Watcom C Library Reference

Version 1.9

Notice of CopyrightCopyright 2002-2010 the Open Watcom Contributors. Portions Copyright 1984-2002 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, manual, optical, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of anyone. For more information please visit http://www.openwatcom.org/

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PrefaceThis manual describes the Watcom C Library. It includes the Standard C Library (as defined in the ANSI C Standard) plus many additional library routines which make application development for personal computers much easier.

AcknowledgementsThis book was produced with the Watcom GML electronic publishing system, a software tool developed by WATCOM. In this system, writers use an ASCII text editor to create source files containing text annotated with tags. These tags label the structural elements of the document, such as chapters, sections, paragraphs, and lists. The Watcom GML software, which runs on a variety of operating systems, interprets the tags to format the text into a form such as you see here. Writers can produce output for a variety of printers, including laser printers, using separately specified layout directives for such things as font selection, column width and height, number of columns, etc. The result is type-set quality copy containing integrated text and graphics. July, 1997.

Trademarks Used in this ManualIBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corp. Microsoft, MS, MS-DOS, Windows, Win32, Win32s, Windows NT and Windows 2000 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. NetWare, NetWare 386, and Novell are registered trademarks of Novell, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. WATCOM is a trademark of Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

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Table of ContentsWatcom C Library Reference ......................................................................................................................... 1 C Library Overview .......................................................................................................................... 1.1 Classes of Functions ........................................................................................................... 1.1.1 Character Manipulation Functions ...................................................................... 1.1.2 Wide Character Manipulation Functions ............................................................. 1.1.3 Multibyte Character Manipulation Functions ...................................................... 1.1.4 Memory Manipulation Functions ........................................................................ 1.1.5 String Manipulation Functions ............................................................................ 1.1.6 Wide String Manipulation Functions .................................................................. 1.1.7 Multibyte String Manipulation Functions ........................................................... 1.1.8 Conversion Functions .......................................................................................... 1.1.9 Memory Allocation Functions ............................................................................. 1.1.10 Heap Functions .................................................................................................. 1.1.11 Math Functions .................................................................................................. 1.1.12 Searching Functions .......................................................................................... 1.1.13 Time Functions .................................................................................................. 1.1.14 Variable-length Argument Lists ........................................................................ 1.1.15 Stream I/O Functions ......................................................................................... 1.1.16 Wide Character Stream I/O Functions ............................................................... 1.1.17 Process Primitive Functions .............................................................................. 1.1.18 Process Environment ......................................................................................... 1.1.19 Directory Functions ........................................................................................... 1.1.20 Operating System I/O Functions ....................................................................... 1.1.21 File Manipulation Functions .............................................................................. 1.1.22 Console I/O Functions ....................................................................................... 1.1.23 Default Windowing Functions ........................................................................... 1.1.24 BIOS Functions ................................................................................................. 1.1.25 DOS-Specific Functions .................................................................................... 1.1.26 Intel 80x86 Architecture-Specific Functions ..................................................... 1.1.27 Intel Pentium Multimedia Extension Functions ................................................ 1.1.28 Miscellaneous Functions ................................................................................... 1.1.29 DOS LFN aware Functions ............................................................................... 1.2 Header Files ....................................................................................................................... 1.2.1 Header Files in /watcom/h ................................................................................... 1.2.2 Header Files in /watcom/h/sys ............................................................................. 1.3 Global Data ........................................................................................................................ 1.4 The TZ Environment Variable ........................................................................................... 1.5 The OS/2 TZ Environment Variable .................................................................................. 2 Graphics Library ............................................................................................................................... 2.1 Graphics Functions ............................................................................................................ 2.2 Graphics Adapters .............................................................................................................. 2.3 Classes of Graphics Functions ........................................................................................... 2.3.1 Environment Functions ........................................................................................ 2.3.2 Coordinate System Functions .............................................................................. 2.3.3 Attribute Functions .............................................................................................. 2.3.4 Drawing Functions .............................................................................................. 2.3.5 Text Functions ..................................................................................................... 2.3.6 Graphics Text Functions ...................................................................................... 2.3.7 Image Manipulation Functions ............................................................................ 2.3.8 Font Manipulation Functions ............................................................................... v 1 3 3 5 6 6 8 8 10 11 13 14 15 15 17 17 17 18 19 20 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 29 32 33 37 40 43 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 48

