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2006-EE-425
2006-EE-455
2006-EE-4611
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4G TechnologyWhat is 4G technology:
4G is short for Fourth Generation wireless Technology. It isbasically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidthand services offers in the 3G. But at this time nobody exactlyknows the true definition for 4G. Some people say that 4G is thefuture technologies that are mostly in their maturity period. Theexpectation for the 4G technology is basically the high qualityaudio/video streaming over end to end Internet Protocol. If theInternet Protocol (IP) multimedia sub-system movement achieveswhat it going to do, nothing of this possibly will matter. WiMAX or
mobile structural design will become progressively moretranslucent, and therefore the acceptance of severalarchitectures by a particular network operator ever morecommon.
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4G Technology Contd..
Many Technologies appear in many different flavorsand have many diverse tags attached to them, but thatdoes not really indicate that they are moving indissimilar tracks.
The technologies that fall in the 4G categories areUMTS, OFDM, SDR, TD-SCDMA, MIMO and WiMAXto the some extent.
Some of the companies trying 4G communication at
100Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbpsover fixed stations. They planned on publicly launchingtheir first commercial wireless network around 2010
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datarate
1 M
384 k
64 k
9.6 k IS-136
IS-136+
EDGE
WidebandOFDM
Microcellular Wireless Data Evolution
& AT&Ts Roadmap
CDPD
GSM
IS-95
GPRS
IS-95+
WCDMA
1995 2000 2005
PDC
5 M
HDR
4
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Generations Timeline
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6
Public cells before 4G
Small public cells after 4G due to
high carrier frequency and high
data rate.
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MIMO Multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (commonly
pronounced my-moh or me-moh), is the use of multipleantennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improvecommunication performance. It is one of several forms of
smart antenna technology. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless
communications, since it offers significant increases indata throughput and link range without additionalbandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher
spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz ofbandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading).Because of these properties, MIMO is a current theme ofinternational wireless research.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antenna8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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MIMO Contd..
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIMO_communications.svg8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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MIMO Contd..
MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, precoding,spatial multiplexing or SM, and diversity coding
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration.In spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lowerrate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different
transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals
arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial
signatures, the receiver can separate these streams, creating
parallel channels free. Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel
knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods a single stream
(unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but
the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precodinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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Generation 3G 3G evolution Beyond 3G Future
Deployment 2003/4 2005~6/2007~8/2009~10 2012~2015 2015~2020
Standard WCDMA HSPA/HSPA+/LTE IMT-Advanced Beyond IMT-Adv
Total rate 384kbit/s 14/42/65~250Mbit/s 1Gbit/s >10Gbit/s
Bandwidth 5MHz 5MHz/20MHz 20~100MHz >100MHz
Requirement Paradigm High reliability (High quality) High rate (High capacity) Lower interference High intelligence
Method Spatial diversity Spatial multiplexing Spatial cancellation Ambient intelligence
Spatial coding (SC) Spatial diversity coding Spatial multiplexing coding Spatial cancellation coding Ambient intelligence coding
Spatial beamforming (SB) Single-stream beamforming Multi-stream beamforming Interference nulling
beamforming
Ambient intelligence
beamforming
Examples SC: Alamouti coding, SB: TxAA SC: BLAST coding, SB: SVD SC: DPC, SB: MU-BF Such as cooperative MIMO
Summary of 3G MIMO
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMO8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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LTE LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the last step toward the 4th
generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase thecapacity and speed of mobile telephone networks
The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of at least100 Mbps, an uplink of at least 50 Mbit/s and RANround-trip times of less than 10 ms.
LTE supports scalable carrierbandwidths, from 20 MHz downto 1.4 MHz and supports both Frequency Division Duplexingand Time Division Duplexing.
The main advantages with LTE are high throughput, lowlatency, plug and play, [FDD] and [TDD] in the same platform,
with older network technology such as GSM, cdmaOne,W-CDMA (UMTS) improved end-user experience and simplearchitecture resulting in low operating costs. LTE will alsosupport seamless passing to cell towers , and CDMA2000
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Access_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-trip_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA_(UMTS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA_(UMTS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CdmaOnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-trip_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Access_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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LTE Contd.. Peak download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s for 4x4 antennas, 172.8 Mbit/s for 2x2
antennas for every 20 MHz of spectrum.[6]
Peak upload rates of 86.4 Mbit/s for every 20 MHz of spectrum.[6]
5 different terminal classes have been defined from a voice centric class upto a high end terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will beable to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
At least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell. (specifically, 200 active dataclients)
Sub-5ms latency for small IP packets Increased spectrum flexibility, with spectrum slices as small as 1.5 MHz (and
as large as 20 MHz) supported (W-CDMA requires 5 MHz slices, leading tosome problems with roll-outs of the technology in countries where 5 MHz is a
commonly allocated amount of spectrum, and is frequently already in usewith legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.) Limiting sizes to5 MHz also limited the amount of bandwidth per handset
Optimal cell size of 5 km, 30 km sizes with reasonable performance, and upto 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous
Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA)orUTRA/UMTS-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low ChipRate (LCR)[1] [2] , is an air interface[1] found in UMTS
mobile telecommunications networks in China asan alternative to W-CDMA. Together withTD-CDMA, it is also known UMTS-TDD orIMT2000 Time-Division (IMT-TD)[1] .
The term "TD-SCDMA" is misleading. While itsuggests covering only a channel access methodbased on CDMA, it is actually the common namefor the whole air interface specification
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Division_Multiple_Access8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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OFDMOrthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilizedas a digital multi-carriermodulation method.
A large number of closely-spaced orthogonalsub-carriersare used to carry data.
