Effect Enviromental for Mangrove

THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT FACTOR (SOIL AND OIL) FOR SUSTAINABILITY MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM

Endang Hilmi dan Asrul Sahri Siregar1

Lecture in PSPK Unsoed Purwokerto

ABSTRACTMangrove ecosystem is forest ecosystem type which is located in innudation

area or tidal water area, is affacted by muddy soil, sand or muddy sand but it is not affected by climate. Its trees are able to grow on relatively high salinity and on muddy place but the slope of topography area is not higher than 0,25 – 0,5%, and Mangrove ecosystem play an important role in sustaining the productivity of inshore and offshore fisheries.

The aims of this reasearch are : (1) to know effect of environment factor (soil, and oil) for trees growth in mangrove ecosystem (2) to know effect of environment factor for aquatic organisms. This research has been done in mangrove ecosystem and coastal zone in Eastern Seram. The methods are used in this research are identification of soil factor, identification of growth level of mangrove trees, and identification of aquatic organism.

The results of this research are (1) the mangrove ecosystem in Eastern Seram has been degraded, the growth level of mangrove trees in Eastern Seram are skinny, stunted until normal and The aquatic organisms are plankton consist of 3 classes, i.e. Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae, and benthos. consists of 7 groups, i.e. Polychaeta, Schapopods, Sipuncula, Gastropods, Crustacea, Sipuncula, Pelecypods, Polychaets, Schapopoda and Cepalochordata.

Keywords : Mangrove, Eastern Seram, Growth of trees, and Aquatic organism.

INTRODUCTIONMangrove ecosystem is forest

ecosystem type which is located in innudation area or tidal water area, is affacted by muddy soil, sand or muddy sand but it is not affected by climate. Its trees are able to grow on relatively high salinity and on muddy place but the slope of topography area is not higher than 0,25 – 0,5% (Sandy, 1986). Mangrove forest has a unique vegetation in coastal zonation, from brush up to trees (50-60 m height) which have only one canopy structure (Aksorkonkoae,

1993, and Hamilton et al., 1984). Mangrove ecosystem is one of the primary natural features of coastlines throughout the tropical and subtropical regions.

Mangrove ecosystem is playing an important role in sustaining the productivity of inshore and offshore fisheries. They contribute nutrients to the ecosystem, provide shelters and nurseries for fish and help support extensive aquatic species (Aksorkonkoae, 1993). Mangrove as an important food source, because the primary food source for organism in mangrove is detritus or particulate

material derived from the decomposition of mangrove forest litter. About 80 – 90% is composed of leaf litter, while the remainder consists of twigs, flowers and fruits. During decomposition, mangrove litter is progressively enriched in protein and serves as a food source for filter, particulate and deposit feeder, such as molluscs, crabs and polychaete worms. So the mangrove ecosystem has functions as shelter and nurseries. Many species of penaeied shrimp use mangrove forest as shelter and nursery ground for at least part of their life cycle, such as Penaeus indicus, P. merguiensis, and P.monodon.

Basicly, factors influenced the mangrove growth are (1) temperature. Optimum temperature for mangrove growth is 20 – 24oC. (2) The presence of mud. (3) Beach. Mangrove grows well on protected beach area. (4) Salinity. Mangrove is halophyt-facultative plant which has rate of growth is slowly. Mangrove grows at soil salinity between 10 – 30o/oo. (5) Shallow beach. Mangrove grows better on shallow water. (6) Soil. Soil conditions in mangrove forest are smooth texture, low maturity level, high salt and alkalinity, contains of acid sulphic, high clay and dust (Hardjowigeno, 1986, Snedaker and Snedaker, 1984). Laboratory result showed that soil pH ranged between 7.3 – 8.0, high NaCl, rich of K, Na, Ca and Mg, organic coloid, phosphate, Cl, SO3, iron compound and sulphur particulary pyrite, rich of organic compound and has high nitrogen (aluvial hydromorf-young soil-regosol or entisol). (7)

Freshwater source. Freshwater in mangrove sourced from rain or river which has affected affect the distribution of type species and plant growth. (8) Drainage/Aeration. It is very important for oxygen supply and respiration. (9). Rainfall. Optimum growth for mangrove trees is best on range of rainfall between 1.500 – 3.000 mm/year. (10). Tidal. Mangrove forest develop well at a place which has available freshwater. At open sea, the high water tidal level is not more than 0,5 m, otherwise at shallow water area, it may reach more than 3 m. (11). Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The outside of mangrove forest has DO ranges between 1,7 – 3,4 mg/l. DO inside and outside of mangrove forest ranges between 4,9 – 2,4 mg/l, while at the close area, DO ranges between 2,1 – 3,8 mg/l.

