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8/3/2019 Ekologi-Lecture 14 EID in Agriculture
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3/24/20
Study of Agro-Industrial Systems India
3/24/2011 1Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Mahasiswa Memahami Aplikasi Eco-IndustrialDevelopmentdalam bidang Pertanian dan
Kesadaran tentang trendperkembanganglobal.
Memahami Konsep Resource Flow Analysis
(RFA)
3/24/2011 2Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
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The large population growth and growing affluence makes itimportant for the country to optimize resource use
Agriculture is the largest consumer of key resources (land,water and energy) in India
Over 90 % of the fresh water drawals in India are used foragriculture
Nearly 50 % of the electrical energy is used in this sector,mostly for pumping water
There is a growing shortage of fresh water in most parts ofthe country
The country will have to re-evaluate agricultural practices tomanage resources better
3/24/2011 3Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
To understand flowsof materials andenergy throughidentified systemsand to consider
options to optimizetheir use
3/24/2011 4Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
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To understand the resource* flows through
three selected agro-industrial systems and to
consider implications for policy
Rice
Sugarcane
Cotton
* Resources refer to material and energyresources
3/24/2011 5Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Cultivation
Product
Manufacturing
Post Harvest
Processing
On Field
Processing
Waste ToEnvironment
Waste to Reuse
Waste to Re-Cycle
Resource Resource Resource Resource
FinishedProduct 4
FinishedProduct 3
FinishedProduct 2
FinishedProduct 1
Transportation
Scope
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The study area was thestate of Karnataka in thesouth of India
The system identified wasthe cultivation andprocessing of rice,sugarcane and cotton inthe state.
System boundaries aredetailed with resource
flow results
3/24/2011 7Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Nearly 13 million people (55% ofworkers) in the state are engageddirectly in agriculture and alliedactivities
Land holding very fragmented 73 % of the farmers own less than2 hectares
Very little mechanization onetractor per 110 hectares
Extreme shortage of electrical
energy
Energy supplied nearly free tofarmers for pumping water
Ground water table is rapidlydeclining due to over-exploitation
The Local Context
3/24/2011 8Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
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Agri./Irri.
26%
Commercial
4%
Domestic
15%
T&D Losses
35%
Others
6%Industry
14%
Over 90 % of the fresh waterdrawn is used foragriculture
Agriculture is a very largeconsumer of electricalenergy
Un-metered agriculturalpump sets are reported tobe partly responsible for the
large t & d losses
Electrical Energy Consumption
Karnataka
3/24/2011 9Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
River Cauvery, originates inKarnataka
River Krishna passes throughthe northern part of the state
In recent years, with thegrowth in population and withthe increase of irrigationfacilities, water is often short
Rapid growth in irrigationfacilities
A majority of the populationsurvives on untreated groundwater
A Typical Irrigation Canal3/24/2011 10Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
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Consists of :
Cultivation
Milling
Rice Bran Oil Extraction
3/24/2011 11Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Huge consumption of water - waterused in rice cultivation alone isabout a 100 times the water used inBangalore, a city of 7 million people
Per hectare consumption of wateris much higher than in many otherparts of the world
Systems are available to drasticallyreduce water consumption
Huge quantities of straw areavailable whose re-use pattern is
not known
3/24/2011 12Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
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Consists of:
Cultivation of sugarcane
Manufacture of sugar
Ethyl alcohol productionfrom molasses (distillery)
Paper making from bagasse(waste from sugarproduction)
3/24/2011 13Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Only a part (35% of thesugarcane) is used tomanufacture sugar
An equal part is used inmaking gur (or jaggery), alocal sweetener. The balance isused directly or leaves the state
Although sugar productionyields better value addition, bybetter by-product recovery, gurproduction is a major source ofrural employment
A large quantity of sugarcane
leaves are burnt on the fields.The energy potential could beleveraged
Bagasse, the waste after sugar production used for paper makingMolasses, a sugar production residue used in distilleries to manufacture ethyl alcohol
Note
3/24/2011 14Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
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Consists of:
Cultivation
Cotton Ginning
Cotton seed oilextraction
3/24/2011 15Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Cotton is a major user ofpesticide. Nearly 50 % of all thepesticides in India are used forthe cotton crop
The use of labor is much higherin the case of hybrid varieties ofcotton
The seeds are used for makingedible oil. The matter left overafter oil extraction is used ascattle feed
The pattern of use of the stalkand the seed hull are notknown
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Per Hectare ofLand/ha
Rice Sugarcane Cotton
Per m3 of Water
Rice Sugarcane Cotton
Per Million Kwhof
Power
Rice Sugarcane Cotton
Employment(Man-days)
121 183 101 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.071 0.101 0.133
Total value ofoutput (Ind. Rs.)
