'ui!" &!srai!s. I is %m3%--%- as 'ar 1 a

&m'l%% -%0i&% 1%! i!&lu-i!" har-#ar% a!- m%&ha!i&al 'ars. B/ &!ras4 a "%!%ral7

'ur's% &m'u%r4 su&h as a '%rs!al &m'u%r $PC(4 is -%si"!%- 3% 1l%2i3l% a!- m%% a

#i-% ra!"% 1 %!-7us%r !%%-s. Em3%--%- s/s%ms &!rl ma!/ -%0i&%s i! &mm! us%

-a/.

Em3%--%- s/s%ms &!ai! 'r&%ssi!" &r%s ha ar% /'i&all/ %ih%r mi&r&!rll%rs r

-i"ial si"!al 'r&%ssrs $DSP(. Th% %/ &hara&%risi&4 h#%0%r4 is 3%i!" -%-i&a%- ha!-l%

a 'ari&ular as. Si!&% h% %m3%--%- s/s%m is -%-i&a%- s'%&i1i& ass4 -%si"! %!"i!%%rs

&a! 'imi% i r%-u&% h% si% a!- &s 1 h% 'r-u& a!- i!&r%as% h% r%lia3ili/ a!-

'%r1rma!&%. Sm% %m3%--%- s/s%ms ar% mass7'r-u&%-4 3%!%1ii!" 1rm %&!mi%s 1

s&al%.

Ph/si&all/4 %m3%--%- s/s%ms ra!"% 1rm 'ra3l% -%0i&%s su&h as -i"ial #a&h%s a!- MP;

'la/%rs4 lar"% sai!ar/ i!sallai!s li% ra11i& li"hs4 1a&r/ &!rll%rs4 r h% s/s%ms

&!rlli!" !u&l%ar '#%r 'la!s. Cm'l%2i/ 0ari%s 1rm l#4 #ih a si!"l% mi&r&!rll%r

&hi'4 0%r/ hi"h #ih muli'l% u!is4 '%ri'h%rals a!- !%#rs mu!%- i!si-% a lar"%

&hassis r %!&lsur%. Em3%--%- s/s%ms s'a! all as'%&s 1 m-%r! li1% a!- h%r% ar% ma!/

%2am'l%s 1 h%ir us%.

T%l%&mmu!i&ai!s s/s%ms %m'l/ !um%rus %m3%--%- s/s%ms 1rm %l%'h!% s#i&h%s

1r h% !%#r m3il% 'h!%s a h% %!-7us%r. Cm'u%r !%#ri!" us%s -%-i&a%-

ru%rs a!- !%#r 3ri-"%s ru% -aa. C!sum%r %l%&r!i&s i!&lu-% '%rs!al -i"ial

assisa!s $PDAs(4 m'; 'la/%rs4 m3il% 'h!%s4 0i-%"am% &!sl%s4 -i"ial &am%ras4 DD'la/%rs4 GPS r%&%i0%rs4 a!- 'ri!%rs. Ma!/ hus%hl- a''lia!&%s4 su&h as mi&r#a0% 0%!s4

#ashi!" ma&hi!%s a!- -ish#ash%rs4 ar% i!&lu-i!" %m3%--%- s/s%ms 'r0i-% 1l%2i3ili/4

%11i&i%!&/ a!- 1%aur%s. A-0a!&%- HAC s/s%ms us% !%#r%- h%rmsas mr%

a&&ura%l/ a!- %11i&i%!l/ &!rl %m'%raur% ha &a! &ha!"% 3/ im% 1 -a/ a!- s%as!.

Hm% aumai! us%s #ir%-7 a!- #ir%l%ss7!%#ri!" ha &a! 3% us%- &!rl li"hs4

&lima%4 s%&uri/4 au-i0isual4 sur0%illa!&%4 %&.4 all 1 #hi&h us% %m3%--%- -%0i&%s 1r

s%!si!" a!- &!rlli!".


23/45

Tra!s'rai! s/s%ms 1rm 1li"h aum3il%s i!&r%asi!"l/ us% %m3%--%- s/s%ms. N%#

air'la!%s &!ai! a-0a!&%- a0i!i&s su&h as i!%rial "ui-a!&% s/s%ms a!- GPS r%&%i0%rs ha

als ha0% &!si-%ra3l% sa1%/ r%?uir%m%!s. arius %l%&ri& mrs 3rushl%ss DC mrs4

i!-u&i! mrs a!- DC mrs ar% usi!" %l%&ri&%l%&r!i& mr &!rll%rs.

Aum3il%s4 %l%&ri& 0%hi&l%s4 a!- h/3ri- 0%hi&l%s ar% i!&r%asi!"l/ usi!" %m3%--%- s/s%ms

ma2imi% %11i&i%!&/ a!- r%-u&% 'llui!. Oh%r aumi0% sa1%/ s/s%ms i!&lu-% a!i7

l& 3rai!" s/s%m $ABS(4 El%&r!i& Sa3ili/ C!rl $ESCESP(4 ra&i! &!rl $TCS(

a!- aumai& 1ur7#h%%l -ri0%.

M%-i&al %?ui'm%! is &!i!ui!" a-0a!&% #ih mr% %m3%--%- s/s%ms 1r 0ial si"!s

m!iri!"4 %l%&r!i& s%hs&'%s 1r am'li1/i!" su!-s4 a!- 0arius m%-i&al ima"i!"

$PET4 SPECT4 CT4 a!- MRI( 1r !!7i!0asi0% i!%r!al i!s'%&i!s.

Em3%--%- s/s%ms ar% %s'%&iall/ sui%- 1r us% i! ra!s'rai!4 1ir% sa1%/4 sa1%/ a!-

s%&uri/4 m%-i&al a''li&ai!s a!- li1% &rii&al s/s%ms as h%s% s/s%ms &a! 3% isla%- 1rm

ha&i!" a!- hus 3% mr% r%lia3l%. Fr 1ir% sa1%/4 h% s/s%ms &a! 3% -%si"!%- ha0% "r%a%r

a3ili/ ha!-l% hi"h%r %m'%raur%s a!- &!i!u% '%ra%. I! -%ali!" #ih s%&uri/4 h%

%m3%--%- s/s%ms &a! 3% s%l17su11i&i%! a!- 3% a3l% -%al #ih &u %l%&ri&al a!-

&mmu!i&ai! s/s%ms.

