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Review Article q"b;'*7lyi/Jl rt--ii \"?eJ r:Jl .)U1' e'Y r#
U-rll a,-rJ#+lt.4lJl S.ts e-Ft:b./t -r.,
ei (etb 7S> toti I .:rJJ €At r.FJl
Lrar.l^il.:!:Jl ilueit+" :r",;r:Jl iJJ#-*Jt jy'lt .,rl#i:...a,,_rlf .rUlt g.o')l p.ur.*i1ll.r'"r,.,r',hrl +n r,Apl
Z-t:Sr,;llWr 6rlA.jll ..,t#! .ilr- !,, k;^i q;y'I .rUyt t,f,-r,..r:Jl :.rr;r$ll ;tr\l..lf .r--.3 e?- ,i-b#i-r^ U
( Agrobacterium tumefacien.s (Smith and Town- *7LJl( Gloesporium amygdalinum ;r-:StpYlg sed) Conn.)
.( Fusicoccum amygdaliDel.) gpls Brizl)
. di , &l-ri ,.:l;i r, jf I : +Lr" .rL.lj
r--J,JLl :Vy;=-irJt i,JJ+",FJ! jlt 6J+-: e-*?_t*tl-S \E t{j",_F*Jl Jfu-: optrA\b.rU}l ;,1986 - 1984; t,;ll J)i; -r-.-e Ji3 .r,_Lc J{ .r"Jt-"(herochloroides ,*1t ;;t :.rl qr,:."J1 .rUYl
a,oi ..t!( Hyalopterus arundinis y;;\1 ,;t, persr'caeCholodk)
.( Ruguloscolytus amygdali Guerin) jliJl .rt+U3 F.)
.jl-.i.ll .rl._:_-t l, ( pterochloroides percicae cholodk)
#i ,=* ,rJl .:UYl (2 .( RugutoscolytusamygdaliGuerin)
( Ectomyelois ceratoniaeZeller) JLJI ;-:lJj S.AJi)t'P. hispaniolen- 9 Passer domesficu.s L. : qJkJl ;t arJt,
.r3.t--Jl )-*il .:li elr-:r.ll (4 Meloidogynespp.
Cicadatra spp., Anarsia lineatella Zell. !L+__iiJStephanitispyriGeoff. )
(Homoptera, Aphididae) ( Hyatopterus arun- JAtll dr.JlL,; tt &Ll i#Jti ;); epJl ,j,o ,":; : drhrsF.)
;, ;rrL; $i ;:L" J,:; tet-l Jl * 'i$t
,_,. J;,JbJt#I #\t lt .rtt-.."1 i.q3 .r*"lt ;Jl otta!+)l -*a: Ui e-.- 1s,":L) rt:i.<j J)lr -FJtr jlt:.is Q J<-y ;;Ut ;iit .)LrVlr jlJrll J" ,jt;tt;r,rJl jr-,>l.l+l ;:l.e l.a= ry- a*t, iJ-"c ;:LL-.;J+Jl -rt.j! oj ;r"ir-Jl oj,.a y="ii .(gr:tL."iJt1.ruL qt+)t J! G-A\ etj)l t ,AlAt JL O*
.. ;l-all .:k-Lj .rlr-= t<- L"t-y 6r tn:. 6-;l(Petrochloroides persicae Cholodk) (Homo- ,*-'ltt ;^ltJX;;rut -,rL1Xf ;J,- 4! c*;t'; : ptera, Aphididae)
,*11 ll .rlr-n ot+t-) 1986 - 1985 - 1984 t>lj;*k- i-t-y ; , "ll i--)J+.+Jt jb$;" 4.l*J! elJ!,e
UJI U^ &: .dtbt U-)V 4Jt "[tJt -.,ta;(-:-t+Jt F: a#Jl, r.-oi-aJl dtdll ^r:i L.l*,\ G
1:5 .tl* (1986) irlt c,LJt i,-Ur rL*
irJi.Jl
.:).-.t ,rz),{.-,cJt .rL-aiYl q r-,=.5 o"*^ij-ilI J&Cti) 4,*:.Jt.i ,:j--Jt ;-otr; Jn *UJl eJIt ,J ljti rl .=jJ;Jl210000 j-aL; a,-l .._. jlt ,t#i ,F, a/It ,l--:'!tr[ )l ,F €t . i,_JJ+"-!l a/ ck- a.r- ir;, 'trrr<"