Table of Contents2.3.9 Presentation Graphics Functions ......................................................................... 2.3.9.1 Display Functions .................................................................................. 2.3.9.2 Analyze Functions ................................................................................. 2.3.9.3 Utility Functions .................................................................................... 2.4 Graphics Header Files ........................................................................................................ 3 DOS Considerations ......................................................................................................................... 3.1 DOS Devices ...................................................................................................................... 3.2 DOS Directories ................................................................................................................. 3.3 DOS File Names ................................................................................................................ 3.4 DOS Files ........................................................................................................................... 3.5 DOS Commands ................................................................................................................. 3.6 DOS Interrupts ................................................................................................................... 3.7 DOS Processes ................................................................................................................... 4 Library Functions and Macros .......................................................................................................... abort ................................................................................................................... abort_handler_s ................................................................................................. abs ..................................................................................................................... access, _access, _waccess ................................................................................. acos .................................................................................................................... acosh .................................................................................................................. alloca ................................................................................................................. _arc, _arc_w, _arc_wxy .................................................................................... asctime Functions .............................................................................................. asctime_s, _wasctime_s .................................................................................... asin .................................................................................................................... asinh .................................................................................................................. assert .................................................................................................................. atan .................................................................................................................... atan2 .................................................................................................................. atanh .................................................................................................................. atexit .................................................................................................................. atof, _wtof ......................................................................................................... atoi, _wtoi .......................................................................................................... atol, _wtol .......................................................................................................... atoll, _wtoll ....................................................................................................... _atouni ............................................................................................................... basename ........................................................................................................... bdos ................................................................................................................... _beginthread, _beginthreadex ........................................................................... bessel Functions ................................................................................................ bcmp .................................................................................................................. bcopy ................................................................................................................. _bfreeseg ........................................................................................................... _bgetcmd ........................................................................................................... _bheapseg .......................................................................................................... _bios_disk ......................................................................................................... _bios_equiplist .................................................................................................. _bios_keybrd ..................................................................................................... _bios_memsize .................................................................................................. _bios_printer ..................................................................................................... vi 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 53 54 54 54 55 58 59 60 61 63 64 65 66 68 70 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 91 92 93 94 96 97 99 101 102 104 105

Table of Contents_bios_serialcom ................................................................................................. _bios_timeofday ................................................................................................ _bprintf, _bwprintf ............................................................................................ break... Functions .............................................................................................. bsearch ............................................................................................................... bsearch_s ........................................................................................................... btowc ................................................................................................................. bzero .................................................................................................................. cabs .................................................................................................................... calloc Functions ................................................................................................ ceil ..................................................................................................................... cgets ................................................................................................................... _chain_intr ......................................................................................................... chdir, _chdir, _wchdir ....................................................................................... _chdrive ............................................................................................................. chmod, _chmod, _wchmod ............................................................................... chsize, _chsize ................................................................................................... _clear87 ............................................................................................................. clearenv ............................................................................................................. clearerr ............................................................................................................... _clearscreen ....................................................................................................... clock .................................................................................................................. close, _close ...................................................................................................... closedir, _wclosedir ........................................................................................... _cmdname ......................................................................................................... _control87 ......................................................................................................... _controlfp .......................................................................................................... cos ..................................................................................................................... cosh ................................................................................................................... cprintf ................................................................................................................ cputs .................................................................................................................. creat, _creat, _wcreat ......................................................................................... cscanf ................................................................................................................. ctime Functions ................................................................................................. ctime_s, _wctime_s ........................................................................................... cwait .................................................................................................................. delay .................................................................................................................. _dieeetomsbin .................................................................................................... difftime .............................................................................................................. dirname .............................................................................................................. _disable ............................................................................................................. _displaycursor ................................................................................................... div ...................................................................................................................... _dmsbintoieee .................................................................................................... _dos_allocmem .................................................................................................. _dos_close ......................................................................................................... _dos_commit ..................................................................................................... _dos_creat ......................................................................................................... _dos_creatnew ................................................................................................... dosexterr ............................................................................................................ _dos_find... Functions ....................................................................................... _dos_freemem ................................................................................................... vii 106 108 109 110 111 113 115 116 117 118 120 121 122 123 125 126 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 137 138 140 142 143 144 145 146 148 149 151 153 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 170 172 175

