Electric Vehicles: What’s in Your Garage?

CleanTALK San Diego in partnership with

San Diego Regional Clean Fuels CoalitionNovember 19, 2009

• Disclosure

– My own opinions based upon science and engineering estimates and various available references

– If you like it you can hire me

– If you don’t like it, I’m happy to help you get started on your own quest

• Objectives

– Increase awareness and understanding for making better informed personal and business choices

– Start a dialog for public consensus and support on key issues

– Capture a little of your imagination

• Imagination and Future Vision

– Read the 23 pages of Chapter 10 in Thomas Friedman’s book, “Hot, Flat , and Crowded”

– Energy and transportation will be more closely connected

– Changes are going to affect the way we live, our children live and the way our grandchildren live

• Lessons from history

– Transportation has been one of the most significant influences in the development in civilization, life style, and the economy

– Transportation is 64% of San Diego’s energy consumption

Units Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum Fuels Total

Gallons 1,880,000,000

BTU 2.162E+14

MMTh 581

GWh 18,648 17,027 63,362 99,037

% of Total 18.8% 17.2% 64.0%

San Diego County Energy Consumption

Electricity

19%

Natural Gas

17%Petroleum Fuels

64%

Were the Price Equal to the Cost

• Air Quality

– NOX

– HC

– Particulates

• Healthcare Costs

• National Security

– Reliable Energy for the Economy

– Follow the Money

• Climate Change

– GHG

– Carbon caps and taxes are coming

• International trade policies

– Global Economy

– New Business and Employment Sectors

Reasons for Alternative and Renewable Fuels

If You Can Afford them

CARB ZEV Requirement is Pushing

$5,000 penalty per each ZEV credit not produced

How Fast?

EV’s Best Friend

Charging Stations

Energy Diet

• 100 Mile Range

• 24kWh battery (gas tank)

• 240Wh/mile (mileage)

• 15.5¢/kWh (fuel cost)

• 3.72¢/mile

Nissan Leaf Battery Electric Plug-in Vehicle

LA 4 Drive Cycle

BEV Fuel Efficiency

Power PlantFuel

Electricity

Transmission &

Distribution

Charger &

Battery

Propulsion Motor

33% typical

(50% CC)

80% 90%93% 22%

InverterSun

Charger &

Battery

Propulsion Motor

(95%) 80% 90% 72%

Local Solar

(PV 22%)

Gasoline 30 MPG Vehicle

Energy Diet

• 300 Mile Range

• 10 Gallons (gas tank)

• 30 MPG (mileage)

• $3.00/Gallon (fuel cost)

• 10¢/mile

Energy Efficiency of Operation

Vehicle Range (Miles)

Energy Storage (kWh)

Energy Storage

(Gallons)

Net Efficiency

to Propulsion

Gasoline ICE

300 366 10 20%

BEV-Grid 100 24 0.66 22%

BEV- Local Solar

100 24 0.66 72%

Fuel Costs of Operation

Vehicle Fuel Cost Mileage Cost/Mile

Gasoline ICE $3.00/gal 30 mi/gal 10¢

BEV-night 5¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 1.2¢

BEV-mid peak 10¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 2.4¢

BEV-base tier 1 13¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 3.1¢

BEV-mid tier 2 15¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 3.8¢

BEV-peak 28¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 6.7¢

Vehicle Fuel Cost

Fuel

Mileage

Fuel

Cost/Mile Battery Engine Brakes Tires Misc

Total

Mntnce

Mntnce/

Mile

Total

Cost/Mile

Gas ICE 3.00 30 0.10 100 2,700 3000 500 500 6,800 0.07 0.17

BEV 0.05 4.2 0.01 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.10

BEV 0.10 4.2 0.02 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.11

BEV 0.15 4.2 0.04 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.12

BEV 0.20 4.2 0.05 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.14

BEV 0.25 4.2 0.06 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.15

BEV 0.30 4.2 0.07 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.16

BEV 0.35 4.2 0.08 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.17

BEV 0.40 4.2 0.10 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.18

BEV 0.45 4.2 0.11 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.20

BEV 0.50 4.2 0.12 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.21

Estimated Cost of Operation

Maintenance (Based on 100,000 miles)

• BEV Advantages

– Home fueling

– Zero emissions

– Minimal service• No oil, belts, filters

• >3x brake life

– Local storage for grid

• Disadvantages

– Needs infrastructure and PUC tariffs for sustainability

– Time to refuel

– Needs noise

• 30 MPG ICE Advantages

– Range and fueling infrastructure traditional

– Time to refuel

– Slightly less expensive

• Disadvantages

– Oil, air quality, GHG

– Service cost, time

– Time and distance to fuel station

BEV vs. 30 MPG ICE

• Chemistry

– Individual cells

– Reversible electrochemical energy

– Unique characteristics• Power

• Energy

• Life

• Charge rate

• Resistance

• Cost

• Toxicity

• Packs

– Series cells to minimize wasted heat

– Need heat rejection design for safety and long life

– Equalization

– Balancing

– Battery Management System

– High capital for economies of scale

Battery Basics

• Safety in operation

• Light weight (power and energy density)

• Quick charge/discharge

• High power

• High energy

• Wide temperature operation

• Inexpensive

• Long shelf life

• High operation cycle life

• Easily manufactured

• Easily recycled

• Environmentally safe

• Available materials

• High Quality, Fast Delivery, Cheap –Pick two!

Desired Battery Characteristics

• Cycle life exponentially increases with decreasing depth of discharge (DoD)

• Energy capacity (range) may significantly decease in extremely cold temperatures –needs to be managed

• High rate charges and discharges can shorten the battery life and waste more energy due to heat generation-efficiencies can easily drop 30%-increasing the cost of usable kWh

Some Battery Observations

• Avoiding “empty” and “full” can be the best thing you do for your battery life.

• Charging is not linear-85% in half the time for a full charge.

• Braking regeneration saves fuel, but uses some battery life

• Heat is the enemy of batteries, inverters, and electric motors.

• Each cell in a series pack gets exactly the same current.

• BMS is required because cells are different and age differently.

More Battery Observations

• Power

– Capacity

– Up front cost

– Limits charging/discharging

– Acceleration

– Load

– Slope

• Energy

– Power over time

– What you pay for

– Range

Power and Energy

• Fuel or battery into vehicle (1/2 mv²)

• Vehicle into brakes

• Vehicle into hill climb (30 feet = 30mph)

– Design highways to go up for deceleration and go down for acceleration

• Brakes into heating air and wearing brakes

– Over 2,000 MWh/day in San Diego

• Alternatively, brakes into regeneration, storage, and reuse

Energy Path

References

• “Hot, Flat, and Crowded,” Thomas Friedman, New York Times Journalist

• “Deep Hot Biosphere,” Thomas Gold deceased

• CARB ZEV Presentations

• EPA

• DoE

– EERE

– NREL

– ANL