( . . .J,-ir €t- , .rtW).J. J;+Jb t^ 'rjl .:ta.n, i.et>L*.4ll qf+Jl .iJr.EJl t+I"-.i jrl)t irt;jLr-r .(1 r$.i),t-l d 6F ct<, #*i djJiJ .i:*.KJt si_:\t3 -rL+JlS
d3Jl -r.3.nJl .,/ *tt? #l n tt i^-l..i .;lti,
flr1t .-e jJt+ ,_,-, og ;.,.:;il dill d,4;_ t+r
e*al lyi: nclt;Jlr-r n-it-jln3 r,r-t:iJlrr J5 4,1-Jl.4ll Jl 4-tJJt oj"r -i-ige .(*.s:tls
"-5'"y\ erl(iUrri eUS Jltl-r .r,_:, d j-iul ,ft-is.:lti r, :.r*
. t€:*rt^(a ,r.t*-, .)lJ.-,.Jt, ltr)l9 L/lr"!l &lrJ
dtl.,r;JJL;JI .iyUr" .:Ei;"r*, ,f*.jrUl ,rl#i -,lA
. L--Wt .:U!te L pJt .:tryt t4-,"f,
.:Ui a.r- i.,t-)t Jl )JJJI j4l ;rs : i,;t3,.Jl .:tillt--,|r":r.Jl ol ri ( l:-g;.113 pl-"Al).rlr"e.Jl
"F" UlJ.-
q.rLaJ)l ;=..r.11 Ur.:el tib . .,,LdJlr ttr;!! kl .r:f *^: JUJ|.e,-Jl * \plt.:tilt .;; ar5.*i Jtr-,StJ
J*-l;J L- JS t{:irt<, *- }l:;;L.Jl .rlr5.Jl 1t
_r*It OJtr ( HyalopterusarundrnrsF.) ,;;!f lf
Benzert CtF.
-"t,A,r-IttI,
It/
+;L fr Ja3
ijll Ur+"zJt JlU, a;rs ./ jrlJrrt#i e# +U. &_r 2 )<:Figure 1. Descriptive map for Almond tree distribution in Tunisia.
UFUqJL:jl ;.iLll
Northern region
El-kaf...it$t
Kairri,an
.rL-rl iiL:JlMiddle region
,/oo
,tI'
.l
+f
*"' Safakes
+ $*+
f+
\ \ r-):lrniti++r't|
o Kafsah
!"\
L Jl a.iLJl
Southern region
t-itItI
ttt
+{tt+. \t++
\ {-+
* -l?-t ++-+i+,Armondrree s )! ot-tj i".' i i
.,f:n;,rrr. b{\g-r '\r*aO
,l-L,!t t '-r.tAmounr of rain ty'-
2 - q-rJl .rLJl i1l,i_e +L-:-
FJL {:l3i .r. JL+..:: U-, -LAi iiYl oJ^ ;tl;il 6;Lcd-l
c-t'i ;:lt .r1.r*";& LJt-i 6b * 'iFU J,"i,,JlJ.rl.i-"Jl f^i .f, .;"t-)l s,tt ,Le ;.-cVj + dU.:/lJ+.iLJl irL- JL:JI J.-"i- * ;-J iL**Jlo#U-*J lJ (Deltamethrine) ;r:JrJ 13 (D im6ttroate)
. tu-l.ilJ 4,^-:" dti c-lri sr:Jl (Mdthidarhion)
(Ruguloscolytus amygdali Guerin) (Coleo - : uiLAJl .)U>U
jll Jl-"-ji 4-rlt 6J:Jl oi-r g-,^: : ptera, Scolytidae)
J-t-*;r,J gJ,J C"; a+ ;y L-y'l: u:*:Jtr (+Jb&-liJl .jL,i,"Jlr ru,!l 41; JuJt .8.* * 1(:" ;j..;t-et-l J*l eU-rS; _,t+:1tyl,:rYl goJ qlrAl;tb i.r';Jr.-.i3 .J*!l ,.Jl ;r:--. i**-ijl ,f-# 5L; .:UL;,-aVj;".Jll 4,JJ+.+JI *U" C g-e € 6ri*Jl oi.a
;.it-l d .rlr.:*Jl A LAI li.a ua:;J ,,J:+J|J U-l\
ffi
.il.Sr; be ,P r*Yl JJI .>lr^,* .3 J6-!
