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E i ith tb ki tl Experiences with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units Birgit Ross l Hospital Hygiene University Hospital Essen Germany

EiExperiences with outb ktbreaks in neonatltal intensive care ...‐online.org/Publikationen/Leitlinien.html Critical understaffing (2) The medical and nursing care must be ensured

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Page 1: EiExperiences with outb ktbreaks in neonatltal intensive care ...‐online.org/Publikationen/Leitlinien.html Critical understaffing (2) The medical and nursing care must be ensured

E i ith tb k i t lExperiences with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units

Birgit RosslHospital Hygiene

University Hospital EssenGermany

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Key facts

•Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation), and this number is rising.

•An estimated 1 million babies die annually from preterm birth complications.

•Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborn deaths (babies in the first four weeks of life) and the second leading cause of death after pneumonia in children under five years.in children under five years.

•Three‐quarters of them could be saved with current, cost‐effective interventions, even without intensive care facilities.,

•Across 184 countries, the rate of preterm birth ranges from 5% to 18% of babies born.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/index.html

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Overview

Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. 

There are sub‐categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age:

extremely preterm (<28 weeks) very preterm (28 to <32 weeks) moderate to late preterm (32 to <37 weeks)

Highest risk:

Preterm babies with birth weight < 1500 g (VLBW = very low birth weight)

Source:  WHO ‐ Preterm birth ‐ Fact sheet N°363, November 2012 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/

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Presentation from Dr. Joy Lawn

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Special conditions in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)

‐ Very vulnerable patient group‐ Breathing problems‐ Heart problems p‐ Brain problems‐ Temperature control problems‐ Gastrointestinal problems

High risk of hospital acquired infections!

‐ Blood problems‐ Metabolism problems

‐ Immature immune system

Hi hl b d d i h i !‐ Highly burdened with emotions!

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Special conditions in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)

‐ Very vulnerable patient group‐ Breathing problems‐ Heart problems p‐ Brain problems‐ Temperature control problems‐ Gastrointestinal problems‐ Blood problems‐ Metabolism problems

‐ Immature immune system

Hi hl b d d i h i !‐ Highly burdened with emotions!

Highly burdened with emotions!Highly burdened with emotions!

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Preterm babies ‐ Care System in Germany:

i i i lMain principle:

Defining care levels according to the risk profile of preterm infants:

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Level III: 

Affiliation of pregnant women withAffiliation of pregnant women with 

‐ Expected preterm birth 32 + 0 to 35 + 6 weeks of gestation‐ Other diseases with lower risk for the newbornOther diseases with lower risk for the newborn

Level II: 

Affiliation of pregnant women with 

‐ Expected preterm birth 29 + 0  to 31 + 6 weeks of gestationp p g‐ Pregnancy associated diseases like HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver 

Enzymes, Low Platelet Count, or Fetal Growth Restriction‐ Diabetes mellitus with risk for the newborn

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Level I: 

Affiliation of pregnant women with 

Expected preterm birth < 29 + 0 weeks of gestation‐ Expected preterm birth < 29 + 0 weeks of gestation‐ Expected birth of triplets (or more)‐ Expected birth of babies with prenatal diagnosis of severe diseases

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Storage of incubators for emergency casesStorage of incubators for emergency cases

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What do we know about outbreaks of nosocomial infections in NICUs?What do we know about outbreaks of nosocomial infections in NICUs? 

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Outbreak DatabaseWorldwide Database for Nosocomial OutbreakWorldwide Database for Nosocomial Outbreak

Your query was: neonatal 

Query 2th September 2013:

q y298 Results of 2989 found. (Query date: 2013‐09‐02 05:55:29 (UTC+00:00:00)) 

Result: about 10 % of the outbreaks are related to neonatal units, allmost all in High income countries 

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Causative pathogens in outbreaks in NICUs and non ‐ NICUs

Gastmeier et al, Outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units‐They are not like others Am J Infect Control 2007; 35: 172‐6

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Causative pathogens in outbreaks in NICUs and non ‐ NICUs

Gastmeier et al, Outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units‐They are not like others Am J Infect Control 2007; 35: 172‐6

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lSome examples…

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Exner 2012, Engelhart 2012, Martin 2012, Engelhart 2009, Seidenberg 2010

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At least 28 infants were infected with Klebsiella oxytoca (Sepsis) 1996 – 1999 in an 12 bed NICU(Sepsis) 1996  1999 in an 12 bed NICU2 babies died, one survived sepsis with severe disability.Isolation of Klebsiella oxytoca from disinfectant solution used for surfaces.Bacterial investigations showed that K. oxytoca grew in a 0.25 % solution, not in 0.5 % solution (which was recommended).)The concentration of the solution was lowered in October 1996 from 0.5% to 0.25% because staff members felt irritation of mucosa.