I! a--ii! &mm!l/ -%s&ri3%- %m3%--%- s/s%ms 3as%- ! small &m'u%rs4 a !%# &lass1 mi!iaur% #ir%l%ss -%0i&%s &all%- m%s ar% ?ui&l/ "ai!i!" ''ulari/ as h% 1i%l- 1

#ir%l%ss s%!sr !%#ri!" ris%s. Wir%l%ss s%!sr !%#ri!"4 WSN4 ma%s us% 1

mi!iauriai! ma-% 'ssi3l% 3/ a-0a!&%- IC -%si"! &u'l% 1ull #ir%l%ss su3s/s%ms

s'hisi&a%- s%!srs4 %!a3li!" '%'l% a!- &m'a!i%s m%asur% a m/ria- 1 hi!"s i! h%

'h/si&al #rl- a!- a& ! his i!1rmai! hru"h IT m!iri!" a!- &!rl s/s%ms. Th%s%

m%s ar% &m'l%%l/ s%l17&!ai!%-4 a!- #ill /'i&all/ ru! 11 a 3a%r/ sur&% 1r ma!/

/%ars 3%1r% h% 3a%ri%s !%%- 3% &ha!"%- r &har"%-.-4- CH1R1CTERSTICS

). Em3%--%- s/s%ms ar% -%si"!%- - sm% s'%&i1i& as4 rah%r ha! 3% a "%!%ral7'ur's%

&m'u%r 1r muli'l% ass. Sm% als ha0% im% '%r1rma!&% &!srai!s ha mus 3% m%4

1r r%as!s su&h as sa1%/ a!- usa3ili/ h%rs ma/ ha0% l# r ! '%r1rma!&%

r%?uir%m%!s4 all#i!" h% s/s%m har-#ar% 3% sim'li1i%- r%-u&% &ss.


24/45

*. Em3%--%- s/s%ms ar% ! al#a/s sa!-al!% -%0i&%s. Ma!/ %m3%--%- s/s%ms *&!sis

1 small4 &m'u%ri%- 'ars #ihi! a lar"%r -%0i&% ha s%r0%s a mr% "%!%ral 'ur's%.

;. Th% 'r"ram i!sru&i!s #ri%! 1r %m3%--%- s/s%ms ar% r%1%rr%- as 1irm#ar%4 a!-

ar% sr%- i! r%a-7!l/ m%mr/ r Flash m%mr/ &hi's. Th%/ ru! #ih limi%- &m'u%r

har-#ar% r%sur&%s lil% m%mr/4 small

-42 USER INTERF1CE

Em3%--%- s/s%ms ra!"% 1rm ! us%r i!%r1a&% a all -%-i&a%- !l/ !% as &m'l%2

"ra'hi&al us%r i!%r1a&%s ha r%s%m3l% m-%r! &m'u%r -%s' '%rai!" s/s%ms. Sim'l%

%m3%--%- -%0i&%s us% 3u!s4 LEDs4 "ra'hi& r &hara&%r LCDs $1r %2am'l% ''ular

HD==,@+ LCD( #ih a sim'l% m%!u s/s%m.

Mr% s'hisi&a%- -%0i&%s #hi&h us% a "ra'hi&al s&r%%! #ih u&h s%!si!" r s&r%%!7%-"%

3u!s 'r0i-% 1l%2i3ili/ #hil% mi!imii!" s'a&% us%- h% m%a!i!" 1 h% 3u!s &a!

&ha!"% #ih h% s&r%%!4 a!- s%l%&i! i!0l0%s h% !aural 3%ha0ir 1 'i!i!" a #has

-%sir%-. Ha!-h%l- s/s%ms 1%! ha0% a s&r%%! #ih a Q8/si& 3u!Q 1r a 'i!i!" -%0i&%s.

-45 TOOLS RE8UIRED

As #ih h%r s1#ar%4 %m3%--%- s/s%m -%si"!%rs us% &m'il%rs4 ass%m3l%rs4 a!-

-%3u""%rs -%0%l' %m3%--%- s/s%m s1#ar%. H#%0%r4 h%/ ma/ als us% sm% mr%

s'%&i1i& ls.

I! &ir&ui -%3u""%r r %mulars $s%% !%2 s%&i!(

Uilii%s a-- a &h%&sum r CRC a 'r"ram4 s h% %m3%--%- s/s%m &a! &h%& i1

h% 'r"ram is 0ali-.

Fr s/s%ms usi!" -i"ial si"!al 'r&%ssi!"4 -%0%l'%rs ma/ us% a mah #r3%!&h su&h

as S&ila3 S&i&s4 MATLAB Simuli!4 EICASLAB4 Mah&a-4 Mah%mai&al4 r

Fl#s!% DSP simula% h% mah%mai&s. Th%/ mi"h als us% li3rari%s 1r 3h h%

hs a!- ar"% #hi&h %limi!a%s -%0%l'i!" DSP rui!%s as -!% i! DSP!a! RTOS a!-

U!is! O'%rai!" S/s%m. A m-%l 3as%- -%0%l'm%! l li% isSim l%s /u &r%a% a!- simula% "ra'hi&al -aa

1l# a!- UML Sa% &har -ia"rams 1 &m'!%!s li% -i"ial 1il%rs4 mr &!rll%rs4

&mmu!i&ai! 'r&l -%&-i!" a!- muli7ra% ass. I!%rru' ha!-l%rs &a! als 3%

&r%a%- "ra'hi&all/. A1%r simulai!4 /u &a! aumai&all/ "%!%ra% C7&-% h%

isSim RTOS #hi&h ha!-l%s h% mai! &!rl as a!- 'r%%m'i! 1 3a&"ru!- ass4

as #%ll as aumai& s%u' a!- 'r"rammi!" 1 !7&hi' '%ri'h%rals.


