Elaine M. Prins

NOAA/NESDIS/ORAAdvanced Satellite Products Team

Madison, Wisconsin

elaine.prins@ssec.wisc.edu

Christropher C. SchmidtJoleen M. Feltz

UW-MadisonCooperative Institute for

Meteorological Satellite Studies

Overview of GOES and MTSAT Platforms: Fire Monitoring Characteristics

GOFC/GOLD Global Geostationary Fire Monitoring Applications WorkshopEUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany 23 March 2004

UW-MadisonCooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)

National Oceanic andAtmosphericAdministration (NOAA)

Advanced Satellite Products Team (ASPT)

National Aeronauticsand Space Administration

Overview

Geostationary platform fire monitoring characteristics

- GOES-10/-12: fire monitoring in the Western Hemisphere

- GOES-9: fire monitoring in the Western Pacific, SE Asia, and Australia

- Future MTSAT-1R fire monitoring capabilities

- Next Generation GOES ABI spectral bands and fire monitoring

Comparisons of minimum detectable fire size for GOES-9/-10/-12, MSG, and MTSAT-1R

Comparisons of fire saturation points for GOES-9/-10/-12, MSG, and MTSAT-1R

GOES-12 (East) Imager Characteristics

Band Wavelength IGFOV Sampled Subpoint NEDT (microns) (km) Resolution (km) 1 0.53-.77 1.0x1.0 0.57x1.0 10-bit data 2 3.76-4.03 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .21 K @ 300 K 3 5.77- 7.33 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .16 K @ 230 K 4 10.23-11.24 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .10 K @ 300 K 5 NA 6 12.96-13.72 8.0x8.0 2.3x8.0 .18 K

GOES-EGOES-W

-40-80-120-160

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

Satellite View Angle

80° 65°

Current U.S. Geostationary Coverage and Fire Monitoring Characteristics

Oversampling in the East/West direction with a sub-sampled res of 2.3x4.0 km High temporal resolution: every 15 minutes over portions of North America, half-hourly

elsewhere, capability for 1-minute imaging in Super Rapid Scan Operational mode. GOES-12 band 2 has an elevated saturation temperature of ~337 K.

Elevated GOES-12 band 2 saturation temperature gives improved fire characterization.

GOES-10 saturates at ~322K resulting in non-fire saturation points during peak heating hours. Fire size detectability limits with an average fire temperature of 750K:

Equator: .15 ha 50°N: .32 ha

Fire Monitoring Characteristics

GOES-10 (West) Imager Characteristics

Band Wavelength IGFOV Sampled Subpoint NEDT (microns) (km) Resolution (km) 1 0.53-.72 1.0x1.0 0.57x1.0 10-bit data 2 3.78-4.03 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .23 K @ 300 K 3 6.47-7.03 8.0x8.0 2.3x8.0 .30 K @ 230 K 4 10.2-11.2 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .14 K @ 300 K 5 11.5-12.5 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .26 K @ 300 K

GOES-East Fire and Smoke Monitoring

GOES-East Multi-spectral Fire Detection in CanadaDate: 21 June 1995 Time: 2345 UTC

Satellite View Angle

80° 65°

Overview of GOES-9 Fire Monitoring Capabilities for SE Asia

GOES-9 Imager Characteristics

Band Wavelength IGFOV Sampled Subpoint NEDT (microns) (km) Resolution (km) 1 0.52-.72 1.0x1.0 0.57x1.0 10-bit data 2 3.78-4.03 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .23 K @ 300 K 3 6.47-7.02 8.0x8.0 2.3x8.0 .30 K @ 230 K 4 10.2-11.2 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .14 K @ 300 K 5 11.5-12.5 4.0x4.0 2.3x4.0 .26 K @ 300 K

Oversampling in the East/West direction with a sub-sampled res of 2.3x4.0 km provides a better opportunity to capture an entire fire within a fov.

High temporal resolution: full disk every hour, reduced sectors every half-hour GOES-9 band 2 has a saturation temperature of ~324 K.

This may result in numerous non-fire saturation points during peak heating hours. Fire size detectability limits with an average fire temperature of 750K:

Equator: .15 ha 50°N: .32 ha

Fire Monitoring Characteristics

Satellite View Angle

80° 65°

Overview of MTSAT-1R Fire Monitoring Capabilities for SE Asia

MTSAT-1R JAMI Characteristics

Band Wavelength IGFOV NEDT (microns) (km) 1 0.55-.90 0.5 12-bit data 2 10.3-11.3 2.0 .08-.16 in all IR bands 3 11.5-12.5 2.0 @ 300 K 4 6.5-7.0 2.0 5 3.5-4.0 2.0

IGFOV resolution of 0.5 km in the visible and 2.0 km in all IR bands. Highest resolution to date from an operational meteorological geostationary satellite

High temporal resolution: capable of full disk in < 24 minutes MTSAT-1R band 5 has a saturation temperature of ~320 K.