Table of Contents_dos_getdate ...................................................................................................... _dos_getdiskfree ............................................................................................... _dos_getdrive .................................................................................................... _dos_getfileattr .................................................................................................. _dos_getftime .................................................................................................... _dos_gettime ..................................................................................................... _dos_getvect ...................................................................................................... _dos_keep .......................................................................................................... _dos_open ......................................................................................................... _dos_read .......................................................................................................... _dos_setblock .................................................................................................... _dos_setdate ...................................................................................................... _dos_setdrive ..................................................................................................... _dos_setfileattr .................................................................................................. _dos_setftime .................................................................................................... _dos_settime ...................................................................................................... _dos_setvect ...................................................................................................... _dos_write ......................................................................................................... dup, _dup ........................................................................................................... dup2, _dup2 ....................................................................................................... _dwDeleteOnClose ............................................................................................ _dwSetAboutDlg ............................................................................................... _dwSetAppTitle ................................................................................................ _dwSetConTitle ................................................................................................. _dwShutDown ................................................................................................... _dwYield ........................................................................................................... ecvt, _ecvt, _wecvt ............................................................................................ _ellipse, _ellipse_w, _ellipse_wxy .................................................................... _enable .............................................................................................................. _endthread, _endthreadex ................................................................................. eof, _eof ............................................................................................................. exec... Functions ................................................................................................ _exit, _Exit ........................................................................................................ exit ..................................................................................................................... exp ..................................................................................................................... _expand Functions ............................................................................................ fabs .................................................................................................................... fclose ................................................................................................................. fcloseall ............................................................................................................. fcvt, _fcvt, _wfcvt ............................................................................................. fdopen, _fdopen, _wfdopen ............................................................................... feclearexcept ..................................................................................................... __fedisableexcept .............................................................................................. __feenableexcept ............................................................................................... fegetenv ............................................................................................................. fegetexceptflag .................................................................................................. fegetround ......................................................................................................... feholdexcept ...................................................................................................... feof .................................................................................................................... feraiseexcept ...................................................................................................... ferror .................................................................................................................. fesetenv ............................................................................................................. viii 176 177 178 179 181 183 184 185 186 188 189 191 193 194 196 198 200 201 202 204 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 214 216 217 219 220 224 225 226 227 229 230 231 232 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245

Table of Contentsfesetexceptflag ................................................................................................... fesetround .......................................................................................................... fetestexcept ........................................................................................................ feupdateenv ....................................................................................................... fflush ................................................................................................................. ffs ....................................................................................................................... fgetc, fgetwc ...................................................................................................... fgetchar, _fgetchar, _fgetwchar ......................................................................... fgetpos ............................................................................................................... fgets, fgetws ...................................................................................................... _fieeetomsbin .................................................................................................... filelength, _filelength, _filelengthi64 ................................................................ FILENAME_MAX ........................................................................................... fileno ................................................................................................................. _findclose .......................................................................................................... _findfirst, _findfirsti64, _wfindfirst, _wfindfirsti64 ......................................... _findnext, _findnexti64, _wfindnext, _wfindnexti64 ....................................... _finite ................................................................................................................ _floodfill, _floodfill_w ...................................................................................... floor ................................................................................................................... flushall ............................................................................................................... fmod .................................................................................................................. _fmsbintoieee .................................................................................................... fnmatch .............................................................................................................. fopen, _wfopen .................................................................................................. fopen_s, _wfopen_s ........................................................................................... FP_OFF ............................................................................................................. FP_SEG ............................................................................................................. fpclassify ........................................................................................................... _fpreset .............................................................................................................. fprintf, fwprintf ................................................................................................. fprintf_s, fwprintf_s .......................................................................................... fputc, fputwc ..................................................................................................... fputchar, _fputchar, _fputwchar ........................................................................ fputs, fputws ...................................................................................................... fread ................................................................................................................... free Functions .................................................................................................... _freect ................................................................................................................ freopen, _wfreopen ........................................................................................... freopen_s, _wfreopen_s .................................................................................... frexp .................................................................................................................. fscanf, fwscanf .................................................................................................. fscanf_s, fwscanf_s ........................................................................................... fseek .................................................................................................................. fsetpos ............................................................................................................... _fsopen, _wfsopen ............................................................................................. fstat, _fstat, _fstati64, _wfstat, _wfstati64 ........................................................ fsync .................................................................................................................. ftell .................................................................................................................... ftime .................................................................................................................. _fullpath, _wfullpath ......................................................................................... fwide .................................................................................................................. ix 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 263 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 273 275 278 279 280 281 282 283 285 286 287 288 289 291 292 293 295 296 297 299 301 302 305 309 311 312 313 315

