EEM 701 Bioenergy

8/11/2019 EEM 701 Bioenergy

1/26

BIOENERGY

By:-

Sumit Kumar

Deepak PanwarUmed Paliwal


2/26

WHAT IS BIOMASS ?

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. Inthe context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material,but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material.

Chemical composition

Biomass comes in a million physical forms

However, it is composed typically of

Cellulose - 50%

Hemi cellulose - 25%

Lignin - 25%

Most biomass can be represented by - C10H14O6


3/26

TYPES OF BIOMASS


4/26

EXAMPLES OF BIOMASS

Wood: Trees, bushes, wood residue

(Sawdust, bark etc. from forest clearings and

mills)

Wastes: Municipal Solid Waste (Paper, food

and yard wastes, plastics, wood and tires),Livestock Waste, Process Waste, Sewage

Crops: Starch crops (Corn, wheat and

barley), Sugar crops (Cane and beet), Forage

crops (Grasses, alfalfa, and clover), Oilseed

crops (soybean, sunflower, safflower ) Aquatic Plants: Algae, Water weed, Water

hyacinth, Reed and rushes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Water_hyacinth.jpghttp://library.thinkquest.org/20331/images/sugarcane00308.jpghttp://library.thinkquest.org/20331/images/paperwaste00331.jpghttp://library.thinkquest.org/20331/images/felledtrees00296.jpg


5/26

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOMASS ANDFOSSILE FUEL

The vital difference between biomass and fossil fuels is one of time scale.

Biomass takes carbon out of the atmosphere while it is growing, and returns it asit is burned. If it is managed on a sustainable basis, biomass is harvested as part

of a constantly replenished crop. This is either during woodland orarboricultural management or coppicing or as part of a continuous programmerof replanting with the new growth taking up CO2from the atmosphere at thesame time as it is released by combustion of the previous harvest.

This maintains a closed carbon cycle with no net increase in atmospheric CO2levels.


6/26

BIO FUEL AND FOSSIL FUEL

Plant material

The carbon used to construct biomass is absorbed from the atmosphere as carbondioxide (CO2) by plant life, using energy from the sun.

These processes have happened for as long as there have been plants on Earth and ispart of what is known as the carbon cycle.

Fossil fuels

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are also derived from biological material,however material that absorbed CO2from the atmosphere many millions of yearsago.

As fuels they offer high energy density, but making use of that energy involvesburning the fuel, with the oxidation of the carbon to carbon dioxide and thehydrogen to water (vapor). Unless they are captured and stored, these combustionproducts are usually released to the atmosphere, returning carbon sequesteredmillions of years ago and thus contributing to increased atmospheric concentrations


7/26

WHY USE BIOMASS ?

Garbage can be converted to useful energy.

Recycling biomass for fuel and other uses cuts down on theneed for "landfills" hold garbage.

It burned much cleaner than coal and oil.

Renewable within short span of time.


8/26

BIOENERGY IN PAST AND PRESENT

Biomass was the first fuel mankind learned to usefor energy. Burning wood for warmth andcooking and keeping wild animals away

Some of the earliest power plants in world werefueled by wood material

In the early 17thcentury people switched to coalfor fule.

20

th

century saw the rise of oil and natural gas

Many cultures used animal dung to burn, andsome are still doing this today

Will the 21stcentury see the reverse process from

coal to wood ?


9/26

BIOMASS ENERGY

Energy obtained from biomass is called biomass energy.

Produced by green plants through photosynthesis in presence of sun light

Other living organisms consume green plants or their byproduct andgenerate biomass

6CO2+ 6H2O (CH2O)6+ 6O2+ 636 kCal

(biomass)

Sunlight

Chlorophyll t


10/26

BIOMASS AS A FUEL

What is fuel ?

Fuels are any materials that store that store potential energy in forms that can bepracticably released and and used for work or as heat energy.

However, the Earth actually grows every year about 130 billion tonnes of biomass onland (60 billion tonnes of carbon) and a further 100 billion tonnes in the rivers, lakesand oceans (46 billion tonnes carbon).

The energy content of this annual biomass production is estimated to be more than

6 times world energy use or 2,640 exajoules (2500 Quads) on land, with anadditional 2024 exajoules (1920 Quads) in the waters.


11/26

COMBUSTION OF FUEL

Fuel Heat Content (GJ/t)

Coal ~30

Oil 42

Natural Gas 55Air-dry wood ~15

Straw 15

Domestic Refuse 9

Sugarcane Residue 17

Average heat energy content of fuels


12/26

BIOMASS SOLAR ENERGY STORE

Solar energy as a

driver helps to

complete the carboncycle,recreating fuel

and oxygen.

