EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) FINENESS ON THE

EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) FINENESS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Jeffrey Lau Yong Lian

TP 684 Master in Engineering P3 (Civil) L366 2014 2014

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade _____

Please tick (J)

Final Year Project Report D Masters IT] PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 28 day of AUG 2014

Students Declaration

I JEFFREY LAU YONG LIAN 14030081 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING hereby declare that this research project entitled EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) FINENESS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE is the result of my own research project work exclude for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged Besides that I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak or other institutions

Date 28 AUG 2014 JEFFREY LAU YONG LIAN (14030081)

Supervisors Declaration

I DR DELSYE TEO CHING LEE) hereby certifies that the work entitled EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (PO FA) FINENESS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE was prepared by the above named student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a partial fulfillment for the conferment of MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (CIVIL ENGINEERINGgt and the aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

Received for examination by ___________ Date 28 AUG 2014 DR DELSYE TEO CHING LEE

ii

I

I declare that Projectflhesis is classified as (Please tick (--raquo

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--------------------------~---------~ -~---

L

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Delsye Teo Ching Lee for guiding and

assisting me throughout the entire research proj ect Besides that I would also like to thank

everyone who had contributed in conducting the various laboratory experimental tests In

addition I would also like to express my thanks to Serian Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd for

providing the palm oil fuel ash (PO FA) resources for my research project Moreover I would

like to thank my family for the support

iv

ABSTRACT

(palm oil industry in Malaysia is well known as the most important agricultural industry

Million tonnes of palm oil fuel ash (POF A) is being generated every year without any

profitable return POF A has the potential to be used as recycle materials due to their

pozzolanic behaviour Thus this research project presents the effect of palm oil fuel ash

(POFA) on the mechanical properties of concrete In this research project POF A was used as

supplementary cementing material to replace cement in concrete production This is because

POF A contains siliceous composition which produces a stronger and denser concrete Three

different fineness of POFA (passing through 38jUll 63jUll and 75jUll) were used to replace

ordinary portland cement at 15 by weight of cement throughout this research project In the

mix proportion a mix design ratio of 1 115295 (Cement Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate)

in term of weight of the components was constant for all mixtures In this research project

three laboratory experimentai tests were carried out namely slump test compressive strength

test and splitting tensile strength test The strength of POF A concrete are tested and

determined at 3 7 and 28 days Workability in terms of slump and strength properties of

POF A concrete were studied and compared with control specimen as well The study revealed

that POF A fmeness had significant effect on the workability and strength of concrete The test

results indicated th~ higher slump with higher fineness than those with lower fineness

Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength was found to increase with the increase of

POFA fineness Consequently it was found that POFA concrete produces lower strength than

OPC concrete

v

ABSTRAK

Industri minyak sawit di Malaysia terkenal sebagai industri pertanian yang paling penting

Juta tan abu bahan api kelapa sawit (POF A) sedang dijana setiap tahun tanpa apa-apa

pulangan yang menguntungkan POF A mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan

kitar semula kerana tingkah laku pozzolanic mereka Oleh itu projek penyelidikan ini

memberikan kesan abu bahan api kelapa sawit (POF A) terhadap sifat mekanikal konkrit

Dalam projek kajian ini POF A telah digunakan sebagai bahan penyimenan tambahan untuk

menggantikan simen dalam konkrit Ini kerana POF A mengandungi komposisi bersilika yang

menghasilkan konkrit yang lebih kukuh dan lebih padat Tiga kehalusan POF A yang

berlainan (melalui 38 ~m 63lfl1 dan 75 1~m) telah digunakan untuk menggantikan simen

portland biasa pada 15 mengikut berat simen sepanjang projek penyelidikan ini Dalam

nisbah campuran nisbah reka bentuk campuran 1 115 295 (Cement Agregat Halus

Agregat Kasar) dari segi berat komponen adalah malar bagi semua campuran Dalam projek

penyelidikan ini tiga ujian ujikaji makmal yang telah dijalankan iaitu ujian kemerosotan

ujian kekuatan mampatan dan membelah ujian kekuatan tegangan Kekuatan konkrit POF A

diuji dan ditentukan pada 3 7 dan 28 hari Kebolehkerjaan dari segi kemerosotan kekuatan

dan sifat-sifat konkrit POF A telah dikaji dan dibandingkan dengan spesimen kawalan juga