Figure 3. Colonies of aphi<Js <Pterochloroides persicae Ch.,
on an almond branch.
*lt .:,Ut a,Uj iL* 3
lri ,f U-r-:r ,..irli. JE^ tr -.i)i; .rtr -11i3 1: ;$-,y.jl-,:YL: Yf ;.:L-o J.-:j ) .rJl pterochloroide.s ,-e.Jl,*!t ;J! ;.1_-)l t+ .**"1, .i_b.Jl 4;lJl ota;Vlr)r4\ JJi3 1;f,ri) JLj xr J)t- :, ."lt i.rr+.+JtlPru-ii4\s )ll it-4;i ,)s ;r*St "-U .:L-+; ua-t
U; ,l,S e: )t(;s Ji d-J U +{J JIJ nus persicae)
rl*.c ;rL.:rlr::tl jrd .{Hl ;Jl.4Jl k-Ld"! .6FjJl6r,F:J1 JUI!' )L;Jtr ok;!r, ;rrrlr ;-:Lc .:,rle $;* *u JJrJ ;iJt "-r,U i.Li. C^d .r4\t.ri e.,.,UG ijyl oI y=".r,y .;Jl "f
. i:,^tl lJ.fi Jt.--X!l tl^rl.rtr\ 4*;f- Uai gi i-.r: Jl ;.J.?.Jt d-;! ./. *.Jr"l..all oL>U olr;,> t<-, L"t'_l ,tlp e.r* .rLL.aYl3
L-_'t.ijl .rrtJ"!t ;5; _r ql*Jt d9xJl jlJ_r! :..*r_rJi,i a,r-I3 J.ihJl ,/ (;,r*L."Jfl'r..9Jl ,,p:, LeVs
.;J-*iu.Jl 'L-arYl
rbt\l y't -,1-:> t<,_*l :l ,-)l_:sl .2 )-ra< Hyalopterus aru ndinisF r>
l'igure 2. Alrnond leaves colonised by nHyaloptents arundi_
nrs F.>
J+Jlr *s;lls 6*Str,ll-.]ly jll rLJ .:tri;;lgdlt J*.3 i iAlf\.-r'a 'rULe! i-u: 'q;ll '!!
"r,1" J3t-r-s u+i e=- CuJl ar{/ # \\i J! u;3
..1;i d ;...,'.^ L.L-), rl.r.e,u -i&s:6r.liJl -.,Llll
J,aJt ;-r-1lr;Jl ;)Jt stt\ ,+-J ia-y .>Vl lzr.,JjEJt V;: ;*St 4: GAjr'i J>\-
( Passerdome.sricus(L.)) {-r-lrlt *- : }14,Jlsis.Jls ( P. hispaniolensrs (T.)) c-L=-',t 6vt)ljJt*-rl qill :-"U1 ;,. ( Srurnu.s vulgans (L')) g*:JteL+Jl .f ;-nb-Jt ..r,o c,ULa! j.;t . L.#1 >!! jll;;iri;i.jl; l+i er r.FJl q-r^Jl; i?Ul jll rt"-i
. (s J<-1
ip; ttt-41 JK; '.( Metoidogyne spp.) by;'.:Jt
Q*>.-ll, 6';.d\ -,l4.i1! 6:te J.lj, t'--r"- Jil.:Jt d^2\-
jll ;l#i oly Ui iqJl d.,'.Jl il", ,";-l '4Jl
.;;,*)ljll-,t"j Je ;l4Sl ,l-el 's J5*!
