Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 10

7/31/2019 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 10

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/edward-gibbon-the-history-of-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-roman-empire-vol 1/289

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@NEJUY^ FZLI, NLD.344: M``nsol Wonltj Yrmn`, Tuntj 477Nlinmlmpo`ns, Nlinmlm 965:7-=639

http://oll.libertyfund.org/

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Jintnol Zsji8

Ycj Cnstory of tcj Ijd`nlj mli Fm`` of tcj Uokml Jkpnrj, ji. H.E. Eury wntc mlNltroiudtnol ey Q.J.C. @jdby (Ljw ôrb8 Frji ij Fmu mli Do., =>76), nl =5 vo`s.Vo`. =7.

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http://oll.libertyfund.org/person/4084






Meout @nejrty Fuli8

@nejrty Fuli, Nld. ns m prnvmtj, jiudmtnolm` foulimtnol jstme`nscji to jldourmaj tcj

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Dopyrnact Nlforkmtnol8

Ycj tjxt ns nl tcj pue`nd iokmnl.

Fmnr Zsj Ttmtjkjlt8

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Zl`jss otcjrwnsj stmtji nl tcj Dopyrnact Nlforkmtnol sjdtnol meovj, tcns kmtjrnm` kmy ej usji frjj`y for jiudmtnolm` mli mdmijknd purposjs. Nt kmy lot ej usji nl mly wmyfor profnt.





Yme`j Of Doltjlts

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YCJ QOUBT OF JIQMUI ANEEOL

CNTYOU^ OF UOKJ

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H. E. E.






YCJ CNTYOU^ OF YCJ IJD@NLJ MLI FM@@ OF YCJUOKML JKWNUJ

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Ujvo`t nl Mrkjlnm, &d. ’ Yrmlsp`mltmtnol nlto Ycrmdj ’ Wropmamtnol nl tcj Qjst ’

Ycj Tjjis, Dcmrmdtjr, mli Dolsjqujldjs of tcj Ujforkmtnol

Nl tcj profjssnol of Dcrnstnmlnty, tcj vmrnjty of lmtnolm` dcmrmdtjrs kmy ej d`jmr`yinstnlaunscji. Ycj lmtnvjs of Tyrnm mli Jaypt memliolji tcjnr `nvjs to `mzy mlidoltjkp`mtnvj ijvotnol2 Uokj mamnl mspnrji to tcj ioknlnol of tcj worì2 mli tcj wnt

of tcj `nvj`y mli òqumdnous Arjjbs wms dolsukji nl tcj insputjs of kjtmpcysndm`tcjoòay. Ycj nldokprjcjlsne`j kystjrnjs of tcj Yrnlnty mli Nldmrlmtnol, nlstjmi of dokkmlinla tcjnr sn`jlt sueknssnol, wjrj mantmtji nl vjcjkjlt mli suet`jdoltrovjrsnjs, wcndc jl`mraji tcjnr fmntc, mt tcj jxpjlsj, pjrcmps, of tcjnr dcmrnty mlirjmsol. Frok tcj douldn` of Lndj to tcj jli of tcj sjvjltc djltury, tcj pjmdj mliulnty of tcj dcurdc wms nlvmiji ey tcjsj spnrntum` wmrs2 mli so ijjp`y ini tcjy mffjdttcj ijd`nlj mli fm`` of tcj jkpnrj tcmt tcj cnstornml cms too oftjl ejjl dokpj``ji tomttjli tcj sylois, to jxpòrj tcj drjjis, mli to jlukjrmtj tcj sjdts of tcns eusy pjrnoiof jdd`jsnmstndm` mllm`s. Frok tcj ejanllnla of tcj jnactc djltury to tcj `mst majs of tcj Eyzmltnlj jkpnrj tcj souli of doltrovjrsy wms sjìok cjmri2 durnosnty wmsjxcmustji, zjm` wms fmtnauji, mli, nl tcj ijdrjjs of snx douldn`s, tcj mrtnd`js of tcjDmtco`nd fmntc cmi ejjl nrrjvodme`y ijfnlji. Ycj spnrnt of insputj, cowjvjr vmnl mli

pjrlndnous, rjqunrjs sokj jljray mli jxjrdnsj of tcj kjltm` fmdu`tnjs2 mli tcj prostrmtj Arjjbs wjrj doltjlt to fmst, to prmy, mli to ej`njvj, nl e`nli oejinjldj to tcj pmtrnmrdc mli cns d`jray. Iurnla m òla irjmk of supjrstntnol, tcj Vnranl mli tcjTmnlts, tcjnr vnsnols mli knrmd`js, tcjnr rj`nds mli nkmajs, wjrj prjmdcji ey tcjkolbs mli worscnppji ey tcj pjop`j2 mli tcj mppj``mtnol of pjop`j knact ejjxtjliji wntcout nlhustndj to tcj fnrst rmlbs of dnvn` sodnjty. Mt ml ulsjmsolme`jkokjlt tcj Nsmurnml jkpjrors mttjkptji sokjwcmt ruij`y to mwmbjl tcjnr suehjdts8ulijr tcjnr nlfùjldj, rjmsol knact oetmnl sokj prosj`ytjs, m fmr arjmtjr lukejr wmsswmyji ey nltjrjst or fjmr2 eut tcj Jmstjrl worì jkermdji or ijpòrji tcjnr vnsne`j

ijntnjs, mli tcj rjstormtnol of nkmajs wms dj`jermtji ms tcj fjmst of ortcoioxy. Nl tcns pmssnvj mli ulmlnkous stmtj tcj jdd`jsnmstndm` ru`jrs wjrj rj`njvji frok tcj ton`, or ijprnvji of tcj p`jmsurj, of pjrsjdutnol. Ycj Wmamls cmi insmppjmrji2 tcj Hjws wjrjsn`jlt mli oesdurj2 tcj insputjs wntc tcj @mtnls wjrj rmrj mli rjkotj costn`ntnjsmamnlst m lmtnolm` jljky2 mli tcj sjdts of Jaypt mli Tyrnm jlhoyji m frjj to`jrmtnol,ulijr tcj scmiow of tcj Mrmenml dm`npcs. Meout tcj knii`j of tcj sjvjltc djltury, m

ermldc of Kmlndcæmls wms sj`jdtji ms tcj vndtnks of spnrntum` tyrmlly8 tcjnr pmtnjldjwms mt `jlatc jxmspjrmtji to ijspmnr mli rjej``nol2 mli tcjnr jxn`j cms sdmttjrji ovjr tcj Qjst tcj sjjis of rjforkmtnol. Ycjsj nkportmlt jvjlts wn`` hustnfy sokj nlqunrynlto tcj iodtrnlj mli story of tcj Wmu`ndnmls8= mli, ms tcjy dmllot p`jmi for

tcjksj`vjs, our dmlini drntndnsk wn`` kmalnfy tcj aooi, mli memtj or suspjdt tcj jvn`,tcmt ns rjportji ey tcjnr mivjrsmrnjs.





Ycj Alostnds, wco cmi instrmdtji tcj nlfmldy, wjrj opprjssji ey tcj arjmtljss mlimutcornty, of tcj dcurdc. Nlstjmi of jku`mtnla or surpmssnla tcj wjm`tc, `jmrlnla, mlilukejrs of tcj Dmtco`nds, tcjnr oesdurj rjklmlt wms irnvjl frok tcj dmpntm`s of tcjJmst mli Qjst, mli dolfnlji to tcj vn``majs mli koultmnls mòla tcj eorijrs of tcjJupcrmtjs. Tokj vjstnaj of tcj Kmrdnolntjs kmy ej ijtjdtji nl tcj fnftc djltury25 eut

tcj lukjrous sjdts wjrj fnlm``y òst nl tcj oinous lmkj of tcj Kmlndcæmls2 mli tcjsjcjrjtnds, wco prjsukji to rjdoldn`j tcj iodtrnljs of Xoromstjr mli Dcrnst, wjrj

pursuji ey tcj two rj`nanols wntc jqum` mli ulrj`jltnla cmtrji. Zlijr tcj armlisol of Cjrmd`nus, nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Tmkosmtm, korj fmkous for tcj enrtc of @udnmltcml for tcj tnt`j of m Tyrnml bnlaiok, m rjforkjr mrosj, jstjjkji ey tcj Wmu`ndnmls mstcj dcosjl kjssjlajr of trutc. Nl cns cuke`j iwj``nla of Kmlmlm`ns,4 Dolstmltnljjltjrtmnlji m ijmdol, wco rjturlji frok Tyrnml dmptnvnty, mli rjdjnvji tcjnljstnkme`j anft of tcj Ljw Yjstmkjlt, wcndc wms m`rjmiy doldjm`ji frok tcj vuàmr

ey tcj pruijldj of tcj Arjjb, mli pjrcmps of tcj Alostnd, d`jray.9 Ycjsj eoobs ejdmkj tcj kjmsurj of cns stuinjs mli tcj ru`j of cns fmntc2 mli tcj Dmtco`nds, wco

insputj cns nltjrprjtmtnol, mdblow`jiaj tcmt cns tjxt wms ajlunlj mli snldjrj. Eut cjmttmdcji cnksj`f wntc pjdu`nmr ijvotnol to tcj wrntnlas mli dcmrmdtjr of Tt. Wmu`8 tcjlmkj of tcj Wmu`ndnmls ns ijrnvji ey tcjnr jljknjs frok sokj ulblowl mli iokjstndtjmdcjr2 eut N mk dolfnijlt tcmt tcjy aòrnji nl tcjnr mffnlnty to tcj mpost`j of tcjAjltn`js.: Cns insdnp`js, Yntus, Ynkotcy, Ty`vmlus, Yydcndus, wjrj rjprjsjltji eyDolstmltnlj mli cns fj`òw-`meourjrs8 tcj lmkjs of tcj mposto`nd dcurdcjs wjrjmpp`nji to tcj dolarjamtnols wcndc tcjy mssjke`ji nl Mrkjlnm mli Dmppmiodnm2 mlitcns nllodjlt m``jaory rjvnvji tcj jxmkp`j mli kjkory of tcj fnrst majs.6 Nl tcjaospj`, mli tcj jpnst`js of Tt. Wmu`, cns fmntcfu` fo`òwjr nlvjstnamtji tcj drjji of

prnkntnvj Dcrnstnmlnty2 mli, wcmtjvjr knact ej tcj suddjss, m Wrotjstmlt rjmijr wn``

mpp`mui tcj spnrnt of tcj nlqunry. Eut, nf tcj sdrnpturjs of tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrj purj,tcjy wjrj lot pjrfjdt. Ycjnr foulijrs rjhjdtji tcj two jpnst`js of Tt. Wjtjr,1 tcjmpost`j of tcj dnrdukdnsnol, wcosj insputj wntc tcjnr fmvourntj for tcj oesjrvmldj of tcj `mw douì lot jmsn`y ej foranvjl.3 Ycjy marjji wntc tcjnr Alostnd erjtcrjl nl tcjulnvjrsm` doltjkpt for tcj Oì Yjstmkjlt, tcj eoobs of Kosjs mli tcj propcjts,wcndc cmvj ejjl dolsjdrmtji ey tcj ijdrjjs of tcj Dmtco`nd dcurdc. Qntc jqum`

eoìljss, mli iouet`jss wntc korj rjmsol, Dolstmltnlj, tcj ljw Ty`vmlus, insd`mnkjitcj vnsnols wcndc, nl so kmly eu`by mli sp`jlini voùkjs, cmi ejjl pue`nscji ey tcjOrnjltm` sjdts2> tcj fmeuòus proiudtnols of tcj Cjerjw pmtrnmrdcs mli tcj smajs of tcj Jmst2 tcj spurnous aospj`s, jpnst`js, mli mdts, wcndc nl tcj fnrst maj cmiovjrwcj`kji tcj ortcoiox doij2 tcj tcjoòay of Kmljs mli tcj mutcors of tcj

bnlirji cjrjsnjs2 mli tcj tcnrty ajljrmtnols, or æols, wcndc cmi ejjl drjmtji ey tcjfruntfu` fmldy of Vm`jltnlj. Ycj Wmu`ndnmls snldjrj`y dolijklji tcj kjkory mliopnlnols of tcj Kmlndcæml sjdt, mli dokp`mnlji of tcj nlhustndj wcndc nkprjssji tcmtnlvninous lmkj ol tcj snkp`j votmrnjs of Tt. Wmu` mli of Dcrnst.=7

Of tcj jdd`jsnmstndm` dcmnl, kmly `nlbs cmvj ejjl erobjl ey tcj Wmu`ndnml rjforkjrs2mli tcjnr `nejrty wms jl`mraji, ms tcjy rjiudji tcj lukejr of kmstjrs mt wcosj vondj

profmldj rjmsol kust eow to kystjry mli knrmd`j. Ycj jmr`y sjpmrmtnol of tcjAlostnds cmi prjdjiji tcj jstme`nsckjlt of tcj Dmtco`nd worscnp2 mli mamnlst tcjarmium` nllovmtnols of insdnp`nlj mli iodtrnlj tcjy wjrj ms strola`y aumriji ey cment

mli mvjrsnol ms ey tcj sn`jldj of Tt. Wmu` mli tcj jvmlaj`nsts. Ycj oehjdts wcndc cmi ejjl trmlsforkji ey tcj kmand of supjrstntnol mppjmrji to tcj jyjs of tcj Wmu`ndnmls





nl tcjnr ajlunlj mli lmbji doòurs. Ml nkmaj kmij wntcout cmlis wms tcj dokkolworbkmlscnp of m kortm` mrtnst, to wcosj sbn`` mòlj tcj wooi mli dmlvms kust ejnlijetji for tcjnr kjrnt or vmùj. Ycj knrmduòus rj`nds wjrj ml cjmp of eoljs mlimscjs, ijstntutj of `nfj or vnrtuj, or of mly rj`mtnol, pjrcmps, wntc tcj pjrsol to wcoktcjy wjrj msdrneji. Ycj truj mli vnvnfynla dross wms m pnjdj of souli or rottjl

tnkejr2 tcj eoiy mli eòoi of Dcrnst, m òmf of erjmi mli m dup of wnlj, tcj anfts of lmturj mli tcj sykeo`s of armdj. Ycj kotcjr of Aoi wms ijarmiji frok cjr dj`jstnm`colours mli nkkmdu`mtj vnranlnty2 mli tcj smnlts mli mlaj`s wjrj lo òlajr so`ndntjito jxjrdnsj tcj `meornous offndj of kjinmtnol nl cjmvjl mli knlnstry upol jmrtc. Nl tcj

prmdtndj, or mt `jmst nl tcj tcjory, of tcj smdrmkjlts, tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrj nld`nlji tomeo`nsc m`` vnsne`j oehjdts of worscnp, mli tcj woris of tcj aospj` wjrj, nl tcjnr

huiakjlt, tcj emptnsk mli dokkulnol of tcj fmntcfu`. Ycjy nliuàji m dolvjlnjlt`mtntuij for tcj nltjrprjtmtnol of sdrnpturj2 mli, ms oftjl ms tcjy wjrj prjssji ey tcj`ntjrm` sjlsj, tcjy douì jsdmpj to tcj nltrndmtj kmzjs of fnaurj mli m``jaory. Ycjnr utkost in`najldj kust cmvj ejjl jkpòyji to insso`vj tcj dolljdtnol ejtwjjl tcj

Oì mli tcj Ljw Yjstmkjlt2 snldj tcjy miorji tcj `mttjr ms tcj ormd`js of Aoi, mlimecorrji tcj forkjr ms tcj fmeuòus mli mesuri nlvjltnol of kjl or ijkols. Qjdmllot ej surprnsji tcmt tcjy scouì cmvj fouli nl tcj aospj` tcj ortcoiox kystjry of tcj Yrnlnty2 eut, nlstjmi of dolfjssnla tcj cukml lmturj mli suestmltnm` suffjrnlas of Dcrnst, tcjy mkusji tcjnr fmldy wntc m dj`jstnm` eoiy tcmt pmssji tcrouac tcj vnranl`nbj wmtjr tcrouac m pnpj2 wntc m fmltmstnd drudnfnxnol tcmt jùiji tcj vmnl mlinkpotjlt km`ndj of tcj Hjws. M drjji tcus snkp`j mli spnrntum` wms lot mimptji to tcjajlnus of tcj tnkjs2== mli tcj rmtnolm` Dcrnstnml, wco knact cmvj ejjl doltjltji wntctcj `nact yobj mli jmsy eurtcjl of Hjsus mli cns mpost`js, wms hust`y offjliji tcmt tcjWmu`ndnmls scouì imrj to vno`mtj tcj ulnty of Aoi, tcj fnrst mrtnd`j of lmturm` mli

rjvjm`ji rj`nanol. Ycjnr ej`njf mli tcjnr trust wms nl tcj Fmtcjr of Dcrnst, of tcj cukmlsou`, mli of tcj nlvnsne`j worì. Eut tcjy `nbjwnsj cjì tcj jtjrlnty of kmttjr8 mstueeorl mli rjej``nous suestmldj, tcj ornanl of m sjdoli prnldnp`j, of ml mdtnvj ejnla,wco cms drjmtji tcns vnsne`j worì mli jxjrdnsjs cns tjkporm` rjnal tn`` tcj fnlm`dolsukkmtnol of ijmtc mli snl.=5 Ycj mppjmrmldjs of korm` mli pcysndm` jvn` cmijstme`nscji tcj two prnldnp`js nl tcj mldnjlt pcnòsopcy mli rj`nanol of tcj Jmst2 frokwcjldj tcns iodtrnlj wms trmlsfusji to tcj vmrnous swmrks of tcj Alostnds. Mtcousmli scmijs kmy ej ijvnsji nl tcj lmturj mli dcmrmdtjr of Mcrnkml, frok m rnvmàoi to m sueorinlmtj ijkol, frok pmssnol mli frmn`ty to purj mli pjrfjdt km`jvo`jldj8

eut, nl spntj of our jfforts, tcj aooiljss mli tcj powjr of Orkusi mrj p`mdji mt tcjopposntj jxtrjkntnjs of tcj `nlj2 mli jvjry stjp tcmt mppromdcjs tcj olj kust rjdjij nl

jqum` proportnol frok tcj otcjr.=4

Ycj mposto`nd `meours of Dolstmltnlj-Ty`vmlus sool ku`tnp`nji tcj lukejr of cnsinsdnp`js, tcj sjdrjt rjdokpjlsj of spnrntum` mkentnol. Ycj rjklmlt of tcj Alostndsjdts, mli jspjdnm``y tcj Kmlndcæmls of Mrkjlnm, wjrj ulntji ulijr cns stmlimri2kmly Dmtco`nds wjrj dolvjrtji or sjiudji ey cns mraukjlts2 mli cj prjmdcji wntcsuddjss nl tcj rjanols of Woltus=9 mli Dmppmiodnm, wcndc cmi òla snldj nkeneji tcjrj`nanol of Xoromstjr. Ycj Wmu`ndnml tjmdcjrs wjrj instnlaunscji ol`y ey tcjnr sdrnpturm` lmkjs, ey tcj koijst tnt`j of fj`òw-pnàrnks, ey tcj mustjrnty of tcjnr `nvjs,tcjnr zjm` or blow`jiaj, mli tcj drjint of sokj jxtrmorinlmry anfts of tcj Co`y Tpnrnt.