Kajian ini mendedahkan bahawa POF A kehalusan mempunyai kesan yang besar ke atas kebolehkerjaan dan kekuatan konkrit Keputusan ujian menunjukkan kemerosotan yang lebih

tinggi dengan kehalusan yang lebih tinggi daripada yang dengan kehalusan yang lebih rendah

Kekuatan mampatan dan kekuatan tegangan membelah didapati meningkat dengan

peningkatan kehalusan POF A Oleh itu didapati bahawa POF A konkrit menghasilkan

kekuatan lebih rendah berbanding konkrit OPe

vi

Pusat Khidmat MakJumat Akademj) UlI1VERSITI MALAYSIA SARAW

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION II II II II II bullbull II bullbullbull II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II bullbull II bullbull II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull U

ACKllOWLEDGEMENTI ivII II II bullbull II II II II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbull II bullbullbullbull II II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II bullbullbullbull

ABSTRACT II bullbullbullbullbull II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II II II II bullbull II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II bullbull V

TABLE OF CONTENTS II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbull vii

LIST OF TABLES XII II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbull

LIST OF FIGURES xiII II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II II II II II II II II II II bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

LIST OF APPENDICES xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction 1

12 Problem Statement 2

13 Research Significance bull 3

14 Aim and Objectives 3

15 Scope of Work 3

16 Thesis of organisation 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6

23 Types of Mineral Admixture (by-product material)

231 Fly ash 7

232 Blast-furnace slag 8

233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9

24 The Physical Properties of POF A

241 Color 10

242 Specific gravity 11

243 Particle shape and size 11

244 Fineness 13

25 The Chemical Properties of PO FA 13

26 Effect of PO FA on the Fresh Properties of Concrete

261 Workability 14

27 Effect of PO FA on the Hardened Properties of Concrete

271 Compressive Strength 15

272 Splitting Tensile Strenampth 17

28 Effect of fineness on the Hardened Properties of concrete 18

29 Concluding Remarks 19

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

31 General 20

32 Material Properties Tests 20

33 Materials Used for Research Project

331 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) 21

332 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 23

333 Fine Aggregate 23

viii

334 Coarse Aggregate 24

335 Water 25

34 Concrete Mix Proportions

341 Concrete Mixing 26

342 Concrete Casting 27

343 Concrete Curing 27

35 Fresh Concrete Test

351 Slump Test 27

36 Hardened Concrete Tests

361 Compressive Strength Test 27

362 Splitting Tensile Strength Test 28

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

41 Introduction 29

42 The Effects of PO FA Fineness on Workability of Concrete 29

43 The Effects of PO FA fmeness on Compressive Strength of Concrete 30

44 The Effects of POF A Fineness on Splitting Tensile Strength of Concre 34

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA nONS

51 Conclusions 38

52 Recommendations 39

REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 21 Physical properties ofunground and ground POFA (Safiuddin et aI 2011) 10

Table 22 Chemical composition ofOPC and PO FA (Source Awal 1997 Tangchirapat

Table 23 Effect of POF A on the workability of concrete (Eldagal 2008 Sata et aI 2007

2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15

Table 31 Aggregates Properties Laboratory Tests 21

Table 32 Chemical composition of OPC ASTM Type 1 23

Table 33 Physical properties of fine aggregate 23

Table 34 Physical properties of coarse aggregate 24

Table 35 Mix Proportion 26

Table 41 Slump 29

Table 42 Compressive strength for 3 7 and 28 days 31

Table 43 Splitting tensile strength for 3 7 and 28 days 35

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 21 OPC (Chindaprasirt et aI 2007) 12

Figure 24 Particle size distribution ofunground and ground POFA and OPC (Sata et aI

Figure 25 Effect ofunground POFA on the compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (Tay

Figure 26 Effect of ground POF A on the compressive strength at different test ages

Figure 27 Effect of ground POFA on the splitting tensile strength of concrete (Sata et aI

Figure 22 Unground POF A (Jaturapitakkul et aI 2007) 12

Fjgure 23 Ground POFA Jaturapitakkul et aI 2007) 12

2004) 12

1990) 17

(Tangchirapat et aI 2009) 17

2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22

Figure 32 Sieved POFA 22

Figure 33 Sieve analysis for sand 24

Figure 34 Sieve analysis for coarse aggregate 25

Figure 41 The Slump 30

Figure 42 Compressive Strength for 3 7 and 28 days 33

Figure 43 Splitting Tensile Strength for 3 7 and 28 days 37

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Processes of Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate 45