The aims of this research are: (1) to know effect of environment factor (soil, and oil) for trees growth in mangrove ecosystem (2) to know effect of environment factor for aquatic organisms

METODE

The methods are used in this research are (1) identification of soil factor such as texture, permeability, porosity, C organic, top soil and salinity, (2) identification of water quality such as pH, DO, Salinity, Hg. (3) identification of Oil Potency, (4) identification of sedimentation, (5) identification of growth level of mangrove trees, (5) identification of aquatic organism

This research has been done in mangrove ecosystem and coastal zone in eastern seram.

RESULTS

1. The eniviroment conditions The conditions of environment

factors in Eastern Seram are influenced by condition of coastal, beach, and oil spilled activity.

The environment conditions of environment conditions are showed by Figure 1.

Base on the environment conditions in Eastern Seram like as Figure 1, showed that most of all of coastal area in Eastern Seram include as less supportive criteria to mangrove grow esspecially trees grow.

The factors caused mangrove degraded are C organic of soil is low, Top soil is thin, DO is low, pH is low until normal, sedimentation is low

until high, and in this area found Hg and oil content.2. The Growth Level of Mangrove

TreesThe growing of trees in mangrove ecosystem in East Seram is presented in Table 2.

a. Mangrove Growth in Bula

Generally, ecosystem of mangrove in Bula has degraded, and has been doing to recovery itself with succession process. The effect of degraded ecosystem is growing of mangrove trees in Bula are obstructed, which were showed with stunted stems. However, in some of areas in Bula, trees growths were normal, as well as stem, leaf, flower, fruit or root. The blocked of growing for trees and degraded ecosystem were caused by (1) soil conditions, such as acid pH, permeability was very slow, organic-C was low, top soil was thin (10-30 cm), salinity was high (29,86). This condition influenced metabolism process and at the end caused to damage or death. For example, salinity as much as >20 o/oo (high) may block plant growth since it will affect the process of photosynthesis and the growth is finally obstructed. On the other side, mangrove has the ability to secrete and accumulate the salt compound. The growth is still obstructed or even dead whenever the salt compound in soil or water is very high. (2) Aquatic conditions, that were low DO (<1) and high salinity. In Bula, oil potency was low, so that the area was still relatively clean from polluted matter.

Mangrove ecosystem in Salas

Mangrove ecosystem in Namatimor

Table 1. Conditions of Mangrove Habitat

Region pH

Soil Condition Water Quality Oil Potency

Sedimentation

CriteriaTexture Perme

ability

(cm/jam)

Poro sity

(%)

Organic- C

Top soil (cm)

Salinity (ppt)

pH DOSalinity (ppt)

Hg Content

TOC

(mg/kg)TPH

(mg/kg)

Oil (mg/kg)Sand Dust Clay

Jetty (Bula)