Table of Contentsfwrite ................................................................................................................. gcvt, _gcvt, _wgcvt ........................................................................................... _getactivepage ................................................................................................... _getarcinfo ......................................................................................................... _getbkcolor ........................................................................................................ getc, getwc ......................................................................................................... getch .................................................................................................................. getchar, getwchar .............................................................................................. getche ................................................................................................................ _getcliprgn ......................................................................................................... getcmd ............................................................................................................... _getcolor ............................................................................................................ _getcurrentposition, _getcurrentposition_w ...................................................... getcwd, _wgetcwd ............................................................................................. _getdcwd, _wgetdcwd ....................................................................................... _getdiskfree ....................................................................................................... _getdrive ............................................................................................................ getenv, _wgetenv ............................................................................................... getenv_s ............................................................................................................. _getfillmask ....................................................................................................... _getfontinfo ....................................................................................................... _getgtextextent .................................................................................................. _getgtextvector .................................................................................................. _getimage, _getimage_w, _getimage_wxy ....................................................... _getlinestyle ...................................................................................................... _getmbcp ........................................................................................................... getopt ................................................................................................................. _get_osfhandle .................................................................................................. _getphyscoord ................................................................................................... getpid ................................................................................................................. _getpixel, _getpixel_w ...................................................................................... _getplotaction .................................................................................................... gets, _getws ....................................................................................................... gets_s ................................................................................................................. _gettextcolor ...................................................................................................... _gettextcursor .................................................................................................... _gettextextent .................................................................................................... _gettextposition ................................................................................................. _gettextsettings .................................................................................................. _gettextwindow ................................................................................................. _getvideoconfig ................................................................................................. _getviewcoord, _getviewcoord_w, _getviewcoord_wxy .................................. _getvisualpage ................................................................................................... _getw ................................................................................................................. _getwindowcoord .............................................................................................. gmtime Functions .............................................................................................. gmtime_s ........................................................................................................... _grow_handles .................................................................................................. _grstatus ............................................................................................................ _grtext, _grtext_w ............................................................................................. halloc ................................................................................................................. _harderr, _hardresume, _hardretn ..................................................................... x 316 317 318 319 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 332 334 335 336 337 339 340 341 342 343 345 346 347 350 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 362 363 364 365 368 369 370 371 372 374 376 378 379 381 382

Table of Contents_hdopen ............................................................................................................. _heapchk Functions ........................................................................................... _heapenable ....................................................................................................... _heapgrow Functions ........................................................................................ _heapmin Functions .......................................................................................... _heapset Functions ............................................................................................ _heapshrink Functions ...................................................................................... _heapwalk Functions ......................................................................................... hfree ................................................................................................................... hypot .................................................................................................................. ignore_handler_s ............................................................................................... _imagesize, _imagesize_w, _imagesize_wxy ................................................... imaxabs .............................................................................................................. imaxdiv .............................................................................................................. inp ...................................................................................................................... inpd .................................................................................................................... inpw ................................................................................................................... int386 ................................................................................................................. int386x ............................................................................................................... int86 ................................................................................................................... int86x ................................................................................................................. intdos ................................................................................................................. intdosx ............................................................................................................... intr ..................................................................................................................... isalnum, iswalnum ............................................................................................. isalpha, iswalpha ............................................................................................... isascii, __isascii, iswascii .................................................................................. isatty, _isatty ..................................................................................................... isblank, iswblank ............................................................................................... iscntrl, iswcntrl .................................................................................................. iscsym, __iscsym, __iswcsym ........................................................................... iscsymf, __iscsymf, __iswcsymf ....................................................................... isdigit, iswdigit .................................................................................................. isfinite ................................................................................................................ isgraph, iswgraph .............................................................................................. isinf .................................................................................................................... isleadbyte ........................................................................................................... islower, iswlower .............................................................................................. _ismbbalnum ..................................................................................................... _ismbbalpha ...................................................................................................... _ismbbgraph ...................................................................................................... _ismbbkalnum ................................................................................................... _ismbbkana ........................................................................................................ _ismbbkalpha .................................................................................................... _ismbbkprint ..................................................................................................... _ismbbkpunct .................................................................................................... _ismbblead ........................................................................................................ _ismbbprint ....................................................................................................... _ismbbpunct ...................................................................................................... _ismbbtrail ......................................................................................................... _ismbcalnum ..................................................................................................... _ismbcalpha ....................................................................................................... xi 385 386 388 389 390 391 393 394 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 409 410 411 412 414 415 416 417 419 420 422 423 425 427 428 429 430 431 433 434 436 438 440 442 444 446 448 450 452 454 456 458 460