26,518
152,218 14,913
1.061 6.05 1.14 16.36 46.33 19.67
US $ 1 = 45 Ind. Rs.
~ = 9800 Rp
3/24/2011 17Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Resource flows analyses provide a numerical basis toframe policy
Such analyses help set clear and logical priorities foraction
An analysis of an agro-industrial system as an integral
whole could lead to new policy directions
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Identify wastes in the whole system and plan for betterutilization
Encourage the development of the system that gives the mostreturns to society per unit resource by:
Improving yield per unit resource use
Upgrading the varieties to give the farmer a better return
Developing a program to reduce the consumption ofresources per unit production, e.g. get the same yield perhectare with less water.
Set up industries to use the products or the wastes to addvalue to the system.
Cont3/24/2011 19Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Identify the critical resources that are scarce in the regionand aim to get the most societal benefits per unit resource
Discourage or replace the system that is likely to endangerthe availability of key resources for the community in thefuture
Encourage the development of activities that are most suitedto the local availability of resources
Monitor the use of chemicals and their path to thegroundwater
Evaluate the technical, economic and cultural feasibility oforganic cultivation practices
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The water consumption in thecultivation of rice is often twice ashigh compared to other places inthe world. A monitoring systemhas to be put in place
Specific policies and programs areneeded to reduce theconsumption of the water andelectrical energy in the system
This should be a major priorityprogram
Cont..3/24/2011 21
Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
The enormous quantities of straw and huskthat are wasted or badly used need to bestudied in greater detail to better leverageits use either as an energy source orotherwise. This will improve the outputvalue of the system. This need do be donetaking care that local practices and culturesare not disturbed.
Efforts should be made to developequipment and systems that can generatethe best energy value from combustion ofthe straw or husk
The use of chemical pesticides andfertilizers by farmers should be carefully
monitored to prevent pollution of theground water
Well directed efforts are required toleverage the bio-gas potential from thehuge cattle population
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Technology upgradation for theproduction of gur should be takenup to improve hygiene &productivity
Specific policies and programs areneeded to reduce theconsumption of the water andelectrical energy in the system
The use of chemical pesticidesand fertilizers by farmers shouldbe carefully monitored to preventpollution of the ground water
Well directed efforts are requiredto leverage the bio-gas potentialfrom the huge cattle population
3/24/2011 23Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
The use of pesticides andtheir impact on thegroundwater should bevery carefully monitored
The social impacts of useofchild labor should beminimized
The wastes in the system
should be leveraged(controlled)
The value of the outputshould be increased
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It is imperative for the state touse policy to reduce the use ofelectrical energy inagriculture, as agriculture isthe single largest user groupfor electrical energy in India
Other than striving to reducethe use of water, activemeasures need to beundertaken to promote theuse of other energy sourcesfor pumping water, such as
solar energy or bio-gas
3/24/2011 25Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
It is estimated that at thepresent over 38 million litersof diesel are used annually fortransporting the harvestedproduce in all the 3 systemsstudied
With greater use of motorizedvehicles, the demand fordiesel for working the land andfor transportation will grow
Policy makers need to be
conscious of a possible spurt inthe demand for fuel with moreuse of machines in farmingand aim to improveproductivity of fuel use
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3/24/2011 27Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas
Food security of the state/country
Impacts on the health of local populations
Environmental considerations impacts on land andwater resources
Social issues for example, child labor, local cultures etc
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Reading :Reading :
Tim Jackson (2005) Live Better by Consuming Less?, Journal of Industrial Ecology,9(1-2) 19-36
29Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas3/24/2011
Source: Marlize Palmer (2003)
Technology to implement Sustainable Development
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