Eut tcjy wjrj nldmpme`j of ijsnrnla, or mt `jmst of oetmnlnla, tcj wjm`tc mli coloursof tcj Dmtco`nd prj`mdy8 sudc mltndcrnstnml prnij tcjy enttjr`y djlsurji2 mli jvjl tcj


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) > cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



rmlb of jìjrs or prjseytjrs wms dolijklji ms ml nlstntutnol of tcj Hjwnsc sylmaoauj.Ycj ljw sjdt wms òosj`y sprjmi ovjr tcj provnldjs of Msnm Knlor to tcj wjstwmri of tcj Jupcrmtjs2 snx of tcjnr prnldnpm` dolarjamtnols rjprjsjltji tcj dcurdcjs to wcndcTt. Wmu` cmi miirjssji cns jpnst`js2 mli tcjnr foulijr dcosj cns rjsnijldj nl tcjljnaceourcooi of Doòlnm,=: nl tcj smkj instrndt of Woltus wcndc cmi ejjl dj`jermtji

ey tcj m`tmrs of Ej`òlm=6 mli tcj knrmd`js of Arjaory.=1 Mftjr m knssnol of twjlty-sjvjl yjmrs, Ty`vmlus, wco cmi rjtnrji frok tcj to`jrmtnla aovjrlkjlt of tcj Mrmes,fj`` m smdrnfndj to Uokml pjrsjdutnol. Ycj `mws of tcj pnous jkpjrors, wcndc sjìoktoudcji tcj `nvjs of `jss oinous cjrjtnds, prosdrneji wntcout kjrdy or insaunsj tcjtjljts, tcj eoobs, mli tcj pjrsols of tcj Koltmlnsts mli Kmlndcæmls8 tcj eoobs wjrjij`nvjrji to tcj f`mkjs2 mli m`` wco scouì prjsukj to sjdrjtj sudc wrntnlas, or to

profjss sudc opnlnols, wjrj ijvotji to ml naloknlnous ijmtc.=3 M Arjjb knlnstjr,mrkji wntc `jam` mli kn`ntmry powjrs, mppjmrji mt Doòlnm to strnbj tcj scjpcjri, mlito rjd`mnk, nf possne`j, tcj òst scjjp. Ey m rjfnljkjlt of druj`ty, Tnkjol p`mdji tcjulfortulmtj Ty`vmlus ejforj m `nlj of cns insdnp`js, wco wjrj dokkmliji, ms tcj

prndj of tcjnr pmriol mli tcj proof of tcjnr rjpjltmldj, to kmssmdrj tcjnr spnrntum`fmtcjr. Ycjy turlji msnij frok tcj nkpnous offndj2 tcj stoljs iroppji frok tcjnr fn`nm`cmlis2 mli of tcj wco`j lukejr ol`y olj jxjdutnoljr douì ej fouli, m ljw Imvni,ms cj ns sty`ji ey tcj Dmtco`nds, wco eoì`y ovjrtcrjw tcj anmlt of cjrjsy. Ycnsmpostmtj, Hustus wms cns lmkj, mamnl ijdjnvji mli ejtrmyji cns ulsuspjdtnla erjtcrjl,mli m ljw dolforknty to tcj mdts of Tt. Wmu` kmy ej fouli nl tcj dolvjrsnol of Tnkjol8 `nbj tcj mpost`j, cj jkermdji tcj iodtrnlj wcndc cj cmi ejjl sjlt to

pjrsjdutj, rjlouldji cns colours mli fortuljs, mli mdqunrji mkola tcj Wmu`ndnmls tcjfmkj of m knssnolmry mli m kmrtyr. Ycjy wjrj lot mkentnous of kmrtyriok,=> eut, nlm dm`mkntous pjrnoi of olj culirji mli fnfty yjmrs, tcjnr pmtnjldj sustmnlji wcmtjvjr

zjm` douì nlf`ndt2 mli powjr wms nlsuffndnjlt to jrmindmtj tcj oestnlmtj vjajtmtnol of fmlmtndnsk mli rjmsol. Frok tcj eòoi mli mscjs of tcj fnrst vndtnks, m suddjssnol of tjmdcjrs mli dolarjamtnols rjpjmtji`y mrosj2 mknist tcjnr forjnal costn`ntnjs, tcjyfouli `jnsurj for iokjstnd qumrrj`s2 tcjy prjmdcji, tcjy insputji, tcjy suffjrji2 mlitcj vnrtujs, tcj mppmrjlt vnrtujs, of Tjranus, nl m pnàrnkmaj of tcnrty-tcrjj yjmrs, mrjrjùdtmlt`y dolfjssji ey tcj ortcoiox cnstornmls.57 Ycj lmtnvj druj`ty of Hustnlnml tcjTjdoli wms stnku`mtji ey m pnous dmusj2 mli cj vmnl`y copji to jxtnlaunsc, nl msnla`j dolf`marmtnol, tcj lmkj mli kjkory of tcj Wmu`ndnmls. Ey tcjnr prnkntnvjsnkp`ndnty, tcjnr mecorrjldj of popu`mr supjrstntnol, tcj Ndolod`mst prnldjs knact cmvj

ejjl rjdoldn`ji to sokj jrroljous iodtrnljs2 eut tcjy tcjksj`vjs wjrj jxposji to tcjdmùklnjs of tcj kolbs, mli tcjy dcosj to ej tcj tyrmlts, `jst tcjy scouì ej mddusji

ms tcj mddokp`ndjs, of tcj Kmlndcæmls. Tudc m rjpromdc cms su``nji tcj d`jkjldy of Lndjpcorus, wco rj`mxji nl tcjnr fmvour tcj sjvjrnty of tcj pjlm` stmtutjs, lor wn`` cnsdcmrmdtjr sustmnl tcj colour of m korj `nejrm` kotnvj. Ycj fjje`j Kndcmj` tcj Fnrst,tcj rnani @jo tcj Mrkjlnml, wjrj forjkost nl tcj rmdj of pjrsjdutnol2 eut tcj prnzjkust iouet`jss ej mihuiaji to tcj smlaunlmry ijvotnol of Ycjoiorm, wco rjstorji tcjnkmajs to tcj Ornjltm` dcurdc. Cjr nlqunsntors jxpòrji tcj dntnjs mli koultmnls of tcj`jssjr Msnm, mli tcj f`mttjrjrs of tcj jkprjss cmvj mffnrkji tcmt, nl m scort rjnal, oljculirji tcousmli Wmu`ndnmls wjrj jxtnrpmtji ey tcj swori, tcj aneejt, or tcj f`mkjs.Cjr aun`t or kjrnt cms pjrcmps ejjl strjtdcji ejyoli tcj kjmsurj of trutc2 eut, nf tcjmddoult ej m`òwji, nt kust ej prjsukji tcmt kmly snkp`j Ndolod`msts wjrj pulnscji

ulijr m korj oinous lmkj2 mli tcmt sokj, wco wjrj irnvjl frok tcj dcurdc,ulwn``nla`y toob rjfuaj nl tcj eosok of cjrjsy.


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Ycj kost furnous mli ijspjrmtj of rjej`s mrj tcj sjdtmrnjs of m rj`nanol òla pjrsjdutji, mli mt `jlatc provobji. Nl ml co`y dmusj tcjy mrj lo òlajr susdjptne`j of fjmr or rjkorsj8 tcj hustndj of tcjnr mrks cmrijls tcjk mamnlst tcj fjj`nlas of cukmlnty2 mli tcjy rjvjlaj tcjnr fmtcjrs„ wrolas ol tcj dcnìrjl of tcjnr tyrmlts. Tudccmvj ejjl tcj Cussntjs of Eocjknm mli tcj Dm`vnlnsts of Frmldj, mli sudc, nl tcj

lnltc djltury, wjrj tcj Wmu`ndnmls of Mrkjlnm mli tcj mihmdjlt provnldjs.5= Ycjywjrj fnrst mwmbjlji to tcj kmssmdrj of m aovjrlor mli enscop, wco jxjrdnsji tcjNkpjrnm` kmlimtj of dolvjrtnla or ijstroynla tcj cjrjtnds2 mli tcj ijjpjst rjdjssjs of Koult Mraæus protjdtji tcjnr nlijpjlijldj mli rjvjlaj. M korj imlajrous mlidolsuknla f`mkj wms bnli`ji ey tcj pjrsjdutnol of Ycjoiorm, mli tcj rjvo`t of Dmrejms, m vm`nmlt Wmu`ndnml, wco dokkmliji tcj aumris of tcj ajljrm` of tcj Jmst.Cns fmtcjr cmi ejjl nkpm`ji ey tcj Dmtco`nd nlqunsntors2 mli rj`nanol, or mt `jmstlmturj, knact hustnfy cns ijsjrtnol mli rjvjlaj. Fnvj tcousmli of cns erjtcrjl wjrjulntji ey tcj smkj kotnvjs2 tcjy rjlouldji tcj m``janmldj of mltn-dcrnstnml Uokj2 mTmrmdjl jknr nltroiudji Dmrejms to tcj dm`npc2 mli tcj dokkmlijr of tcj fmntcfu`

jxtjliji cns sdjptrj to tcj nkp`mdme`j jljky of tcj Arjjbs. Nl tcj koultmnls ejtwjjlTnwms55 mli Yrjenzoli cj fouliji or fortnfnji tcj dnty of Yjpcrndj,54 wcndc ns stn`òddupnji ey m fnjrdj mli `ndjltnous pjop`j, mli tcj ljnaceournla cn``s wjrj dovjrjiwntc tcj Wmu`ndnml fuantnvjs, wco low rjdoldn`ji tcj usj of tcj Ene`j mli tcj swori.Iurnla korj tcml tcnrty yjmrs, Msnm wms mff`ndtji ey tcj dm`mkntnjs of forjnal mliiokjstnd wmr2 nl tcjnr costn`j nlromis tcj insdnp`js of Tt. Wmu` wjrj honlji wntc tcosjof Kmcokjt2 mli tcj pjmdjfu` Dcrnstnmls, tcj maji pmrjlt mli tjlijr vnranl, wco wjrjij`nvjrji nlto Emremrous sjrvntuij, knact hust`y mddusj tcj nlto`jrmlt spnrnt of tcjnr sovjrjnal. To urajlt wms tcj knsdcnjf, so nlto`jrme`j tcj scmkj, tcmt jvjl tcjinssoùtj Kndcmj`, tcj sol of Ycjoiorm, wms dokpj``ji to kmrdc nl pjrsol mamnlst tcj

Wmu`ndnmls8 cj wms ijfjmtji ulijr tcj wm``s of Tmkosmtm2 mli tcj Uokml jkpjror f`ji ejforj tcj cjrjtnds wcok cns kotcjr cmi dolijklji to tcj f`mkjs.59 Ycj Tmrmdjlsfouact ulijr tcj smkj emlljrs, eut tcj vndtory wms msdrneji to Dmrejms2 mli tcjdmptnvj ajljrm`s, wntc korj tcml ml culirji trneuljs, wjrj jntcjr rj`jmsji ey cnsmvmrndj or torturji ey cns fmlmtndnsk. Ycj vmòur mli mkentnol of Dcrysodcjnr,5: cnssuddjssor, jkermdji m wnijr dnrd`j of rmpnlj mli rjvjlaj. Nl m``nmldj wntc cns fmntcfu`Kos`jks, cj eoì`y pjljtrmtji nlto tcj cjmrt of Msnm2 tcj troops of tcj froltnjr mli tcj

pm`mdj wjrj rjpjmtji`y ovjrtcrowl2 tcj jindts of pjrsjdutnol wjrj mlswjrji ey tcj pn``maj of Lndj mli Lndokjinm, of Mldyrm mli Jpcjsus2 lor douì tcj mpost`j Tt. Hocl protjdt frok vno`mtnol cns dnty mli sjpu`dcrj. Ycj dmtcjirm` of Jpcjsus wms turljinlto m stme`j for ku`js mli corsjs2 mli tcj Wmu`ndnmls vnji wntc tcj Tmrmdjls nl tcjnr

doltjkpt mli mecorrjldj of nkmajs mli rj`nds. Nt ns lot ulp`jmsnla to oesjrvj tcjtrnukpc of rjej``nol ovjr tcj smkj ijspotnsk wcndc cms insimnlji tcj prmyjrs of mlnlhurji pjop`j. Ycj jkpjror Emsn`, tcj Kmdjiolnml, wms rjiudji to suj for pjmdj, tooffjr m rmlsok for tcj dmptnvjs, mli to rjqujst, nl tcj `mlaumaj of koijrmtnol mlidcmrnty, tcmt Dcrysodcjnr wouì spmrj cns fj`òw-Dcrnstnmls, mli doltjlt cnksj`f wntcm roym` iolmtnvj of aoì mli sn`vjr mli sn`b-amrkjlts. ‐Nf tcj jkpjror,‛ rjp`nji tcjnlso`jlt fmlmtnd, ‐ej ijsnrous of pjmdj, `jt cnk meindmtj tcj Jmst, mli rjnal wntcoutko`jstmtnol nl tcj Qjst. Nf cj rjfusj, tcj sjrvmlts of tcj @ori wn`` prjdnpntmtj cnkfrok tcj tcrolj.‛ Ycj rjùdtmlt Emsn` suspjliji tcj trjmty, mddjptji tcj ijfnmldj, mli`ji cns mrky nlto tcj `mli of cjrjsy, wcndc cj wmstji wntc fnrj mli swori. Ycj opjl

doultry of tcj Wmu`ndnmls wms jxposji to tcj smkj dm`mkntnjs wcndc tcjy cminlf`ndtji2 eut, wcjl cj cmi jxpòrji tcj strjlatc of Yjpcrndj, tcj ku`tntuij of tcj


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Emremrnmls, mli tcj mkp`j kmamznljs of mrks mli provnsnols, cj ijsnstji wntc m snacfrok tcj copj`jss snjaj.56 Ol cns rjturl to Dolstmltnlop`j cj `meourji, ey tcjfoulimtnol of dolvjlts mli dcurdcjs, to sjdurj tcj mni of cns dj`jstnm` pmtrols, of Kndcmj` tcj mrdcmlaj` mli tcj propcjt J`nhmc2 mli nt wms cns imn`y prmyjr tcmt cj knact`nvj to trmlspnjrdj, wntc tcrjj mrrows, tcj cjmi of cns nkpnous mivjrsmry. Ejyoli cns

jxpjdtmtnols, tcj wnsc wms mddokp`nscji8 mftjr m suddjssfu` nlromi, Dcrysodcjnr wmssurprnsji mli s`mnl nl cns rjtrjmt2 mli tcj rjej`„s cjmi wms trnukpcmlt`y prjsjltji mttcj foot of tcj tcrolj. Ol tcj rjdjptnol of tcns wj`dokj tropcy, Emsn` nlstmlt`y dm``jifor cns eow, insdcmraji tcrjj mrrows wntc uljrrnla mnk, mli mddjptji tcj mpp`musj of tcj dourt, wco cmn`ji tcj vndtory of tcj roym` mrdcjr. Qntc Dcrysodcjnr, tcj aòry of tcj Wmu`ndnmls fmiji mli wntcjrji251 ol tcj sjdoli jxpjintnol of tcj jkpjror, tcjnkprjalme`j Yjpcrndj wms ijsjrtji ey tcj cjrjtnds, wco suji for kjrdy or jsdmpji totcj eorijrs. Ycj dnty wms runlji, eut tcj spnrnt of nlijpjlijldj survnvji nl tcjkoultmnls2 tcj Wmu`ndnmls ijfjliji, meovj m djltury, tcjnr rj`nanol mli `nejrty,nlfjstji tcj Uokml `nknts, mli kmnltmnlji tcjnr pjrpjtum` m``nmldj wntc tcj jljknjs of

tcj jkpnrj mli tcj aospj`.

Meout tcj knii`j of tcj jnactc djltury, Dolstmltnlj, surlmkji Doprolykus ey tcjworscnppjrs of nkmajs, cmi kmij ml jxpjintnol nlto Mrkjlnm, mli fouli, nl tcj dntnjsof Kj`ntjlj mli Ycjoiosnopo`ns, m arjmt lukejr of Wmu`ndnmls, cns bnlirji cjrjtnds.Ms m fmvour or pulnsckjlt, cj trmlsp`mltji tcjk frok tcj emlbs of tcj Jupcrmtjs toDolstmltnlop`j mli Ycrmdj2 mli ey tcns jknarmtnol tcjnr iodtrnlj wms nltroiudji mliinffusji nl Juropj.53 Nf tcj sjdtmrnjs of tcj kjtropo`ns wjrj sool knla`ji wntc tcj

proknsduous kmss, tcosj of tcj doultry strudb m ijjp root nl m forjnal son`. YcjWmu`ndnmls of Ycrmdj rjsnstji tcj storks of pjrsjdutnol, kmnltmnlji m sjdrjtdorrjspolijldj wntc tcjnr Mrkjlnml erjtcrjl, mli amvj mni mli dokfort to tcjnr

prjmdcjrs, wco so`ndntji, lot wntcout suddjss, tcj nlfmlt fmntc of tcj Euàmrnmls.5> Nltcj tjltc djltury, tcjy wjrj rjstorji mli ku`tnp`nji ey m korj powjrfu` doòly,wcndc Hocl Xnknsdjs47 trmlsportji frok tcj Dcm`yenml cn``s to tcj vm``jys of KoultCækus. Ycj Ornjltm` d`jray, wco wouì cmvj prjfjrrji tcj ijstrudtnol, nkpmtnjlt`ysnacji for tcj mesjldj, of tcj Kmlndcæmls2 tcj wmr`nbj jkpjror cmi fj`t mli jstjjkjitcjnr vmòur2 tcjnr mttmdckjlt to tcj Tmrmdjls wms prjalmlt wntc knsdcnjf2 eut, ol tcjsnij of tcj Imluej, mamnlst tcj Emremrnmls of Tdytcnm, tcjnr sjrvndj knact ej usjfu`mli tcjnr òss wouì ej ijsnrme`j. Ycjnr jxn`j nl m instmlt `mli wms softjlji ey m frjjto`jrmtnol2 tcj Wmu`ndnmls cjì tcj dnty of Wcn`nppopo`ns mli tcj bjys of Ycrmdj2 tcjDmtco`nds wjrj tcjnr suehjdts2 tcj Hmdoentj jknarmlts tcjnr mssodnmtjs8 tcjy oddupnji m

`nlj of vn``majs mli dmst`js nl Kmdjiolnm mli Jpnrus2 mli kmly lmtnvj Euàmrnmlswjrj mssodnmtji to tcj dokkulnol of mrks mli cjrjsy. Ms òla ms tcjy wjrj mwji ey

powjr mli trjmtji wntc koijrmtnol, tcjnr voùltmry emlis wjrj instnlaunscji nl tcjmrknjs of tcj jkpnrj2 mli tcj dourmaj of tcjsj ioas, jvjr arjjiy of wmr, jvjr tcnrstyof cukml eòoi, ns lotndji wntc mstolnsckjlt, mli m`kost wntc rjpromdc, ey tcj

pusn``mlnkous Arjjbs. Ycj smkj spnrnt rjlijrji tcjk mrroamlt mli doltukmdnous8tcjy wjrj jmsn`y provobji ey dmprndj or nlhury2 mli tcjnr prnvn`jajs wjrj oftjlvno`mtji ey tcj fmntc`jss enaotry of tcj aovjrlkjlt mli d`jray. Nl tcj knist of tcj