Table of Contents_ismbccntrl ........................................................................................................ _ismbcdigit ........................................................................................................ _ismbcgraph ...................................................................................................... _ismbchira ......................................................................................................... _ismbckata ......................................................................................................... _ismbcl0 ............................................................................................................ _ismbcl1 ............................................................................................................ _ismbcl2 ............................................................................................................ _ismbclegal ........................................................................................................ _ismbclower ...................................................................................................... _ismbcprint ........................................................................................................ _ismbcpunct ...................................................................................................... _ismbcspace ...................................................................................................... _ismbcsymbol .................................................................................................... _ismbcupper ...................................................................................................... _ismbcxdigit ...................................................................................................... isnan .................................................................................................................. isnormal ............................................................................................................. isprint, iswprint ................................................................................................. ispunct, iswpunct ............................................................................................... isspace, iswspace ............................................................................................... isupper, iswupper .............................................................................................. iswctype ............................................................................................................. isxdigit, iswxdigit .............................................................................................. itoa, _itoa, _itow ................................................................................................ kbhit, _kbhit ...................................................................................................... labs .................................................................................................................... ldexp .................................................................................................................. ldiv ..................................................................................................................... lfind ................................................................................................................... _lineto, _lineto_w .............................................................................................. llabs ................................................................................................................... lldiv ................................................................................................................... localeconv ......................................................................................................... localtime Functions ........................................................................................... localtime_s ........................................................................................................ lock .................................................................................................................... locking, _locking ............................................................................................... log ...................................................................................................................... log10 .................................................................................................................. log2 .................................................................................................................... longjmp ............................................................................................................. _lrotl .................................................................................................................. _lrotr .................................................................................................................. lsearch ............................................................................................................... lseek, _lseek, _lseeki64 ..................................................................................... lltoa, _lltoa, _lltow ............................................................................................ ltoa, _ltoa, _ltow ................................................................................................ main, wmain, WinMain, wWinMain ................................................................ _makepath, _wmakepath ................................................................................... malloc Functions ............................................................................................... matherr .............................................................................................................. xii 462 464 466 468 470 472 474 476 478 480 482 484 486 488 490 492 494 495 496 497 499 501 502 504 505 507 508 509 510 511 513 515 516 517 520 522 524 525 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 535 538 540 542 546 548 550

Table of Contentsmax .................................................................................................................... _mbbtombc ........................................................................................................ _mbbtype ........................................................................................................... _mbccmp, _fmbccmp ........................................................................................ _mbccpy, _fmbccpy .......................................................................................... _mbcicmp, _fmbcicmp ...................................................................................... _mbcjistojms ..................................................................................................... _mbcjmstojis ..................................................................................................... _mbclen, _fmbclen ............................................................................................ _mbctolower ...................................................................................................... _mbctoupper ...................................................................................................... _mbctohira ......................................................................................................... _mbctokata ........................................................................................................ _mbctombb ........................................................................................................ _mbgetcode, _fmbgetcode ................................................................................ mblen, _fmblen .................................................................................................. _mbputchar, _fmbputchar ................................................................................. mbrlen, _fmbrlen ............................................................................................... mbrtowc, _fmbrtowc ......................................................................................... _mbsbtype, _fmbsbtype .................................................................................... _mbsnbcat, _fmbsnbcat ..................................................................................... _mbsnbcmp, _fmbsnbcmp ................................................................................ _mbsnbcnt, _fmbsnbcnt, _strncnt, _wcsncnt .................................................... _mbsnbcpy, _fmbsnbcpy ................................................................................... _mbsnbicmp, _fmbsnbicmp .............................................................................. _mbsnbset, _fmbsnbset ..................................................................................... _mbsnccnt, _fmbsnccnt, _strncnt, _wcsncnt ..................................................... _mbsnextc, _fmbsnextc, _strnextc, _wcsnextc ................................................. mbsrtowcs, _fmbsrtowcs ................................................................................... mbsrtowcs_s, _fmbsrtowcs_s ............................................................................ mbstowcs, _fmbstowcs ...................................................................................... mbstowcs_s, _fmbstowcs_s .............................................................................. _mbterm, _fmbterm ........................................................................................... mbtowc, _fmbtowc ............................................................................................ _mbvtop, _fmbvtop ........................................................................................... _memavl ............................................................................................................ memccpy, _fmemccpy ...................................................................................... memchr, _fmemchr, wmemchr ......................................................................... memcmp, _fmemcmp, wmemcmp .................................................................... memcpy, _fmemcpy, wmemcpy ....................................................................... memcpy_s, wmemcpy_s ................................................................................... memicmp, _memicmp, _fmemicmp .................................................................. _memmax .......................................................................................................... memmove, _fmemmove, wmemmove .............................................................. memmove_s, wmemmove_s ............................................................................. _m_empty .......................................................................................................... memset, _fmemset, wmemset ........................................................................... _m_from_int ...................................................................................................... min ..................................................................................................................... mkdir, _mkdir, _wmkdir ................................................................................... MK_FP .............................................................................................................. mkstemp ............................................................................................................ xiii 552 553 554 557 559 560 562 563 564 566 568 570 572 574 575 576 579 580 583 586 589 591 592 594 596 597 598 600 602 605 608 609 611 613 615 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 628 630 631 632 633 634 635