The data is divided into several parallel data streams orchannels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier ismodulated with a conventional modulation scheme (suchas quadrature amplitude modulation orphase shift keying)
at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar toconventional single-carriermodulation schemes in thesame bandwidth.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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OFDM Contd..
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OFDMA_subcarriers.png8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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SDR A Software-Defined Radio (SDR) system is a radio
communication system where components that have typicallybeen implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers,modulators/demodulators, detectors. etc.) are insteadimplemented using software on a personal computer or other
embedded computing devices. While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolvingcapabilities of digital electronics are making practical manyprocesses that were once only theoretically possible Abasic SDR may consist of a computer(PC) equipped with asound card, or otheranalog-to-digital converter, preceded by
some form of RF front end. Significant amounts ofsignal processing are handed over to the general purposeprocessor, rather than done using special-purpose hardware.Such a design produces a radio that can receive and transmit adifferent form of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as awaveform) just by running different software.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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SDR Contd.. Software radios have significant utility for the military
and cell phone services, both of which must serve awide variety of changing radio protocols in real time.
The ideal receiver scheme would be to attach an
analog-to-digital converter to an antenna. A digitalsignal processor would read the converter, and then itssoftware would transform the stream of data from theconverter to any other form the application requires.
An ideal transmitter would be similar. A digital signal
processor would generate a stream of numbers. Thesewould be sent to a digital-to-analog converterconnected to a radio antenna.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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WiMAX WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, is a telecommunicationstechnologythat provides wireless transmission of data using a varietyof transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links toportable and fully mobile internet access.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) 802 committee (802.16 ). Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
(carriers of width of 5MHz or greater can be used ) connectivity at speeds up to 70 Mbps
provide high speed access to about 60 businesses at T1speeds. can serve up to a thousand homes in term of DSL speed.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is oneof the third-generation (3G) mobile telecommunicationstechnologies, which is also being developed into a 4Gtechnology.
It is specified by3GPP and is part of the global ITUIMT-2000standard.
The most common form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT DirectSpread) as the underlying air interface but the system alsocovers TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Beinga complete network system, UMTS also covers the
radio access network (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network;UTRAN), the core network (Mobile Application Part; MAP) as wellas authentication of users via USIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module).
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTRANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Application_Parthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Application_Parthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTRANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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UMTS Contd.. UMTS, using W-CDMA, supports maximum theoretical
data transfer rates of 21 Mbit/s (with HSDPA), although atthe moment users in deployed networks can expect atransfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, and 7.2
Mbit/s forHSDPA handsets in the downlink connection. This is still much greater than the 9.6 kbit/s of a single
GSM error-corrected circuit switched data channel ormultiple 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s forCDMAOne), andin competition to other network
technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLANoffersaccess to the World Wide Web and other data services onmobile devices.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transfer_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Circuit-Switched_Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transfer_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) isan enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephonycommunications protocol in theHigh-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks basedon Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds andcapacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further
speed increases are available with HSPA+, whichprovides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G8/14/2019 2006 Ee 425 2006 Ee 455 2006 Ee 461
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Transmission technologies
23
Power fluctuations and frequencies are caused by
different access schemes and modulations:
GSM (2G) & EDGE (2,5G) uses GMSKmodulations
UMTS (3G) is based on CDMA
4G uses:
Smart antennas
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems
Space-Time Coding Dynamic Packet Assignment
Wideband OFDM
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2G; 2,5G & 3G modulations
24
3G
QPSK modulations &CDMACode Division Multiple
Access
2GGMSK modulations
Gaussian MinimumShift Keying
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Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing
OFDM is being increasingly usedin high speed information
transmission systems:
European HDTV Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB)
Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
25
OFDM characteristics High peak-to-average power levels
Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path
Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier
Frequency diversity
Robust against narrow-band interference
Efficient for simulcasting
Variable/dynamic bandwidth
Used for highest speed applications
Supports dynamic packet access
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Key 3G and 4G ParametersAttribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- dataas add-on
Converged data and VoIP
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid integration ofWireless Lan (WiFi), BlueTooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 8 GHz
Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-
band adapters
Smart antennas; SW multi-
band; wideband radiosBandwidth 5 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3;
turbo
Concatenated Coding
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010
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Key 4G Mobility Concepts
Mobile IPVoIPAbility to move around with the same IP address
IP tunnelsIntelligent Internet
Presence Awareness TechnologyKnowing who is on line and where
Radio RouterBringing IP to the base station
Smart AntennasUnique spatial metric for each transmission
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4G Networks Advances Seamless mobility (roaming)
Roam freely from one standard to another Integrate different modes of wireless communications indoor networks
(e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals; radio and TV;satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area) IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and video
IP RAN Open unified standards Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Successor to SS7; replacement for TCP
Maintain several data streams within a single connection Service Location Protocol (SLP)
Automatic resource discovery Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through IP-
based service and directory agents
28The demise of SS7
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Possible applications
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Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a "virtualpresence" (for example, always-on connections to keeppeople on event).
Virtual navigation: a remote database contains the
graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physicalcharacteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this databaseare transmitted i rapid sequence to a vehicle
Tele-medicine: 4G will support remote health monitoring ofpatients.
Tele-geoprocessing: Queries dependent on locationinformation of several users, in addition to temporal aspectshave many applications.
Crisis-management applications
Education
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References
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1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala,
John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed.F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet,
Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad, Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing
House of Electronics Industry, Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit,
Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com
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Webography
www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/4G_text.pdf
www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=719
www.telenor.com/telektronikk/Oien_Beyond3G.pdf
http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/4G_text.pdfhttp://www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=719http://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/Oien_Beyond3G.pdfhttp://www.telenor.com/telektronikk/Oien_Beyond3G.pdfhttp://www.cost281.org/download.php?fid=719http://www.comlab.hut.fi/opetus/333/2004_2005_slides/4G_text.pdf