25/45

Cusm &m'il%rs a!- li!%rs ma/ 3% us%- im'r0% 'imiai! 1r h% 'ari&ular

har-#ar%.

A! %m3%--%- s/s%m ma/ ha0% is #! s'%&ial la!"ua"% r -%si"! l4 r a--

%!ha!&%m%!s a! %2isi!" la!"ua"% su&h as Frh r Basi&. A!h%r al%r!ai0% is a-- a r%al7im% '%rai!" s/s%m r %m3%--%- '%rai!" s/s%m4

#hi&h ma/ ha0% DSP &a'a3ilii%s li% DSP!a! RTOS.

M-%li!" a!- &-% "%!%rai!" ls 1%! 3as%- ! sa% ma&hi!%s

S1#ar% ls &a! &m% 1rm s%0%ral sur&%s

S1#ar% &m'a!i%s ha s'%&iali% i! h% %m3%--%- mar%

Pr%- 1rm h% GNU s1#ar% -%0%l'm%! ls

Sm%im%s4 -%0%l'm%! ls 1r a '%rs!al &m'u%r &a! 3% us%- i1 h% %m3%--%-

'r&%ssr is a &ls% r%lai0% a &mm! PC 'r&%ssr

As h% &m'l%2i/ 1 %m3%--%- s/s%ms "r#s4 hi"h%r l%0%l ls a!- '%rai!" s/s%ms

ar% mi"rai!" i! ma&hi!%r/ #h%r% i ma%s s%!s%. Fr %2am'l%4 &%ll'h!%s4 '%rs!al

-i"ial assisa!s a!- h%r &!sum%r &m'u%rs 1%! !%%- si"!i1i&a! s1#ar% ha is

'ur&has%- r 'r0i-%- 3/ a '%rs! h%r ha! h% ma!u1a&ur%r 1 h% %l%&r!i&s. I! h%s%

s/s%ms4 a! '%! 'r"rammi!" %!0ir!m%! su&h as Li!u24 N%BSD4 OSGi r Em3%--%-

Ja0a is r%?uir%- s ha h% hir-7'ar/ s1#ar% 'r0i-%r &a! s%ll a lar"% mar%.

-454/ 3roce''or !n E#e$$e$ Sy'te

Em3%--%- 'r&%ssrs &a! 3% 3r%! i! # 3ra- &a%"ri%s r-i!ar/ mi&r'r&%ssrs

$P( a!- mi&r&!rll%rs $C(4 #hi&h ha0% ma!/ mr% '%ri'h%rals ! &hi'4 r%-u&i!" &s

a!- si%. C!rasi!" h% '%rs!al &m'u%r a!- s%r0%r mar%s4 a 1airl/ lar"% !um3%r 1

3asi& CPU ar&hi%&ur%s ar% us%- h%r% ar% ! N%uma!! as #%ll as 0arius -%"r%%s 1

Har0ar- ar&hi%&ur%s4 RISC as #%ll as !!7RISC a!- LIW #r- l%!"hs 0ar/ 1rm =73i


26/45

Mi&r'r&%ssrs '%ra% ! !um3%rs a!- s/m3ls r%'r%s%!%- i! h% 3i!ar/ !um%ral s/s%m.

Th% a-0%! 1 l#7&s &m'u%rs ! i!%"ra%- &ir&uis has ra!s1rm%- m-%r! s&i%/.

G%!%ral7'ur's% mi&r'r&%ssrs i! '%rs!al &m'u%rs ar% us%- 1r &m'uai!4 %2

%-ii!"4 mulim%-ia -is'la/4 a!- &mmu!i&ai! 0%r h% I!%r!%. Ma!/ mr%

mi&r'r&%ssrs ar% 'ar 1 %m3%--%- s/s%ms4 'r0i-i!" -i"ial &!rl 1 a m/ria- 1

38%&s 1rm a''lia!&%s aum3il%s &%llular 'h!%s a!- i!-usrial 'r&%ss &!rl.

Thusa!-s 1 i%ms ha #%r% ra-ii!all/ ! &m'u%r7r%la%- i!&lu-% mi&r'r&%ssrs.

Th%s% i!&lu-% lar"% a!- small hus%hl-a''lia!&%s4 &ars $a!- h%ir a&&%ssr/ %?ui'm%!

u!is(4 &ar %/s4 ls a!- %s i!srum%!s4 /s4 li"h s#i&h%s-imm%rs a!- %l%&ri&al &ir&ui

3r%a%rs4 sm% alarms4 3a%r/ 'a&s4 a!- hi71i au-i0isual &m'!%!s $1rm DD'la/%rs

'h!"ra'h ur!a3l%s.( Su&h 'r-u&s as &%llular %l%'h!%s4DD 0i-%s/s%m

a!-ATSCHDT3ra-&as s/s%m 1u!-am%!all/ r%?uir% &!sum%r -%0i&%s #ih '#%r1ul4

l#7&s4 mi&r'r&%ssrs. I!&r%asi!"l/ sri!"%! 'llui! &!rl sa!-ar-s %11%&i0%l/

r%?uir% aum3il% ma!u1a&ur%rs us% mi&r'r&%ssr %!"i!% ma!a"%m%! s/s%ms4

all# 'imal &!rl 1 %missi!s 0%r #i-%l/ 0ar/i!" '%rai!" &!-ii!s 1 a!

aum3il%. N!7'r"ramma3l% &!rls #ul- r%?uir% &m'l%24 3ul/4 r &sl/

im'l%m%!ai! a&hi%0% h% r%suls 'ssi3l% #ih a mi&r'r&%ssr. A mi&r'r&%ssr

&!rl 'r"ram &a! 3% %asil/ ailr%- -i11%r%! !%%-s 1 a 'r-u& li!%4 all#i!" u'"ra-%s

i! '%r1rma!&% #ih mi!imal r%-%si"! 1 h% 'r-u&. Di11%r%! 1%aur%s &a! 3% im'l%m%!%-

i! -i11%r%! m-%ls 1 a 'r-u& li!% a !%"li"i3l% 'r-u&i! &s.