Figure 5. Damage of Birds on Young almond fruits'
.:LJi$ a+,*lt ;"J.llJ iL-JrlJ ;;,AlJt-4,11'f-r't+Jt
+Li , Jl rz.;j aJl ',i -At-all .rL;--U .rLt."! i;u3- (.,.'e....-,.1 3l.r--! ; +tLe)l .-r.r ,-p..s3 G*ri) CBI .f-F;_,-;,>)l iitjJl "l;rlt ,r* ,,e Jf.lt eJr:*" r;44ljLa i-J Uy.- ..f A,L^4.J1 rl+*:'il 6.:!e j-it 1+ JS.i;
J."r 6/:Jl .r^ JiU g+ .rLl;.rJl OiY LL.rIl 4.,"
er rll qrJb ;;4)1,)L^r11 ;L' W\:i*; t;'.1
9* r-LJl lLij ;.-..ii +.r5r qul Le.rl, r,ri, L+l
L; Jut,, k--l-y Uri UE:.-- t-" :'e,J13 ilrrllj ,JL.a;ll :pi i*r;LJl li.a c..air . i4t J*-;Jl ,J
r4;*ill J-t.s € n- lt g-: iU-J, ,:l''at*J
( Ectomyelois ceratoniae :ir*!l .rl--:'Jt JLo.i iJl,-,
b" Z-L,;ii)l oi-r ,+iu :Zeller) (Lepidoptera. Pyralidae)
Ruguloscolytu^s .jl;,.Jl .:k-Lj ,>lt:.> ei+.4 J,<-!amYgdali G'
Figure 4. Holes caused by oRugu,loscolytus amygdali G'"
4-'r9".-)l d,tjJl qUJ il-
t3i .r^ilb jrUl -rt+;i ,)e errL;Jt aJLi:, a..^i 6)Vlt"i . .,-tiJ I .)J-uJ t r,r"JK<, ;rilt 7pt_tjJ5l,*) l, ./ l5iri
k;- dP *, e,,Sr.lt+;!t *;U, #l +<r q4JtL.r-re ;; irtr;f rf;--(,Jtrll3 ,Ll,!t Jyre.r*!l;,F ,;;;flt ,t-b,1ts L-t).Jl !,: Llt ,J.tlt 4 ,ri
.cnrr
( Agrobacterium tumefaciens(Smith and ,_r>tJl .)J_uJl
c.Jl *j .rlr--:Jt e/l U,6 .jlii :Townsed) Conn.)