APPENDIX B Processes of Specific Gravity of Fine Aggreagte 46

APPENDIX C Processes of Concrete Mixing Casting and Curing 48

APPENDIX D Processes of Slump Test 50

APPENDIX E Processes of Compressive Strength Test 51

APPENDIX F Processes of Splitting Tensile Strength Test 52

xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Concrete is usually a composite material that is used in civil engineering construction work It

is typically a mixture of cement water aggregate and also other admixtures Concrete is

strong in compression because the aggregate has the ability to carry the compression load

however it is extremely weak in tension

Cement consists of adhesive and cohesive properties which enable it to bond mineral

fragments into a solid mass Cement contains silicates and aluminates of lime which are made

from blended and ground limestone and clay According to Dobrowolski (1998) portland

cement is the most commonly used hydraulic ~ement for making concrete around the world It

is considered as the most significant component of hydraulic cement which hardens due to

hydration a chemical reaction between cement powder and water In concrete design and

quality control strength is the property usually specified The water-cementitious materials

ratio the extent of hydration the curing and environmental conditions are the main factors

that influence the strength of concrete The ultimate compressive strength and rate of strength

development of concrete are also greatly dependent on the chemical and physical properties of

the cement

Higher demands for construction works have contributed to augmentation of cement

production as one of the main components of concrete manufacture As a result the

production of cement leads to increase the concern of global warming as CO2 emission is

released to atmosphere However the variety of studies about various supplementary

1

cementing material involved in concrete production has been conducted in recent years

Nowadays the use of various supplementary cementing materials such as Fly Ash Blastshy

Furnace Slag Silica Fume Rice husk Ash and other fiber and pozzolanic material are gaining

popularity due to increasingly stringent environmental legislation In addition the use of

various supplementary cementing materials is also a common practice since they are

significantly reducing the cement content and improve the ultimate strength of the concrete

In this study the study about the use of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POF A) as a supplementary

cementing material in concrete production is carried out The influence of POF A and its

degree of fmeness on the mechanical properties of concrete is investigated In Malaysia palm

oil industry is considered as the most important agro industries POF A is a by-product which

is generated from the combustion of palm oil plant residues In this study POF A is used as a

pozzolanic material and also a replacement of cement in concrete to produce cementitious

properties Pozzolan is defined as a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material where the

particles react with calcium hydroxide from the cement to produce cementitious properties

The utilization of pozzolanic material in concrete would reduce the negative environmental

effect and landfill volume for the disposal of wastes

12 Problem Statement

The presence of palm oil wastes has created a major disposal problem due to a large amount

of solid waste materials is produced such as palm fiber nutshells and empty fruit bunches

from palm oil industry which is burnt at temperatures of about 800-1000 degC as fuels to

provide steam for electricity generation in palm oil mills After the burning process an ash

by-product are obtained which is about 5 by weight of the residues known as palm oil fuel

ash (pOF A) It has been reported that around 4 million tonsyears of POF A are produced in

2

Malaysia only (Zarina 2012) While the quantity of PO FA is rising annually its utilization is

limited and basically disposed of as a waste in landfills without any profitable return It can

also affect environmental problems such as health hazards and financial loss

13 Research Significance

There are several significances in this research project Firstly PDFA is incorporated as

supplementary cementing material in the concrete mix as to promote the use of agricultural

waste and create a more sustainable environment besides its own ability to improve strength

development of concrete Next it is also important that to obtain a mix proportion to produce

concrete incorporated with PDFA and studies the mechanical properties of concrete in term of

compressive strength and splitting tensile strength

14 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research project is to conduct an experimental testing program to determine

the effects of PDFA fineness on the mechanical properties of concrete The objectives of the

research project are

1 To obtain a mix proportion containing different PDFA fineness which can achieve a

targeted strength of 30 Nmm2 at 28 days and slump of 60mm-180mm

II To study the mechanical properties of concr~te by using POFA with 3 different

fineness which are passing through 38wn 631m and 751m

1S Scope of work

The study focuses on the effect of PDFA fineness on the mechanical properties of concrete

The study only limited to test for three types of PDFA fineness which are 381m 631ffi and