Mi&r'r&%ssr &!rl 1 a s/s%m &a! 'r0i-% &!rl sra%"i%s ha #ul- 3%

im'ra&i&al im'l%m%! usi!" %l%&rm%&ha!i&al &!rls r 'ur's%73uil %l%&r!i&

&!rls. Fr %2am'l%4 a! %!"i!% &!rl s/s%m i! a! aum3il% &a! a-8us i"!ii! imi!"

3as%- ! %!"i!% s'%%-4 la- ! h% %!"i!%4 am3i%! %m'%raur%4 a!- a!/ 3s%r0%- %!-%!&/

1r !&i!" 7 all#i!" a! aum3il% '%ra% ! a ra!"% 1 1u%l "ra-%s.

-4542 M!crocontroller

A mi&r&!rll%r $sm%im%s a33r%0ia%- C4 uC r MCU( is a small &m'u%r ! a si!"l%

i!%"ra%- &ir&ui &!ai!i!" a 'r&%ssr &r%4 m%mr/4 a!- 'r"ramma3l% i!'uu'u

'%ri'h%rals. Pr"ram m%mr/ i! h% 1rm 1 NOR 1lash r OTP ROM is als 1%! i!&lu-%-

! &hi'4 as #%ll as a /'i&all/ small amu! 1 RAM 4 Mi&r&!rll%rs ar% -%si"!%- 1r

%m3%--%- a''li&ai!s4 i! &!ras h% mi&r'r&%ssrs us%- i! '%rs!al &m'u%rs r

h%r "%!%ral 'ur's% a''li&ai!s.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance


27/45

Mi&r&!rll%rs ar% us%- i! aumai&all/ &!rll%- 'r-u&s a!- -%0i&%s4 su&h as

aum3il% %!"i!% &!rl s/s%ms4 im'la!a3l% m%-i&al -%0i&%s4 r%m% &!rls4 11i&%

ma&hi!%s4 a''lia!&%s4 '#%r ls4 /s a!- h%r %m3%--%- s/s%ms. B/ r%-u&i!" h% si%

a!- &s &m'ar%- a -%si"! ha us%s a s%'ara% mi&r'r&%ssr4 m%mr/4 a!- i!'uu'u

-%0i&%s4 mi&r&!rll%rs ma% i %&!mi&al -i"iall/ &!rl %0%! mr% -%0i&%s a!-

'r&%ss%s. Mi2%- si"!al mi&r&!rll%rs ar% &mm!4 i!%"rai!" a!al" &m'!%!s !%%-%-

&!rl !!7-i"ial %l%&r!i& s/s%ms. Sm% mi&r&!rll%rs ma/ us% 1ur73i #r-s a!-

'%ra% a &l& ra% 1r%?u%!&i%s as l# as = H4 1r l# '#%r &!sum'i! $mill #as r

mi&r#as(. Th%/ #ill "%!%rall/ ha0% h% a3ili/ r%ai! 1u!&i!ali/ #hil% #aii!" 1r a!

%0%! su&h as a 3u! 'r%ss r h%r i!%rru' '#%r &!sum'i! #hil% sl%%'i!" $CPU

&l& a!- ms '%ri'h%rals 11( ma/ 3% 8us Na! #as4 mai!" ma!/ 1 h%m #%ll sui%- 1r

l!" lasi!" 3a%r/ a''li&ai!s. Oh%r mi&r&!rll%rs ma/ s%r0% '%r1rma!&%7&rii&al

rl%s4 #h%r% h%/ ma/ !%%- a& mr% li% a -i"ial si"!al 'r&%ssr.

A mi&r&!rll%r &a! 3% &!si-%r%- a s%l17&!ai!%- s/s%m #ih a 'r&%ssr4 m%mr/ a!-

'%ri'h%rals a!- &a! 3% us%- as a! %m3%--%- s/s%m.:Th% ma8ri/ 1 mi&r&!rll%rs i!

us% -a/ ar% %m3%--%- i! h%r ma&hi!%r/4 su&h as aum3il%s4 %l%'h!%s4 a''lia!&%s4 a!-

'%ri'h%rals 1r &m'u%r s/s%ms. Whil% sm% %m3%--%- s/s%ms ar% 0%r/ s'hisi&a%-4

ma!/ ha0% mi!imal r%?uir%m%!s 1r m%mr/ a!- 'r"ram l%!"h4 #ih ! '%rai!" s/s%m4

a!- l# s1#ar% &m'l%2i/. T/'i&al i!'u a!- u'u -%0i&%s i!&lu-% s#i&h%s4 r%la/s4

sl%!i-s4 LEDs4 small r &usm LCD -is'la/s4 ra-i 1r%?u%!&/ -%0i&%s4 a!- s%!srs 1r

-aa su&h as %m'%raur%4 humi-i/4 li"h l%0%l %&. Em3%--%- s/s%ms usuall/ ha0% !

%/3ar-4 s&r%%!4 -iss4 'ri!%rs4 r h%r r%&"!ia3l% IO -%0i&%s 1 a '%rs!al &m'u%r4

a!- ma/ la& huma! i!%ra&i! -%0i&%s 1 a!/ i!-.

-45424/ Interr"pt' !n !crocontroller

Mi&r&!rll%rs mus 'r0i-% r%al im% $'r%-i&a3l%4 hu"h ! !%&%ssaril/ 1as( r%s'!s%

%0%!s i! h% %m3%--%- s/s%m h%/ ar% &!rlli!". Wh%! &%rai! %0%!s &&ur4 a! i!%rru'

s/s%m &a! si"!al h% 'r&%ssr sus'%!- 'r&%ssi!" h% &urr%! i!sru&i! s%?u%!&% a!-

3%"i! a! i!%rru' s%r0i&% rui!% $ISR4 r Qi!%rru' ha!-l%rQ(.