Lorkml wmr, two tcousmli fnvj culirji Kmlndcæmls ijsjrtji tcj stmlimri of M`jxnus Dokljlus,4= mli rjtnrji to tcjnr lmtnvj cokjs. Cj inssjke`ji tn`` tcj

kokjlt of rjvjlaj2 nlvntji tcj dcnjfs to m frnjli`y dolfjrjldj2 mli pulnscji tcjnllodjlt mli aun`ty ey nkprnsolkjlt, dolfnsdmtnol, mli emptnsk. Nl ml nltjrvm` of





pjmdj, tcj jkpjror ulijrtoob tcj pnous offndj of rjdoldn`nla tcjk to tcj dcurdc mlistmtj8 cns wnltjr qumrtjrs wjrj fnxji mt Wcn`nppopo`ns2 mli tcj tcnrtjjltc mpost`j, ms cjns sty`ji ey cns pnous imuactjr, dolsukji wco`j imys mli lnacts nl tcjoòandm`doltrovjrsy. Cns mraukjlts wjrj fortnfnji, tcjnr oestnlmdy wms kj`tji, ey tcj coloursmli rjwmris wcndc cj ejstowji ol tcj kost jknljlt prosj`ytjs2 mli m ljw dnty,

surrouliji wntc amrijls, jlrndcji wntc nkkulntnjs, mli inalnfnji wntc cns owl lmkj,wms fouliji ey M`jxnus, for tcj rjsnijldj of cns vuàmr dolvjrts. Ycj nkportmltstmtnol of Wcn`nppopo`ns wms wrjstji frok tcjnr cmlis2 tcj doltukmdnous `jmijrs wjrjsjdurji nl m iulajol or emlnscji frok tcjnr doultry2 mli tcjnr `nvjs wjrj spmrji eytcj pruijldj, rmtcjr tcml tcj kjrdy, of ml jkpjror mt wcosj dokkmli m poor mliso`ntmry cjrjtnd wms eurlt m`nvj ejforj tcj dcurdc of Tt. Topcnm.45 Eut tcj proui copjof jrmindmtnla tcj prjhuindjs of m lmtnol wms spjjin`y ovjrturlji ey tcj nlvnldne`jzjm` of tcj Wmu`ndnmls, wco djmsji to inssjke`j or rjfusji to oejy. Mftjr tcj ijpmrturjmli ijmtc of M`jxnus, tcjy sool rjsukji tcjnr dnvn` mli rj`nanous `mws. Nl tcj

ejanllnla of tcj tcnrtjjltc djltury, tcjnr popj or prnkmtj (m kmlnfjst dorruptnol)

rjsniji ol tcj dolfnljs of Euàmrnm, Dromtnm, mli Im`kmtnm, mli aovjrlji ey cns vndmrstcj fn`nm` dolarjamtnols of Ntm`y mli Frmldj.44 Frok tcmt jrm, m knlutj sdrutnly knact

proòla mli pjrpjtumtj tcj dcmnl of trmintnol. Mt tcj jli of tcj `mst maj, tcj sjdt or doòly stn`` nlcmentji tcj vm``jys of Koult Cækus, wcjrj tcjnr nalormldj mli povjrtywjrj korj frjqujlt`y torkjltji ey tcj Arjjb d`jray tcml ey tcj Yurbnsc aovjrlkjlt.Ycj koijrl Wmu`ndnmls cmvj òst m`` kjkory of tcjnr ornanl2 mli tcjnr rj`nanol nsinsarmdji ey tcj worscnp of tcj dross, mli tcj prmdtndj of eòoiy smdrnfndj, wcndcsokj dmptnvjs cmvj nkportji frok tcj wnìs of Ymrtmry.49

Nl tcj Qjst, tcj fnrst tjmdcjrs of tcj Kmlndcæml tcjoòay cmi ejjl rjpu`sji ey tcj pjop`j, or supprjssji ey tcj prnldj. Ycj fmvour mli suddjss of tcj Wmu`ndnmls nl tcjj`jvjltc mli twj`ftc djlturnjs kust ej nkputji to tcj strola, tcouac sjdrjt,insdoltjlt wcndc mrkji tcj kost pnous Dcrnstnmls mamnlst tcj dcurdc of Uokj. Cjr mvmrndj wms opprjssnvj, cjr ijspotnsk oinous2 `jss ijajljrmtj pjrcmps tcml tcjArjjbs nl tcj worscnp of smnlts mli nkmajs, cjr nllovmtnols wjrj korj rmpni mlisdmlimòus2 scj cmi rnaorous`y ijfnlji mli nkposji tcj iodtrnlj of trmlsuestmltnmtnol8tcj `nvjs of tcj @mtnl d`jray wjrj korj dorrupt, mli tcj Jmstjrl enscops knact pmss for tcj suddjssors of tcj mpost`js, nf tcjy wjrj dokpmrji wntc tcj òri`y prj`mtjs wcownjìji ey turls tcj drosnjr, tcj sdjptrj, mli tcj swori. Ycrjj inffjrjlt romis knactnltroiudj tcj Wmu`ndnmls nlto tcj cjmrt of Juropj. Mftjr tcj dolvjrsnol of Culamry,tcj pnàrnks wco vnsntji Hjrusm`jk knact smfj`y fo`òw tcj doursj of tcj Imluej2 nl

tcjnr hourljy mli rjturl tcjy pmssji tcrouac Wcn`nppopo`ns2 mli tcj sjdtmrnjs,insaunsnla tcjnr lmkj mli cjrjsy, knact mddokpmly tcj Frjldc or Ajrkml dmrmvmlsto tcjnr rjspjdtnvj doultrnjs. Ycj trmij mli ioknlnol of Vjlndj pjrvmiji tcj domst of tcj Mirnmtnd, mli tcj cospntme`j rjpue`nd opjlji cjr eosok to forjnaljrs of jvjryd`nkmtj mli rj`nanol. Zlijr tcj Eyzmltnlj stmlimri, tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrj oftjltrmlsportji to tcj Arjjb provnldjs of Ntm`y mli Tndn`y2 nl pjmdj mli wmr tcjy frjj`ydolvjrsji wntc strmlajrs mli lmtnvjs, mli tcjnr opnlnols wjrj sn`jlt`y propmamtji nlUokj, Kn`ml, mli tcj bnlaioks ejyoli tcj M`ps.4: Nt wms sool insdovjrji tcmt kmlytcousmli Dmtco`nds of jvjry rmlb, mli of jntcjr sjx, cmi jkermdji tcj Kmlndcæmlcjrjsy2 mli tcj f`mkjs wcndc dolsukji twj`vj dmlols of Or`jmls wms tcj fnrst mdt mli

snalm` of pjrsjdutnol. Ycj Euàmrnmls,46 m lmkj so nllodjlt nl nts ornanl, so oinous nlnts mpp`ndmtnol, sprjmi tcjnr ermldcjs ovjr tcj fmdj of Juropj. Zlntji nl dokkol





cmtrji of nio`mtry mli Uokj, tcjy wjrj dolljdtji ey m fork of jpnsdopm` mli prjseytjrnml aovjrlkjlt2 tcjnr vmrnous sjdts wjrj insdrnknlmtji ey sokj fmnltjr or imrbjr scmijs of tcjoòay2 eut tcjy ajljrm``y marjji nl tcj two prnldnp`js8 tcjdoltjkpt of tcj Oì Yjstmkjlt, mli tcj ijlnm` of tcj eoiy of Dcrnst, jntcjr ol tcjdross or nl tcj judcmrnst. M dolfjssnol of snkp`j worscnp mli e`mkj`jss kmlljrs ns

jxtortji frok tcjnr jljknjs2 mli so cnac wms tcjnr stmlimri of pjrfjdtnol tcmt tcjnldrjmsnla dolarjamtnols wjrj invniji nlto two d`mssjs of insdnp`js, of tcosj wco

prmdtnsji mli of tcosj wco mspnrji. Nt wms nl tcj doultry of tcj Mènajons,41 nl tcjsoutcjrl provnldjs of Frmldj, tcmt tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrj kost ijjp`y nkp`mltji2 mli tcjsmkj vndnssntuijs of kmrtyriok mli rjvjlaj wcndc cmi ejjl insp`myji nl tcjljnaceourcooi of tcj Jupcrmtjs wjrj rjpjmtji nl tcj tcnrtjjltc djltury ol tcj emlbsof tcj Ucolj. Ycj `mws of tcj Jmstjrl jkpjrors wjrj rjvnvji ey Frjijrnd tcj Tjdoli.Ycj nlsurajlts of Yjpcrndj wjrj rjprjsjltji ey tcj emrols mli dntnjs of @mlaujiod8Wopj Nllodjlt NNN. surpmssji tcj smlaunlmry fmkj of Ycjoiorm. Nt wms nl druj`ty mòljtcmt cjr soìnjrs douì jqum` tcj cjrojs of tcj drusmijs, mli tcj druj`ty of cjr prnjsts

wms fmr jxdj``ji ey tcj foulijrs of tcj nlqunsntnol843 ml offndj korj mimptji todolfnrk, tcml to rjfutj, tcj ej`njf of ml jvn` prnldnp`j. Ycj vnsne`j mssjke`njs of tcjWmu`ndnmls, or Mènajons, wjrj jxtnrpmtji ey fnrj mli swori2 mli tcj e`jjinla rjklmltjsdmpji ey f`nact, doldjm`kjlt, or Dmtco`nd dolforknty. Eut tcj nlvnldne`j spnrntwcndc tcjy cmi bnli`ji stn`` `nvji mli erjmtcji nl tcj Qjstjrl worì. Nl tcj stmtj, nltcj dcurdc, mli jvjl nl tcj dònstjr, m `mtjlt suddjssnol wms prjsjrvji of tcj insdnp`jsof Tt. Wmu`2 wco protjstji mamnlst tcj tyrmlly of Uokj, jkermdji tcj Ene`j ms tcj ru`jof fmntc, mli purnfnji tcjnr drjji frok m`` tcj vnsnols of tcj Alostnd tcjoòay. Ycjstruaa`js of Qndb`nff nl Jla`mli, of Cuss nl Eocjknm, wjrj prjkmturj mlinljffjdtum`2 eut tcj lmkjs of Xunla`nus, @utcjr, mli Dm`vnl mrj prolouldji wntc

armtntuij ms tcj ij`nvjrjrs of lmtnols.

M pcnòsopcjr, wco dm`du`mtjs tcj ijarjj of tcjnr kjrnt mli tcj vmùj of tcjnr rjforkmtnol, wn`` pruijlt`y msb frok wcmt mrtnd`js of fmntc, meovj or mamnlst our rjmsol, tcjy cmvj jlfrmldcnsji tcj Dcrnstnmls2 for sudc jlfrmldcnsjkjlt ns iouet`jss m

ejljfnt so fmr ms nt kmy ej dokpmtne`j wntc trutc mli pnjty. Mftjr m fmnr insdussnol wjscm`` rmtcjr ej surprnsji ey tcj tnkninty, tcml sdmlim`nsji ey tcj frjjiok, of our fnrstrjforkjrs.4> Qntc tcj Hjw, tcjy mioptji tcj ej`njf mli ijfjldj of m`` tcj Cjerjwsdrnpturjs, wntc m`` tcjnr proinanjs, frok tcj amrijl of Jijl to tcj vnsnols of tcj

propcjt Imlnj`2 mli tcjy wjrj eouli, `nbj tcj Dmtco`nds, to hustnfy mamnlst tcj Hjwstcj meo`ntnol of m invnlj `mw. Nl tcj arjmt kystjrnjs of tcj Yrnlnty mli Nldmrlmtnol tcj

rjforkjrs wjrj sjvjrj`y ortcoiox8 tcjy frjj`y mioptji tcj tcjoòay of tcj four or tcjsnx fnrst douldn`s2 mli, wntc tcj Mtcmlmsnml drjji, tcjy prolouldji tcj jtjrlmìmklmtnol of m`` wco ini lot ej`njvj tcj Dmtco`nd fmntc. Yrmlsuestmltnmtnol, tcjnlvnsne`j dcmlaj of tcj erjmi mli wnlj nlto tcj eoiy mli eòoi of Dcrnst, ns m tjljttcmt kmy ijfy tcj powjr of mraukjlt mli p`jmsmltry2 eut, nlstjmi of dolsu`tnla tcjjvnijldj of tcjnr sjlsjs, of tcjnr snact, tcjnr fjj`nla, mli tcjnr tmstj, tcj fnrstWrotjstmlts wjrj jltmla`ji nl tcjnr owl sdrup`js, mli mwji ey tcj woris of Hjsus nltcj nlstntutnol of tcj smdrmkjlt. @utcjr kmnltmnlji m dorporjm`, mli Dm`vnl m rjm`,

prjsjldj of Dcrnst nl tcj judcmrnst2 mli tcj opnlnol of Xunla`nus, tcmt nt ns lo korjtcml m spnrntum` dokkulnol, m snkp`j kjkornm`, cms sòw`y prjvmn`ji nl tcj rjforkji

dcurdcjs.97 Eut tcj òss of olj kystjry wms mkp`y dokpjlsmtji ey tcj stupjliousiodtrnljs of ornanlm` snl, rjijkptnol, fmntc, armdj, mli prjijstnlmtnol, wcndc cmvj





ejjl strmnlji frok tcj jpnst`js of Tt. Wmu`. Ycjsj suet`j qujstnols cmi kost mssurji`y ejjl prjpmrji ey tcj fmtcjrs mli sdcoo`kjl2 eut tcj fnlm` nkprovjkjlt mli popu`mr usj kmy ej mttrneutji to tcj fnrst rjforkjrs, wco jlfordji tcjk ms tcj mesoùtj mlijssjltnm` tjrks of sm`vmtnol. Cntcjrto tcj wjnact of supjrlmturm` ej`njf nld`nljs mamnlsttcj Wrotjstmlts2 mli kmly m soejr Dcrnstnml wouì rmtcjr miknt tcmt m wmfjr ns Aoi,

tcml tcmt Aoi ns m druj` mli dmprndnous tyrmlt.

^jt tcj sjrvndjs of @utcjr mli cns rnvm` mrj so`ni mli nkportmlt2 mli tcj pcnòsopcjr kust owl cns oe`namtnols to tcjsj fjmr`jss jltcusnmsts.9= N. Ey tcjnr cmlis tcj òftyfmernd of supjrstntnol, frok tcj meusj of nliuàjldjs to tcj nltjrdjssnol of tcj Vnranl,cms ejjl `jvj``ji wntc tcj arouli. Kyrnmis of eotc sjxjs of tcj kolmstnd profjssnolwjrj rjstorji to tcj `nejrty mli `meours of sodnm` `nfj. Ml cnjrmrdcy of smnlts mlimlaj`s, of nkpjrfjdt mli sueorinlmtj ijntnjs, wjrj strnppji of tcjnr tjkporm` powjr,mli rjiudji to tcj jlhoykjlt of dj`jstnm` cmppnljss2 tcjnr nkmajs mli rj`nds wjrj

emlnscji frok tcj dcurdc2 mli tcj drjiu`nty of tcj pjop`j wms lo òlajr lournscji

wntc tcj imn`y rjpjtntnol of knrmd`js mli vnsnols. Ycj nkntmtnol of Wmamlnsk wmssupp`nji ey m purj mli spnrntum` worscnp of prmyjr mli tcmlbsanvnla, tcj kost wortcyof kml, tcj `jmst ulwortcy of tcj Ijnty. Nt ol`y rjkmnls to oesjrvj wcjtcjr sudcsue`nkj snkp`ndnty ej dolsnstjlt wntc popu`mr ijvotnol2 wcjtcjr tcj vuàmr, nl tcjmesjldj of m`` vnsne`j oehjdts, wn`` lot ej nlf`mkji ey jltcusnmsk, or nlsjlsne`ysuesnij nl `mlauor mli nlinffjrjldj. NN. Ycj dcmnr of mutcornty wms erobjl, wcndcrjstrmnls tcj enaot frok tcnlbnla ms cj p`jmsjs, mli tcj s`mvj frok spjmbnla ms cjtcnlbs2 tcj popjs, fmtcjrs, mli douldn`s wjrj lo òlajr tcj suprjkj mli nlfm``ne`j

huiajs of tcj worì2 mli jmdc Dcrnstnml wms tmuact to mdblow`jiaj lo `mw eut tcjsdrnpturjs, lo nltjrprjtjr eut cns owl dolsdnjldj. Ycns frjjiok, cowjvjr, wms tcjdolsjqujldj, rmtcjr tcml tcj ijsnal, of tcj Ujforkmtnol. Ycj pmtrnot rjforkjrs wjrjmkentnous of suddjjinla tcj tyrmlts wcok tcjy cmi ijtcrolji. Ycjy nkposji wntcjqum` rnaour tcjnr drjjis mli dolfjssnols2 tcjy mssjrtji tcj rnact of tcj kmanstrmtj to

pulnsc cjrjtnds wntc ijmtc. Ycj pnous or pjrsolm` mlnkosnty of Dm`vnl prosdrneji nlTjrvjtus95 tcj aun`t of cns owl rjej``nol294 mli tcj f`mkjs of Tkntcfnjì, nl wcndc cjwms mftjrwmris dolsukji, cmi ejjl bnli`ji for tcj Mlmemptnsts ey tcj zjm` of Drmlkjr.99 Ycj lmturj of tcj tnajr wms tcj smkj, eut cj wms armium``y ijprnvji of cnstjjtc mli fmlas. M spnrntum` mli tjkporm` bnlaiok wms possjssji ey tcj Uokml

poltnff2 tcj Wrotjstmlt iodtors wjrj suehjdts of ml cuke`j rmlb, wntcout rjvjluj or hurnsindtnol. Cns ijdrjjs wjrj dolsjdrmtji ey tcj mltnqunty of tcj Dmtco`nd dcurdc2tcjnr mraukjlts mli insputjs wjrj sueknttji to tcj pjop`j2 mli tcjnr mppjm` to prnvmtj

huiakjlt wms mddjptji, ejyoli tcjnr wnscjs, ey durnosnty mli jltcusnmsk. Tnldj tcjimys of @utcjr mli Dm`vnl, m sjdrjt rjforkmtnol cms ejjl sn`jlt`y worbnla nl tcj

eosok of tcj rjforkji dcurdcjs2 kmly wjjis of prjhuindj wjrj jrmindmtji2 mli tcjinsdnp`js of Jrmskus9: inffusji m spnrnt of frjjiok mli koijrmtnol. Ycj `nejrty of dolsdnjldj cms ejjl d`mnkji ms m dokkol ejljfnt, ml nlm`njlme`j rnact296 tcj frjjaovjrlkjlts of Co``mli91 mli Jla`mli93 nltroiudji tcj prmdtndj of to`jrmtnol2 mlitcj lmrrow m`òwmldj of tcj `mws cms ejjl jl`mraji ey tcj pruijldj mli cukmlnty of tcj tnkjs. Nl tcj jxjrdnsj, tcj knli cms ulijrstooi tcj `nknts of nts powjrs, mli tcjworis mli scmiows tcmt knact mkusj tcj dcnì dml lo òlajr smtnsfy cns kml`y rjmsol.Ycj voùkjs of doltrovjrsy mrj ovjrsprjmi wntc doewjes2 tcj iodtrnlj of m Wrotjstmlt

dcurdc ns fmr rjkovji frok tcj blow`jiaj or ej`njf of nts prnvmtj kjkejrs2 mli tcjforks of ortcoioxy, tcj mrtnd`js of fmntc, mrj suesdrneji wntc m snac or m skn`j ey tcj