Reiss et al. The Lancet, Volume 356, Issue 9226, Page 310, 22 July 2000 

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Outbreak  in Bremen, Germany

Large Outbreak on NICU with Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL)Level I Neonatal Intensive Care Unit28 babies involved, 3 Babies died in 2011New related cases in 2012 after complete refurbishment of the ward

Fact‐finding‐committee („Untersuchungsausschuss der Bremischen Bürgerschaft“) stated:

‐ lack of staff‐ Insufficient cleaning procedures 

Lack of education in cleaning stuff‐ Lack of education in cleaning stuff‐ „Authorities focussed on economic situation of the hospitals“

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Outbreak  in Bremen, Germany

Large Outbreak on NICU with Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL)Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit28 babies involved, 3 Babies died in 2011New related cases in 2012 after complete refurbishment of the ward

Fact‐finding‐committee („Untersuchungsausschuss der Bremischen Bürgerschaft“) stated:

‐ lack of staff‐ Insufficient cleaning procedures 

Lack of education in cleaning stuff‐ Lack of education in cleaning stuff‐ „Authorities focussed on economic situation of the hospitals“

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Critical understaffing (1)

Understaffing is well known to be related with the number of hospital acquired infections (see 1‐5)

A low level of staffing (realized/planned) on a NICU was associated with an increased risk„A low level of staffing (realized/planned) on a NICU was associated with an increased riskfor CVC‐associated BSI.“ (2)

German Guidelines (6) recommend staffing related to level of care (1, 2a, 2b, 3)

1Nurse Staffing and NICU Infection Rates Rogowski et al. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(5)2The impact of staffing on central venous catheter associated bloddstream infectons in preterm neonates –results of a nation wide cohort study in Germany2The impact of staffing on central venous catheter‐associated bloddstream infectons in preterm neonates –results of a nation‐wide cohort study in GermanyLeistner et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2013, 2:113Haley RW, Bregman DA: The role of understaffing and overcrowding in recurrent outbreaks of staphylococcal infection in a neonatal specialcare unit. J Infect Dis 1982, 145:875–885.4Nursing resources ‐ a major determinant of nosocomial infection? S. Hugenett et al Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 August; 160(8): 832–836. 5Impact of staffing on bloodstream infections in the neonatal intensive care unit Cimiotti et al Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006 Aug;160(8):832‐65Impact of staffing on bloodstream infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cimiotti et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Aug;160(8):832 6.6Empfehlungen für die strukturellen Voraussetzungen der perinatologischen Versorgung in Deutschland http://www.dgpm‐online.org/Publikationen/Leitlinien.html

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Critical understaffing (2)

The medical and nursing care must be ensured by a 24‐hour shift work with a permanent presence of a in the medical intensive care unit. 

Recommendation

Nurse : Patient Ratio 1 : 3 to 1 : 2

Beginning of 2017 

Nurse : Patient Ration 1 : 1

Bremen Clinics had  up to 1 : 6 Nurse:Patient Ratio !

Empfehlungen für die strukturellen Voraussetzungen der perinatologischen Versorgung in Deutschland http://www.dgpm‐online.org/Publikationen/Leitlinien.html

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Outbreak  in Bremen, Germany

Large Outbreak on NICU with Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL)Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit28 babies involved, 3 Babies died in 2011New related cases in 2012 after complete refurbishment of the ward

Fact‐finding‐committee („Untersuchungsausschuss der Bremischen Bürgerschaft“) stated:

‐ lack of staff‐ Insufficient cleaning procedures 

Lack of education in cleaning staff‐ Lack of education in cleaning staff‐ „Authorities focussed on economic situation of the hospitals“

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Figure 1   Dynamic transmission cycle of MRSA

Stephanie J DancerStephanie J  Dancer

Importance of the environment in meticillin‐resistant <ce:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</ce:italic> acquisition: the case for hospital cleaning

The Lancet Infectious Diseases Volume 8, Issue 2 2008 101 ‐ 113

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473‐3099(07)70241‐4

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l h b kCloth buckets

Might be critical 

‐ Often filled with  quaternary ammonium compounds ‐ effectiveness against q y p ggramnegatives might be reduced

‐ Often the bucket is not closed ‐ clothes are dry and not effective

‐ Biofilms may cause remains unclear (concentration of the disinfectant)

‐ Clothes and disinfectant must be compatible – often not tested

Hyg Med 2012, 37 ‐ 11

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Outbreak  in Bremen, Germany

Large Outbreak on NICU with Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL)Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit28 babies involved, 3 Babies died in 2011New related cases in 2012 after complete refurbishment of the ward

Fact‐finding‐committee („Untersuchungsausschuss der Bremischen Bürgerschaft“) stated:

‐ lack of staff‐ Insufficient cleaning procedures 

Lack of education in cleaning stuff‐ Lack of education in cleaning stuff‐ „Authorities focussed on economic situation of the hospitals“

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Result of the Bremen Outbreak

‐ Loss of       25 Million Euro25 Million Euro(Patients refused the clinic because of the „Hygiene scandal“)

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Results of outbreaks….

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Infection protection changing act

P i P li t i J 2011Passing Parliament in June 2011

Passing also States Chamber without problemsg p

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Conclusions:

Outbreaks in Neonatology are common – the patients are at high risk for infections

Structures (hospital construction/staffing) are often difficult, even in high income countries

Outbreaks in Neonatology lead to high public interest

Outbreaks in Neonatology may change the public view on infection controlgy y g p