Th% ISR #ill '%r1rm a!/ 'r&%ssi!" r%?uir%- 3as%- ! h% sur&% 1 h% i!%rru' 3%1r%

r%ur!i!" h% ri"i!al i!sru&i! s%?u%!&%. Pssi3l% i!%rru' sur&%s ar% -%0i&%

-%'%!-%!4 a!- 1%! i!&lu-% %0%!s su&h as a! i!%r!al im%r 0%r1l#4 &m'l%i!" a! a!al"

-i"ial &!0%rsi!4 a l"i& l%0%l &ha!"% ! a! i!'u su&h as 1rm a 3u! 3%i!" 'r%ss%-4

a!- -aa r%&%i0%- ! a &mmu!i&ai! li!. Wh%r% '#%r &!sum'i! is im'ra! as i!


28/45

3a%r/ '%ra%- -%0i&%s4 i!%rru's ma/ als #a% a mi&r&!rll%r 1rm a l# '#%r sl%%'

sa% #h%r% h% 'r&%ssr is hal%- u!il r%?uir%- - sm%hi!" 3/ a '%ri'h%ral %0%!.

-45424- 3rogra' !n !crocontroller

T/'i&all/ mi&r&!rll%r 'r"rams mus 1i i! h% a0aila3l% !7&hi' 'r"ram m%mr/4 si!&%

i #ul- 3% &sl/ 'r0i-% a s/s%m #ih %2%r!al4 %2'a!-a3l%4 m%mr/. Cm'il%rs a!-

ass%m3l%rs ar% us%- &!0%r hi"h7l%0%l la!"ua"% a!- ass%m3l%r la!"ua"% &-%s i! a

&m'a& ma&hi!% &-% 1r sra"% i! h% mi&r&!rll%rs m%mr/. D%'%!-i!" ! h% -%0i&%4

h% 'r"ram m%mr/ ma/ 3% '%rma!%!4 r%a-7!l/ m%mr/ ha &a! !l/ 3% 'r"ramm%- a

h% 1a&r/4 r 'r"ram m%mr/ ma/ 3% 1i%l-7al%ra3l% 1lash r %rasa3l% r%a-7!l/ m%mr/.

Ma!u1a&ur%rs ha0% 1%! 'r-u&%- s'%&ial 0%rsi!s 1 h%ir mi&r&!rll%rs i! r-%r h%l'

h% har-#ar% a!- s1#ar% -%0%l'm%! 1 h% ar"% s/s%m. Ori"i!all/ h%s% i!&lu-%-

EPROM 0%rsi!s ha ha0% a Q#i!-#Q ! h% ' 1 h% -%0i&% hru"h #hi&h 'r"ram

m%mr/ &a! 3% %ras%- 3/ ulra0il% li"h4 r%a-/ 1r r%'r"rammi!" a1%r a 'r"rammi!"

$Q3ur!Q( a!- %s &/&l%. Si!&% )@4 EPROM 0%rsi!s ar% rar% a!- ha0% 3%%! r%'la&%- 3/

EEPROM a!- 1lash4 #hi&h ar% %asi%r us% $&a! 3% %ras%- %l%&r!i&all/( a!- &h%a'%r

ma!u1a&ur%. Oh%r 0%rsi!s ma/ 3% a0aila3l% #h%r% h% ROM is a&&%ss%- as a! %2%r!al

-%0i&% rah%r ha! as i!%r!al m%mr/4 h#%0%r h%s% ar% 3%&mi!" i!&r%asi!"l/ rar% -u%

h% #i-%s'r%a- a0aila3ili/ 1 &h%a' mi&r&!rll%r 'r"ramm%rs. Th% us% 1 1i%l-7

'r"ramma3l% -%0i&%s ! a mi&r&!rll%r ma/ all# 1i%l- u'-a% 1 h% 1irm#ar% r '%rmi

la% 1a&r/ r%0isi!s 'r-u&s ha ha0% 3%%! ass%m3l%- 3u ! /% shi''%-.

Pr"ramma3l% m%mr/ als r%-u&%s h% l%a- im% r%?uir%- 1r -%'l/m%! 1 a !%# 'r-u&.

Wh%r% hu!-r%-s 1 husa!-s 1 i-%!i&al -%0i&%s ar% r%?uir%-4 usi!" 'ars 'r"ramm%- a

h% im% 1 ma!u1a&ur% &a! 3% a! %&!mi&al 'i!. Th%s% Qmas 'r"ramm%-Q 'ars ha0%

h% 'r"ram lai- -#! i! h% sam% #a/ as h% l"i& 1 h% &hi'4 a h% sam% im%. A

&usmia3l% mi&r&!rll%r i!&r'ra%s a 3l& 1 -i"ial l"i& ha &a! 3% '%rs!ali%- i!

r-%r 'r0i-% a--ii!al 'r&%ssi!" &a'a3ili/4 '%ri'h%rals a!- i!%r1a&%s ha ar% a-a'%-

h% r%?uir%m%!s 1 h% a''li&ai!. Fr %2am'l%4 h% AT)CAP 1rm Am%l has a 3l& 1

l"i& ha &a! 3% &usmi%- -uri!" ma!u1a&ur%r a&&r-i!" us%r r%?uir%m%!s.

-454242 Other feat"re' of !crocontroller


29/45

Mi&r&!rll%rs usuall/ &!ai! 1rm s%0%ral -%!s 1 "%!%ral 'ur's% i!'uu'u 'i!s

$GPIO(. GPIO 'i!s ar% s1#ar% &!1i"ura3l% %ih%r a! i!'u r a! u'u sa%. Wh%!

GPIO 'i!s ar% &!1i"ur%- a! i!'u sa%4 h%/ ar% 1%! us%- r%a- s%!srs r %2%r!al

si"!als. C!1i"ur%- h% u'u sa%4 GPIO 'i!s &a! -ri0% %2%r!al -%0i&%s su&h as LEDs r

mrs.