5.4 90.74 2.62 6.61 1.41 78.82 2.8010-30

29.86 7.5 - 330.001-0.005

76.90 <101.20

LowLess

supportive

Nama-timor

5.5 61.58 28.04 10.38 17.07 71.15 5.4510-30

24.98 7.5 - 340.001-0.005

27.65 <10 0.35 ModerateLess

supportive

Okor 5.6 92.67 3.62 3.68 17.70 59.79 1.0810-30

14.99 7-7.5 - 370.001-0.005

140.95 <10 0.52 LowLess

supportive

Sesar 5.6 80.99 16.98 2.03 1.67 66.03 0.64 10-30 29.98 7.5 0.2 360.001-0.005


supportive

Englas 5.6 80.99 16.98 2.03 53.68 87.35 0.70 10-30 19.90 7.5 0.2 360.001-0.005


supportive

Silohan 5.6 69.14 25.44 5.42 5.65 68.58 3.12 10-30 24.88 8 0.4 360.001-0.005


supportive

Hote 5.6 91.96 4 4.41 52.54 93.71 0.56 10-30 39.79 8 0.3 350.001-0.005

148.60 <10 0.65 LowLess

supportive

Benggoi 5.5 36.48 53.72 9.8 9.70 80.25 6.01 10-30 39.98 7.5 1 320.001-0.005

76.45 <10 1.42 HighLess

supportive

Salas 5.4 51.85 33.57 14.58 15.21 51.39 7.29 10-30 24.977-7.5

- 340.001-0.005


supportive

Bolifar 5.6 92.1 2.59 5.31 14.18 59.80 2.00 10-30 14.98 7.5 1.9 360.001-0.005

25.60 <10 0.25 LowLess

supportive

b. Mangrove Growth in Namatimor and Okor

Similiar with mangrove ecosystem in Bula, mangrove ecosystem in Namatimor and Okor has been degraded and has been doing to recovery itself. Where as the growth of mangrove trees in Namatimor and Okor were relatively normal, and were dominated by of trees (saplings), so the potency of trees in this area were still low. Its normal growth stage is presented with the performance of stem, leaf, flower, fruit or root. However, the poor condition of mangrove in Namatimor and Okor have affected degradation ecosystem, for example (1) soil conditions, such as acid pH, permeability was very slow, organic-C was low, top soil was thin (10-30 cm), salinity was high and the rate of sedimentation was moderate (2) aquatic conditions, that were low DO (<1) and high salinity. In the future, poor condition of mangrove ecosystem will cause the degradation of mangrove growth for trees and degradation for ecosystem.

c. Mangrove Growth in Sesar

Generally, ecosystem mangrove in Sesar has degraded and mangrove trees were stunted, especially on front area of mangrove ecosystem (nearest to the open sea). It could be seen from the performance of Ceriops tagal and mangrove ecosystem condition. It was caused by (1) soil conditions, such as acid pH, permeability was very slow, organic-C was low, top soil was thin (10-30 cm) and salinity was high (29.98) and

the rate of sedimentation was moderate, which may cause the damage or death of mangrove. As well as in Bula, high salinity of soil water (>20o/oo), top soil was thin, organic C was low and rate sedimentation was moderate caused blocked the mangrove growth and degraded the mangrove ecosystem On the other side, mangrove has the ability to secrete and accumulate the salt compound, so the mangrove trees could adapted with environmental condition to still life, where as the salt compound in soil or water was very high caused the growth of trees was obstructed or death. (2) Aquatic conditions, that were low DO (<1) and high salinity. In Bula, oil potency was low, so that the area was still relatively clean from polluted matter.d. Mangrove Growth in Englas,

Silohan and Hote.

As well as mangrove growth in Namatimor and Okor, ecosystem mangrove in Englas, Hote, Silohan have degraded, and have been recovering themselves with succession process. It’s showed with dominated by sapling where as mangrove trees growth in Englas, Silohan and Hote were normal. Normal growth of trees was presented by the performance of its stem, leaf, flower, fruit and root. However, the poor condition of mangrove in Englas, Silohan and Hote affected the degradation mangrove ecosystem. It was caused by (1) soil conditions, such as acid pH, permeability was slow, organic-C was low, top soil was thin (10-30 cm) and salinity was high and sedimentation. (2) Aquatic

conditions, that were low DO (<1) and high salinity.

e. Mangrove Growth in Benggoi

The mangrove ecosystem in Banggoi has degraded. The degradation ecosystem was caused by sedimentation process and the other factors affected the mangrove degradation were (1) soil conditions, such as acid pH, permeability was slow, organic-C was low, top soil was thin (10-30 cm) and salinity was extremely high (39,98), and rate of sedimentation was high. (2) Aquatic conditions, that were low DO (<1) and high salinity. The degradation ecosystem was indicated by presence of Nypa frutican (amount of N.fritican was high) but, the growth of mangrove trees in Benggoi was relatively normal. Whereas, in Benggoi, oil potency was low, so that the area was still relatively clean from polluted matter.

f. Mangrove Growth in Salas and Bolifar

The mangrove ecosystem in Salas and Bolifar has degraded. The degradation ecosystem was caused by poor habitat in mangrove, and high density of mangrove trees. And the high density of mangrove trees caused performance of trees was skinny. The factor caused the obstructed of mangrove growth are (1) density of mangrove trees (2) soil conditions, such as acid pH, permeability was very slow, organic-C was low, top soil was thin (10-30 cm), salinity was high and the rate of sedimentation was low up to moderate. These may block the

metabolism process and finally damage or kill the plants. (2) Aquatic conditions, that were low DO (<1) and high salinity

3. Aquatic OrganismsBase on report of study in

Eastern Seram by Waindo (2005), that aquatic organisms were found in coastal and mangrove ecosystem are :- Plankton

Plankton is aquatic biota characterized by their microscopic size and unable to move actively against the sea current. Plankton consists of zooplankton and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is microscopic aquatic plant, while zooplankton is animal. In aquatic ecosystem, phytoplankton is the main producer, able to conduct photosynthetic process, producing organic material by converting inorganic nutrient into carbohydrate. The phytoplankton constitutes as first level in food chain and zooplankton settle in second level as primary consumer. As consumer, zooplankton are unable to conduct photosynthesis due to lack of chlorophyll.

