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EE 6331, Spring, 2009

Advanced Telecommunication

Zhu Han

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 6

Feb. 5th, 2009
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Outl ine

Review

Channel capacity revisit

Free Space Propagation Model

Reflection

Diffraction

Scattering

Stochastic large scale models:

Log-distance path loss model

log-normal shadowing

Outdoor propagation models

Indoor propagation models

Homework due next Tuesday
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Large-scale small-scale p ropagat ion

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Free space propagation model

Assumes far-field (Fraunhofer region)

d >> D and d >> , where

D is the largest linear dimension of antenna

is the carrier wavelength

No interference, no obstructions

Black board 4.1

Effective isotropic radiated power

Effective radiated power

Path loss

Fraunhofer region/far field

In log scale

Example 4.1 and 4.2

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Radio Propagat ion Mechanism s

Refraction

Conductors & Dielectric materials (refraction) Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as compared to

wavelength

- e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.

Diffraction

Fresnel zones Radio path between transmitter and receiver obstructed by surface with

sharp irregular edges

Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of sight) does notexist

Scattering Objects smaller than the wavelength of the

propagation wave

- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts

Clutter is small relative to wavelength

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Classical 2-ray g round bounce model

One line of sight and one ground bound

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Propagat ion Models

Large scale models predict behavior averaged over distances >>

Function of distance & significant environmental features, roughlyfrequency independent

Breaks down as distance decreases

Useful for modeling the range of a radio system and rough capacity

planning, Experimental rather than the theoretical for previous three models

Path loss models, Outdoor models, Indoor models

Small scale (fading) models describe signal variability on a scale of

Multipath effects (phase cancellation) dominate, path attenuationconsidered constant

Frequency and bandwidth dependent

Focus is on modeling Fading: rapid change in signal over a shortdistance or length of time.

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Free Space Path Loss

Path Loss is a measure of attenuation based only on the distance

to the transmitter

Free space model only valid in far-field;

Path loss models typically define a close-in point d0 andreference other points from there:

Log-distance generalizes path loss to account for other

environmental factors Choose a d0 in the far field.

Measure PL(d0) or calculate Free Space Path Loss.

Take measurements and derive empirically.

2

00)()(

d

ddPdP rr

dB

dBrd

ddPLdPdPL

0

0 2)()]([)(

dBd

ddPLdPL

0

0 )()(
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Typ ical large-scale path los s

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Log-Normal Shadow ing Model

Shadowing occurs when objects block LOS between transmitter

and receiver

A simple statistical model can account for unpredictableshadowing

PL(d)(dB)=PL(d)+X0,

Add a 0-mean Gaussian RV to Log-Distance PL

Variance is usually from 3 to 12.

Reason for Gaussian

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Measured large-scale path lo ss

Determine n and by mean and variance

Equ. 4.70

Equ. 4.72

Basic of Gaussian

distribution

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Area versus Distance coverage model w i thshadow ing model

Percentage for

SNR larger than

a threshold

Equ. 4.79

Exam. 4.9

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Longley-Rice Model

Point-to-point from 40MHZ to 100GHz. irregular terrain model (ITS).

Predicts median transmission loss, Takes terrain into account, Uses pathgeometry, Calculates diffraction losses

Inputs: Frequency

Path length

Polarization and antenna heights Surface refractivity

Effective radius of earth

Ground conductivity

Ground dielectric constant

Climate Disadvantages

Does not take into account details of terrain near the receiver

Does not consider Buildings, Foliage, Multipath

Original model modified by Okamura for urban terrain

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Long ley-Rice Model, OPNET implementation

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Durkins Model

It is a computer simulator for predicting field strength contours

over irregular terrain. Adopted in UK

Line of sight or non-LOS

Edge diffractions using Fresnel zone

The disadvantage are that it can not adequately predictpropagation effects due to foliage, building, and it cannotaccount for multipath propagation.

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Durkins model continues

The simulator has two parts.

The first part accesses a topographic data base of a proposed

service area and reconstructs the ground profile informationalong the radial line joining Tx and Rx.

Assumptions

1. No multipath arrivals.

2. LOS

3. diffraction is only along radial

ECE6331 Spring 2009

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2-D Propagat ion Raster data

Digital elevation models (DEM) United States Geological Survey (USGS)

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A lgor i thm for l ine of s igh t (LOS)

Line of sight (LOS) or not

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Mult ip le di f f ract ion compu tat ion

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Okumura Model

It is one of the most widely used models for signal prediction in urban areas,

and it is applicable for frequencies in the range 150 MHz to 1920 MHz

Based totally on measurements (not analytical calculations)

Applicable in the range: 150MHz to ~ 2000MHz, 1km to 100km T-Rseparation, Antenna heights of 30m to 100m

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Okumura Model

The major disadvantage with the model is its low response to rapid changes

in terrain, therefore the model is fairly good in urban areas, but not as good inrural areas.