3

75JlM with 15 PDFA replacement Three laboratories experimental tests is carried out

namely slump test compressive strength test and splitting tensile strength test The slump test

is carried out to detennine the workability of fresh concrete The concrete sample is cured in

the water and tested for 3 days 7 days and 28 days strength Consequently two mechanical

properties of concrete such as compressive strength and splitting tensile strength will be tested

in this study

16 Thesis Organisation

This report contains five chapters which are introduction literature review methodology

result and discussion and conclusion respectively

Chapter I discuss the general background of the research problem statement scope of work

aim and objectives and thesis significance

Chapter 2 discuss the admixture which is also one of the components of concrete mix Besides

that a general background for four types of pozzolanic materials such as fly ash blast furnace

slag silica fume and rice husk ash will be discussed in this chapter In addition the properties

of PDF A such as physical and chemical composition will also be discussed in this chapter

Moreover a previous study about the effect of PDF A on the mechanical properties of

concrete will be studied Lastly a previous research about the effect of fineness on properties

ofconcrete will be also discussed

Chapter 3 explain various laboratory tests will be carried out in this chapter In this chapter

three laboratory experiments will be conducted such as slump test compressive strength test

and splitting tensile strength test In addition experiment setups will be stated in this chapter

4

r-~-------~-----p~rKhldmat Mak1umat Akauemillt UNIVERSrn MALAYSIA SAltAWAIlt

Chapter 4 generally presents and discusses about the result of each laboratory tests that

conducted in tenn of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength

Chapter 5 conclude the whole study has been conducted A conclusion has been drawn with

relevant objectives stated based on the result achieved from this study Besides that there are

few recommendations will be listed in this chapter

5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction

During recent decades there are many researchers have been carried out for the use of

admixture in concrete mixture such as fly ash blast-furnace slag silica fume rice husk ash

and also palm oil fuel ash Besides that the properties of POF A are also briefly discussed and

previous study about the effects of POF A on the mechanical properties of concrete are also

reviewed Lastly previous study about the effects of fineness on the properties of concrete are

also reviewed

22 Admixture

Admixture is used as an additional material which is added to concrete mixtures It is varying

widely in chemical composition from surfactants and soluble salts to polymers and insoluble

minerals The properties of concrete such as workability strength and durability can be

improved by adding admixtures to concrete batch (Monte rio amp Mehta 2006) Besides that

the use of admixture in concrete mixtures may also increase or decrease the cost of concrete

by lowering the required cement content changing the volume of the concrete mixture or

reducing the cost of concrete placing and finishing Thus admixture plays an important role

in concrete mixtures Admixture can be categorised into 2 categorise which is mineral

admixture (fly ash silica fume and others) and chemical admixture (air-entering agents

accelerators water-reducing admixtures However mineral admixtures are more emphasized

in this study and used as supplementary cementitious material for producing concrete

6

Mineral admixtures are categorised into 2 classifications which are natural materials and byshy

product materials Some mineral admixtures can be pozzolanic cementitious and however

others are both cementitious and pozzolanic (Monterio amp Mehta 2006) Natural materials are

defined as a material that has been treated for the only purpose of making a pozzolan

Generally the process involves crushing grinding and size separation occasionally it may

also include thermal activation On the other hand by-product materials are defined as a

material that is not the primary products which produced from industry It mayor may not

require any processing before use as mineral admixtures

However by-product materials are more highlighted in this study Consequently the physiGal

and chemical and mineralogical properties of palm oil fuel ash (PDF A) will be further

discussed in this study Besides that effect of PDF A on the mechanical properties of concrete

will be also discussed in this study

23 Types of Mineral Admixtures from By-product

A variety of by-product materials such as fly ash blast-furnace slag silica fume rice husk ash

and others have been commonly used as pozzolanic materials in concrete The utilization of

pozzolanic material not only enhances the properties of concrete but also protects the

environment

231 Fly Ash

According to Day (2006) fly ash is also known as pulverized fuel ash which is produced from

the combustion of coal in thermal power plants During combustion the mineral impurities

such as clays quartz and feldspar melt in suspension at the high temperature and float out

with the flue gas stream As the fused material rises it is transported to low temperature zones