Ma!/ %m3%--%- s/s%ms !%%- r%a- s%!srs ha 'r-u&% a!al" si"!als. This is h%

'ur's% 1 h% a!al"77-i"ial &!0%r%r $ADC(. Si!&% 'r&%ssrs ar% 3uil i!%r'r% a!-

'r&%ss -i"ial -aa4 i.%. )s a!- +s4 h%/ ar% ! a3l% - a!/hi!" #ih h% a!al" si"!als

ha ma/ 3% s%! i 3/ a -%0i&%. S h% a!al" -i"ial &!0%r%r is us%- &!0%r h%

i!&mi!" -aa i! a 1rm ha h% 'r&%ssr &a! r%&"!i%. A l%ss &mm! 1%aur% ! sm%

mi&r&!rll%rs is a -i"ial77a!al" &!0%r%r $DAC( ha all#s h% 'r&%ssr u'u

a!al" si"!als r 0la"% l%0%ls.

A -%-i&a%- Puls% Wi-h M-ulai! $PWM( 3l& ma%s i 'ssi3l% 1r h% CPU &!rl

'#%r &!0%r%rs4 r%sisi0% la-s4 mrs4 %&.4 #ihu usi!" ls 1 CPU r%sur&%s i! i"h

im%r l's.

U!i0%rsal As/!&hr!us R%&%i0%rTra!smi%r $UART( 3l& ma%s i 'ssi3l% r%&%i0%

a!- ra!smi -aa 0%r a s%rial li!% #ih 0%r/ lil% la- ! h% CPU. D%-i&a%- !7&hi'

har-#ar% als 1%! i!&lu-%s &a'a3ilii%s &mmu!i&a% #ih h%r -%0i&%s $&hi's( i! -i"ial

1rmas su&h as IVC a!- S%rial P%ri'h%ral I!%r1a&% $SPI(.


30/45

Chapter 2

ENERGY THEFT DETECTION% THEORY 1ND 6OR+ING

MODEL

24/ 3RO)ECT IDE1

Th% aim 1 his 'r8%&4 as h% il% !am% su""%ss4 is -%%& h% '#%r h%1 ha &&urs i!

ur -ail/ li0%s. W% &m% a&rss su&h a siuai! ma!/ im%s i! ur -ail/ li0%s #h%r% '#%r

a!- %l%&ri&i/ "% ru%- sm% h%r -%si!ai! hru"h 0arius m%a!s li% &rss7#iri!"

%&. Our i-%a -%%& '#%r h%1 is 3/ usi!" # m%%rs4 !% a h% la- %!- a!- !% 1r h%-%%&i!4 #hi&h #ul- i!-i&a% i1 a!/ -is&r%'a!&/ &&urs i! h% '#%r su''l/ a!- i1

-%%&%-4 #ul- r%sul i! '#%r su''l/ &u711 imm%-ia%l/.

24- CIRCUIT DI1GR1M

Fi". ;.).Fu!&i!al Bl& Dia"ram 1 E!%r"/ Th%1 D%%&r


31/45

242 6OR+ING

This 'r8%& &!siss 1 mai!l/ # s%&i!s. O!% s%&i! &!siss 1 %!%r"/ m%%r4 islar

a!- r%&%i0%r &m'arar siua%- ! ur su''l/ 'l% a!- h% !% &!siss 1 %!%r"/ m%%r

islar a!- ra!smi%r4 siua%- i! ur hm%s.Th% %!%r"/ m%%r ) > * &a! m%asur% h% %!%r"/ 3/ m%asuri!" 0la"% a!- &urr%!. la"%

&a! m%asur% -ir%&l/ #ih h% h%l' 1 0lm%%r 'r0i-%- ! h% %!%r"/ m%%r 3u 1r

m%asuri!" &urr%! i r%?uir%s a Curr%! ra!s1rm%r $C.T.(. Th% C.T. &a! m%asur% &urr%! 3/

m%asuri!" ma"!%i& 1i%l- i!-u&%- 1rm a &urr%! &arr/i!" hi& &''%r #ir% usi!" a &il.

E!%r"/ m%%r &!siss 1 1ur LEDs sh# h% saus. O!% LED $ra!s'ar%! r%- LED(

3li!s #ih a &!sa! im% i!%r0al. This im% i!%r0al r%-u&%s #ih i!&r%as% i! LOAD.

Th% %!%r"/ m%%r a ur hm% m%asur%s h% %!%r"/ &!sum%- 3/ -i11%r%! LOADs. Th%

u'u 1rm %!%r"/ m%%r $1rm 3li!i!" LED( is "i0%! ra!smi%r s%&i! hru"h

islar. Islar &!siss 1 a r%la/ a!- a -ri0%r 1r s#i&hi!" i 3/ %!%r"/ m%%rs u'u. Th%

islar 'r%0%!s h% ra!smi%r s%&i! 1rm hi"h 0la"% u'u 1 %!%r"/ m%%r. Th%

islar u'u is us%- -ri0% !% u 1 1ur i!'us 1 h% ra!smi%r. This si"!al is -%&-%-

usi!" %!&-%r IC HT)*E a!- ra!smi%- usi!" RF ra!smi%r m-ul%.

A h% 'l% h% %!%r"/ m%%r ) #ill m%asur% h% su''li%- %l%&ri& %!%r"/ h% hm% 3/

similar m%h-4 3/ m%asuri!" 0la"% a!- &urr%! usi!" C.T. Th% u'u 1 %!%r"/ m%%r is

1%- h% ri""%r i!'u 1 h% r%&%i0%r s%&i! hru"h islar. This islar als &!siss 1 a

r%la/ a!- a ra!sisr -ri0%r &ir&ui.

Th% r%&%i0%r s%&i! &!siss 1 RF r%&%i0%r r%&%i0% h% si"!al ra!smi%- 1rm h% hm%

ra!smi%r s%&i!. I &!siss 1 0arius LEDs sh# h% saus. LED :$ra!"% LED( #ill

3li! sh# 'r'%r ra!smissi! 1rm ra!smi%r a hm% h% r%&%i0%r a 'l%. I1 his

LED L: -%s ! 3li!4 i i!-i&a%s ha h%r% is a 'r3l%m i! h% RF li! 3%#%%! T2 a!- R2.

