EEC 551Integrated Circuits

EEC 551 (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB)

Objective: - To design and implement the circuits to gain knowledge on

performance of the circuit and its application. These circuits should also be

simulated on P spice.

1. Log and antilog amplifiers.

2. Voltage comparator and zero crossing detectors.

3. Second order filters using operational amplifier for:

a. Low pass filter of cutoff frequency 1 KHz.

b. High pass filter of frequency 12 KHz.

4. Band pass filter with unit gain of pass band from 1 KHz to 12 KHz.

5. Wien bridge oscillator using operational amplifier.

6. Determine capture range; lock in range and free running frequency of PLL.

7. A/D and D/A convertor.

8. Voltage to current and current to voltage convertors.

9. Function generator using operational amplifier (sine, triangular & square wave)

10. Astable and monostable multivibrator using IC 555.

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS:

1- OP-AMP as Schmitt Trigger.

2- OP- AMP as Integrator and Differentiator.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB (EEC-551) EC/EI V SEM EXPERIMENT NO.1

OBJECT: Design and implement op-amp as Log and Anti Log amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIREDOp amp 741, power supply diode or transistor resistors connecting wires.

THEORY:A logarithmic amplifier has an Output voltage that is proportional to the logarithm of the input, PROCEDURE

Apply input voltage at the inverting terminal of op amp and measure the output voltage and change input signal value measure output voltage at different values of input voltage and verify results as per formula.For log amplifier

For antilog amplifier

Circuit Diagram:

Log Amp

Ant Log Amp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Op-Amp_Logarithmic_Amplifier.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Op-Amp_Exponential_Amplifier.svg

Precautions: All connections check properly.

Result:

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB (EEC-551)EC/EI V SEM

EXPERIMENT NO.2

OBJECT: Design and implement op-amp as voltage comparator and zero crossing detector.APPARATUS REQUIREDOp amp 741, power supply function generator CRO connecting wires.

THEORYA ‘comparator’ is a circuit that compares two input voltages. One voltage is called the reference voltage (Vref) and the other is called the input voltage (Vin).When Vin rises above or falls below Vref the output changes polarity (+ becomes -).Similarly a zero crossing detector one voltage is called reference voltage (Vref) equal to zero.And other is called input voltage (Vin).

PROCEDURE A input signal is applied to the non inverting termilal of op amp. For voltage comparator this signal is compared with reference signal. While in case of Zero crossing detector it compare with Zero level signal.

Circuit Diagram:

ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR

Precautions:1-All connections check properly.

Result:

http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/op-amp-zero-crossing-detector.jpg


EXPERIMENT NO.3A

OBJECT: To study the second order Low pass filter of a cut off frequency of 1 KHz

APPARATUS REQUIREDBread board, IC 741, CRO, Power Supply, Connecting Wires, and Function generator Resistors, Capacitors.

THEORY A frequency selective electric circuit that passes electric signals of specified band of frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the brand is called an electric filter. The first order low pass filter consists of a single RC network connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier. Resisters R1 and RF determine the gain of the filter in the pass band. The low pass filter as maximum gain at f = 0 Hz. The frequency range from 0 to FH is called the pass band the frequency range f > fh is called the stop band.low pass filter pass the frequency less than the cutoff . While a high pass filter pass the frequency greater than cut off frequency.PROCEDURE:Connect the circuit component as per given in circuit diagram .change the frequency of input signal and find the gain at different frequencies1 Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.2. Apply an input sine wave and measure the amplitude of output waveform fordifferent values of input frequencies3 Calculate the gain in dB.4. Plot the frequency response

FORMULA USED Second order low pass active filter FLOW= _____ 1__________ 2π√ R2R3C2C3

OBSERVATIONS:

CALCULATIONS:

GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:1-Power supply connection should be proper

Result:1. The cut-off frequency of the low pass filter = kHz2. 2. The pass band gain of low pass filter =

CONCLUSION:i. The working of active low pass filter is observed and the output is plotted.ii. The frequency response of the low pass filter is plotted on a semi-log graph paper.iii. It is observed that the gain rolls of at the rate of 20dB per decade at the cut of frequency.


EXPERIMENT NO.3B

OBJECT: To study the second order high pass filter of a cut off frequency of 12 KHz.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Bread board, IC 741, CRO, Power Supply, Connecting Wires, and Function Generator, Resisters, Capacitors.