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



koijrl d`jray. ^jt tcj frnjlis of Dcrnstnmlnty mrj m`mrkji mt tcj eouli`jss nkpu`sj of nlqunry mli sdjptndnsk. Ycj prjindtnols of tcj Dmtco`nds mrj mddokp`nscji2 tcj wje of kystjry ns ulrmvj``ji ey tcj Mrknlnmls, Mrnmls, mli Todnlnmls, wcosj lukejrs kustlot ej dokputji frok tcjnr sjpmrmtj dolarjamtnols2 mli tcj pn``mrs of rjvj`mtnol mrjscmbjl ey tcosj kjl wco prjsjrvj tcj lmkj wntcout tcj suestmldj of rj`nanol, wco

nliuàj tcj `ndjldj wntcout tcj tjkpjr of pcnòsopcy.9>






DCMWYJU @V

Ycj Euàmrnmls ’ Ornanl, Knarmtnols, mli Tjtt`jkjlt of tcj Culamrnmls ’ Ycjnr

nlromis nl tcj Jmst mli Qjst ’ Ycj kolmrdcy of Uussnm ’ Ajoarmpcy mli Yrmij ’

Qmrs of tcj Uussnmls mamnlst tcj Arjjb Jkpnrj ’ Dolvjrsnol of tcj Emremrnmls

Zlijr tcj rjnal of Dolstmltnlj tcj armlisol of Cjrmd`nus, tcj mldnjlt emrrnjr of tcjImluej, so oftjl vno`mtji mli so oftjl rjstorji, wms nrrjtrnjvme`y swjpt mwmy ey mljw ijùaj of Emremrnmls. Ycjnr proarjss wms fmvourji ey tcj dm`npcs, tcjnr ulblowlmli mddnijltm` muxn`nmrnjs8 tcj Uokml `janols wjrj oddupnji nl Msnm2 mli, mftjr tcjòss of Tyrnm, Jaypt, mli Mfrndm, tcj Dæsmrs wjrj twndj rjiudji to tcj imlajr mliinsarmdj of ijfjlinla tcjnr dmpntm` mamnlst tcj Tmrmdjls. Nf, nl tcj mddoult of tcnsnltjrjstnla pjop`j, N cmvj ijvnmtji frok tcj strndt mli ornanlm` `nlj of ky ulijrtmbnla,

tcj kjrnt of tcj suehjdt wn`` cnij ky trmlsarjssnol or so`ndnt ky jxdusj. Nl tcj Jmst, nltcj Qjst, nl wmr, nl rj`nanol, nl sdnjldj, nl tcjnr prospjrnty, mli nl tcjnr ijdmy, tcjMrmenmls prjss tcjksj`vjs ol our durnosnty8 tcj fnrst ovjrtcrow of tcj dcurdc mlijkpnrj of tcj Arjjbs kmy ej nkputji to tcjnr mrks2 mli tcj insdnp`js of Kmcokjt stn``coì tcj dnvn` mli rj`nanous sdjptrj of tcj Ornjltm` worì. Eut tcj smkj `meour wouì

ej ulwortcn`y ejstowji ol tcj swmrks of smvmajs wco, ejtwjjl tcj sjvjltc mli tcjtwj`ftc djltury, ijsdjliji frok tcj p`mnls of Tdytcnm, nl trmlsnjlt nlromi or pjrpjtum`jknarmtnol.= Ycjnr lmkjs mrj uldoutc, tcjnr ornanls iouetfu`, tcjnr mdtnols oesdurj,tcjnr supjrstntnol wms e`nli, tcjnr vmòur erutm`, mli tcj ulnforknty of tcjnr pue`nd mli

prnvmtj `nvjs wms ljntcjr softjlji ey nllodjldj lor rjfnlji ey po`ndy. Ycj kmhjsty of

tcj Eyzmltnlj tcrolj rjpj``ji mli survnvji tcjnr insorijr`y mttmdbs2 tcj arjmtjr pmrt of tcjsj Emremrnmls cms insmppjmrji wntcout `jmvnla mly kjkornm` of tcjnr jxnstjldj, mlitcj ijspndme`j rjklmlt doltnlujs, mli kmy òla doltnluj, to aroml ulijr tcjioknlnol of m forjnal tyrmlt. Frok tcj mltnquntnjs of, N. Euàmrnmls, NN. Culamrnmls,

mli NNN. Uussnmls, N scm`` doltjlt kysj`f wntc sj`jdtnla sudc fmdts ms yjt ijsjrvj to ejrjkjkejrji. Ycj dolqujsts of tcj, NV., Lorkmls, mli tcj kolmrdcy of tcj, V., Yurbs,wn`` lmturm``y tjrknlmtj nl tcj kjkorme`j Drusmijs to tcj Co`y @mli, mli tcj ioue`jfm`` of tcj dnty mli jkpnrj of Dolstmltnlj.

N. Nl cns kmrdc to Ntm`y, Ycjoiornd5 tcj Ostroaotc cmi trmkp`ji ol tcj mrks of tcjEuàmrnmls. Mftjr tcns ijfjmt, tcj lmkj mli tcj lmtnol mrj òst iurnla m djltury mli mcm`f24 mli nt kmy ej suspjdtji tcmt tcj smkj or m snkn`mr mppj``mtnol wms rjvnvji eystrmlaj doòlnjs frok tcj Eorystcjljs, tcj Ymlmns, or tcj Voàm. M bnla of tcj mldnjltEuàmrnm9 ejqujmtcji to cns fnvj sols m ̀ mst `jssol of koijrmtnol mli doldori. Nt wmsrjdjnvji ms youtc cms jvjr rjdjnvji tcj doulsj`s of maj mli jxpjrnjldj8 tcj fnvj

prnldjs eurnji tcjnr fmtcjr2 invniji cns suehjdts mli dmtt`j2 foraot cns mivndj2 sjpmrmtjifrok jmdc otcjr2 mli wmlijrji nl qujst of fortulj, tn`` wj fnli tcj kost mivjlturousnl tcj cjmrt of Ntm`y, ulijr tcj protjdtnol of tcj jxmrdc of Umvjllm.: Eut tcj strjmk of jknarmtnol wms inrjdtji or nkpj``ji towmris tcj dmpntm`. Ycj koijrl Euàmrnm, mòlatcj soutcjrl emlbs of tcj Imluej, wms stmkpji wntc tcj lmkj mli nkmaj wcndc nt cmsrjtmnlji to tcj prjsjlt cour2 tcj ljw dolqujrors suddjssnvj`y mdqunrji, ey wmr or

trjmty, tcj Uokml provnldjs of Imrimlnm, Ycjssm`y, mli tcj two Jpnrus„26 tcjjdd`jsnmstndm` suprjkmdy wms trmls`mtji frok tcj lmtnvj dnty of Hustnlnml2 mli, nl tcjnr





prospjrous maj, tcj oesdurj towl of @ydclnius, or Mdcrnim, wms colourji wntc tcjtcrolj of m bnla mli m pmtrnmrdc.1 Ycj ulqujstnolme`j jvnijldj of ̀ mlaumaj mttjsts tcjijsdjlt of tcj Euàmrnmls frok tcj ornanlm` stodb of tcj Td`mvolnml, or korj propjr`yT`mvolnml, rmdj23 mli tcj bnlirji emlis of Tjrvnmls, Eoslnmls, Umsdnmls, Dromtnmls,Qm`mdcnmls,> &d. fo`òwji jntcjr tcj stmlimri or tcj jxmkp`j of tcj `jminla trnej.

Frok tcj Juxnlj to tcj Mirnmtnd, nl tcj stmtj of dmptnvjs or suehjdts, or m``njs or jljknjs, of tcj Arjjb jkpnrj, tcjy ovjrsprjmi tcj `mli2 mli tcj lmtnolm` mppj``mtnolof tcj s`mvjs=7 cms ejjl ijarmiji ey dcmldj or km`ndj frok tcj snalnfndmtnol of aòryto tcmt of sjrvntuij.== Mkola tcjsj doòlnjs, tcj Dcroemtnmls,=5 or Dromts, wco lowmttjli tcj kotnols of ml Mustrnml mrky, mrj tcj ijsdjlimlts of m knacty pjop`j, tcjdolqujrors mli sovjrjnals of Im`kmtnm. Ycj kmrntnkj dntnjs, mli of tcjsj tcj nlfmltrjpue`nd of Umausm, nkpòrji tcj mni mli nlstrudtnols of tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt8 tcjywjrj mivnsji ey tcj kmalmlnkous Emsn` to rjsjrvj m skm`` mdblow`jiakjlt of tcjnr fnij`nty to tcj Uokml jkpnrj, mli to mppjmsj, ey ml mllum` trneutj, tcj wrmtc of tcjsjnrrjsnstne`j Emremrnmls. Ycj bnlaiok of Dromtnm wms scmrji ey j`jvjl Xoupmls, or

fjuimtory òris2 mli tcjnr ulntji fordjs wjrj lukejrji mt snxty tcousmli corsj mliolj culirji tcousmli foot. M òla sjm-domst, nlijltji wntc dmpmdnous cmreours,dovjrji wntc m strnla of ns`mlis, mli m`kost nl snact of tcj Ntm`nml scorjs, insposji

eotc tcj lmtnvjs mli strmlajrs to tcj prmdtndj of lmvnamtnol. Ycj eomts or ernamltnljsof tcj Dromts wjrj dolstrudtji mftjr tcj fmscnol of tcj oì @neurlnmls2 olj culirjimli jnacty vjssj`s kmy jxdntj tcj nijm of m rjspjdtme`j lmvy2 eut our sjmkjl wn``skn`j mt tcj m`òwmldj of tjl, or twjlty, or forty kjl for jmdc of tcjsj scnps of wmr.Ycjy wjrj armium``y dolvjrtji to tcj korj colourme`j sjrvndj of dokkjrdj2 yjt tcjTd`mvolnml pnrmtjs wjrj stn`` frjqujlt mli imlajrous2 mli nt wms lot ejforj tcj dòsjof tcj tjltc djltury tcmt tcj frjjiok mli sovjrjnalty of tcj Au`f wjrj jffjdtum``y

vnlindmtji ey tcj Vjljtnml rjpue`nd.=4 Ycj mldjstors of tcjsj Im`kmtnml bnlas wjrjjqum``y rjkovji frok tcj usj mli meusj of lmvnamtnol2 tcjy iwj`t nl tcj QcntjDromtnm, nl tcj nl`mli rjanols of Tn`jsnm mli @ntt`j Wo`mli, tcnrty imys„ hourljy,mddorinla to tcj Arjjb dokputmtnol, frok tcj sjm of imrbljss.

Ycj aòry of tcj Euàmrnmls=9 wms dolfnlji to m lmrrow sdopj eotc of tnkj mli p`mdj.Nl tcj lnltc mli tjltc djlturnjs tcjy rjnalji to tcj soutc of tcj Imluej2 eut tcj korj

powjrfu` lmtnols tcmt cmi fo`òwji tcjnr jknarmtnol rjpj``ji m`` rjturl to tcj lortc mlim`` proarjss to tcj wjst. ^jt, nl tcj oesdurj dmtmòauj of tcjnr jxpònts, tcjy knact

eomst ml colour wcndc cmi cntcjrto ejjl mpproprnmtji to tcj Aotcs8 tcmt of s`mynla nl emtt`j olj of tcj suddjssors of Muaustus mli Dolstmltnlj. Ycj jkpjror Lndjpcorus

cmi òst cns fmkj nl tcj Mrmenml, cj òst cns `nfj nl tcj Td`mvolnml, wmr. Nl cns fnrstopjrmtnols cj mivmldji wntc eoìljss mli suddjss nlto tcj djltrj of Euàmrnm, mli

eurlt tcj roym` dourt, wcndc wms proeme`y lo korj tcml ml jinfndj mli vn``maj of tnkejr. Eut, wcn`j cj sjmrdcji tcj spon` mli rjfusji m`` offjrs of trjmty, cns jljknjsdo``jdtji tcjnr spnrnts mli tcjnr fordjs2 tcj pmssjs of rjtrjmt wjrj nlsupjrme`y emrrji2mli tcj trjke`nla Lndjpcorus wms cjmri to jxd`mnk8 ‐M`ms, m`ms! ul`jss wj douìmssukj tcj wnlas of enris, wj dmllot copj to jsdmpj.‛ Ywo imys cj wmntji cns fmtj nltcj nlmdtnvnty of ijspmnr2 eut, ol tcj korlnla of tcj tcnri, tcj Euàmrnmls surprnsji tcjdmkp2 mli tcj Uokml prnldj, wntc tcj arjmt offndjrs of tcj jkpnrj, wjrj s`muactjrjinl tcjnr tjlts. Ycj eoiy of Vm`jls cmi ejjl smvji frok nlsu`t2 eut tcj cjmi of

Lndjpcorus wms jxposji ol m spjmr, mli cns sbu``, jldcmsji wntc aoì, wms oftjlrjp`jlnscji nl tcj fjmsts of vndtory. Ycj Arjjbs ejwmn`ji tcj inscolour of tcj tcrolj2





eut tcjy mdblow`jiaji tcj hust pulnsckjlt of mvmrndj mli druj`ty. Ycns smvmaj dupwms ijjp`y tnldturji wntc tcj kmlljrs of tcj Tdytcnml wnìjrljss2 eut tcjy wjrjsoftjlji ejforj tcj jli of tcj smkj djltury ey m pjmdjfu` nltjrdoursj wntc tcj Arjjbs,tcj possjssnol of m du`tnvmtji rjanol, mli tcj nltroiudtnol of tcj Dcrnstnml worscnp.=:Ycj loe`js of Euàmrnm wjrj jiudmtji nl tcj sdcoo`s mli pm`mdj of Dolstmltnlop`j2

mli Tnkjol,=6 m youtc of tcj roym` `nlj, wms nlstrudtji nl tcj rcjtornd of Ijkostcjljs mli tcj òand of Mrnstot`j. Cj rj`nlqunscji tcj profjssnol of m kolb for tcmt of m bnla mli wmrrnor2 mli nl cns rjnal, of korj tcml forty yjmrs,=1 Euàmrnmmssukji m rmlb mkola tcj dnvn`nsji powjrs of tcj jmrtc. Ycj Arjjbs, wcok cjrjpjmtji`y mttmdbji, ijrnvji m fmnlt dolso`mtnol frok nliuànla tcjksj`vjs nl tcjrjpromdcjs of pjrfniy mli smdrn`jaj. Ycjy purdcmsji tcj mni of tcj Wmaml Yurbs2 eutTnkjol, nl m sjdoli emtt`j, rjijjkji tcj òss of tcj fnrst, mt m tnkj wcjl nt wmsjstjjkji m vndtory to jùij tcj mrks of tcmt forknime`j lmtnol. Ycj Tjrvnmls=3 wjrjovjrtcrowl, kmij dmptnvj, mli inspjrsji2 mli tcosj wco vnsntji tcj doultry ejforjtcjnr rjstormtnol douì insdovjr lo korj tcml fnfty vmarmlts, wntcout wokjl or

dcnìrjl, wco jxtortji m prjdmrnous suesnstjldj frok tcj dcmsj. Ol d`mssnd arouli, oltcj emlbs of tcj Mdcj`öus, tcj Arjjbs wjrj ijfjmtji2 tcjnr corl wms erobjl ey tcjstrjlatc of tcj emremrnd Cjrdu`js.=> Cj forkji tcj snjaj of Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli, nl m

pjrsolm` dolfjrjldj wntc tcj jkpjror, Tnkjol nkposji tcj dolintnols of pjmdj. Ycjykjt wntc tcj kost hjmòus prjdmutnols2 tcj roym` am``jry wms irmwl dòsj to mlmrtnfndnm` mli wj``-fortnfnji p`mtfork2 mli tcj kmhjsty of tcj purp`j wms jku`mtji eytcj pokp of tcj Euàmrnml. ‐Mrj you m Dcrnstnml?‛ smni tcj cuke`j Uokmlus. ‐Nt nsyour iuty to mestmnl frok tcj eòoi of your fj`òw-Dcrnstnmls. Cms tcj tcnrst of rndcjssjiudji you frok tcj e`jssnlas of pjmdj? Tcjmtcj your swori, opjl your cmli, mli Nwn`` smtnmtj tcj utkost kjmsurj of your ijsnrjs.‛ Ycj rjdoldn`nmtnol wms sjm`ji ey m

iokjstnd m``nmldj257 tcj frjjiok of trmij wms armltji or rjstorji2 tcj fnrst colours of tcj dourt wjrj sjdurji to tcj frnjlis of Euàmrnm, meovj tcj mkemssmiors of jljknjsor strmlajrs25= mli cjr prnldjs wjrj inalnfnji wntc tcj cnac mli nlvninous tnt`j of emsn`jus, or jkpjror. Eut tcns frnjliscnp wms sool instureji8 mftjr tcj ijmtc of Tnkjol, tcj lmtnols wjrj mamnl nl mrks2 cns fjje`j suddjssors wjrj invniji55 mlijxtnlaunscji2 mli, nl tcj ejanllnla of tcj j`jvjltc djltury, tcj sjdoli Emsn`, wco wms

eorl nl tcj purp`j, ijsjrvji tcj mppj``mtnol of dolqujror of tcj Euàmrnmls.54 Cnsmvmrndj wms nl sokj kjmsurj armtnfnji ey m trjmsurj of four culirji tcousmli poulisstjr`nla (tjl tcousmli poulis wjnact of aoì) wcndc cj fouli nl tcj pm`mdj of @ydclnius. Cns druj`ty nlf`ndtji m doo` mli jxqunsntj vjlajmldj ol fnftjjl tcousmlidmptnvjs wco cmi ejjl aun`ty of tcj ijfjldj of tcjnr doultry8 tcjy wjrj ijprnvji of

snact2 eut to olj of jmdc culirji m snla`j jyj wms `jft, tcmt cj knact doliudt cns e`nlidjltury to tcj prjsjldj of tcjnr bnla. Ycjnr bnla ns smni to cmvj jxpnrji of arnjf mlicorror2 tcj lmtnol wms mwji ey tcns tjrrne`j jxmkp`j2 tcj Euàmrnmls wjrj swjpt mwmyfrok tcjnr sjtt`jkjlts, mli dnrduksdrneji wntcnl m lmrrow provnldj2 tcj survnvnladcnjfs ejqujmtcji to tcjnr dcnìrjl tcj mivndj of pmtnjldj mli tcj iuty of rjvjlaj.