The mechanism is

known as

Photosynthesis.

Carbon cycle on local scale


13/26

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert

light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be later

released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in

carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon

dioxide and water

The plants grows using solar energy to convert CO2 and water into

carbohydrate or similar material as a fuel ,which give energy on burning.


14/26

BIOENERGY SOURCES


15/26

ENERGY CROPS

An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and low-maintenance harvest used tomake biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its energy content to generateelectricity or heat. Energy crops are generally categorized as woody or herbaceousplants.

Energy crops got attraction in recent years for several reasons like.The need for alternatives of fossil fuels to reduce CO2 emissions.

The search for indigenous alternatives to imported oil.

The problem of surplus agricultural land.

Elephant grass,an energy crop


16/26

WOODY CROPS

1% of worldsforest on 2.47% of worldsgeographical area.

Sustaing 16% of the worldspopulation and 15% of its livestock population.

Forest fullfill nearly 40% of Indiasenergy needs and 30% of fodder needs.Annual

production of fuelwood,fodder and timber is 270 million tons,280 million tons

and 12 million cubic meters,respectively.Forest cover is about 20.7% of the area

in 2005.

Wood is to be the main domestic fuel in less endowed and poorer regions.


17/26

WOODY CROPS

Woody biomass is plant material from trees and shrubs that can include roots,bark, leaves, branches,limbs, trunks, and vines. Woody biomass can come frommany sources, including forestry operation residues, wood product residues,urban waste wood,trees grown specifically for energy, fuelwood, and forestthinnings that reduce damage from fires and pests.

sawdust, scraps, and other wood waste from industries that make products fromwood, such as cabinet and furniture companies, can also be used to produceenergy

Timber and fuel wood obtained from the forest besides minor forest produce.

Commercial plantations like rubber and plants/trees that yield hydrocarbon canbe a source of byproduct fuel.


18/26

EXAMPLES


19/26

AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Most widely grown crop for bioenergy purpose is sugarcane and maize.

These crops can be converted to liquid fuels.

A completely different type of energy crop as grown for its oily seed,which aresunflower,oilseed rape,soya beans etc.are grown for the oil in their seeds.

It can be converted to a diesel substitute,known as Biodiesel.

These crops mostly received attention in Europe and the USA because of suitableclimate conditions.


20/26


21/26

BIOENERGY FROM WASTE

Forest Wood and Leaves

Fallen Leaves, barks retain nutrients

Can be Used for Electricity Production

Bulky, Transportation is uneconomic

Temperate Crop Waste

World wide residue of Wheat and Maize more than billion tons/year

In past and even now most of this is openly burned, Air Pollution Concerns

Can be used to generate biogas

Low density transportation is uneconomic

Local level gasifiers a good solution


22/26


Tropical Crop Waste

Total Energy content of Rice and sugarcane residue per annum - 18 EJ

Bagasse

Residue of sugarcane

Used in Sugar factories a fuel

Surplus electricty is sold

Rice Husk

Suitable for gasifcation

Animal Waste & Sewage Sludge

Anerobic Digestion to produce biofuels


23/26


Municipal Solid Waste

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

i

l

t

lr

rt

Ji

r r

I

r

r

t

rt

i

tr

ijy

ri

r

i

r

j

t

J

l

r

s

r

J

rci ti

i

r

Tons

Major cities

Production of garbage in Tons/day


24/26


Municipal Solid Waste

Avg. Household in Developed countries produce about a ton of solid waste per yearwith an energy content enough to fuel 10% of itsenergy needs

Incineration, Anerobic digestion can be used to extract useful energy

Saves the landfill space, win-win situation

Landfill Gas

Large proportion of MSW is organicAnerobic digestion in Landfill produces metahne (50-60%) and hydrogen which can

be used as a fuel

Despite low energy efiicency growing rapidly


25/26

HUSK POWER SYSTEM, BIHAR

Bihar Produces 47.14 lakh tonnes of Rice per year generating 13.4 lakh tonnes ofresidueRice husk

Waste ?

Electricity has been very-very slow to reach Bihar

Husk power systems was started by Ganesh Pandey in 2007 to provide electricty invillages of Bihar

Husk Power systems uses gasifiers to produce elctricity through Rice husk

Extra income for farmers

Till 2011 they have installed 84 mini-plants providing electricity to 2 lakh people

across 300 villages.

Environment friendlySaves 42,000 L of Kerosene and 18,000 L of diesel per year

Waste Char used to make incense sticks.

Employment to locals


26/26

othing is Wastet

just the absence of Right Technology

Documents

EEM 701 Bioenergy