LED = is 3/ -%1aul ON. Th% ri""%r%- i!'u #ills ON h% LED L;. Th% !%2 'uls% r%&%i0%-

1rm h% ra!smi%r s%&i! OFF LED L;.Si!&% h% %!%r"/ m%%r a 'l% m%asur% h% sam%

%!%r"/ as m%asur%- 3/ h% hm% %!%r"/ m%%r i.%. h% %!%r"/ -%li0%r%- h% LOAD $0arius

a''lia!&%s(. Th% 'uls% ra% 1 3li!i!" LEDs 1 3h %!%r"/ m%%rs is sam%. I! &as% 1 a!/

h%1 i.%. 3/'assi!" h% hm% %!%r"/ m%%r r ai!" %!%r"/ 3%1r% ur hm% %!%r"/ m%%r h%

'uls% ra% 1 3li!i!" LED 1 h% hm% %!%r"/ m%%r #ill r%-u&% #hil% h% 'uls% ra% 1

3li!i!" LED a h% 'l% %!%r"/ m%%r #ill r%mai! sam%.


32/45

I #ill l%a- &!i!uus ON 1 LED L;. As LED L; &!i!uusl/ "l#s 1r mr% ha! !%

mi!u% i #ill s#i&h OFF h% r%la/ &u h% su''l/ h% hm%. A his siuai! LED L=

ur! OFF a!- LEDs L* a!- L; #ill "l# &!i!uusl/ sh# h% &&urr%!&% 1 1aul.

I!%r!al -%s&ri'i! 1 h% RF Tra!smi%r a!- R%&%i0%r is7

/4 RF Tran'!tter

Th% RF T2 &!siss 1 RF T2 m-ul%4 a! %!&-%r i.%. HT)*E4 1ur s#i&h%s a!- h%

ra!smii!" a!%!!a. Th% %!%r"/ m%%r * is &!!%&%- RF T2 #ih h% h%l' 1 Islar.

Islars ar% !hi!" 3u r%la/ &ir&ui &!siss 1 a r%sisr4 ra!sisr a!- a! i!-u&r

&!!%&%- )* su''l/ a!- 1 &urs% r%la/. RF T2 has 1ur s#i&h%s 0i. S)4 S*4 S; a!- S=.

Islar r%la/ is &!!%&%- S= s#i&h 1 h% RF T2. Th% mai! 1u!&i! 1 RF T2 is

&ha!"% h% sa% 1 LED L=. I1 h% LED is ON i #ill ur! i OFF a!- i1 i is OFF i #ill ur!

i ON. All h% s#i&h%s is h%! &!!%&%- h% %!&-%r HT)*E #hs% u'u -ri0%s h% RF

T2 m-ul% u!i a!- h%! i is ra!smi%- #ih h% h%l' 1 a! a!%!!a. Th% ra!smi%r m-ul%

a&&%'s s%rial -aa. Th% %!&-%r IC a%s i! 'arall%l -aa a h% TX si-% 'a&a"%s i i! s%rial

1rma a!- h%! ra!smis i #ih h% h%l' 1 a RF ra!smi%r m-ul%. A h% RX %!-4 h%

-%&-%r IC r%&%i0%s h% si"!al 0ia h% RF r%&%i0%r m-ul%4 -%&-%s h% s%rial -aa a!-

r%'r-u&%s h% ri"i!al -aa i! h% 'arall%l 1rma.

Fi". ;.*. E!&-%r HT

)*E


33/45

Th% *)* %!&-%rs ar% a s%ri%s 1 CMOS LSIs 1r r%m% &!rl s/s%m a''li&ai!s. Th%/

ar% &a'a3l% 1 %!&-i!" i!1rmai! #hi&h &!siss 1 N a--r%ss 3is a!- )*YN -aa 3is.

Ea&h a--r%ss-aa i!'u &a! 3% s% !% 1 h% # l"i& sa%s. Th% 'r"ramm%-

a--r%ss%s-aa ar% ra!smi%- "%h%r #ih h% h%a-%r 3is 0ia a! RF r a! i!1rar%-

ra!smissi! m%-ium u'! r%&%i' 1 a ri""%r si"!al. Th% &a'a3ili/ s%l%& a TE ri""%r !

h% HT)*E r a DATA ri""%r ! h% HT)*A 1urh%r %!ha!&%s h% a''li&ai! 1l%2i3ili/ 1

h% *)* s%ri%s 1 %!&-%rs. Th% HT)*A a--ii!all/ 'r0i-%s a ;@ H &arri%r 1r i!1rar%-

s/s%ms.

Fi". ;.;. A--r%ss a!- Daa 1 Mi&r C!rll%r


34/45

N% D@ZD)) ar% all -aa i!'u a!- ra!smissi! %!a3l% 'i!s 1 h% HT)*A.

TE is a ra!smissi! %!a3l% 'i! 1 h% HT)*E

Th% *[)* s%ri%s 1 %!&-%rs 3%"i! a =7#r- ra!smissi! &/&l% u'! r%&%i' 1 a ra!smissi!%!a3l% $TE 1r h% HT)*E r D@ZD)) 1r h% HT)*A4 a&i0% l#(. This &/&l% #ill r%'%a

is%l1 as l!" as h% ra!smissi! %!a3l% $TE r D@ZD))( is h%l- l#. O!&% h% ra!smissi!

%!a3l%s r%ur!s hi"h h% %!&-%r u'u &m'l%%s is 1i!al &/&l% a!- h%! s's as sh#!

3%l#.

Fi". ;.=. Tra!smissi! Timi!" 1r h% HT)*E

Th% TX=;; #ir%l%ss RF ra!smi%r us%s !11 %/i!" ra!smi -aa h% ma&hi!"

r%&%i0%r4 RX=;;. Th% -aa i!'u 5%/s6 h% sa# r%s!ar i! h% ra!smi%r #h%! h% i!'u is

; 0ls r "r%a%r4 AM m-ulai!" h% -aa ! h% =;; MH &arri%r. Th% -aa is h%!

-%m-ula%- 3/ h% r%&%i0%r4 #hi&h a&&ura%l/ r%'r-u&%s h% ri"i!al -aa. Th% -aa i!'u isCMOS l%0%l Cm'ai3l% #h%! h% u!i is ru! ! : 0ls.Wh%! -ri0i!" #ih a CMOS i!'u4

h%r% mus 3% %!u"h l%0%l a&hi%0% a l%as ; ! h% -aa i!'u4 : is 'r%1%ra3l%. This is

-u% h% sar7u' im% 1 h% s&illar !%%-i!" 3% 1as a&&ura%l/ r%'r-u&% /ur -aa.