NN. Qcjl tcj e`mdb swmrk of Culamrnmls fnrst cula ovjr Juropj, meout lnlj culirjiyjmrs mftjr tcj Dcrnstnml jrm, tcjy wjrj knstmbjl ey fjmr mli supjrstntnol for tcj Aoamli Kmaoa of tcj Tdrnpturjs, tcj snals mli forjrulljrs of tcj jli of tcj worì.59Tnldj tcj nltroiudtnol of `jttjrs, tcjy cmvj jxpòrji tcjnr owl mltnquntnjs wntc m

strola mli `muime`j nkpu`sj of pmtrnotnd durnosnty.5: Ycjnr rmtnolm` drntndnsk dml loòlajr ej mkusji wntc m vmnl pjinarjj of Mttn`m mli tcj Culs2 eut tcjy dokp`mnl tcmt


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) => cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



tcjnr prnkntnvj rjdoris cmvj pjrnscji nl tcj Ymrtmr wmr2 tcmt tcj trutc or fndtnol of tcjnr rustnd solas ns òla snldj foraottjl2 mli tcmt tcj frmakjlts of m ruij dcrolnd`j56 kust

ej pmnlfu``y rjdoldn`ji wntc tcj doltjkpormry tcouac forjnal nltj``najldj of tcjNkpjrnm` ajoarmpcjr.51 Kmanmr ns tcj lmtnolm` mli Ornjltm` ijloknlmtnol of tcjCulamrnmls2 eut, mkola tcj trnejs of Tdytcnm, tcjy mrj instnlaunscji ey tcj Arjjbs

ulijr tcj propjr mli pjdu`nmr lmkj of Yurbs, ms tcj ijsdjlimlts of tcmt knacty pjop`jwco cmi dolqujrji mli rjnalji frok Dcnlm to tcj Voàm. Ycj Wmllolnml doòly

prjsjrvji m dorrjspolijldj of trmij mli mknty wntc tcj jmstjrl Yurbs ol tcj dolfnljsof Wjrsnm2 mli, mftjr m sjpmrmtnol of tcrjj culirji mli fnfty yjmrs, tcj knssnolmrnjs of tcj bnla of Culamry insdovjrji mli vnsntji tcjnr mldnjlt doultry ljmr tcj emlbs of tcjVoàm. Ycjy wjrj cospntme`y jltjrtmnlji ey m pjop`j of pmamls mli smvmajs, wco stn``

eorj tcj lmkj of Culamrnmls2 dolvjrsji nl tcjnr lmtnvj tolauj, rjdo``jdtji m trmintnolof tcjnr òla-òst erjtcrjl, mli `nstjlji wntc mkmzjkjlt to tcj kmrvj`òus tm`j of tcjnr ljw bnlaiok mli rj`nanol. Ycj zjm` of dolvjrsnol wms mlnkmtji ey tcj nltjrjst of dolsmlaunlnty2 mli olj of tcj arjmtjst of tcjnr prnldjs cmi forkji tcj ajljrous,

tcouac frunt`jss, ijsnal of rjp`jlnscnla tcj so`ntuij of Wmllolnm ey tcns iokjstnddoòly frok tcj cjmrt of Ymrtmry.53 Frok tcns prnkntnvj doultry tcjy wjrj irnvjl totcj Qjst ey tcj tnij of wmr mli jknarmtnol, ey tcj wjnact of tcj korj instmlt trnejs,wco mt tcj smkj tnkj wjrj fuantnvjs mli dolqujrors. Ujmsol or fortulj inrjdtji tcjnr doursj towmris tcj froltnjrs of tcj Uokml jkpnrj2 tcjy cm`tji nl tcj usum` stmtnolsmòla tcj emlbs of tcj arjmt rnvjrs2 mli nl tcj tjrrntornjs of Kosdow, Bnow, mliKoìmvnm sokj vjstnajs cmvj ejjl insdovjrji of tcjnr tjkpormry rjsnijldj. Nl tcnsòla mli vmrnous pjrjarnlmtnol, tcjy douì lot m`wmys jsdmpj tcj ioknlnol of tcjstrolajr2 mli tcj purnty of tcjnr eòoi wms nkprovji or su``nji ey tcj knxturj of mforjnal rmdj2 frok m kotnvj of dokpu`snol or dcondj, sjvjrm` trnejs of tcj Dcmzmrs

wjrj mssodnmtji to tcj stmlimri of tcjnr mldnjlt vmssm`s2 nltroiudji tcj usj of m sjdoli`mlaumaj25> mli oetmnlji ey tcjnr supjrnor rjlowl tcj kost colourme`j p`mdj nl tcjfrolt of emtt`j. Ycj kn`ntmry fordj of tcj Yurbs mli tcjnr m``njs kmrdcji nl sjvjl jqum`mli mrtnfndnm` invnsnols2 jmdc invnsnol wms forkji of tcnrty tcousmli jnact culirji mlifnfty-sjvjl wmrrnors, mli tcj proportnol of wokjl, dcnìrjl, mli sjrvmlts supposjsmli rjqunrjs mt `jmst m kn``nol of jknarmlts. Ycjnr pue`nd doulsj`s wjrj inrjdtji eysjvjl vmyvois,47 or cjrjintmry dcnjfs2 eut tcj jxpjrnjldj of insdori mli wjmbljssrjdokkjliji tcj korj snkp`j mli vnaorous miknlnstrmtnol of m snla`j pjrsol. Ycjsdjptrj wcndc cmi ejjl ijd`nlji ey tcj koijst @jejinms, wms armltji to tcj enrtc or kjrnt of M`kus mli cns sol Mrpmi, mli tcj mutcornty of tcj suprjkj bcml of tcjDcmzmrs dolfnrkji tcj jlamajkjlt of tcj prnldj mli pjop`j8 of tcj pjop`j to oejy cns

dokkmlis, of tcj prnldj to dolsu`t tcjnr cmppnljss mli aòry.

Qntc tcns lmrrmtnvj wj knact ej rjmsolme`y doltjlt, nf tcj pjljtrmtnol of koijrl`jmrlnla cmi lot opjlji m ljw mli `mrajr prospjdt of tcj mltnquntnjs of lmtnols. YcjCulamrnml `mlaumaj stmlis mòlj, mli ms nt wjrj nlsu`mtji, mkola tcj Td`mvolnmlinm`jdts2 eut nt ejmrs m dòsj mli d`jmr mffnlnty to tcj ninoks of tcj Fjllnd rmdj,4= of mloeso`jtj mli smvmaj rmdj, wcndc forkjr`y oddupnji tcj lortcjrl rjanols of Msnm mliJuropj. Ycj ajlunlj mppj``mtnol of Zarn or Naours ns fouli ol tcj wjstjrl dolfnljs of Dcnlm,45 tcjnr knarmtnol to tcj emlbs of tcj Nrtnsc ns mttjstji ey Ymrtmr jvnijldj,44 msnkn`mr lmkj mli `mlaumaj mrj ijtjdtji nl tcj soutcjrl pmrts of Tnejrnm,49 mli tcj

rjkmnls of tcj Fjllnd trnejs mrj wnij`y, tcouac tcnl`y, sdmttjrji frok tcj sourdjs of tcj Oey to tcj scorjs of @mp`mli.4: Ycj dolsmlaunlnty of tcj Culamrnmls mli





@mp`mlijrs wouì insp`my tcj powjrfu` jljray of d`nkmtj ol tcj dcnìrjl of mdokkol pmrjlt2 tcj `nvj`y doltrmst ejtwjjl tcj eoì mivjlturjrs wco mrj nltoxndmtjiwntc tcj wnljs of tcj Imluej, mli tcj wrjtdcji fuantnvjs wco mrj nkkjrsji ejljmtctcj slows of tcj po`mr dnrd`j. Mrks mli frjjiok cmvj jvjr ejjl tcj ru`nla, tcouac toooftjl tcj ulsuddjssfu`, pmssnol of tcj Culamrnmls, wco mrj jliowji ey lmturj wntc m

vnaorous dolstntutnol of sou` mli eoiy.46 jxtrjkj doì cms inknlnscji tcj stmturj mlidolajm`ji tcj fmdu`tnjs of tcj @mp`mlijrs2 mli tcj Mrdtnd trnejs, mòlj mkola tcj solsof kjl, mrj nalormlt of wmr mli uldolsdnous of cukml eòoi8 ml cmppy nalormldj, nf rjmsol mli vnrtuj wjrj tcj aumrinmls of tcjnr pjmdj!41

Nt ns tcj oesjrvmtnol of tcj Nkpjrnm` mutcor of tcj Ymdtnds43 tcmt m`` tcj Tdytcnmlcorijs rjsjke`ji jmdc otcjr nl tcjnr pmstorm` mli kn`ntmry `nfj, tcmt tcjy m`` prmdtnsjitcj smkj kjmls of suesnstjldj, mli jkpòyji tcj smkj nlstrukjlts of ijstrudtnol.Eut cj miis tcmt tcj two lmtnols of Euàmrnmls mli Culamrnmls wjrj supjrnor to tcjnr

erjtcrjl, mli snkn`mr to jmdc otcjr, nl tcj nkprovjkjlts, cowjvjr ruij, of tcjnr

insdnp`nlj mli aovjrlkjlt2 tcjnr vnsne`j `nbjljss ijtjrknljs @jo to dolfouli cnsfrnjlis mli jljknjs nl olj dokkol ijsdrnptnol2 mli tcj pndturj kmy ej cjnactjlji ey sokj strobjs frok tcjnr doltjkpormrnjs of tcj tjltc djltury. Jxdjpt tcj kjrnt mlifmkj of kn`ntmry prowjss, m`` tcmt ns vmùji ey kmlbnli mppjmrji vn`j mlidoltjkptne`j to tcjsj Emremrnmls, wcosj lmtnvj fnjrdjljss wms stnku`mtji ey tcjdolsdnousljss of lukejrs mli frjjiok. Ycj tjlts of tcj Culamrnmls wjrj of `jmtcjr,tcjnr amrkjlts of fur2 tcjy scmvji tcjnr cmnr mli sdmrnfnji tcjnr fmdjs2 nl spjjdc tcjywjrj sòw, nl mdtnol prokpt, nl trjmty pjrfninous2 mli tcjy scmrji tcj dokkolrjpromdc of Emremrnmls, too nalormlt to doldjnvj tcj nkportmldj of trutc, too proui toijly or pm``nmtj tcj erjmdc of tcjnr kost so`jkl jlamajkjlts. Ycjnr snkp`ndnty cms

ejjl prmnsji2 yjt tcjy mestmnlji ol`y frok tcj ùxury tcjy cmi ljvjr blowl2wcmtjvjr tcjy smw, tcjy dovjtji2 tcjnr ijsnrjs wjrj nlsmtnmtj, mli tcjnr so`j nliustrywms tcj cmli of vno`jldj mli rmpnlj. Ey tcj ijfnlntnol of m pmstorm` lmtnol, N cmvjrjdm``ji m òla ijsdrnptnol of tcj jdoloky, tcj wmrfmrj, mli tcj aovjrlkjlt tcmt

prjvmn` nl tcmt stmaj of sodnjty2 N kmy mii tcmt to fnscnla ms wj`` ms to tcj dcmsj tcjCulamrnmls wjrj nlijetji for m pmrt of tcjnr suesnstjldj2 mli, snldj tcjy sjìok

du`tnvmtji tcj arouli, tcjy kust, mt `jmst nl tcjnr ljw sjtt`jkjlts, cmvj sokjtnkjs prmdtnsji m s`nact mli ulsbn`fu` cusemliry. Nl tcjnr jknarmtnols, pjrcmps nl tcjnr jxpjintnols, tcj cost wms mddokpmlnji ey tcousmlis of scjjp mli oxjl, wcndcnldrjmsji tcj dòui of forknime`j iust, mli mfforiji m dolstmlt mli wco`jsokjsupp`y of kn`b mli mlnkm` fooi. M p`jltnfu` dokkmli of formaj wms tcj fnrst dmrj of

tcj ajljrm`, mli, nf tcj fòdbs mli cjris wjrj sjdurj of tcjnr pmsturjs, tcj cmriywmrrnor wms m`nbj nlsjlsne`j of imlajr mli fmtnauj. Ycj dolfusnol of kjl mli dmtt`jtcmt ovjrsprjmi tcj doultry jxposji tcjnr dmkp to m lodturlm` surprnsj, cmi lot m stn``wnijr dnrdunt ejjl oddupnji ey tcjnr `nact dmvm`ry, pjrpjtum``y nl kotnol to insdovjr mli ij`my tcj mppromdc of tcj jljky. Mftjr sokj jxpjrnjldj of tcj Uokml tmdtnds,tcjy mioptji tcj usj of tcj swori mli spjmr, tcj cj`kjt of tcj soìnjr, mli tcj nrol

erjmst-p`mtj of cns stjji2 eut tcjnr lmtnvj mli ijmi`y wjmpol wms tcj Ymrtmr eow2 froktcj jmr`njst nlfmldy, tcjnr dcnìrjl mli sjrvmlts wjrj jxjrdnsji nl tcj ioue`j sdnjldjof mrdcjry mli corsjkmlscnp2 tcjnr mrk wms strola2 tcjnr mnk wms surj2 mli, nl tcjkost rmpni dmrjjr, tcjy wjrj tmuact to tcrow tcjksj`vjs emdbwmris, mli to scoot m

vo``jy of mrrows nlto tcj mnr. Nl opjl dokemt, nl sjdrjt mkeusc, nl f`nact or pursunt,tcjy wjrj jqum``y forknime`j2 ml mppjmrmldj of orijr wms kmnltmnlji nl tcj forjkost


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5= cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



rmlbs, eut tcjnr dcmraj wms irnvjl forwmris ey tcj nkpmtnjlt prjssurj of suddjjinladrowis. Ycjy pursuji, cjmiòla mli rmsc, wntc òosjlji rjnls mli corrnfnd outdrnjs2

eut nf tcjy f`ji, wntc rjm` or inssjke`ji fjmr, tcj mriour of m pursunla foj wms dcjdbjimli dcmstnsji ey tcj smkj cments of nrrjau`mr spjji mli suiijl jvoùtnol. Nl tcj meusjof vndtory, tcjy mstolnscji Juropj, yjt skmrtnla frok tcj woulis of tcj Tmrmdjl mli

tcj Imlj2 kjrdy tcjy rmrj`y msbji, mli korj rmrj`y ejstowji2 eotc sjxjs wjrjmddusji ms jqum``y nlmddjssne`j to pnty, mli tcjnr mppjtntj for rmw f`jsc knactdoultjlmldj tcj popu`mr tm`j tcmt tcjy irmlb tcj eòoi mli fjmstji ol tcj cjmrts of tcjs`mnl. ^jt tcj Culamrnmls wjrj lot ijvoni of tcosj prnldnp`js of hustndj mli cukmlntywcndc lmturj cms nkp`mltji nl jvjry eosok. Ycj `ndjldj of pue`nd mli prnvmtj nlhurnjswms rjstrmnlji ey `mws mli pulnsckjlts2 mli nl tcj sjdurnty of ml opjl dmkp tcjft nstcj kost tjkptnla mli kost imlajrous offjldj. Mkola tcj Emremrnmls, tcjrj wjrjkmly wcosj spoltmljous vnrtuj supp`nji tcjnr `mws mli dorrjdtji tcjnr kmlljrs, wco

pjrforkji tcj iutnjs, mli sykpmtcnsji wntc tcj mffjdtnols, of sodnm` `nfj.

Mftjr m òla pnàrnkmaj of f`nact or vndtory, tcj Yurbnsc corijs mppromdcji tcjdokkol `nknts of tcj Frjldc mli Eyzmltnlj jkpnrjs. Ycjnr fnrst dolqujsts mli fnlm`sjtt`jkjlts jxtjliji ol jntcjr snij of tcj Imluej meovj Vnjllm, ejòw Ejàrmij, mli

ejyoli tcj kjmsurj of tcj Uokml provnldj of Wmllolnm, or tcj koijrl bnlaiok of Culamry.4> Ycmt mkp`j mli fjrtn`j `mli wms òosj`y oddupnji ey tcj Kormvnmls, mTd`mvolnml lmkj mli trnej, wcndc wjrj irnvjl ey tcj nlvmijrs nlto tcj dokpmss of mlmrrow provnldj. Dcmr`jkmalj cmi strjtdcji m vmauj mli loknlm` jkpnrj ms fmr ms tcjjiaj of Yrmlsy`vmlnm2 eut, mftjr tcj fmnùrj of cns `jantnkmtj `nlj, tcj iubjs of Kormvnmforaot tcjnr oejinjldj mli trneutj to tcj kolmrdcs of Ornjltm` Frmldj.97 Ycj emstmriMrlu`pc wms provobji to nlvntj tcj mrks of tcj Yurbs2 tcjy ruscji tcrouac tcj rjm` or fnaurmtnvj wm`` wcndc cns nlinsdrjtnol cmi tcrowl opjl2 mli tcj bnla of Ajrkmly cms

ejjl hust`y rjpromdcji ms m trmntor to tcj dnvn` mli jdd`jsnmstndm` sodnjty of tcjDcrnstnmls. Iurnla tcj `nfj of Mrlu`pc, tcj Culamrnmls wjrj dcjdbji ey armtntuij or fjmr2 eut nl tcj nlfmldy of cns sol @jwns tcjy insdovjrji mli nlvmiji Emvmrnm2 mlisudc wms tcjnr Tdytcnml spjji tcmt, nl m snla`j imy, m dnrdunt of fnfty kn`js wms strnppjimli dolsukji. Nl tcj emtt`j of Muaseura, tcj Dcrnstnmls kmnltmnlji tcjnr mivmltmajtn`` tcj sjvjltc cour of tcj imy2 tcjy wjrj ijdjnvji mli vmlqunscji ey tcj f`ynlastrmtmajks of tcj Yurbnsc dmvm`ry. Ycj dolf`marmtnol sprjmi ovjr tcj provnldjs of Emvmrnm, Twmenm, mli Frmldolnm2 mli tcj Culamrnmls9= prokotji tcj rjnal of mlmrdcy

ey fordnla tcj stoutjst emrols to insdnp`nlj tcjnr vmssm`s mli fortnfy tcjnr dmst`js. Ycjornanl of wm``ji towls ns msdrneji to tcns dm`mkntous pjrnoi2 lor douì mly instmldj ej

sjdurj mamnlst ml jljky wco, m`kost mt tcj smkj nlstmlt, `mni nl mscjs tcj Cj`vjtnmlkolmstjry of Tt. Am``, mli tcj dnty of Erjkjl ol tcj scorjs of tcj Lortcjrl odjml.Meovj tcnrty yjmrs tcj Ajrkmlnd jkpnrj, or bnlaiok, wms suehjdt to tcj naloknly of trneutj2 mli rjsnstmldj wms insmrkji ey tcj kjlmdj, tcj sjrnous mli jffjdtum` kjlmdj,of irmaanla tcj wokjl mli dcnìrjl nlto dmptnvnty mli of s`muactjrnla tcj km`jsmeovj tcj maj of tjl yjmrs. N cmvj ljntcjr powjr lor nld`nlmtnol to fo`òw tcjCulamrnmls ejyoli tcj Ucnlj2 eut N kust oesjrvj wntc surprnsj tcmt tcj soutcjrl

provnldjs of Frmldj wjrj e`mstji ey tcj tjkpjst, mli tcmt Tpmnl, ejcnli cjr Wyrjljjs,wms mstolnscji mt tcj mppromdc of tcjsj forknime`j strmlajrs.95 Ycj vndnlnty of Ntm`ycmi tjkptji tcjnr jmr`y nlromis2 eut, frok tcjnr dmkp ol tcj Erjltm, tcjy ejcjì wntc

sokj tjrror tcj mppmrjlt strjlatc mli popuòusljss of tcj ljw-insdovjrji doultry.Ycjy rjqujstji `jmvj to rjtnrj2 tcjnr rjqujst wms proui`y rjhjdtji ey tcj Ntm`nml bnla2





mli tcj `nvjs of twjlty tcousmli Dcrnstnmls pmni tcj forfjnt of cns oestnlmdy mlirmscljss. Mkola tcj dntnjs of tcj Qjst, tcj roym` Wmvnm wms dolspnduous nl fmkj mlisp`jliour2 mli tcj prj-jknljldj of Uokj ntsj`f wms ol`y ijrnvji frok tcj rj`nds of tcj mpost`js. Ycj Culamrnmls mppjmrji2 Wmvnm wms nl f`mkjs2 forty-tcrjj dcurdcjswjrj dolsukji2 mli, mftjr tcj kmssmdrj of tcj pjop`j, tcjy spmrji meout two culirji

wrjtdcjs wco cmi amtcjrji sokj euscj`s of aoì mli sn`vjr (m vmauj jxmaajrmtnol)frok tcj skobnla runls of tcjnr doultry. Nl tcjsj mllum` jxdursnols frok tcj M`ps totcj ljnaceourcooi of Uokj mli Dmpum, tcj dcurdcjs, tcmt yjt jsdmpji, rjsoulijiwntc m fjmrfu` `ntmly8 ‐Oc! smvj mli ij`nvjr us frok tcj mrrows of tcj Culamrnmls!‛Eut tcj smnlts wjrj ijmf or nljxorme`j2 mli tcj torrjlt ro``ji forwmris, tn`` nt wmsstoppji ey tcj jxtrjkj `mli of Dm`mernm.94 M dokposntnol wms offjrji mli mddjptjifor tcj cjmi of jmdc Ntm`nml suehjdt2 mli tjl euscj`s of sn`vjr wjrj pourji fortc nl tcjYurbnsc dmkp. Eut fm`sjcooi ns tcj lmturm` mltmaolnst of vno`jldj2 mli tcj roeejrswjrj ijfrmuiji eotc nl tcj lukejrs of tcj mssjsskjlt mli tcj stmlimri of tcj kjtm`.Ol tcj snij of tcj Jmst tcj Culamrnmls wjrj opposji nl iouetfu` dolf`ndt ey tcj jqum`

mrks of tcj Euàmrnmls, wcosj fmntc foremij ml m``nmldj wntc tcj Wmamls, mli wcosjsntumtnol forkji tcj emrrnjr of tcj Eyzmltnlj jkpnrj. Ycj emrrnjr wms ovjrturlji2 tcjjkpjror of Dolstmltnlop`j ejcjì tcj wmvnla emlljrs of tcj Yurbs2 mli olj of tcjnr

eoìjst wmrrnors prjsukji to strnbj m emtt`j-mxj nlto tcj aoìjl amtj. Ycj mrts mlitrjmsurjs of tcj Arjjbs invjrtji tcj mssmu`t2 eut tcj Culamrnmls knact eomst, ol tcjnr rjtrjmt, tcmt tcjy cmi nkposji m trneutj ol tcj spnrnt of Euàmrnm mli tcj kmhjsty of tcjDæsmrs.99 Ycj rjkotj mli rmpni opjrmtnols of tcj smkj dmkpmnal mppjmr to kmalnfytcj powjrs mli lukejrs of tcj Yurbs2 eut tcjnr dourmaj ns kost ijsjrvnla of prmnsj,snldj m `nact troop of tcrjj or four culirji corsj wouì oftjl mttjkpt mli jxjdutj tcjkost imrnla nlromis to tcj amtjs of Ycjssmòlndm mli Dolstmltnlop`j. Mt tcns

insmstrous jrm of tcj lnltc mli tjltc djlturnjs, Juropj wms mff`ndtji ey m trnp`j sdourajfrok tcj Lortc, tcj Jmst, mli tcj Toutc2 tcj Lorkml, tcj Culamrnml, mli tcj Tmrmdjlsokjtnkjs troi tcj smkj arouli of ijso`mtnol2 mli tcjsj smvmaj fojs knact cmvj ejjldokpmrji ey Cokjr to tcj two `nols arow`nla ovjr tcj dmrdmsj of m kmla`ji stma.9:

Ycj ij`nvjrmldj of Ajrkmly mli Dcrnstjliok wms mdcnjvji ey tcj Tmxol prnldjs,Cjlry tcj Fow`jr mli Otco tcj Arjmt, wco, nl two kjkorme`j emtt`js, for jvjr erobjtcj powjr of tcj Culamrnmls.96 Ycj vm`nmlt Cjlry wms rousji frok m eji of sndbljss

ey tcj nlvmsnol of cns doultry2 eut cns knli wms vnaorous mli cns pruijldjsuddjssfu`. ‐Ky dokpmlnols,‛ smni cj ol tcj korlnla of tcj dokemt, ‐kmnltmnl your rmlbs, rjdjnvj ol your eudb`jrs tcj fnrst mrrows of tcj Wmamls, mli prjvjlt tcjnr

sjdoli insdcmraj ey tcj jqum` mli rmpni dmrjjr of your `mldjs.‛ Ycjy oejyji, mlidolqujrji2 mli tcj cnstorndm` pndturj of tcj dmst`j of Kjrsjeura jxprjssji tcjfjmturjs, or mt `jmst tcj dcmrmdtjr, of Cjlry, wco, nl ml maj of nalormldj, jltrustji totcj fnljr mrts tcj pjrpjtunty of cns lmkj.91 Mt tcj jli of twjlty yjmrs, tcj dcnìrjl of tcj Yurbs wco cmi fm``jl ey cns swori nlvmiji tcj jkpnrj of cns sol2 mli tcjnr fordjns ijfnlji, nl tcj òwjst jstnkmtj, mt olj culirji tcousmli corsj. Ycjy wjrj nlvntji

ey iokjstnd fmdtnol2 tcj amtjs of Ajrkmly wjrj trjmdcjrous`y ulòdbji2 mli tcjysprjmi, fmr ejyoli tcj Ucnlj mli tcj Kjusj, nlto tcj cjmrt of F`mlijrs. Eut tcj vnaour mli pruijldj of Otco inspj``ji tcj dolspnrmdy2 tcj prnldjs wjrj kmij sjlsne`j tcmt,ul`jss tcjy wjrj truj to jmdc otcjr, tcjnr rj`nanol mli doultry wjrj nrrjdovjrme`y òst2

mli tcj lmtnolm` powjrs wjrj rjvnjwji nl tcj p`mnls of Muaseura. Ycjy kmrdcji mlifouact nl jnact `janols,93 mddorinla to tcj invnsnol of provnldjs mli trnejs2 tcj fnrst,





sjdoli, mli tcnri wjrj dokposji of Emvmrnmls2 tcj fourtc of Frmldolnmls2 tcj fnftc of Tmxols, ulijr tcj nkkjinmtj dokkmli of tcj kolmrdc2 tcj snxtc mli sjvjltcdolsnstji of Twmenmls2 mli tcj jnactc `janol, of m tcousmli Eocjknmls, dòsji tcjrjmr of tcj cost. Ycj rjsourdjs of insdnp`nlj mli vmòur wjrj fortnfnji ey tcj mrts of supjrstntnol, wcndc, ol tcns oddmsnol, kmy ijsjrvj tcj jpntcjts of ajljrous mli

smùtmry. Ycj soìnjrs wjrj purnfnji wntc m fmst2 tcj dmkp wms e`jssji wntc tcj rj`ndsof smnlts mli kmrtyrs2 mli tcj Dcrnstnml cjro anriji ol cns snij tcj swori of Dolstmltnlj, armspji tcj nlvnldne`j spjmr of Dcmr`jkmalj, mli wmvji tcj emlljr of Tt. Kmurndj, tcj prjfjdt of tcj Ycjeæml `janol. Eut cns fnrkjst dolfnijldj wms p`mdjinl tcj co`y `mldj,9> wcosj ponlt wms fmscnolji of tcj lmn`s of tcj dross, mli wcndc cnsfmtcjr cmi jxtortji frok tcj bnla of Eurauliy ey tcj tcrjmts of wmr mli tcj anft of m

provnldj. Ycj Culamrnmls wjrj jxpjdtji nl tcj frolt2:7 tcjy sjdrjt`y pmssji tcj @jdc,m rnvjr of Emvmrnm tcmt fm``s nlto tcj Imluej2 turlji tcj rjmr of tcj Dcrnstnml mrky2

pùlijrji tcj emaamaj mli insorijrji tcj `janols of Eocjknm mli Twmenm. Ycj emtt`jwms rjstorji ey tcj Frmldolnmls, wcosj iubj, tcj vm`nmlt Dolrmi, wms pnjrdji wntc ml

mrrow ms cj rjstji frok cns fmtnaujs2 tcj Tmxols fouact ulijr tcj jyjs of tcjnr bnla2mli cns vndtory surpmssji, nl kjrnt mli nkportmldj, tcj trnukpcs of tcj `mst twoculirji yjmrs. Ycj òss of tcj Culamrnmls wms stn`` arjmtjr nl tcj f`nact tcml nl tcjmdtnol2 tcjy wjrj jldokpmssji ey tcj rnvjrs of Emvmrnm2 mli tcjnr pmst druj`tnjsjxdùiji tcjk frok tcj copj of kjrdy. Ycrjj dmptnvj prnldjs wjrj cmlaji mtUmtnseol, tcj ku`tntuij of prnsoljrs wms s`mnl or kutn`mtji, mli tcj fuantnvjs, wco

prjsukji to mppjmr nl tcj fmdj of tcjnr doultry, wjrj dolijklji to jvjr`mstnla povjrty mli insarmdj.:= ^jt tcj spnrnt of tcj lmtnol wms cuke`ji, mli tcj kostmddjssne`j pmssjs of Culamry wjrj fortnfnji wntc m intdc mli rmkpmrt. Mivjrsntysuaajstji tcj doulsj`s of koijrmtnol mli pjmdj2 tcj roeejrs of tcj Qjst mdqunjsdji

nl m sjijltmry `nfj2 mli tcj ljxt ajljrmtnol wms tmuact, ey m insdjrlnla prnldj, tcmt fmr korj knact ej amnlji ey ku`tnp`ynla mli jxdcmlanla tcj proiudj of m fruntfu` son`.Ycj lmtnvj rmdj, tcj Yurbnsc or Fjllnd eòoi, wms knla`ji wntc ljw doòlnjs of Tdytcnml or Td`mvolnml ornanl2:5 kmly tcousmlis of roeust mli nliustrnous dmptnvjscmi ejjl nkportji frok m`` tcj doultrnjs of Juropj2:4 mli, mftjr tcj kmrrnmaj of Ajnsm wntc m Emvmrnml prnldjss, cj ejstowji colours mli jstmtjs ol tcj loe`js of Ajrkmly.:9 Ycj sol of Ajnsm wms nlvjstji wntc tcj rjam` tnt`j, mli tcj cousj of Mrpmi rjnalji tcrjj culirji yjmrs nl tcj bnlaiok of Culamry. Eut tcj frjjeorlEmremrnmls wjrj lot imzz`ji ey tcj ùstrj of tcj inmijk, mli tcj pjop`j mssjrtji tcjnr nlijfjmsne`j rnact of dcoosnla, ijposnla, mli pulnscnla tcj cjrjintmry sjrvmlt of tcjstmtj.

NNN. Ycj lmkj of Uussnmls:: wms fnrst invuàji, nl tcj lnltc djltury, ey ml jkemssyfrok Ycjopcnùs, jkpjror of tcj Jmst, to tcj jkpjror of tcj Qjst, @jwns, tcj sol of Dcmr`jkmalj. Ycj Arjjbs wjrj mddokpmlnji ey tcj jlvoys of tcj arjmt iubj, or dcmaml, or dzmr, of tcj Uussnmls. Nl tcjnr hourljy to Dolstmltnlop`j, tcjy cmitrmvjrsji kmly costn`j lmtnols2 mli tcjy copji to jsdmpj tcj imlajrs of tcjnr rjturl

ey rjqujstnla tcj Frjldc kolmrdc to trmlsport tcjk ey sjm to tcjnr lmtnvj doultry. Mdòsjr jxmknlmtnol ijtjdtji tcjnr ornanl8 tcjy wjrj tcj erjtcrjl of tcj Twjijs mli

Lorkmls, wcosj lmkj wms m`rjmiy oinous mli forknime`j nl Frmldj2 mli nt knact hust`y ej mpprjcjliji tcmt tcjsj Uussnml strmlajrs wjrj lot tcj kjssjlajrs of pjmdj

eut tcj jknssmrnjs of wmr. Ycjy wjrj ijtmnlji, wcn`j tcj Arjjbs wjrj insknssji2 mli@jwns jxpjdtji m korj smtnsfmdtory mddoult, tcmt cj knact oejy tcj `mws of cospntm`nty





or pruijldj, mddorinla to tcj nltjrjst of eotc jkpnrjs.:6 Ycj Tdmlinlmvnml ornanl of tcj pjop`j, or mt `jmst tcj prnldjs of Uussnm, kmy ej dolfnrkji mli n`ùstrmtji ey tcjlmtnolm` mllm`s:1 mli tcj ajljrm` cnstory of tcj Lortc. Ycj Lorkmls, wco cmi so òla

ejjl doldjm`ji ey m vjn` of nkpjljtrme`j imrbljss, suiijl`y eurst fortc nl tcj spnrnt of lmvm` mli kn`ntmry jltjrprnsj. Ycj vmst, mli, ms nt ns smni, tcj popuòus, rjanols of

Ijlkmrb, Twjijl, mli Lorwmy wjrj drowiji wntc nlijpjlijlt dcnjftmnls mliijspjrmtj mivjlturjrs, wco snacji nl tcj `mznljss of pjmdj, mli skn`ji nl tcj maolnjsof ijmtc. Wnrmdy wms tcj jxjrdnsj, tcj trmij, tcj aòry, mli tcj vnrtuj of tcjTdmlinlmvnml youtc. Nkpmtnjlt of m e`jmb d`nkmtj mli lmrrow `nknts, tcjy stmrtji froktcj emlqujt, armspji tcjnr mrks, souliji tcjnr corl, msdjliji tcjnr vjssj`s, mlijxpòrji jvjry domst tcmt proknsji jntcjr spon` or sjtt`jkjlt. Ycj Em`tnd wms tcj fnrstsdjlj of tcjnr lmvm` mdcnjvjkjlts2 tcjy vnsntji tcj jmstjrl scorjs, tcj sn`jlt rjsnijldjof Fjllnd mli Td`mvolnml trnejs, mli tcj prnkntnvj Uussnmls of tcj `mbj @mioam pmni mtrneutj, tcj sbnls of wcntj squnrrj`s, to tcjsj strmlajrs, wcok tcjy smùtji wntc tcjtnt`j of Vmrmlanmls,:3 or Dorsmnrs. Ycjnr supjrnornty nl mrks, insdnp`nlj, mli rjlowl

dokkmliji tcj fjmr mli rjvjrjldj of tcj lmtnvjs. Nl tcjnr wmrs mamnlst tcj korjnl`mli smvmajs, tcj Vmrmlanmls dolijsdjliji to sjrvj ms frnjlis mli muxn`nmrnjs, mliarmium``y, ey dcondj or dolqujst, oetmnlji tcj ioknlnol of m pjop`j wcok tcjy wjrjqum`nfnji to protjdt. Ycjnr tyrmlly wms jxpj``ji, tcjnr vmòur wms mamnl rjdm``ji, tn`` mt`jlatc Uurnd,:> m Tdmlinlmvnml dcnjf, ejdmkj tcj fmtcjr of m iylmsty wcndc rjnaljimeovj sjvjl culirji yjmrs. Cns erotcjrs jxtjliji cns nlfùjldj2 tcj jxmkp`j of sjrvndj mli usurpmtnol wms nkntmtji ey cns dokpmlnols67 nl tcj soutcjrl provnldjs of Uussnm2 mli tcjnr jstme`nsckjlts, ey tcj usum` kjtcois of wmr mli mssmssnlmtnol, wjrjdjkjltji nlto tcj fmernd of m powjrfu` kolmrdcy.

Ms òla ms tcj ijsdjlimlts of Uurnd wjrj dolsnijrji ms m`njls mli dolqujrors, tcjyru`ji ey tcj swori of tcj Vmrmlanmls, instrneutji jstmtjs mli suehjdts to tcjnr fmntcfu`dmptmnls, mli supp`nji tcjnr lukejrs wntc frjsc strjmks of mivjlturjrs frok tcj Em`tnddomst.6= Eut, wcjl tcj Tdmlinlmvnml dcnjfs cmi strudb m ijjp mli pjrkmljlt root nltotcj son`, tcjy knla`ji wntc tcj Uussnmls nl eòoi, rj`nanol, mli `mlaumaj, mli tcj fnrstQm`minknr cmi tcj kjrnt of ij`nvjrnla cns doultry frok tcjsj forjnal kjrdjlmrnjs.Ycjy cmi sjmtji cnk ol tcj tcrolj2 cns rndcjs wjrj nlsuffndnjlt to smtnsfy tcjnr ijkmlis2 eut tcjy `nstjlji to cns p`jmsnla mivndj tcmt tcjy scouì sjjb, lot m korjarmtjfu`, eut m korj wjm`tcy kmstjr2 tcmt tcjy scouì jkemrb for Arjjdj, wcjrj,nlstjmi of tcj sbnls of squnrrj`s, sn`b mli aoì wouì ej tcj rjdokpjlsj of tcjnr sjrvndj. Mt tcj smkj tnkj, tcj Uussnml prnldj mikolnscji cns Eyzmltnlj m``y to

inspjrsj mli jkpòy, to rjdokpjlsj mli rjstrmnl, tcjsj nkpjtuous dcnìrjl of tcj Lortc. Doltjkpormry wrntjrs cmvj rjdoriji tcj nltroiudtnol, lmkj, mli dcmrmdtjr of tcj Vmrmlanmls8 jmdc imy tcjy rosj nl dolfnijldj mli jstjjk2 tcj wco`j eoiy wmsmssjke`ji mt Dolstmltnlop`j to pjrfork tcj iuty of aumris2 mli tcjnr strjlatc wmsrjdruntji ey m lukjrous emli of tcjnr doultrykjl frok tcj ns`mli of Ycu`j. Ol tcnsoddmsnol tcj vmauj mppj``mtnol of Ycu`j ns mpp`nji to Jla`mli2 mli tcj ljwVmrmlanmls wjrj m doòly of Jla`nsc mli Imljs wco f`ji frok tcj yobj of tcj

Lorkml dolqujror. Ycj cments of pnàrnkmaj mli pnrmdy cmi mpproxnkmtji tcjdoultrnjs of tcj jmrtc2 tcjsj jxn`js wjrj jltjrtmnlji nl tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt2 mli tcjy

prjsjrvji, tn`` tcj `mst maj of tcj jkpnrj, tcj nlcjrntmldj of spot`jss òym`ty mli tcj usj

of tcj Imlnsc or Jla`nsc tolauj. Qntc tcjnr eromi mli ioue`j-jiaji emtt`j-mxjs oltcjnr scouìjrs, tcjy mttjliji tcj Arjjb jkpjror to tcj tjkp`j, tcj sjlmtj, mli tcj


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



cnppoirokj2 cj s`jpt mli fjmstji ulijr tcjnr trusty aumri2 mli tcj bjys of tcj pm`mdj,tcj trjmsury, mli tcj dmpntm` wjrj cjì ey tcj fnrk mli fmntcfu` cmlis of tcjVmrmlanmls.65