7

allow it cools and then it solidifies as spherical particles of glass which are called fly ash This

fly ash is collected from the flue gas stream by mechanical separators electrostatic

precipitation or bag filters (Nawy 2008) Fly ash can be categorised into two different types

which are Class C and Class F (ASTM C 618-78) Class C ash is consists of high-calcium fly

ashes with carbon content less than 2 while Class F ash contains low-calcium fly ashes

with carbon content less than 5 but sometimes as high as 10 Class C ash is usually

obtained from burning sub-bituminous or lignite coals whereas Class F ashes are obtained

from burning bituminous or anthracite coals The chemical and physical properties of the ash

have significant impact on the performance properties between Class F and C ashes The

physical properties of fly ashes are depending to the source Fly ash is a fine-grained material

which contains spherical glassy particles The particles can be irregular or angular shapes and

its size is depending on the sources The particles of fly ash may be finer or coarser than

Portland cement particles On the other hand the mineralogical properties of fly ash are

significant influenced by both the type and source of fly ash Fly ash contains noncrystalline

particles or glass and a small quantity of crystalline material as result from the rapid cooling

ofburned coal in the power plant

232 Blast-Furnace Slag

Blast-furnace slag is a by-product of the production of iron (Nawy 2008) When it is quickly

cool down with water to glassy state and finely ground thus the property of latent

hydraulicity will be developed (Nawy 2008) Nowadays the use of blast-furnace slag as an

admixture in concrete is well established In the early 1970s glassy slag was produced by

using pelletizing process which uses much less water than granulation methods Firstly a

treatment with water sprays is used to expand the molten slag and then passed over a rotating

8

fInned drum Lastly the semi molten material is cooled and pelletized by throwing them into

the air

233 SUtea Fume

Silica fume is a byproduct of the production of metallic silicon or ferrosilicon alloys which is

produced by electric arc furnaces (Nawy 2008) The two main components such as the types

of alloy fonned and the composition of quartz and coal are commonly used in the electric arc

furnaces which are significantly influence the chemical composition of silica fume The

majority ofpublished data indicates that the utilization of silica fume in concrete must contain

at least 75 ferro silicon

234 Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk ash is a by-product of the agricultural industry which is produced from burning a

mixture of rice husk and eucalyptus bark by fluidized bed combustion process in a biomass

power plant It consists of high amount of Si02 Silica content in the ash increases with higher

the burning temperature Many researches described that rice husk ash consists of high

reactivity and pozzolanic property after burning process at controlled temperature Chemical

composition of rice husk ash is greatly influenced by the temperature during burning

processes

24 The PbysieaJ Properties of POFA

According to AbdullaH et al (2006) the burning temperature condition is one of factors that

significantly influence the physical properties of POFA Several of physical properties of

9

Wlground and ground POF A used in various studies are shown in Table 21 These all

properties ofunground and ground POFA are briefly discussed below

Table 21 Physical properties of unground and ground POF A (Safiuddin et al 2011)

Properties OPC Unground POFA Ground PO FA

Color Grey Light greywhitish Dark grey

Specific gravity 314-328 178-197 222-278

Median particle size dso(urn) 10-20 543-183 72-101

Passing through 45-urn sieve 56-588 97-99

( mass)

Specific surface area Blaine 314-358 796 882-1244

(m2kg)

Strength activity index () 786-115

SOWldness Le Chatelier 045-1 05-26

expansion (mm)

141 Color

UngroWld POF A is usually in light grey color as results from the unburnt carbon content left

at relatively low burning temperature The content of unburnt carbon becomes very low when

the burning temperature is high Besides that unground POF A can also be whitish color in the

absence of unburnt carbon (Abdullah et al 2006) On the other hand ground POF A is dark

grey color

10

141 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of unground POFA is normally varies in the range of 178-197 From

Table 21 above it can be seen that the specific gravity of unground POF A is about 40

lower than the specific gravity of ope (Tay 1990) However the specific gravity of POF A is

increased and it is about in the range of 222-278 after the grinding process (Sata et al 2004

Tangchirapat et al 2009) It is because the particle size of POF A is reduced and then the

porosity also decreased as results from grinding processes

143 Particle Shape and Size

The particle shape and size of unground POF A is different as compare to ground POF A It

was found that the particle shape and size are mostly large spherical and porous as shown in

Figure 22 In contrast ground POF A is quite similar to Portland cement which crushed

particle is usually in irregular and angular shape as shown in Figure 21 amp 23 ( Chindaprasirt

et al 2007) The particle size of unground POFA is larger than OPC however the particle

size of ground POF A is smaller than OPe The typical particle size distributions of unground

and ground POF A and ope are shown in Figure 24 The median particle size of unground

