Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage: Impacts on

2019 Energy Storage Technologies and Applications Conference, Riverside, California

Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage:

Impacts on Distribution Grid Operations

Farrokh Albuyeh, Ph.D.

Senior Vice President, Smart Grid Projects

Open Access Technology International, Inc.

UC Riverside

April 11-12, 2019


Trade SecretThis document and attachments contain confidential and

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International, Inc. This information is not to be used,

disseminated, distributed, or otherwise transferred without the

expressed written permission of Open Access Technology

International, Inc.

Proprietary NoticeAll OATI products and services listed are trademarks and service

marks of Open Access Technology International, Inc. All rights

reserved.


• Current Trends – Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Energy

Storage

• Impacts on Electric Power Industry Operations and

Bottom Line

• Smart Inverters

• Provision of Grid Services

• Case Studies

• Questions

Topics


• Focus on the Environment

• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 841

• De-carbonization of Power and Transportation Sectors

– Example: U.K. de-carbonization plan

• Objective: cut residential, industrial, transportation, and power

sector greenhouse gas emissions

• $210 million in Research and Development, $4.7 billion to upgrade

around 1 million homes, and $5.9 billion to support low carbon heat

technologies in homes and businesses between 2016 and 2021

• Higher taxes on diesel engines, 25% subsidy on the cost of new plug-in

vehicles, 12,000 charging points (2017)

Industry in Transition


– Example: Volvo will sell only Plug-in Hybrid Electric

Vehicles (PHEVs), introducing electric trucks

– Example: The California Public Utilities Commission (PUC)

approved $750 million for proposals from the state’s

investor-owned utilities to expand EV infrastructure and

rebate programs

Industry in Transition (Continued)


• Lithium-Ion Batteries

– Increasing demand

– Lowering of prices - $70/kWh by 2030

• EVs

– Government incentive programs

– Tightening fuel economy standards

– Commitments from auto makers: Volkswagen, Volvo,

Daimler, and Nissan

– Growing commitment to invest in charging infrastructure

Sourc

es:

Blo

om

berg

New

Energ

y F

inance

Nic

hola

s S

chool of

Busin

ess o

f th

e E

nvironm

ent/D

uke U

niv

ers

ity

Battery Storage Systems and EVs


EVs - O&M/TCO

90km/day – 110kWh

E-bus range

200km/day – 250kWh

E-bus range

300km/day – 350kWh

e-bus range

Small city

Annual mileage

Medium city

Annual mileage

Large city

Annual mileage

Note: Diesel price at $2.5/gallon, electricity price at $0.10/kWh

Source: Bloomberg NEF

Source: eMotorWerks


• Reverse Power Flows

• Voltage Fluctuations

• Phase Imbalances

• Frequency Fluctuations

Impact on Distribution System

21 MVASubstation

-Three Phase Commercial Lateral 2 MVA

50 kVA12.47kV/220V

Three Phase Resident ial Lateral 2MVA

Single- Phase Res idential Lateral

-

Microgird

Fleet

Community Solar

©2019 OATI, Inc.


Impact on the Utility Business

©2019 OATI, Inc.

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance


• Develop EV Rate Options

• Enhance Charging Infrastructure

• Manage Charging Stations

• Enable Delivery of Grid Services

Utility’s Role


• CA Rule 21, IEEE 1547.a, IEEE 2003.5,

IEC 61850, UL 1741, UL 1998, and SEP 2

and DNP 3.0

• New Regulations and Requirements for

Smart Inverters

– Real and reactive power control

– Operating regions with differing behaviors

– Low/high voltage and frequency ride

through

Delivering Services - Smart Inverters

P (Active Power Production)

Q (Reactive Power Consumption)

III

III IV

P Active Power injected

Q R

eact

ive

Pow

er In

ject

ed

Unused capacityAt unity Power Factor

Q (Reactive Power Production)

P (Active Power Consumption)


• Measure Local/Terminal Variables (Voltage, Frequency,

Active Power, and Reactive Power)

• Local Control Decisions based on Pre-set Thresholds and

Parameters

• Addresses Local Issues

• Fast Response (Cycles-Sub Second)

• No Requirements for Sophisticated Communications and

Remote Control

Modes of Operations – Autonomous


• Measures and Communicates Local/Terminal Variables

(Voltage, Frequency, Active Power, Reactive Power)

• Control Instructions from the Distributed Energy

Resource Management System (DERMS)

• Addresses System-wide Issues in Concert with Other

Resources

• Response in Near Real-Time (RT) (seconds/minutes)

• Requires Communications and Control Infrastructure

Modes of Operations – Remote Control/

On Demand


• Vehicle to Building (V2B)/Vehicle to Home (V2H)

– Improved economics

– Improved resiliency

• Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

– Improved resiliency

– Provision of grid services (capacity, energy, frequency

response, regulation, reserves, and voltage support)

– Non-wires alternatives, deferment of capital

expenditures

Delivering Services


Focus on Grid Services

Spinning Reserves

Non-Spinning Reserves

Supplemental Reserves

0 4 Sec 10 Sec 1 min 5 Min 10 Min 30 Min

Dispatch during normal conditions Dispatch during Contingency conditions

Source: NERC, DOE

Load/Generation

FollowingRegulating

Services

Frequency

Response

©2018 OATI, Inc.

Autonomous

Controls Operator DispatchAutomated Controls

©2019 OATI, Inc.


Case Study - HECO

Control Center

OATI DERMS

Control

4 Seconds

TelemetryModeling

Aggregation

Forecasting

Registration

Disaggregation

Controls

Monitoring

4 Seconds AGC

Available Capacity

Minneapolis

Maui Oahu©2019 OATI, Inc.


Case Study - HECO (Continued)

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6kW

Aggregated Response of a fleet of EV Chargers to AGC Signal

AGC Signal VPP Response

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:43kW

Aggregated Response of a fleet of EV Chargers to AGC Signal

AGC Signal VPP Response

2 Hours Test Results – 15 EVs

2 Hours Test Results – 23 EVs

©2019 OATI, Inc.


Case Study - HECO (Continued)

15-Jun 20-Jun 22-Jun 27-Jun 29-Jun Average

Number of EVs 15 16 15 23 18 17.4

Accuracy 96.6 96.0 93.4 97.0 93.5 95.3

Delay 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Precision 96.6 93.9 91.6 90.0 94.6 93.3

Composite 97.7 96.6 95.0 95.7 96.0 96.2

©2019 OATI, Inc.


Case Study - METI

©2019 OATI, Inc.


Case Study - METI (Continued)

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PMkW

Frequency Regulation Test - December 25th, Event 2

Control Signal VPP Response ©2019 OATI, Inc.


Impacts on Battery Life

Source: EPRI


Questions


Thank You!Farrokh Albuyeh, Ph.D.

[email protected]

763.201.2000

Documents

Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage: Impacts on