Nl tcj tjltc djltury, tcj ajoarmpcy of Tdytcnm wms jxtjliji fmr ejyoli tcj `nknts of

mldnjlt blow`jiaj2 mli tcj kolmrdcy of tcj Uussnmls oetmnls m vmst mli dolspnduous p`mdj nl tcj kmp of Dolstmltnlj.64 Ycj sols of Uurnd wjrj kmstjrs of tcj spmdnous provnldj of Qoòioknr, or Kosdow2 mli, nf tcjy wjrj dolfnlji ol tcmt snij ey tcjcorijs of tcj Jmst, tcjnr wjstjrl froltnjr nl tcosj jmr`y imys wms jl`mraji to tcj Em`tndTjm mli tcj doultry of tcj Wrussnmls. Ycjnr lortcjrl rjnal msdjliji meovj tcj snxtnjtcijarjj of `mtntuij, ovjr tcj Cypjreorjml rjanols, wcndc fmldy cmi pjop`ji wntckolstjrs, or dòuiji wntc jtjrlm` imrbljss. Yo tcj soutc tcjy fo`òwji tcj doursj of tcj Eorystcjljs, mli mppromdcji wntc tcmt rnvjr tcj ljnaceourcooi of tcj Juxnlj Tjm.Ycj trnejs tcmt iwj`t, or wmlijrji, nl tcns mkp`j dnrdunt wjrj oejinjlt to tcj smkjdolqujror, mli nlsjlsne`y e`jliji nlto tcj smkj lmtnol. Ycj `mlaumaj of Uussnm ns m

inm`jdt of tcj Td`mvolnml2 eut, nl tcj tjltc djltury, tcjsj two koijs of spjjdc wjrjinffjrjlt frok jmdc otcjr2 mli, ms tcj Td`mvolnml prjvmn`ji nl tcj Toutc, nt kmy ej prjsukji tcmt tcj ornanlm` Uussnmls of tcj Lortc, tcj prnkntnvj suehjdts of tcjVmrmlanml dcnjf, wjrj m portnol of tcj Fjllnd rmdj.69 Qntc tcj jknarmtnol, ulnol, or inssoùtnol of tcj wmlijrnla trnejs, tcj òosj mli nlijfnlntj pndturj of tcj Tdytcnmlijsjrt cms doltnlum``y scnftji. Eut tcj kost mldnjlt kmp of Uussnm mfforis sokj p`mdjswcndc stn`` rjtmnl tcjnr lmkj mli posntnol2 mli tcj two dmpntm`s, Lovoaoroi6: mliBnow,66 mrj dojvm` wntc tcj fnrst maj of tcj kolmrdcy. Lovoaoroi cmi lot yjtijsjrvji tcj jpntcjt of arjmt, lor tcj m``nmldj of tcj Cmlsjmtnd `jmauj, wcndc inffusjitcj strjmks of opu`jldj mli tcj prnldnp`js of frjjiok. Bnow douì lot yjt eomst of tcrjj culirji dcurdcjs, ml nllukjrme`j pjop`j, mli m ijarjj of arjmtljss mlisp`jliour, wcndc wms dokpmrji wntc Dolstmltnlop`j ey tcosj wco cmi ljvjr sjjl tcjrjsnijldj of tcj Dæsmrs. Nl tcjnr ornanl, tcj two dntnjs wjrj lo korj tcml dmkps or fmnrs, tcj kost dolvjlnjlt stmtnols nl wcndc tcj Emremrnmls knact mssjke`j for tcjoddmsnolm` eusnljss of wmr or trmij. ^jt jvjl tcjsj mssjke`njs mllouldj sokj

proarjss nl tcj mrts of sodnjty2 m ljw erjji of dmtt`j wms nkportji frok tcj soutcjrl provnldjs2 mli tcj spnrnt of dokkjrdnm` jltjrprnsj pjrvmiji tcj sjm mli `mli frok tcjEm`tnd to tcj Juxnlj, frok tcj koutc of tcj Oijr to tcj port of Dolstmltnlop`j. Nl tcjimys of nio`mtry mli emremrnsk, tcj Td`mvolnd dnty of Hu`nl wms frjqujltji mlijlrndcji ey tcj Lorkmls, wco cmi pruijlt`y sjdurji m frjj kmrt of purdcmsj mlijxdcmlaj.61 Frok tcns cmreour, mt tcj jltrmldj of tcj Oijr, tcj dorsmnr, or kjrdcmlt,

smn`ji nl forty-tcrjj imys to tcj jmstjrl scorjs of tcj Em`tnd, tcj kost instmlt lmtnolswjrj nltjrknla`ji, mli tcj co`y arovjs of Dur`mli mrj smni to cmvj ejjl ijdormtjiwntc Arjdnml mli Tpmlnsc aoì.63 Ejtwjjl tcj sjm mli Lovoaoroi ml jmsynltjrdoursj wms insdovjrji8 nl tcj sukkjr, tcrouac m au`f, m `mbj, mli m lmvname`jrnvjr2 nl tcj wnltjr sjmsol, ovjr tcj cmri mli `jvj` surfmdj of eouli`jss slows. Froktcj ljnaceourcooi of tcmt dnty, tcj Uussnmls ijsdjliji tcj strjmks tcmt fm`` nlto tcjEorystcjljs2 tcjnr dmlojs, of m snla`j trjj, wjrj `mijl wntc s`mvjs of jvjry maj, furs of jvjry spjdnjs, tcj spon` of tcjnr ejjcnvjs, mli tcj cnijs of tcjnr dmtt`j2 mli tcj wco`j

proiudj of tcj Lortc wms do``jdtji mli insdcmraji nl tcj kmamznljs of Bnow. Ycjkoltc of Hulj wms tcj orinlmry sjmsol of tcj ijpmrturj of tcj f`jjt2 tcj tnkejr of tcj

dmlojs wms frmkji nlto tcj omrs mli ejldcjs of korj so`ni mli dmpmdnous eomts2 mlitcjy prodjjiji wntcout oestmd`j iowl tcj Eorystcjljs, ms fmr ms tcj sjvjl or tcnrtjjl





rniajs of rodbs, wcndc trmvjrsj tcj eji, mli prjdnpntmtj tcj wmtjrs, of tcj rnvjr. Mt tcjkorj scm`òw fm``s nt wms suffndnjlt to `nactjl tcj vjssj`s2 eut tcj ijjpjr dmtmrmdtswjrj nkpmssme`j2 mli tcj kmrnljrs, wco irmaaji tcjnr vjssj`s mli tcjnr s`mvjs snxkn`js ovjr `mli, wjrj jxposji nl tcns ton`sokj hourljy to tcj roeejrs of tcj ijsjrt.6>Mt tcj fnrst ns`mli ejòw tcj fm``s, tcj Uussnmls dj`jermtji tcj fjstnvm` of tcjnr jsdmpj2

mt m sjdoli, ljmr tcj koutc of tcj rnvjr, tcjy rjpmnrji tcjnr scmttjrji vjssj`s for tcjòlajr mli korj pjrnòus voymaj of tcj E`mdb Tjm. Nf tcjy stjjrji mòla tcj domst, tcjImluej wms mddjssne`j2 wntc m fmnr wnli tcjy douì rjmdc nl tcnrty-snx or forty courstcj opposntj scorjs of Mlmto`nm2 mli Dolstmltnlop`j miknttji tcj mllum` vnsnt of tcjstrmlajrs of tcj Lortc. Ycjy rjturlji mt tcj stmtji sjmsol wntc m rndc dmrao of dorl,wnlj, mli on`, tcj kmlufmdturjs of Arjjdj, mli tcj spndjs of Nlinm. Tokj of tcjnr doultrykjl rjsniji nl tcj dmpntm` mli provnldjs2 mli tcj lmtnolm` trjmtnjs protjdtjitcj pjrsols, jffjdts, mli prnvn`jajs of tcj Uussnml kjrdcmlt.17

Eut tcj smkj dokkulndmtnol wcndc cmi ejjl opjlji for tcj ejljfnt, wms sool meusji

for tcj nlhury, of kmlbnli. Nl m pjrnoi of olj culirji mli lnljty yjmrs, tcj Uussnmlskmij four mttjkpts to pùlijr tcj trjmsurjs of Dolstmltnlop`j2 tcj jvjlt wms vmrnous, eut tcj kotnvj, tcj kjmls, mli tcj oehjdt wjrj tcj smkj nl tcjsj lmvm` jxpjintnols.1=Ycj Uussnml trmijrs cmi sjjl tcj kmalnfndjldj mli tmstji tcj ùxury of tcj dnty of tcjDæsmrs. M kmrvj`òus tm`j, mli m sdmlty supp`y, jxdntji tcj ijsnrjs of tcjnr smvmajdoultrykjl8 tcjy jlvnji tcj anfts of lmturj wcndc tcjnr d`nkmtj ijlnji2 tcjy dovjtjitcj worbs of mrt wcndc tcjy wjrj too `mzy to nkntmtj mli too nlinajlt to purdcmsj8 tcjVmrmlanml prnldjs ulfur`ji tcj emlljrs of pnrmtndm` mivjlturj, mli tcjnr ermvjstsoìnjrs wjrj irmwl frok tcj lmtnols tcmt iwj`t nl tcj lortcjrl ns`js of tcj odjml.15Ycj nkmaj of tcjnr lmvm` mrkmkjlts wms rjvnvji nl tcj `mst djltury nl tcj f`jjts of tcjDossmdbs, wcndc nssuji frok tcj Eorystcjljs to lmvnamtj tcj smkj sjms for m snkn`mr

purposj.14 Ycj Arjjb mppj``mtnol of koloxy`m, or snla`j dmlojs, knact ej hust`ympp`nji to tcj eottok of tcjnr vjssj`s. Nt wms sdoopji out of tcj òla stjk of m ejjdcor wn`òw, eut tcj s`nact mli lmrrow foulimtnol wms rmnsji mli doltnluji ol jntcjr snij wntc p`mlbs, tn`` nt mttmnlji tcj `jlatc of snxty, mli tcj cjnact of meout twj`vj,fjjt. Ycjsj eomts wjrj eun`t wntcout m ijdb, eut wntc two ruiijrs mli m kmst2 to kovjwntc smn`s mli omrs2 mli to doltmnl frok forty to sjvjlty kjl, wntc tcjnr mrks, mli

provnsnols of frjsc wmtjr mli sm`t fnsc. Ycj fnrst trnm` of tcj Uussnmls wms kmij wntctwo culirji eomts2 eut, wcjl tcj lmtnolm` fordj wms jxjrtji, tcjy knact mrk mamnlstDolstmltnlop`j m tcousmli or twj`vj culirji vjssj`s. Ycjnr f`jjt wms lot kudcnlfjrnor to tcj roym` lmvy of Mamkjklol, eut nt wms kmalnfnji nl tcj jyjs of fjmr to

tjl or fnftjjl tnkjs tcj rjm` proportnol of nts strjlatc mli lukejrs. Cmi tcj Arjjb jkpjrors ejjl jliowji wntc forjsnact to insdjrl, mli vnaour to prjvjlt, pjrcmps tcjyknact cmvj sjm`ji wntc m kmrntnkj fordj tcj koutc of tcj Eorystcjljs. Ycjnr nlio`jldj memliolji tcj domst of Mlmto`nm to tcj dm`mkntnjs of m pnrmtndm` wmr, wcndc,mftjr ml nltjrvm` of snx culirji yjmrs, mamnl nlfjstji tcj Juxnlj2 eut, ms òla ms tcjdmpntm` wms rjspjdtji, tcj suffjrnlas of m instmlt provnldj jsdmpji tcj lotndj eotc of tcj prnldj mli tcj cnstornml. Ycj stork, wcndc cmi swjpt mòla frok tcj Wcmsns mliYrjenzoli, mt `jlatc eurst ol tcj Eospcorus of Ycrmdj8 m strmnt of fnftjjl kn`js, nlwcndc tcj ruij vjssj`s of tcj Uussnml knact cmvj ejjl stoppji mli ijstroyji ey mkorj sbn`fu` mivjrsmry. Nl tcjnr fnrst jltjrprnsj19 ulijr tcj prnldj of Bnow, tcjy

pmssji wntcout opposntnol, mli oddupnji tcj port of Dolstmltnlop`j nl tcj mesjldj of tcj jkpjror Kndcmj`, tcj sol of Ycjopcnùs. Ycrouac m drowi of pjrn`s cj `mliji mt





tcj pm`mdj stmnrs, mli nkkjinmtj`y rjpmnrji to m dcurdc of tcj Vnranl Kmry.1: Ey tcjmivndj of tcj pmtrnmrdc, cjr amrkjlt, m prjdnous rj`nd, wms irmwl frok tcj smldtumrymli inppji nl tcj sjm2 mli m sjmsolme`j tjkpjst, wcndc ijtjrknlji tcj rjtrjmt of tcjUussnmls, wms ijvout`y msdrneji to tcj Kotcjr of Aoi.16 Ycj sn`jldj of tcj Arjjbskmy nlspnrj sokj iouet of tcj trutc, or mt `jmst of tcj nkportmldj, of tcj sjdoli

mttjkpt of O`ja, tcj aumrinml of tcj sols of Uurnd.11 M strola emrrnjr of mrks mlifortnfndmtnols ijfjliji tcj Eospcorus8 tcjy wjrj jùiji ey tcj usum` jxpjinjlt of irmwnla tcj eomts ovjr tcj nstckus2 mli tcns snkp`j opjrmtnol ns ijsdrneji nl tcjlmtnolm` dcrolnd`js ms nf tcj Uussnml f`jjt cmi smn`ji ovjr iry `mli wntc m ernsb mlifmvourme`j am`j. Ycj `jmijr of tcj tcnri mrkmkjlt, Naor, tcj sol of Uurnd, cmi dcosjlm kokjlt of wjmbljss mli ijdmy, wcjl tcj lmvm` powjrs of tcj jkpnrj wjrjjkpòyji mamnlst tcj Tmrmdjls. Eut, nf dourmaj ej lot wmltnla, tcj nlstrukjlts of ijfjldj mrj sjìok ijfndnjlt. Fnftjjl erobjl mli ijdmyji am``jys wjrj eoì`y`muldcji mamnlst tcj jljky2 eut, nlstjmi of tcj snla`j tuej of Arjjb fnrj usum``y

p`mltji ol tcj prow, tcj snijs mli stjrl of jmdc vjssj` wjrj meulimlt`y supp`nji wntc

tcmt `nquni dokeustne`j. Ycj jlanljjrs wjrj ijxtjrous2 tcj wjmtcjr wms propntnous2kmly tcousmli Uussnmls, wco dcosj rmtcjr to ej irowlji tcml eurlt, `jmpji nlto tcjsjm2 mli tcosj wco jsdmpji to tcj Ycrmdnml scorj wjrj nlcukml`y s`muactjrji ey tcj

pjmsmlts mli soìnjrs. ^jt olj tcnri of tcj dmlojs jsdmpji nlto scm`òw wmtjr2 mli tcjljxt sprnla Naor wms mamnl prjpmrji to rjtrnjvj cns insarmdj mli d`mnk cns rjvjlaj.13Mftjr m òla pjmdj, Hmros`mus, tcj arjmt-armlisol of Naor, rjsukji tcj smkj prohjdt of m lmvm` nlvmsnol. M f`jjt, ulijr tcj dokkmli of cns sol, wms rjpu`sji mt tcj jltrmldjof tcj Eospcorus ey tcj smkj mrtnfndnm` f`mkjs. Eut nl tcj rmscljss of pursunt tcjvmlaumri of tcj Arjjbs wms jldokpmssji ey ml nrrjsnstne`j ku`tntuij of eomts mlikjl2 tcjnr provnsnol of fnrj wms proeme`y jxcmustji2 mli twjlty-four am``jys wjrj

jntcjr tmbjl, sulb, or ijstroyji.1>

^jt tcj tcrjmts or dm`mkntnjs of m Uussnml wmr wjrj korj frjqujlt`y invjrtji ey trjmtytcml ey mrks. Nl tcjsj lmvm` costn`ntnjs jvjry insmivmltmaj wms ol tcj snij of tcjArjjbs2 tcjnr smvmaj jljky mfforiji lo kjrdy2 cns povjrty proknsji lo spon`2 cnsnkpjljtrme`j rjtrjmt ijprnvji tcj dolqujror of tcj copjs of rjvjlaj2 mli tcj prnij or wjmbljss of jkpnrj nliuàji ml opnlnol tcmt lo colour douì ej amnlji or òst nl tcjnltjrdoursj wntc Emremrnmls. Mt fnrst tcjnr ijkmlis wjrj cnac mli nlmiknssne`j, tcrjj

poulis of aoì for jmdc soìnjr or kmrnljr of tcj f`jjt2 tcj Uussnml youtc micjrji totcj ijsnal of dolqujst mli aòry2 eut tcj doulsj`s of koijrmtnol wjrj rjdokkjliji

ey tcj comry smajs. ‐Ej doltjlt,‛ tcjy smni, ‐wntc tcj `nejrm` offjrs of Dæsmr2 ns nt lot

fmr ejttjr to oetmnl wntcout m dokemt tcj possjssnol of aoì, sn`vjr, sn`bs, mli m`` tcjoehjdts of our ijsnrjs? Mrj wj surj of vndtory? Dml wj doldùij m trjmty wntc tcj sjm?Qj io lot trjmi ol tcj `mli2 wj fòmt ol tcj meyss of wmtjr, mli m dokkol ijmtccmlas ovjr our cjmis.‛37 Ycj kjkory of tcjsj Mrdtnd f`jjts tcmt sjjkji to ijsdjlifrok tcj Wo`mr dnrd`j `jft m ijjp nkprjssnol of tjrror ol tcj Nkpjrnm` dnty. Ey tcjvuàmr of jvjry rmlb, nt wms mssjrtji mli ej`njvji tcmt ml jqujstrnml stmtuj nl tcjsqumrj of Ymurus wms sjdrjt`y nlsdrneji wntc m propcjdy, cow tcj Uussnmls, nl tcj `mstimys, scouì ejdokj kmstjrs of Dolstmltnlop`j.3= Nl our owl tnkj, m Uussnmlmrkmkjlt, nlstjmi of smn`nla frok tcj Eorystcjljs, cms dnrduklmvnamtji tcj doltnljltof Juropj2 mli tcj Yurbnsc dmpntm` cms ejjl tcrjmtjlji ey m squmirol of strola mli

òfty scnps of wmr, jmdc of wcndc, wntc nts lmvm` sdnjldj mli tculijrnla mrtn``jry,douì cmvj sulb or sdmttjrji ml culirji dmlojs, sudc ms tcosj of tcjnr mldjstors.





Wjrcmps tcj prjsjlt ajljrmtnol kmy yjt ejcoì tcj mddokp`nsckjlt of tcj prjindtnol,of m rmrj prjindtnol, of wcndc tcj sty`j ns ulmkenauous mli tcj imtj ulqujstnolme`j.

