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Egyptian and Nubian Empires
Chapter 4 Section 1
Main Idea and Key Terms
• Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forged commercial, cultural, and political connections
• Hyksos• New Kingdom• Hatshepsut• Thutmose III• Nubia• Ramses II• Kush• Piankhi• Meroë
Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt
• After the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt descended into war and violence
• Weak pharaohs and power disputes led to the fall of Egypt to the Hyksos
• During the Hyksos rule was when the Hebrews arrived in Egypt
• The Egyptians resented the Hebrews
Egyptian & Nubian Empires
• Around 1600, Queen Ahhotep helped drive out the Hyksos
• The next pharaoh, Kamses, and his successors drove the Hyksos out of Egypt to Palestine
• The Hebrews that remained in Egypt were enslaved
• They left during the “Exodus”
The New Kingdom
• The pharaohs of the New Kingdom sought to build an empire
• Using bronze weapons and two-wheeled chariots, the Egyptians became conquerors
New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut declared herself pharaoh around 1472 b.c.e.
• She encouraged trade instead of war
• She sent a trade expedition to the Land of Punt, near present day Somalia
• They brought back many items for ceremonies, as well as gold and ivory
New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut’s stepson, Thutmose III, was much more warlike
• May have murdered his stepmother to take the throne
• He invaded Palestine and Syria, as well as south into Nubia, along the upper Nile
• This was the height of the Egyptian Empire
Hatshepsut
New Kingdom
• Later, the Egyptians faced the Hittites
• Ramses II signed a treaty • Like the Old Kingdom, rulers of
the New Kingdom erected great buildings
• They hid their tombs beneath desert cliffs at the Valley of the Kings near Thebes
• www.thebanmappingproject.com
Decline
• Shortly after Ramses died, the entire Eastern Mediterranean faced a series of invasions
• After the invasions, Egypt never recovered
• The empire broke apart, and became regional kingdoms
• Eventually the Nubians came north and seized power
New Kingdom
The Kush
• For centuries, Egypt dominated Nubia and the kingdom of Kush
• After the fall of the Egyptian empire, Kush began to rise
• Nubia then established a Kushite throne in Egypt
• The Kushites adopted clothing, Gods, writing, and customs from the Egyptians
Kush
• In 751 b.c.e., a Kushite king named Piankhi overthrew the Libyan dynasty ruling Egypt
• The Assyrians invaded in 671 b.c.e. and drove out the Kushites
• They fled south, where they experienced a golden age, despite their loss of Egypt
The Golden Age of Meroë
• After the defeat in Egypt, the Kushite royal family moved south to Meroë
• Meroë lay along the Red Sea• It became active in trade with Arabia,
Africa, and India• Unlike Egypt, Meroë enjoyed significant
rainfall and had iron ore• Became a manufacturer of weapons and
tools
Meroë
• Natural resources flowed out of Africa and luxury goods from India and Arabia flowed in
• After four centuries of prosperity, from about 250 b.c.e. to 150 c.e., Meroë began to decline
• Aksum began to dominate North African trade