Table of Contents_mktemp, _wmktemp ........................................................................................ mktime ............................................................................................................... modf .................................................................................................................. movedata ........................................................................................................... _moveto, _moveto_w ........................................................................................ _m_packssdw .................................................................................................... _m_packsswb .................................................................................................... _m_packuswb .................................................................................................... _m_paddb .......................................................................................................... _m_paddd .......................................................................................................... _m_paddsb ........................................................................................................ _m_paddsw ........................................................................................................ _m_paddusb ...................................................................................................... _m_paddusw ...................................................................................................... _m_paddw ......................................................................................................... _m_pand ............................................................................................................ _m_pandn .......................................................................................................... _m_pcmpeqb ..................................................................................................... _m_pcmpeqd ..................................................................................................... _m_pcmpeqw .................................................................................................... _m_pcmpgtb ...................................................................................................... _m_pcmpgtd ...................................................................................................... _m_pcmpgtw ..................................................................................................... _m_pmaddwd .................................................................................................... _m_pmulhw ....................................................................................................... _m_pmullw ........................................................................................................ _m_por .............................................................................................................. _m_pslld ............................................................................................................ _m_pslldi ........................................................................................................... _m_psllq ............................................................................................................ _m_psllqi ........................................................................................................... _m_psllw ........................................................................................................... _m_psllwi .......................................................................................................... _m_psrad ........................................................................................................... _m_psradi .......................................................................................................... _m_psraw .......................................................................................................... _m_psrawi ......................................................................................................... _m_psrld ............................................................................................................ _m_psrldi ........................................................................................................... _m_psrlq ............................................................................................................ _m_psrlqi ........................................................................................................... _m_psrlw ........................................................................................................... _m_psrlwi .......................................................................................................... _m_psubb .......................................................................................................... _m_psubd .......................................................................................................... _m_psubsb ......................................................................................................... _m_psubsw ........................................................................................................ _m_psubusb ....................................................................................................... _m_psubusw ...................................................................................................... _m_psubw ......................................................................................................... _m_punpckhbw ................................................................................................. _m_punpckhdq .................................................................................................. xiv 637 639 641 642 643 644 646 648 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 694

Table of Contents_m_punpckhwd ................................................................................................. _m_punpcklbw .................................................................................................. _m_punpckldq ................................................................................................... _m_punpcklwd .................................................................................................. _m_pxor ............................................................................................................ _msize Functions ............................................................................................... _m_to_int .......................................................................................................... nosound ............................................................................................................. offsetof .............................................................................................................. onexit ................................................................................................................. open, _open, _wopen ......................................................................................... opendir, _wopendir ........................................................................................... _open_osfhandle ............................................................................................... _os_handle ......................................................................................................... _outgtext ............................................................................................................ _outmem ............................................................................................................ outp .................................................................................................................... outpd .................................................................................................................. outpw ................................................................................................................. _outtext .............................................................................................................. _pclose ............................................................................................................... perror, _wperror ................................................................................................ _pg_analyzechart, _pg_analyzechartms ............................................................ _pg_analyzepie .................................................................................................. _pg_analyzescatter, _pg_analyzescatterms ....................................................... _pg_chart, _pg_chartms .................................................................................... _pg_chartpie ...................................................................................................... _pg_chartscatter, _pg_chartscatterms ............................................................... _pg_defaultchart ................................................................................................ _pg_getchardef .................................................................................................. _pg_getpalette ................................................................................................... _pg_getstyleset .................................................................................................. _pg_hlabelchart ................................................................................................. _pg_initchart ..................................................................................................... _pg_resetpalette ................................................................................................. _pg_resetstyleset ............................................................................................... _pg_setchardef .................................................................................................. _pg_setpalette .................................................................................................... _pg_setstyleset .................................................................................................. _pg_vlabelchart ................................................................................................. _pie, _pie_w, _pie_wxy .................................................................................... _pipe .................................................................................................................. _polygon, _polygon_w, _polygon_wxy ............................................................ _popen, _wpopen .............................................................................................. pow .................................................................................................................... printf, wprintf .................................................................................................... printf_s, wprintf_s ............................................................................................. putc, putwc ........................................................................................................ putch .................................................................................................................. putchar, putwchar .............................................................................................. putenv, _putenv, _wputenv ............................................................................... _putimage, _putimage_w .................................................................................. xv 695 696 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 709 712 715 716 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 727 729 731 734 737 740 742 743 745 747 748 750 752 754 755 757 759 760 763 766 768 770 771 777 779 780 781 782 784