ci}3 -r:-;3 i-;"Jl .rt-r.oJt ,F *:|J ,,-p -*o.1..,:*Ile ailb;-#tl .r!;lt )s ^=";irt r:,LJt jo.r.Jl li+ i*-lt il,;flt Ji AjYt .j^ df ,-5{ L",r
f: &l-,-;!,/ .r+ L, .rL;Jl ,k ipv Lt.rrl e,-r-.;L-Li A,.rt<^Jl l..;JJ .1o .t<-y r5y^ .,i dtr'yl ,*EiJ*-s I ,t tti oe*r; J-:, --sUill ;-fl ( : *Jt-'r! ,.n ; 12 . riLJl "tiY ,ir"J! ^-t..- aVs_:t'fr; (3 . c.*;Jt A e *At "JL- d !r{a .:lj fi".;JS of ,=* L.5.rlr"*:Jl )c;:j$l flr31l r.4jL+l 1"5,i.:Jl *E^! tili;,r!rjJt i-.it<Jl Vb -a),-t'
;r+r+ "4j.") .-,[-:5t & g, .;r-lt dL*,I -L,r dAgro- \)=41 JLd-t i;l.*Jl AJKJI ,rr3 a--it(JJ
J: -y-J4l e:L- ).*;i Gll bacterium radiobacter
Agrobacteriu- t ,r;(Jl ;! i)Lj*Jt (Bacteriocin)
.4+" .))t-
',. r+JlJ t^ 'rJl .rlaa., -.111 .rLli .-,Ic ,Ji;.: Y 4jl
.U-!t o.i +* o*>dl +kJ dtJir d;/t lS,,"
.rlrs:Jl .|*.:-; ) i! r-r* l-,*i .:tJl F,ld ,', 6r!..aJt J" $till
: ( Gloeospoium amygdalinumBrizi) jJ;Jl t'j)lt4;k i-t-q L f-lalt ,r,rSt li# ttry :At e-*c l lilj .Lir-l.i .-JLa; qlr,3 LaJ,..; JtJt er- JL
Yi-* k F jyr't d i*+ ;:Jt Jrr.Jl * i* !L-ylL"*,- r51l ,Ul ,-J" .}quy ft Ui ..iltr J,.j.llJ! ,-13.: Ji J,*.ll ;J+-u*, "lr_9- L*! ..}.r-*.1-,ie,iJt Jp
CF J! g+t oj-n.E_F- 4 (;r:iJty ;ll i>t; j;-:_y
J<-l,-fll ti^ jr.i dll Jtii,-;tr 6iJt u-*r *-IJl
- c'_:i) JLdl .rk+ d rL-"lJU u.r;l ljr e.Lc,3 .12
.Ne plus J:, L+VtJf i.f^^Jt lr1ti ,t- 1i;U-.,1t _,ri. Ultra,
d *#t .ts;-2.-)r rr ,-tt qJljlr i,ri ur-<^tr -:;Al ):t ql+ i:, {lJiJ !ll:, #t.J.}hJt , ;_r+ ft"Jt
,]'";;-. +.^Jl Jl..:-l ".-;Sl
UC ar5,-J
r.:y't .iL'"tt a,|.i3 ;.9* -5
. Ai-)l .i^ 6SUJ jrLll(AnarsialineateilaZeller): ig_;Jl ,)t_&;i r r rt-.i
\WL € i-.llll.jr-a.rLirrt.; : (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)
ta;ie-.- L-ilt:jlt _,t#! i:ul Jr..r5tj ,je!t Jrut.r[ira .:LL.a! i-r.,r .ar.4iJl clt ri € .fr 1*, k..e-b., ;..11 iE Jl "r:;3 6Jl ,F e A. tineateila -a)t;
.-r----l ,tLu.;':ll -rlJti Jy: ;,.lJt .jo .:ULel A *:. Jlrr"yt
( Stephanitis pyn Geoff) (Hemiptera, Tin j.'L.Jl .iJlCdll J-.i il:i ,!;FJl .j.o .:Lt.,l i.r-; : gitidae)
&U iryU-r ,:J,;f. .:LJ!J *-".a.tl ,F UV J! -u.";3
t:* ,_) iiYl oi^ .)!t-l JE {r .,.,.;,^+Jtl L-)t, JLjJI.,lJt I .-. !! ;.LtLJ I .:tr:^J t_e olr,J t.rL-"a; r.a+t4,*y tn.t -.;, ejrl 4**i1l erl*c dd.J e.f (.,l-r:XJ