Phytoplankton communities found in the study area consist of 3 classes, i.e. Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae. As commonly found in global estuaries, Bacillariophyceae well known as diatoms are the main group composing the phytoplankton community in the study area. High abundance of diatoms is due to the high abundance of silicate, which is commonly found in the coastal waters.

- Benthos

Benthos is marine animal which is inhabits the sea floor. Their appearances, due to their immobility character can be used as bioindicator for aquatic pollution. In this study, benthos community consists of 7 groups, i.e. Polychaeta, Schapopods, Sipuncula, Gastropods, Crustacea, Sipuncula, Pelecypods, Polychaets, Schapopoda and Cepalochordata.

CONCLUSION

The mangrove ecosystem in Eastern Seram has been degraded. The factors caused mangrove ecosystem degraded are (1) habitat has been degraded such as soil texture, top soil, water quality, oil potency, and sedimentation (2) activity of oil minning, but effect of oil minning for mangrove ecosystem is low.

The growth level of mangrove trees in Eastern Seram is skinny, stunted until normal.

The aquatic organisms are (1) plankton. Phytoplankton communities found in the study area consist of 3 classes, i.e. Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae. As commonly found in global estuaries, Bacillariophyceae well known as diatoms are the main group composing the phytoplankton community in the study area, (2) Benthos. In this study, benthos community consists of 7 groups, i.e. Polychaeta, Schapopods, Sipuncula, Gastropods, Crustacea, Sipuncula, Pelecypods, Polychaets, Schapopoda and Cepalochordata.

REFERRANCE

Aksornkoae, S. 1993. Ecology and Management of Mangrove. The IUCN Wetlands Programme. Bangkok.

Hamilton, L.S. and S.C. Snedaker. 1984. Handbook for Mangrove Area Management. IUCN Commission on Ecology Gland. Honolulu

Hardjowigweno, S. 1986. Status pengetahuan tanah-tanah mangrove di Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar II Ekosistem Mangrove. LIPI. p : -

Hutchings, P and P. Saenger. 1987. Ecology of Mangrove. University of Queensland Press. New York.

Kitamaru, S., C. Anwar., A. Chaniago., and S. Baba. 1997. Handbook of Mangrove In Indonesia (Bali and Lombok). ISME and JICA. Okinawa

Sandy, I.M. 1986. Klasifikasi Pesisir dan Penggunaan Tanah. Simposium Ekologis untuk Pengelolaan Daerah Pesisir. Jakarta. Indonesia. p : -

Waindo Spec Terra. 2005. Environmental Sensitivity Mapping and Study of Bula Coastal Area’. Report not published. Jakarta

Table 2. The Growth Level of Mangrove Trees in Eastern Seram

AreaSpecies Part of Trees Growth Ecosystem Lavel

Dominant Associate Stem Leaf Flower FruitGrowth

levelStatus succession

Jeti (Bula)Rhizophora apiculata

Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, lumnitzera racemosa, Xylocarpus granatum.

StuntedStunted- normal

Stunted- normal

Stunted- normal

Stunted DegradedSecondary succession

NamatimorRhizophora apiculata

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum

Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal DegradedSecondary succession

OkorLumnitzera littorea

Anisoptera costata, Ceriops decandra, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera littorea, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora mucronata


SesarRhizophora apiculata

Ceriops tagal Stunted Normal,

ceriops were stunted

Normal Normal Stunted DegradedSecondary succession

Englas Avicennia alba Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal DegradedSecondary succession

SilohanRhizophora apiculata

Bruguiera cylindrica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cocos nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Soneratia alba


HoteAvicennia marina

Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata.


BenggoiRhizophora apiculata

Bruguiera cylindrica, Soneratia alba


SalasRhizophora apiculata

skinny Normal Normal Normal skinny DegradedSecondary succession

Bolifar Avicennia albaCasuarina equisetifolia, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum

skinny Normal Normal Normal skinny DegradedSecondary succession

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Effect Enviromental for Mangrove