THEORY : A frequency selective electric circuit that passes electric signals of specified band of frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the brand is called an electric filter. The first order high pass filter consists of a single RC network connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier. ResistersR1 and RF determine the gain of the filter in the pass band. The high pass filter has maximum gain at f = fl Hz. The frequency range from 0 to Fl is called the stop bandthe frequency range f > fl is called the pass bandThe design of band pass filters can become very involved even when using operational amplifiers. However it is possible to simplify the design equations while still being able to retain an acceptable level of performance of the operational amplifier filter for many applications

PROCEDURE:Connect the circuit component as per given in circuit diagram .change the frequency of input signal and find the gain at different frequencies.i. Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.ii.Apply an input sine wave and measure the amplitude of output waveform for differentvalues of input frequencies.iii.Calculate the gain in dB.iv.Plot the frequency response.

Second order high pass filter

FORMULA USED Second order low pass active filter F High pass = _____ 1__________ 2π√ R2R3C2C3

OBSERVATIONS:

CALCULATIONS:

GRAPH:

Precautions: 1. Power supply connection should be proper.Result:1.The lower cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter = ------- KHz.2.The pass band gain = -------

CONCLUSION:i. The working of active high pass filter is observed and the output is plotted.ii. The frequency response of the high pass filter is plotted on a semi-log graph paper.iii. It is observed that the gain increases at the rate of 20dB per decade at the cut offrequency


EXPERIMENT NO.4

OBJECT: To study the second order Band pass filter frequency of 1 KHz to 12 KHz

APPARATUS REQUIREDBread board, IC 741, CRO, Power Supply, Connecting Wires, and Function Generator, Resisters, Capacitors.

THEORY:

As only one operational amplifier is used in the filter circuit, the gain should be limited to five or less, and the Q to less than ten. In order to improve the shape factor of the operational amplifier filter one or more stages can be cascaded. A final point to note is that high stability and tolerance components should be used for both the resistors and the capacitors. In this way the performance of the operational amplifier filter will be obtained.

PROCEDURE:Connect the circuit component as per given in circuit diagram .change the frequency of input signal and find the gain at different frequencies.i. Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.ii.Apply an input sine wave and measure the amplitude of output waveform for differentvalues of input frequencies.iii.Calculate the gain in dB.iv.Plot the frequency response.

Circuit Diagram:

Active Band pass filter

-

+ +

OP1

R4

R2

R1

R3

C1

C2

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Power supply connection should be proper.

Result: Theoretical band of frequency = Practical value band of frequency =

1.The lower cutoff frequency of the Band-pass filter = ------- KHz.The upper cutoff frequency of the Band-pass filter = ------- KHz2.The pass band gain = -------

CONCLUSION:i. The working of active Band pass filter is observed and the output is plotted.ii. The frequency response of the Band pass filter is plotted on a semi-log graph paper.iii. It is observed that the gain increases at the rate of 20dB per decade at the cut of frequency


EXPERIMENT NO.5

OBJECT: Design and implement Wien Bridge Oscillator using Op-amp 741

APPARATUS REQUIREDC.R.O, OP-Amp741, Resistance (10k, 3.3k Ω) Port 1MΩ, Capacitor (.013µF, 0.1µF), Bread Board.Theory:In this oscillator the Wein Bridge Circuit is connected between the amplifier input terminals andthe output terminal. The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and parallel RC networkin the adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge resistors R1 and RF areconnected. The total phase-shift around the circuit is 0o when the bridge is balancedIn Wien Bridge oscillator a Wien Bridge circuit is connected between the amplifier input terminals and the output terminals. The bridge has a series R network in one arm and a parallel RC network in adjoining arm. In remaining two arms resistors R and RF are connected.

PROCEDURE:i. Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.ii. Adjust the potentiometer Rf such that an output wave form is obtained.iii. Calculate the output wave form frequency and peak to peak voltage.iv. Compare the theoretical and practical values of the output waveform frequency.

FORMULA USED- Ft = 1/2Πrc or 1/6.28RC approx.The frequency is depended on R&C componentFp =1/TObservation Table

The frequency of oscillation = ______

R C Fp Ft

Circuit Diagram:

-

+ +

OP1R1

R2

R3

C1

C2

P1

Wien Bridge Oscillator

GRAPH

.