")* dt,y';t .pu!* t4+|V ,y, y
Ct-b.Jl et ^i at;r j> dl,-Ht € UE g1 t61Lrl ,ii Jl e"t_, etJir jlt .:Lrtl;f G,il .--f ?t J:.c) jlul ;6.J i;L;Jt ;rr-r.lJ r;!tJ+*lt +", J-:!.J i't-Li J.j..:, LLJ| fa;J^u ,-rf
.(6+ll) L-rhJt.ft_,"'!t_r .,1L:ll a_,.eJ3 iil: iAl-Ul;;j :(Homoptera, Cicadae) ( Cicadatraspp.) lslK_Jl
.F Ct" .5l 6#Jl ;ljl1 ;rt'L*i ,ri .:lr:,.Jl .j,t'ty:Al3 L 'l tl &U,; i-aGs u.- JJ; c./ ,-": ll
tt -:l rgtre * *V -*f, irU; -rUr.,ll JSy ".Jlt+LKJI .:lr.:,-l.l +! t i .J*Jts 6-*.;nU CP;lt, )|)t
,-ijtili-i UVs 4Ut ,)t 4;ltJ k.lLrl qr, Larr, JL+i& e-1^t -r- .tL^a;!l
^r,,it ji)$ gl.r>!-.t clJii:
..!uYt
;ll ,t-;i \#3 sqF iJr y=ri :r,btr^i!t. L-$*jtl" JLJiJ rH-: ;; irt;l L#+ ::;-r:qJkJl ,rlr'lt ; i;rJt ,>,l.Jq jlt etyi r+ *,,Agrobacteriunr L:SJI a*r3 (crown-gall) ,r>tJl JJuJI
djJljJ,:fl,i)l c tumefaciens(Smith and l.ownsed) Conn.
aF , Gloe<tspoium amygdalinum Brizi ,t-ijl " ,,.,*Fusicocum amygdali,b.i)l ^,,..tJ o^f,*-: j.iltrlL.a;lt..EiJl a-i-r"-,-j OJ+y'1).,1.-j1ly JL4;yl J.jr_! cDel.
jlJ-rlt J-=.-i c Monilinialaxa (Aderh et Ruhl) Honey
c Taphrina deformans (Berk) Tul. .bjll ^ ="u f:l-rlSlCoryneum beijeinc- .Ja,ijl a--_3 (g-9.1-r-f) Olryl yjj;Tranzscheliapruni- -,L.jll +_.iJ.*.,_.:r fr.*lt, c kfiOud.
e=- ,_f &l,--\l .L-o ;f5:;, sprnosae(pres.) Diet.
Gleosporium nia5ll)L; LLr' )l;; .7 J*'amYgdalinum
Figure 7. An alrnond fruit infected with the anthracnose.
h'usicoc- nfi;lln e* ?b )) ii . e JS-,. cum amYgdali
Figure 9. An almond branch infected with the Fusicoccum
disease.
Figure 6. Crowngall infection by
cienson an almond tree.
Agobacterium tumefa'
I
I
I rrt9.S--:/\, i-*. yt-. )) U* ,* C* .s JS:. Fusicoccum amygdali
Figure 8. A canker on an almond branch infected with Fusi-
coccum disease.
6- tll c,LJl ql.i_e;J*
iL,i:;l L-U, -r:,c 4jl=-SJl .".JutJ Lf fer>ULl b-rJlt- .;.-to..,;.rLarrlr
( Taphrina deformans(Berk.) 1:lrKJty 4ltJJYl J_r*-;
,)e a* JlJt * ,yli-}; o.-;t ljo .!3- :rul.);-:$1!l:e Jt1 .rti ,tr*i q *"i df J& -"(J, aFtlr .;o;1-*1t a)LJL €_pt C){..J1 .)J<,- i+*b;t
.o.rJt h.d l'^a{r
( Coryneum beijerinckii (1_t+-:F) ,.9l-r-l!l ,*-i:;gJ-,.i .tLJlr lL.ryl9 rjlJJYl f-r:,r-rfll .::.a: :Oud.)