Along with an increased spatial resolution and spectral width extending towards the shorter wavelengths, will result in numerous saturation points during peak heating hours.

Fire size detectability limits with a fire temperature of 750K:Equator: .03 ha 50°N: .06 ha

Fire Monitoring Characteristics

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-

GOES-9 Fire Monitoring in SE Asia

GOES-9 4 micron imageryDate: 19- Mar-2004Times: 0325-0725 UTC

GOES-9 visible imageryDate: 19- Mar-2004Times: 0725 UTC

Satellite view angle: 70º

Comparison of Fire Saturation Points

100

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100000

1000000

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Average Subpixel Fire Temperature (K)

Sa

tura

tio

n F

ire

Siz

e (

m2

)MSG (335 K)

GOES-12 (337 K)

GOES-9 (324 K)

GOES-10 (322 K)

MTSAT-1R (320 K)

Estimates of Minimum Detectable Fire Size at Various Fire TemperaturesLocations: 50°N and the Equator

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

500 600 700 800 900 1000

Fire Temperature (K)

Fir

e S

ize

(H

ec

tare

s)

GOES: 50 °N GOES: EquatorMSG: 50 °N MSG: EquatorMTSAT-1R (2km): 50 °N MTSAT-1R (2km): EquatorMTSAT-2 (4km): 50 °N MTSAT-2 (4km): Equator

NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ASPTUW-Madison/CIMSS

* No atmospheric attenuation included

The Advanced Baseline Imager

ABI Current

Spectral Coverage 16 bands 5 bands

Spatial resolution 0.64 m Visible 0.5 km Approx. 1 kmOther Visible/nearIR 1.0 km n/aBands (>2 m) 2 km Approx. 4 km

Spatial coverageFull disk 4 per hour Every 3 hoursCONUS 12 per hour ~4 per hour

Operation during eclipse Yes No

Future GOES Imager (ABI) Band

Wavelength Range (μm)

Central Wavelength

(μm) Sample Objective(s)

1 0.45-0.49 0.47 Daytime aerosol-over-land, Color imagery 2 0.59-0.69 0.64 Daytime clouds fog, insolation, winds 3 0.84-0.88 0.86 Daytime vegetation & aerosol-over-water, winds 4 1.365-1.395 1.38 Daytime cirrus cloud 5 1.58-1.64 1.61 Daytime cloud water, snow 6 2.235 - 2.285 2.26 Day land/cloud properties, particle size, vegetation 7 3.80-4.00 3.90 Sfc. & cloud/fog at night, fire 8 5.77-6.6 6.19 High-level atmospheric water vapor, winds, rainfall 9 6.75-7.15 6.95 Mid-level atmospheric water vapor, winds, rainfall

10 7.24-7.44 7.34 Lower-level water vapor, winds & SO2 11 8.3-8.7 8.5 Total water for stability, cloud phase, dust, SO2 12 9.42-9.8 9.61 Total ozone, turbulence, winds 13 10.1-10.6 10.35 Surface properties, low-level moisture & cloud 14 10.8-11.6 11.2 Total water for SST, clouds, rainfall 15 11.8-12.8 12.3 Total water & ash, SST 16 13.0-13.6 13.3 Air temp & cloud heights and amounts

Current GOES ImagersMODIS/MTG/ Aircraft, etc

ABI Bands

MSG/AVHRR/Sounder(s)

Band 7: Saturation temperature of 400K

GOES-R and GOES-I/M Simulations of Viejas Fire Using MODIS Data: January 3, 2001 at 1900 UTC

Simulated GOES-R: 3.9 micron Simulated GOES-I/M: 3.9 micron

Summary GOES-E/-W

- GOES-E(-12) allows for half-hourly fire products for the Western Hemisphere; products useful even at high satellite zenith angles (65-80º).- GOES-W(-10) fire monitoring and subpixel characterization capabilities are reduced due to low saturation in the 3.9 m band.

GOES-9 - Although fire monitoring/characterization capabilities reduced due to low saturation in the the 3.9 m band, provides first diurnal look at fire hot spots in the Western Pacific, SE Asia, and Australia- Nearly hourly full disk coverage

MTSAT-1R

- Future diurnal fire monitoring at 2 km spatial resolution - Full disk coverage in less than 24 minutes- Low saturation in the 3.9 m band with increased spatial resolution will severely hinder sub-pixel fire characterization

Next Generation GOES ABI

- Enhanced spatial resolution (2 km in the IR) and high saturation in the 3.9 m band (400K) result in improved fire characterization- Full disk coverage every 15 minutes

Minimum Detectable Fire Size and Saturation Issues

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0 5 10 15

Wavelength (um)

Bla

ck

bo

dy

Ra

dia

nc

e (

W m

-2 u

m-1

sr-1

)

700 K

600 K

500 K

400 K300 K

10.8 micron band3.75 micron band

Pixel

The Basics of GOES Satellite Infrared Fire Detection

p

1-p

(Example from South America)