Result: % Error = ft-fp/ft×100Theoretical frequency of oscillation = Practical value of frequency of oscillation =


EXPERIMENT NO.6

OBJECT : Determine capture range, lock in range & free running frequency of PLL.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:PLL (NE 565), Resistors 12kΩ, Capacitors (.01µf, 10µf) Dual power supply, Bread board, Function generator, CRO and Connecting Wires

THEORY

THE PLL circuit is basically use for tracking a particular system. It consist of phase detector low pass filter and VCO.A Phase detector compares Frequency and phase of two systems. And VCO is a voltage to frequency convertor.

PROCEDURE1- connect the circuit as shown in fig.2- free running fresquency of the VCO adjusted externally with RT and CT 3- An externally connected short link between the pin (4) & (5) will connect the

VCO output to the phase detector input.Circuit Diagram:


Result: Fo =……………………….Hz Fl =………………………….Hz Fc = ………………………….Hz


EXPERIMENT NO.7OBJECT To design and set up a 3 bit ADC.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:IC ic 741 IC 7408 ,IC 7432 ,IC 7404 ,Resistor 1kΩ , Pot 5kΩ

THEORY A 3 input ADC is shown in fig:If the analog signal exceeds the reference signal, comparator turns on.If all comparators are off, analog input will be between 0 and V/4.If C1 is high and C2 is low input will be between V/4 andV/2.If C1 andC2 are high and C3 is low input will be between 3V/4 and V

PROCEDURESet up the circuit and vary the input from 0 to 5V .Observe the output bits.

U9A

OPA1013/BB

3

2

84

1+

-

V+V-

OUT

R210K

R310K

R510K

R4RESISTOR

3

2

84

1+

-

V+V-

OUT

U10A

OPA1013/BB

3

2

84

1+

-

V+V-

OUT

74AC32

1

23

U5A

OPA1013/BB

3

2

84

1+

-

V+V-

OUT

74AC04

12

74AC04

12

74AC08

1

23

74AC08

1

23

74AC08

1

23

OBSEVATION TABLE

COMPARATOR OUTPUT BINARY OUTPUT

Input voltage

Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 A B C

0-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 01-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 12-3 0 0 1 1 0 1 03-4 0 1 1 1 0 1 14-5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10 00

01 00 2222222

0111 11

10 10

—C= Q4 Q2+Q2Q1 B=Q4 Q2

00 01 11 10

00 01 A=Q4

11 10

ANALOG INPUT VOLTAGE DIGITAL OUTPUT

A B C


RESULT:

0 0 1 xx x 1 xx x 1 x

x x x x

0 1 0 xX X 1 X

X X 0 X

X X X X

0 0 0 XX X 0 X X x 1 x

X x x x

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB (EEC-551)DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

OBJECTTo design and set up a binary weighted code resistor DAC and R -2R ladder type DAC.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: IC 741,Resistors,Potentiometer.THEORY In weighted resistor type DAC, op-amp is used to produce a weighted sum of digital inputs where weights are produced to weights of bit positions of inputs. Each input is amplified by a factor equal to ratio of feed back resistance to input resistance to which it is connected.

PROCEDURE Test 741 C IC using digital IC tester .Switch on the supply. Apply the binary inputs 0000 through 1111 and observe the analog the output using CRO.

Formula used VOUT = -RF/ /R (D3 +1/2 D2+ ¼ D1+1/8D0)

V=-Rf/R (1/2 B3+1/4B2+1/8B1+1/16B0)

+

-

O P -07

3

26

7 14 8

1 . 2K

2 . 2K

4 . 7K

10K

010K

OBSERVATION TABLE

Input Output(Binary weighted) Output(R-2R ladder)


RESULT: Designed and set up binary weighted DAC and R and 2R ladder type DAC.


EXPERIMENT NO.8

OBJECT: Voltage to current and current to voltage convertors.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Resistors ,IC 741, Digital Multi meter, bread board, power supply, connecting wires

THEORY:Verify that VO= Iin R2 for this circuit. That is, do the following for several voltage settings on the variable power supply: Measure the supply voltage and from this calculate Iin .Use the formula to calculate a theoretical Vout and compare this to a measured Vout. Include these measured values and calculations in your report along with a brief discussion of the agreement between theory and measurement.