POFA is about 543)lm -183)lm which is larger than ope which is in the range of I011m -20

1Jlll However the particle size of POFA is decreased to 72)lffi -lO1)lm after grinding

processes (Sata et al 2004 Chindaprasit et at 2008)

11

Figure 21 OPC (Chindaprasirt et ai 2007) Figure 22 Unground POFA (Jaturapitakkul

et ai 2007)

Figure 23 Ground POFA (Jaturapitakkul et ai 2007)

100 r==III~~iITinTI-1M-7I1

II

rriTiT11 Ground POFA JIl jill

90 ope mill J UOOUnd POFA t++tt+-l~I11H80 III IIT~+IIiI--+++IH

70 ~~t+~~UU~~~I IIIV-J~~U oo ~~U~~~Hm+M~~~I~~~

50 +-+tttlitl t-+-Ii+Itflt-+f+TMIlH-i++IHIt-I+tt+Ilt-i~ 1JlIIlt~ 40 +-r-lliM-=-+WII--l-+4R-++I r-H+fllf-++I I N+-i

~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)

Figure 24 Particle size distribution of un ground and ground POFA and OPC (Sata et ai

2004)

12

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade _____

Please tick (J)

Final Year Project Report D Masters IT] PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 28 day of AUG 2014

Students Declaration

I JEFFREY LAU YONG LIAN 14030081 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING hereby declare that this research project entitled EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) FINENESS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE is the result of my own research project work exclude for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged Besides that I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak or other institutions

Date 28 AUG 2014 JEFFREY LAU YONG LIAN (14030081)

Supervisors Declaration

I DR DELSYE TEO CHING LEE) hereby certifies that the work entitled EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (PO FA) FINENESS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE was prepared by the above named student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a partial fulfillment for the conferment of MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (CIVIL ENGINEERINGgt and the aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

Received for examination by ___________ Date 28 AUG 2014 DR DELSYE TEO CHING LEE

ii

I













(28 AUG 2014) (28 AUG 2014)




iii

--------------------------~---------~ -~---

L

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS







iv

ABSTRACT




















OPC concrete

v

ABSTRAK






















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS









11 Introduction 1




15 Scope of Work 3



21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6


231 Fly ash 7


233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

I













(28 AUG 2014) (28 AUG 2014)




iii

--------------------------~---------~ -~---

L

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS







iv

ABSTRACT




















OPC concrete

v

ABSTRAK






















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS









11 Introduction 1




15 Scope of Work 3



21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6


231 Fly ash 7


233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS







iv

ABSTRACT




















OPC concrete

v

ABSTRAK






















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS









11 Introduction 1




15 Scope of Work 3



21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6


231 Fly ash 7


233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

ABSTRACT




















OPC concrete

v

ABSTRAK






















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS









11 Introduction 1




15 Scope of Work 3



21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6


231 Fly ash 7


233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

ABSTRAK






















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS









11 Introduction 1




15 Scope of Work 3



21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6


231 Fly ash 7


233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12


TABLE OF CONTENTS









11 Introduction 1




15 Scope of Work 3



21 Introdu~tion 6

22 Admixture 6


231 Fly ash 7


233 Silica Fume 9

vii

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

234 Rice Husk ash 9


241 Color 10



244 Fineness 13



261 Workability 14







31 General 20






viii


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12


335 Water 25






351 Slump Test 27





41 Introduction 29





51 Conclusions 38


REFERENCES 41

APPENDICES ~ 45

ix

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

LIST OF TABLES




2007 Eldagal 2008) 14

Tay1990) 15






Table 41 Slump 29



x

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

LIST OF FIGURES








2004) 12

1990) 17


2007) 18

Figure 31 POFA 22







LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

LIST OF APPENDICES







xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction















the cement





1
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12
























2



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12



















1S Scope of work



3






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12






in this study
















4







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12







5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction






also reviewed

22 Admixture












6

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

















environment

231 Fly Ash





7
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12
























8


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12


the air

233 SUtea Fume







234 Rice Husk Ash







processes




9









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12









( mass)


(m2kg)



expansion (mm)

141 Color





grey color

10



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12



















11


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12


et ai 2007)



II





~ ~~~I~~~~~J~Ir+~ 2o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I10 ~~~~~~A~~~_I_I~~~ o 1 w

001 01 10 00 1000 10000

Particle size (~m)


2004)

12

Documents

EFFECT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) FINENESS ON THE