35/45

I1 h% 0la"% is l#4 h% s&illar #ill ! sar 1as %!u"h a&&ura%l/ r%'r-u&% /ur

-aa4 %s'%&iall/ a hi"h%r -aa ra%s. Lu&il/ ! mu&h -ri0% is !%%-%-4 s his shul- 3% %as/

si!&% i is **K hms 1 la-. Alms a!/ CMOS u'u #ill -ri0% his #ihu a!/ 'r3l%ms.

Th%r% ar% sm% CMOS u'us #hi&h ha0% 0%r/ lil% -ri0% &a'a3ili/ #hi&h ma/ ! #r4

s %si!" h% 0la"% a h% -aa i!'u ma/ 3% a #is% &hi&% i1 /u ar% ha0i!" 'r3l%ms.

Fi". ;.:. =;; MH Tra!smi%r

-4 RF Rece!*er

This s%&i! &!siss 1 1i0% LEDs $1ur /%ll# a!- !% ra!"%(4 RF R2 m-ul%4 -%&-%r HT

)*D4 a!- PIC mi&r&!rll%r )


36/45

Fi". ;.


37/45

Fi". ;.,. HT)*D C!rll%r

Fr 'r'%r '%rai!4 a 'air 1 %!&-%r-%&-%r #ih h% sam% !um3%r 1 a--r%ss%s a!- -aa

1rma shul- 3% &hs%!. Th% -%&-%rs r%&%i0% s%rial a--r%ss%s a!- -aa 1rm a 'r"ramm%-

*[)* s%ri%s 1 %!&-%rs ha ar% ra!smi%- 3/ a &arri%r usi!" a! RF r a! IR ra!smissi!

m%-ium. Th%/ &m'ar% h% s%rial i!'u -aa hr%% im%s &!i!uusl/ #ih h%ir l&al

a--r%ss%s. Th% -%&-%rs r%&%i0% s%rial a--r%ss%s a!- -aa 1rm a 'r"ramm%- *[)* s%ri%s 1

%!&-%rs ha ar% ra!smi%- 3/ a &arri%r usi!" a! RF r a! IR ra!smissi! m%-ium. Th%/

&m'ar% h% s%rial i!'u -aa hr%% im%s &!i!uusl/ #ih h%ir l&al a--r%ss%s.


38/45

Fi". ;.@. HT)*D Pi! Dia"ram

Th% *[)* s%ri%s 1 -%&-%rs 'r0i-%s 0arius &m3i!ai!s 1 a--r%ss%s a!- -aa 'i!s i!

-i11%r%! 'a&a"%s s as 'air #ih h% *[ )* s%ri%s 1 %!&-%rs. Th% -%&-%rs r%&%i0% -aa

ha ar% ra!smi%- 3/ a! %!&-%r a!- i!%r'r% h% 1irs N 3is 1 &-% '%ri- as a--r%ss%s

a!- h% las )*YN 3is as -aa4 #h%r% N is h% a--r%ss &-% !um3%r. A si"!al ! h% DIN 'i!

a&i0a%s h% s&illar #hi&h i! ur! -%&-%s h% i!&mi!" a--r%ss a!- -aa. Th% -%&-%rs

#ill h%! &h%& h% r%&%i0%- a--r%ss hr%% im%s &!i!uusl/. I1 h% r%&%i0%- a--r%ss &-%s

all ma&h h% &!%!s 1 h% -%&-%rs l&al a--r%ss4 h% )*YN 3is 1 -aa ar% -%&-%-

a&i0a% h% u'u 'i!s a!- h% T 'i! is s% hi"h i!-i&a% a 0ali- ra!smissi!. This #ill

las u!l%ss h% a--r%ss &-% is i!&rr%& r ! si"!al is r%&%i0%-. Th% u'u 1 h% T 'i! is

hi"h !l/ #h%! h% ra!smissi! is 0ali-. Oh%r#is% i is al#a/s l#. O1 h% *[)* s%ri%s 1

-%&-%rs4 h% HT)*F has ! -aa u'u 'i! 3u is T 'i! &a! 3% us%- as a mm%!ar/ -aa

u'u. Th% HT)*D4 ! h% h%r ha!-4 'r0i-%s = la&h /'% -aa 'i!s #hs% -aa r%mai!

u!&ha!"%- u!il !%# -aa ar% r%&%i0%-. Th% -%&-%rs #ill h%! &h%& h% r%&%i0%- a--r%ss

hr%% im%s &!i!uusl/. I1 h% r%&%i0%- a--r%ss &-%s all ma&h h% &!%!s 1 h% -%&-%rsl&al a--r%ss4 h% )*YN 3is 1 -aa ar% -%&-%- a&i0a% h% u'u 'i!s a!- h% T 'i! is

s% hi"h i!-i&a% a 0ali- ra!smissi!. This #ill las u!l%ss h% a--r%ss &-% is i!&rr%& r

! si"!al is r%&%i0%-. Th% u'u 1 h% T 'i! is hi"h !l/ #h%! h% ra!smissi! is 0ali-.

Oh%r#is% i is al#a/s l#. O1 h% *[)* s%ri%s 1 -%&-%rs4 h% HT)*F has ! -aa u'u 'i!

3u is T 'i! &a! 3% us%- as a mm%!ar/ -aa u'u. Th% HT)*D4 ! h% h%r ha!-4

'r0i-%s = la&h /'% -aa 'i!s #hs% -aa r%mai! u!&ha!"%- u!il !%# -aa ar% r%&%i0%-.


39/45

Fi".;.. PIC)


40/45

245 CODING OF TR1NSMITTER

i! 1la"\+

i! &u!%r\+

0i- mai!$(

]

PORTC.3i=\)

PORTC.3i:\+

PORTC.3i

Documents

Electricity Theft Control Using Microcontroller