PROCEDURE1- for V to I converter apply input voltage at non-inverting terminal of op –amp and

measure corresponding current across resistor R1.change the valus og input voltage and observe the current across R1.

2- For I to V Converter input current source apply at inverting terminal of op –amp and measure corresponding voltage at the output terminal..

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 1 V to I converter Fig 2 I to V converter


Result:INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB (EEC-551)

EC/EI V SEMEXPERIMENT NO. 9

OBJECT: Function generator using operational amplifier (sine, triangular& square wave).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Function generator, IC 741, C. R .O, Bread board, Connecting wires and Resistors. And power supplyTHEORY Function generator a device which produce sine, triangular& square wave simultaneously. For which we uses defferent circuit diagram and connect together as per application.

PROCEDUREthe OP AMP in this first stage as a level detector with the trigger voltage set to about 0.2 times the driving voltage . because R3 and R2 form a voltage divider. The output of this first OP AMP is a square wave because, as the capacitor is charged in one direction, at some point .The second stage accepts a square wave as its input and outputs a triangle wave. The third stage is also an integrator, but its input is a triangle wave. Well the integral of a triangle wave is not really quite a sine wave. But note how much smaller C3 is compared to C2.

Circuit Diagram:

Precautions: All connections check properly Result:


EXPERIMENT NO. 10

OBJECT: To study astable and monostable multivibrator using IC 555.

APPARATUS USED: Breadboard, IC 555, CRO, Power Supply, Connecting Wires, and Resistors.

THEORY : A monostable multivibrator is one shot pulse generating circuit. In steady state its output is at low level or zero. While in Astable multivibrator there is no stable state.

PROCEDURE:1. Make the connection as shown in figure.2. See the output wave form on CRO.

Compare the the theoretical and practical value of timeFORMULA USED:, For monostableMultivibrato

T= 1.1R2 C

Circuit Diagram:

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

FORMULA USED:, For Astable Multivibrator

T=.69(R1+2R2) C

Precautions: All connections check properly. Result


EXPERIMENT NO.

OBJECT: OP-AMP 741 AS DIFFRENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR.APPARATUS USED:1. DC power supply - 1 No.2. CRO - 1 No.3. Bread Board - 1 No.4. Function Generator - 1 No.COMPONENTS:1. 15 kΩ Resistor – 2 No.2. 820 Resistor – 1 No.3. 1.5 kΩ Resistor – 1 No.4 0.01 F Capacitor – 2 No5 0.5 nF Capacitor – 1 No5 IC741 - 1 No.THEORY: The operational amplifier can e used in many applications. It can be used as differentiator and integrator. In differentiator the circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation that is the output waveform is the derivative of the input wave form for good differentiation, one must ensure that he time period of the input signal is larger than or equal to RfC1.the practical differentiator eliminates the problem of instability and high equal to RfC1.the practical differentiator eliminates the problem of instability and high frequency noise.

PROCEDURE:1- connect the differentiator circuit as shown in fig 1.adjust the signal generator to produce a 5 volt peak sine wave at 100 Hz.2- observe input Vi and Vo simultaneously on the oscilloscope measure and record the peak value of Vo and the phase angle of Vo with respect to Vi.3-Repeat step 2 while increasing the frequency of the input signal. Find the maximum frequency at which circuit offers differentiation. Compare it with the calculated value of fa Observe & sketch the input and output for square wave.4- Connect the integrator circuit shown in Fig2. Set the function generator to produce a square wave of 1V peak-to-peak amplitude at 500 Hz. View simultaneously output Vo and Vi.5- Slowly adjust the input frequency until the output is good triangular waveform. Measure the amplitude and frequency of the input and output waveforms.6- Verify the following relationship between R1Cf and input frequency for good integration f>fa & T< R1C1Where R1Cf is the time constant7- Now set the function generator to a sine wave of 1 V peak-to-peak and frequency 500 Hz. Adjust the frequency of the input until the output is a negative going cosine wave. Measure the frequency and amplitude of the input and output waveforms.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:1. The time period and amplitude of the output waveform of differentiator circuit2. The time period and amplitude of the integrator waveform

CALCULATIONS:Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies infrequency from 10 Hz to 1 kHz.

GRAPH:1- Differentiator

2-Integrator

RESULT: Out put wave form will be plot from CRO.

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EEC 551Integrated Circuits