Common standard deviations between predicted and measured path lossvalues are around 10 to 14 dB.

G(hre)

m30m1000200

log20)(

te

tete hhhG

m3

3

log10)(

re

rere h

hhG

m3m103

log20)(

re

rere h

hhG

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Okumura and Hatas model

Example 4.10

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Hata Model

Empirical formulation of the graphical data in the Okamura model.

Valid 150MHz to 1500MHz, Used for cellular systems

The following classification was used by Hata:

Urban area

Suburban area

Open area

EdBALdB log

CdBALdB log

DdBALdB logbhfA 82.13log16.2655.69

bhB log55.69.44

94.40log33.18)28/log(78.42

ffD

4.5))28/(log(22 fC

MHzfhEm

300cities,largefor97.4))75.11(log(2.32

MHzfhEm

300cities,largefor1.1))54.1(log(29.82

citiessmalltomediumfor)8.0log56.1()7.0log11.1( fhfE m

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PCS Extens ion o f Hata Model

COST-231 Hata Model, European standard

Higher frequencies: up to 2GHz

Smaller cell sizes

Lower antenna heights

GEdBFLdB log

bhfF log82.13log9.333.46 f >1500MHz

0

3G

Metropolitan centers

Medium sized city and suburban areas

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Walf isch and Berton i Model

Path loss L L L Lb o rts msd

(1) Free space path loss :

L d fo 3245 20 2010 10. log log

(1) (2) (3)

LhhfwL mroofrts )(log20log10log109.16 101010

(2) Roof-top-to-street diffraction and scatter loss term :

o

o

o

9055for)55(114.00.45535for)35(075.05.2

350for354.010

LL

L

(3) Multiscreen diffraction loss :

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Walfisch and Bertonis model

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Wideband PCS Microcell Model

A 2-ray ground reflection model is a good estimate for path loss

in LOS microcells, Low antenna heights

A simple log-distance path loss model holds well for obstructedmicrocells, Urban clutter

df

represents the distance at which the first Fresnel zone justbecomes obstructed by the ground

d h h h h f t r t r

1

16

16

2 2 2 2 24

( )

PL dn d PL d for d d

n d d n d PL d for d d

f

f f f

( )log( ) ( )

log( / ) log( ) ( )

10 1

10 10

1 0

2 1 0

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Measu red data from San Franc isco

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Indoor Propagation Models

The distances covered are much smaller

The variability of the environment is much greater

Key variables: layout of the building, construction materials,building type, where the antenna mounted, etc.

In general, indoor channels may be classified either as LOS orOBS with varying degree of clutter

The losses between floors of a building are determined by theexternal dimensions and materials of the building, as well as the

type of construction used to create the floors and the externalsurroundings.

Floor attenuation factor (FAF)

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Partition

losses

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Partition

losses

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Part i t ion losses between f loo rs

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Part i t ion losses between f loo rs

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Log-distance Path Loss Model

The exponent n

depends on thesurroundings and

building type

X

is the variable

in dB having astandard deviation

.

PL d PL d n d d X( ) ( ) log( / ) 0 010

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Ericsson Mult ip le B reakpoin t Model

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A ttenuat ion Facto r Model

FAF represents a floor attenuation factor for a specified number

of building floors.

PAF represents the partition attenuation factor for a specificobstruction encountered by a ray drawn between the transmitter

and receiver in 3-D

is the attenuation constant for the channel with units of dB permeter.

PL d PL d n d d FAFSF

( ) ( ) log( / ) 0 010

PL d PL d n d dMF

( ) ( ) log( / ) 0 010

PL d PL d d d d FAF( ) ( ) log( / ) 0 010

PAF

PAF

PAF
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Measu red indoo r path loss

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Devasirvathams model

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Signal Penetrat ion in to Bui ld ings

RF penetration has been found to be a function of frequency as

well as height within the building. Signal strength receivedinside a building increases with height, and penetration lossdecreases with increasing frequency.

Walkers work shows that building penetration loss decrease at

a rate of 1.9 dB per floor from the ground level up to the 15thfloor and then began increasing above the 15th floor. Theincrease in penetration loss at higher floors was attributed toshadowing effects of adjacent buildings.

Some devices to conduct the signals into the buildings

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Ray Tracing and Site Speci f ic Model ing

Site specific propagation model and graphical information

system. Ray tracing. Deterministic model.

Data base for buildings, trees, etc.

SitePlanner

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Quest ions?

Documents

EE6331_class6