t+ i5JU Jdi t, i; ur*- 614.*.rLL; jt)J\l JtsU.A J*". Y drSJ ot_;rJJl ,y * fu-,leglrrll LrIe
drs-. i,J*jl +JrJl ,)"lrJt+-:!l *i;i-V ;rSt.'ib U.-[t":lt 3r .r."U..rf
:( Tranzschelia pruni-spino.sae (pers.) Diet.) i.l*--lt* irr; Crl-r>!i ;t-:",,-9 .,t jy'Jl ,y ,r./l ljr ?: rl*i*|V ;rSt u,! J*" V, .ir..lr +..:, .9l.ryltp ,-;.dl rt:i € r* U lr,:s !t-)l .rY -/r ,>Vt1;
.Li)J [r! t+., ,"1.;F3 L.r:." ..9lrJlt
:.r2te;9 ,9.)q^Jl f-b ,f-,*\l ,tL*u iLj-Vl Jr;bJl r_g
.k rraj3 iJU-Jl .j^ e,lt A;7 +lj)l J'..JJ s,Al
( Fusicoccum amygdati ,g-551-t*St lt_*\l C-rtC*Jl Jki i A]';ilt,.,L-r!t .La,t li.a y"r,: Del.)
"L."iJb.4Ft ,F.* rL-o;!t J.*,." Jt ,)LdVbiL*- J*.Jt n,J.ic'f.4;rp1f .j.6.i er^"i .1s
"$-yf (C-iltl .i^i .)i gill .i, e-l Yr gt)t ,t g*.JLry.J +.l! t-i . 1c;|S-,; o1lrt *)xy;.4iJl J,K Ji,_.1-St .rl!- .Jll +y*, 6sLe rr_fj gqJr Op A*;JI.r:r jlrelt [15i ,dl ngr;+Jln J)t .f crt-a;!t 31,tr ):l:t g'" iL" lri ;.r,.: .,.r;l U^ dlru . kLitJ€ l-*5.*::" uf LJ nfl.i;-iJln j r,..erilln9 r.it-jl1r-,-lrL- df :-r+_r -.5:a)lj L-Jl .rtx4l;r!r ;;q's
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AbstractEl'Tariki. A.W. and R. El-Sharif. 1987. A survey of the important insects, diseases and other pests affecting almond-tree in Tunisia.Arab. J.Pl. Prot. 5: I - 7.
In Tunisia, the almond-tree is subject to several insect anddisease attacks. Among those insects the giant brown barkaphid ( Pterochloroides persicae Cholodk), the green aphid( Hyalopterus arundinis F.) and the bark beetle ( Rugu/o.s-
cotylus amygdali Guerin) are the most dangerous parasites.
Numerous fungi and bacteria are also the causes of many
diseases on almond-tree. The crown-gall, the anthracnosesand the almond canker caused by Agrobacterium tumefa_
cren.s (Smith and Townsed) Conn., Gloeosporium amygda_linium Brizi and Fusicoccum amygdati Del. respectively
are the most importants.
Additional key words: almond. pests, diseases, Tunisia.
References
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Busson - Paris.
2. Balachowsky, A. et Coll. 1963 - 1966. Trait6 d'Entomolo-gie appliqu6e i l'agriculture Col6opteres-Lepidoptires.Ed. Masson - Paris.
3. Bortoli, L. L969. Contribution i l'6tude du problEme desoiseaux en Tunisie. - I - Les moineaux. Bulletin de laFacultd d'Agronomie (I.N.A.T. actuellemenr) 22 - 23:131 - 153.
ciry't4. Chabrolin, C. 1935. Notes phytopathologiques tunisien-
nes. Bulletin Histoire Naturelle d,Afrique du Nord.26:26 - 41.
5. Kerr, A. 1974. Soil microbiological studies on Agrobac-terium radiobacter and biological control of crown-gall.
Soil Science 118:168 - 172.
6. Trigui. A. 1968. Sur la prdsence en Tunisie de Fusicoccumamygdali Del. sur amandier. Bulletin facult€ Agronomie(INAT actuellement) 18 - 19: 65 - 68.
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