Table of Contentsputs, _putws ....................................................................................................... _putw ................................................................................................................. qsort ................................................................................................................... qsort_s ............................................................................................................... raise ................................................................................................................... rand .................................................................................................................... read, _read ......................................................................................................... readdir, _wreaddir ............................................................................................. realloc Functions ............................................................................................... _rectangle, _rectangle_w, _rectangle_wxy ....................................................... _registerfonts ..................................................................................................... _remapallpalette ................................................................................................ _remappalette .................................................................................................... remove, _wremove ............................................................................................ rename, _wrename ............................................................................................ rewind ................................................................................................................ rewinddir, _wrewinddir ..................................................................................... rmdir, _rmdir, _wrmdir ..................................................................................... _rotl ................................................................................................................... _rotr ................................................................................................................... sbrk .................................................................................................................... scanf, wscanf ..................................................................................................... scanf_s, wscanf_s .............................................................................................. _scrolltextwindow ............................................................................................. _searchenv, _wsearchenv .................................................................................. segread ............................................................................................................... _selectpalette ..................................................................................................... set_constraint_handler_s ................................................................................... _setactivepage ................................................................................................... _setbkcolor ........................................................................................................ setbuf ................................................................................................................. _setcharsize, _setcharsize_w ............................................................................. _setcharspacing, _setcharspacing_w ................................................................. _setcliprgn ......................................................................................................... _setcolor ............................................................................................................ setenv, _setenv, _wsetenv ................................................................................. _setfillmask ....................................................................................................... _setfont .............................................................................................................. _setgtextvector .................................................................................................. setjmp ................................................................................................................ _setlinestyle ....................................................................................................... setlocale, _wsetlocale ........................................................................................ _set_matherr ...................................................................................................... _setmbcp ............................................................................................................ setmode, _setmode ............................................................................................ set_new_handler, _set_new_handler ................................................................. _setpixel, _setpixel_w ....................................................................................... _setplotaction .................................................................................................... _settextalign ...................................................................................................... _settextcolor ...................................................................................................... _settextcursor .................................................................................................... _settextorient ..................................................................................................... xvi 786 787 788 789 791 793 794 796 799 801 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 811 812 813 814 816 822 823 824 825 826 827 829 830 831 832 834 836 837 838 840 842 844 845 846 848 850 852 853 854 856 857 858 860 861 862

Table of Contents_settextpath ....................................................................................................... _settextposition ................................................................................................. _settextrows ....................................................................................................... _settextwindow ................................................................................................. setvbuf ............................................................................................................... _setvideomode ................................................................................................... _setvideomoderows ........................................................................................... _setvieworg ....................................................................................................... _setviewport ...................................................................................................... _setvisualpage ................................................................................................... _setwindow ....................................................................................................... signal ................................................................................................................. signbit ................................................................................................................ sin ...................................................................................................................... sinh .................................................................................................................... mbsinit, sisinit ................................................................................................... sleep ................................................................................................................... _snprintf, _snwprintf ......................................................................................... snprintf, snwprintf ............................................................................................. snprintf_s, snwprintf_s ...................................................................................... sopen, _sopen, _wsopen .................................................................................... sound ................................................................................................................. spawn... Functions ............................................................................................. _splitpath, _wsplitpath ...................................................................................... _splitpath2, _wsplitpath2 .................................................................................. sprintf, swprintf ................................................................................................. sprintf_s, swprintf_s .......................................................................................... sqrt ..................................................................................................................... srand .................................................................................................................. sscanf, swscanf .................................................................................................. sscanf_s, swscanf_s ........................................................................................... stackavail, _stackavail ....................................................................................... stat, _stat, _stati64, _wstat, _wstati64, lstat ...................................................... _status87 ............................................................................................................ strcasecmp ......................................................................................................... strcat, _fstrcat, wcscat, _mbscat, _fmbscat ....................................................... strcat_s, wcscat_s .............................................................................................. strchr, _fstrchr, wcschr, _mbschr, _fmbschr ..................................................... strcmp, _fstrcmp, wcscmp, _mbscmp, _fmbscmp ............................................ strcmpi, wcscmpi ............................................................................................... strcoll, wcscoll, _mbscoll .................................................................................. strcpy, _fstrcpy, wcscpy, _mbscpy, _fmbscpy .................................................. strcpy_s, wcscpy_s ............................................................................................ strcspn, _fstrcspn, wcscspn, _mbscspn, _fmbscspn .......................................... _strdate, _wstrdate ............................................................................................. _strdec, _wcsdec, _mbsdec, _fmbsdec .............................................................. strdup, _strdup, _fstrdup, _wcsdup, _mbsdup, _fmbsdup ................................. strerror, wcserror ............................................................................................... strerror_s, wcserror_s ........................................................................................ strerrorlen_s, wcserrorlen_s .............................................................................. strftime, wcsftime, _wstrftime_ms .................................................................... stricmp, _stricmp, _fstricmp, _wcsicmp, _mbsicmp, _fmbsicmp ..................... xvii 863 865 866 867 868 869 872 873 874 875 876 878 881 882 883 884 887 888 890 892 894 898 900 906 908 910 912 914 915 916 917 919 920 923 924 925 927 929 930 932 933 934 936 938 940 941 943 944 945 947 948 952

Table of Contents_stricoll, _wcsicoll, _mbsicoll ........................................................................... _strinc, _wcsinc, _mbsinc, _fmbsinc ................................................................ strlcat, wcslcat ................................................................................................... strlcpy, wcslcpy ................................................................................................. strlen, _fstrlen, wcslen, _mbslen, _fmbslen ...................................................... strnlen_s, wcsnlen_s .......................................................................................... strlwr, _strlwr, _fstrlwr, _wcslwr, _mbslwr, _fmbslwr ..................................... strncasecmp ....................................................................................................... strncat, _fstrncat, wcsncat, _mbsncat, _fmbsncat ............................................. strncat_s, wcsncat_s .......................................................................................... strncmp, _fstrncmp, wcsncmp, _mbsncmp, _fmbsncmp .................................. _strncoll, _wcsncoll, _mbsncoll ........................................................................ strncpy, _fstrncpy, wcsncpy, _mbsncpy, _fmbsncpy ........................................ strncpy_s, wcsncpy_s ........................................................................................ strnicmp, _strnicmp, _fstrnicmp, _wcsnicmp, _mbsnicmp, _fmbsnicmp ......... _strnicoll, _wcsnicoll, _mbsnicoll ..................................................................... _strninc, _wcsninc, _mbsninc, _fmbsninc ........................................................ strnset, _strnset, _fstrnset, _wcsnset, _mbsnset, _fmbsnset .............................. strpbrk, _fstrpbrk, wcspbrk, _mbspbrk, _fmbspbrk .......................................... strrchr, _fstrrchr, wcsrchr, _mbsrchr, _fmbsrchr .............................................. strrev, _strrev, _fstrrev, _wcsrev, _mbsrev, _fmbsrev ...................................... strset, _strset, _fstrset, _wcsset, _mbsset, _fmbsset .......................................... strspn, _fstrspn, wcsspn, _mbsspn, _fmbsspn ................................................... strspnp, _strspnp, _fstrspnp, _wcsspnp, _mbsspnp, _fmbsspnp ....................... strstr, _fstrstr, wcsstr, _mbsstr, _fmbsstr ........................................................... _strtime, _wstrtime ............................................................................................ strtod, wcstod .................................................................................................... strtok, _fstrtok, wcstok, _mbstok, _fmbstok ..................................................... strtok_s, wcstok_s ............................................................................................. strtol, wcstol ...................................................................................................... strtoll, wcstoll .................................................................................................... strtoimax, wcstoimax ........................................................................................ strtoul, wcstoul .................................................................................................. strtoull, wcstoull ................................................................................................ strtoumax, wcstoumax ....................................................................................... strupr, _strupr, _fstrupr, _wcsupr, _mbsupr, _fmbsupr ..................................... strxfrm, wcsxfrm ............................................................................................... swab ................................................................................................................... system, _wsystem .............................................................................................. tan ...................................................................................................................... tanh .................................................................................................................... tell, _tell, _telli64 .............................................................................................. _tempnam, _wtempnam .................................................................................... time .................................................................................................................... tmpfile ............................................................................................................... tmpfile_s ............................................................................................................ tmpnam_s, _wtmpnam_s ................................................................................... tmpnam, _wtmpnam .......................................................................................... tolower, _tolower, towlower ............................................................................. toupper, _toupper, towupper ............................................................................. towctrans ........................................................................................................... tzset ................................................................................................................... xviii 954 955 958 959 960 962 963 965 966 968 970 972 973 975 977 979 980 983 985 987 989 991 993 995 997 999 1000 1002 1004 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1021 1023 1024 1025 1026 1028 1029 1031 1033 1034

Table of Contentsulltoa, _ulltoa, _ulltow ...................................................................................... ultoa, _ultoa, _ultow .......................................................................................... umask, _umask .................................................................................................. ungetc, ungetwc ................................................................................................. ungetch .............................................................................................................. unlink, _unlink, _wunlink ................................................................................. unlock ................................................................................................................ _unregisterfonts ................................................................................................. utime, _utime, _wutime ..................................................................................... utoa, _utoa, _utow ............................................................................................. va_arg ................................................................................................................ va_end ............................................................................................................... va_start .............................................................................................................. _vbprintf, _vbwprintf ........................................................................................ vcprintf .............................................................................................................. vcscanf ...........................................