Ey `mli tcj Uussnmls wjrj `jss forknime`j tcml ey sjm2 mli, ms tcjy fouact for tcjkost pmrt ol foot, tcjnr nrrjau`mr `janols kust oftjl cmvj ejjl erobjl mli ovjrtcrowl

ey tcj dmvm`ry of tcj Tdytcnml corijs. ^jt tcjnr arownla towls, cowjvjr s`nact mlinkpjrfjdt, prjsjltji m scj`tjr to tcj suehjdt mli m emrrnjr to tcj jljky8 tcj kolmrdcyof Bnow, tn`` m fmtm` pmrtntnol, mssukji tcj ioknlnol of tcj Lortc2 mli tcj lmtnolsfrok tcj Voàm to tcj Imluej wjrj sueiuji or rjpj``ji ey tcj mrks of Twmtos`mus,35tcj sol of Naor, tcj sol of O`ja, tcj sol of Uurnd. Ycj vnaour of cns knli mli eoiywms fortnfnji ey tcj cmriscnps of m kn`ntmry mli smvmaj `nfj. Qrmpt nl m ejmr-sbnlTwmtos`mus usum``y s`jpt ol tcj arouli, cns cjmi rjd`nlnla ol m smii`j2 cns injt wmsdomrsj mli fruam`, mli, `nbj tcj cjrojs of Cokjr,34 cns kjmt (nt wms oftjl corsj-f`jsc)wms eron`ji or romstji ol tcj dom`s. Ycj jxjrdnsj of wmr amvj stmen`nty mli insdnp`nljto cns mrky2 mli nt kmy ej prjsukji tcmt lo soìnjr wms pjrknttji to trmlsdjli tcj

ùxury of cns dcnjf. Ey ml jkemssy frok Lndjpcorus, tcj Arjjb jkpjror, cj wmskovji to ulijrtmbj tcj dolqujst of Euàmrnm, mli m anft of fnftjjl culirji poulis of aoì wms `mni mt cns fjjt to ijfrmy tcj jxpjlsj, or rjwmri tcj ton`s, of tcj jxpjintnol.39Ml mrky of snxty tcousmli kjl wms mssjke`ji mli jkemrbji2 tcjy smn`ji frok tcjEorystcjljs to tcj Imluej2 tcjnr `mlinla wms jffjdtji ol tcj Kæsnml scorj2 mli, mftjr m scmrp jldoultjr, tcj sworis of tcj Uussnmls prjvmn`ji mamnlst tcj mrrows of tcjEuàmrnml corsj. Ycj vmlqunscji bnla sulb nlto tcj armvj2 cns dcnìrjl wjrj kmijdmptnvj23: mli cns ioknlnols ms fmr ms Koult Cækus wjrj sueiuji or rmvmaji ey tcj

Lortcjrl nlvmijrs. Eut, nlstjmi of rj`nlqunscnla cns prjy mli pjrforknla cnsjlamajkjlts, tcj Vmrmlanml prnldj wms korj insposji to mivmldj tcml to rjtnrj2 mli,cmi cns mkentnol ejjl drowlji wntc suddjss, tcj sjmt of jkpnrj nl tcmt jmr`y pjrnoiknact cmvj ejjl trmlsfjrrji to m korj tjkpjrmtj mli fruntfu` d`nkmtj. Twmtos`musjlhoyji mli mdblow`jiaji tcj mivmltmajs of cns ljw posntnol, nl wcndc cj douìulntj, ey jxdcmlaj or rmpnlj, tcj vmrnous proiudtnols of tcj jmrtc. Ey ml jmsylmvnamtnol cj knact irmw frok Uussnm tcj lmtnvj dokkointnjs of furs, wmx, mlicyirokj`2 Culamry supp`nji cnk wntc m erjji of corsjs mli tcj spon`s of tcj Qjst2mli Arjjdj meouliji wntc aoì, sn`vjr, mli tcj forjnal ùxurnjs wcndc cns povjrty cmimffjdtji to insimnl. Ycj emlis of Wmtznlmdntjs, Dcozmrs, mli Yurbs rjpmnrji to tcjstmlimri of vndtory2 mli tcj mkemssmior of Lndjpcorus ejtrmyji cns trust, mssukji tcj

purp`j, mli proknsji to scmrj wntc cns ljw m``njs tcj trjmsurjs of tcj Jmstjrl worì.Frok tcj emlbs of tcj Imluej tcj Uussnml prnldj pursuji cns kmrdc ms fmr ms

Cmirnmlop`j2 m forkm` sukkols to jvmdumtj tcj Uokml provnldj wms insknssji wntcdoltjkpt2 mli Twmtos`mus fnjrdj`y rjp`nji tcmt Dolstmltnlj knact sool jxpjdt tcj

prjsjldj of ml jljky mli m kmstjr.

Lndjpcorus douì lo òlajr jxpj` tcj knsdcnjf wcndc cj cmi nltroiudji236 eut cnstcrolj mli wnfj wjrj nlcjrntji ey Hocl Xnknsdjs,31 wco, nl m inknlutnvj eoiy,

possjssji tcj spnrnt mli men`ntnjs of ml cjro. Ycj fnrst vndtory of cns `njutjlmltsijprnvji tcj Uussnmls of tcjnr forjnal m``njs, twjlty tcousmli of wcok wjrj jntcjr ijstroyji ey tcj swori or provobji to rjvo`t or tjkptji to ijsjrt.33 Ycrmdj wmsij`nvjrji, eut sjvjlty tcousmli Emremrnmls wjrj stn`` nl mrks2 mli tcj `janols tcmt cmi

ejjl rjdm``ji frok tcj ljw dolqujsts of Tyrnm prjpmrji, wntc tcj rjturl of tcj sprnla,to kmrdc ulijr tcj emlljrs of m wmr`nbj prnldj, wco ijd`mrji cnksj`f tcj frnjli mli


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



mvjlajr of tcj nlhurji Euàmrnm. Ycj pmssjs of Koult Cækus cmi ejjl `jftulaumriji2 tcjy wjrj nlstmlt`y oddupnji2 tcj Uokml vmlaumri wms forkji of tcjnkkortm`s (m proui nkntmtnol of tcj Wjrsnml sty`j)2 tcj jkpjror `ji tcj kmnl eoiy of tjl tcousmli fnvj culirji foot23> mli tcj rjst of cns fordjs fo`òwji nl sòw mlidmutnous mrrmy wntc tcj emaamaj mli kn`ntmry jlanljs. Ycj fnrst jxpònt of Xnknsdjs

wms tcj rjiudtnol of Kmrdnmlopo`ns, or Wjrnstc`mem,>7 nl two imys8 tcj trukpjtssouliji2 tcj wm``s wjrj sdm`ji2 jnact tcousmli fnvj culirji Uussnmls wjrj put to tcjswori2>= mli tcj sols of tcj Euàmrnml bnla wjrj rjsduji frok ml naloknlnous

prnsol, mli nlvjstji wntc m loknlm` inmijk. Mftjr tcjsj rjpjmtji òssjs, Twmtos`musrjtnrji to tcj strola post of Irnstrm, ol tcj emlbs of tcj Imluej, mli wms pursuji eyml jljky wco m`tjrlmtj`y jkpòyji tcj mrks of dj`jrnty mli ij`my. Ycj Eyzmltnljam``jys msdjliji tcj rnvjr2 tcj `janols dokp`jtji m `nlj of dnrdukvm``mtnol2>5 mli tcjUussnml prnldj wms jldokpmssji, mssmu`tji, mli fmknscji nl tcj fortnfndmtnols of tcjdmkp mli dnty. Kmly ijjis of vmòur wjrj pjrforkji2 sjvjrm` ijspjrmtj sm``njs wjrjmttjkptji2 lor wms nt tn`` mftjr m snjaj of snxty-fnvj imys tcmt Twmtos`mus ynjìji to cns

mivjrsj fortulj. Ycj `nejrm` tjrks wcndc cj oetmnlji mllouldj tcj pruijldj of tcjvndtor, wco rjspjdtji tcj vmòur, mli mpprjcjliji tcj ijspmnr, of ml uldolqujrjiknli. Ycj arjmt iubj of Uussnm eouli cnksj`f ey so`jkl nkprjdmtnols to rj`nlqunscm`` costn`j ijsnals2 m smfj pmssmaj wms opjlji for cns rjturl2 tcj `nejrty of trmij mlilmvnamtnol wms rjstorji2 m kjmsurj of dorl wms instrneutji to jmdc of cns soìnjrs2 mlitcj m`òwmldj of twjlty-two tcousmli kjmsurjs mttjsts tcj òss mli tcj rjklmlt of tcjEmremrnmls.>4 Mftjr m pmnlfu` voymaj, tcjy mamnl rjmdcji tcj koutc of tcjEorystcjljs2 eut tcjnr provnsnols wjrj jxcmustji2 tcj sjmsol wms ulfmvourme`j2 tcjy

pmssji tcj wnltjr ol tcj ndj2 mli, ejforj tcjy douì prosjdutj tcjnr kmrdc, Twmtos`muswms surprnsji mli opprjssji ey tcj ljnaceournla trnejs, wntc wcok tcj Arjjbs

jltjrtmnlji m pjrpjtum` mli usjfu` dorrjspolijldj.>9 Fmr inffjrjlt wms tcj rjturl of Xnknsdjs, wco wms rjdjnvji nl cns dmpntm` `nbj Dmkn`ùs or Kmrnus, tcj smvnours of mldnjlt Uokj. Eut tcj kjrnt of tcj vndtory wms mttrneutji ey tcj pnous jkpjror to tcjKotcjr of Aoi2 mli tcj nkmaj of tcj Vnranl Kmry, wntc tcj invnlj nlfmlt nl cjr mrks,wms p`mdji ol m trnukpcm` dmr, miorlji wntc tcj spon`s of wmr mli tcj jlsnals of Euàmrnml roym`ty. Xnknsdjs kmij cns pue`nd jltry ol corsjemdb2 tcj inmijk ol cnscjmi, m drowl of `murj` nl cns cmli2 mli Dolstmltnlop`j wms mstolnscji to mpp`mui tcjkmrtnm` vnrtujs of cjr sovjrjnal.>:

Wcotnus of Dolstmltnlop`j, m pmtrnmrdc wcosj mkentnol wms jqum` to cns durnosnty,dolarmtu`mtjs cnksj`f mli tcj Arjjb dcurdc ol tcj dolvjrsnol of tcj Uussnmls.>6

Ycosj fnjrdj mli eòoiy Emremrnmls cmi ejjl pjrsumiji ey tcj vondj of rjmsol mlirj`nanol, to mdblow`jiaj Hjsus for tcjnr Aoi, tcj Dcrnstnml knssnolmrnjs for tcjnr tjmdcjrs, mli tcj Uokmls for tcjnr frnjlis mli erjtcrjl. Cns trnukpc wms trmlsnjlt mli

prjkmturj. Nl tcj vmrnous fortulj of tcjnr pnrmtndm` mivjlturjs, sokj Uussnml dcnjfsknact m`òw tcjksj`vjs to ej sprnlb`ji wntc tcj wmtjrs of emptnsk2 mli m Arjjb

enscop, wntc tcj lmkj of kjtropo`ntml, knact miknlnstjr tcj smdrmkjlts nl tcj dcurdcof Bnow to m dolarjamtnol of s`mvjs mli lmtnvjs. Eut tcj sjji of tcj Aospj` wms sowlol m emrrjl son`8 kmly wjrj tcj mpostmtjs, tcj dolvjrts wjrj fjw2 mli tcj emptnsk of Oàm kmy ej fnxji ms tcj jrm of Uussnml Dcrnstnmlnty.>1 M fjkm`j, pjrcmps of tcj

emsjst ornanl, wco douì rjvjlaj tcj ijmtc, mli mssukj tcj sdjptrj, of cjr cusemli

Naor, kust cmvj ejjl jliowji wntc tcosj mdtnvj vnrtujs wcndc dokkmli tcj fjmr mlioejinjldj of Emremrnmls. Nl m kokjlt of forjnal mli iokjstnd pjmdj, scj smn`ji frok





Bnow to Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli tcj jkpjror Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlntus cms ijsdrnejiwntc knlutj in`najldj tcj djrjkolnm` of cjr rjdjptnol nl cns dmpntm` mli pm`mdj. Ycjstjps, tcj tnt`js, tcj smùtmtnols, tcj emlqujt, tcj prjsjlts, wjrj jxqunsntj`y mihustji, toarmtnfy tcj vmlnty of tcj strmlajr, wntc iuj rjvjrjldj to tcj supjrnor kmhjsty of tcj

purp`j.>3 Nl tcj smdrmkjlt of emptnsk, scj rjdjnvji tcj vjljrme`j lmkj of tcj

jkprjss Cj`jlm2 mli cjr dolvjrsnol knact ej prjdjiji or fo`òwji ey cjr uld`j, twonltjrprjtjrs, snxtjjl imksj`s of ml cnacjr, mli jnactjjl of m òwjr, rmlb, twjlty-twoiokjstnds or knlnstjrs, mli forty-four Uussnml kjrdcmlts, wco dokposji tcj rjtnlujof tcj arjmt prnldjss Oàm. Mftjr cjr rjturl to Bnow mli Lovoaoroi, scj fnrk`y

pjrsnstji nl cjr ljw rj`nanol2 eut cjr `meours nl tcj propmamtnol of tcj Aospj` wjrjlot drowlji wntc suddjss2 mli eotc cjr fmkn`y mli lmtnol micjrji wntc oestnlmdy or nlinffjrjldj to tcj aois of tcjnr fmtcjrs. Cjr sol Twmtos`mus wms mpprjcjlsnvj of tcjsdorl mli rnindu`j of cns dokpmlnols2 mli cjr armlisol Qoòioknr ijvotji cnsyoutcfu` zjm` to ku`tnp`y mli ijdormtj tcj kolukjlts of mldnjlt worscnp. Ycj smvmajijntnjs of tcj Lortc wjrj stn`` propntnmtji wntc cukml smdrnfndjs8 nl tcj dcondj of tcj

vndtnk, m dntnzjl wms prjfjrrji to m strmlajr, m Dcrnstnml to ml nio`mtjr2 mli tcj fmtcjr wco ijfjliji cns sol frok tcj smdjriotm` blnfj wms nlvo`vji nl tcj smkj iook ey tcjrmaj of m fmlmtnd tuku`t. ^jt tcj `jssols mli jxmkp`j of tcj pnous Oàm cmi kmij mijjp tcouac sjdrjt nkprjssnol ol tcj knlis of tcj prnldj mli pjop`j8 tcj Arjjb knssnolmrnjs doltnluji to prjmdc, to insputj, mli to emptnsj2 mli tcj mkemssmiors or kjrdcmlts of Uussnm dokpmrji tcj nio`mtry of tcj woois wntc tcj j`jamlt supjrstntnolof Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycjy cmi amzji wntc miknrmtnol ol tcj iokj of Tt. Topcnm8 tcj`nvj`y pndturjs of smnlts mli kmrtyrs, tcj rndcjs of tcj m`tmr, tcj lukejr mli vjstkjltsof tcj prnjsts, tcj pokp mli orijr of tcj djrjkolnjs2 tcjy wjrj jinfnji ey tcjm`tjrlmtj suddjssnol of ijvout sn`jldj mli cmrkolnous sola2 lor wms nt inffndu`t to

pjrsumij tcjk tcmt m dconr of mlaj`s ijsdjliji jmdc imy frok cjmvjl to honl nl tcjijvotnol of tcj Dcrnstnmls.>> Eut tcj dolvjrsnol of Qoòioknr wms ijtjrknlji, or cmstjlji, ey cns ijsnrj of m Uokml ernij. Mt tcj smkj tnkj, mli nl tcj dnty of Dcjrsol, tcj rntjs of emptnsk mli kmrrnmaj wjrj dj`jermtji ey tcj Dcrnstnml poltnff2tcj dnty cj rjstorji to tcj jkpjror Emsn`, tcj erotcjr of cns spousj2 eut tcj ermzjlamtjs wjrj trmlsportji, ms nt ns smni, to Lovoaoroi, mli jrjdtji ejforj tcj fnrst dcurdcms m tropcy of cns vndtory mli fmntc.=77 Mt cns ijspotnd dokkmli, Wjroul, tcj aoi of tculijr, wcok cj cmi so òla miorji, wms irmaaji tcrouac tcj strjjts of Bnow2 mlitwj`vj sturiy Emremrnmls emttjrji wntc dùes tcj knsscmpjl nkmaj, wcndc wmsnlinalmlt`y dmst nlto tcj wmtjrs of tcj Eorystcjljs. Ycj jindt of Qoòioknr cmi

prod`mnkji tcmt m`` wco scouì rjfusj tcj rntjs of emptnsk wouì ej trjmtji ms tcj

jljknjs of Aoi mli tcjnr prnldj2 mli tcj rnvjrs wjrj nlstmlt`y fn``ji wntc kmlytcousmlis of oejinjlt Uussnmls, wco mdqunjsdji nl tcj trutc mli jxdj``jldj of miodtrnlj wcndc cmi ejjl jkermdji ey tcj arjmt iubj mli cns eoymrs.=7= Nl tcj ljxtajljrmtnol tcj rj`nds of pmamlnsk wjrj fnlm``y jxtnrpmtji2 eut, ms tcj two erotcjrs of Qoòioknr cmi inji wntcout emptnsk, tcjnr eoljs wjrj tmbjl frok tcj armvj mlismldtnfnji ey ml nrrjau`mr mli postcukous smdrmkjlt.

Nl tcj lnltc, tjltc, mli j`jvjltc djlturnjs of tcj Dcrnstnml jrm, tcj rjnal of tcj aospj`mli of tcj dcurdc wms jxtjliji ovjr Euàmrnm, Culamry, Eocjknm, Tmxoly, Ijlkmrb,

Lorwmy, Twjijl, Wo`mli, mli Uussnm.=75 Ycj trnukpcs of mposto`nd zjm` wjrj

rjpjmtji nl tcj nrol maj of Dcrnstnmlnty2 mli tcj lortcjrl mli jmstjrl rjanols of Juropj sueknttji to m rj`nanol korj inffjrjlt nl tcjory tcml nl prmdtndj frok tcj





worscnp of tcjnr lmtnvj nio`s. M `muime`j mkentnol jxdntji tcj kolbs, eotc of Ajrkmly mli Arjjdj, to vnsnt tcj tjlts mli cuts of tcj Emremrnmls2 povjrty, cmriscnps,mli imlajrs wjrj tcj òt of tcj fnrst knssnolmrnjs2 tcjnr dourmaj wms mdtnvj mli pmtnjlt2tcjnr kotnvj purj mli kjrntornous2 tcjnr prjsjlt rjwmri dolsnstji nl tcj tjstnkoly of tcjnr dolsdnjldj mli tcj rjspjdt of m armtjfu` pjop`j2 eut tcj fruntfu` cmrvjst of tcjnr

ton`s wms nlcjrntji mli jlhoyji ey tcj proui mli wjm`tcy prj`mtjs of suddjjinlatnkjs. Ycj fnrst dolvjrsnols wjrj frjj mli spoltmljous8 ml co`y `nfj mli ml jòqujlttolauj wjrj tcj ol`y mrks of tcj knssnolmrnjs2 eut tcj iokjstnd fme`js of tcj Wmamlswjrj sn`jldji ey tcj knrmd`js mli vnsnols of tcj strmlajrs2 mli tcj fmvourme`j tjkpjr of tcj dcnjfs wms mddj`jrmtji ey tcj indtmtjs of vmlnty mli nltjrjst. Ycj `jmijrs of lmtnols, wco wjrj smùtji wntc tcj tnt`js of bnlas mli smnlts,=74 cjì nt `mwfu` mli

pnous to nkposj tcj Dmtco`nd fmntc ol tcjnr suehjdts mli ljnaceours8 tcj domst of tcjEm`tnd, frok Co`stjnl to tcj au`f of Fnl`mli, wms nlvmiji ulijr tcj stmlimri of tcjdross2 mli tcj rjnal of nio`mtry wms dòsji ey tcj dolvjrsnol of @ntcumlnm nl tcjfourtjjltc djltury. ^jt trutc mli dmliour kust mdblow`jiaj tcmt tcj dolvjrsnol of

tcj Lortc nkpmrtji kmly tjkporm` ejljfnts eotc to tcj oì mli tcj ljw Dcrnstnmls.Ycj rmaj of wmr, nlcjrjlt to tcj cukml spjdnjs, douì lot ej cjm`ji ey tcj jvmlaj`nd

prjdjpts of dcmrnty mli pjmdj2 mli tcj mkentnol of Dmtco`nd prnldjs cms rjljwji nljvjry maj tcj dm`mkntnjs of costn`j doltjltnol. Eut tcj miknssnol of tcj Emremrnmlsnlto tcj pm`j of dnvn` mli jdd`jsnmstndm` sodnjty ij`nvjrji Juropj frok tcjijprjimtnols, ey sjm mli `mli, of tcj Lorkmls, tcj Culamrnmls, mli tcj Uussnmls, wco`jmrlji to spmrj tcjnr erjtcrjl mli du`tnvmtj tcjnr possjssnols.=79 Ycj jstme`nsckjltof `mw mli orijr wms prokotji ey tcj nlfùjldj of tcj d`jray2 mli tcj ruinkjlts of mrtmli sdnjldj wjrj nltroiudji nlto tcj smvmaj doultrnjs of tcj aòej. Ycj `nejrm` pnjtyof tcj Uussnml prnldjs jlamaji nl tcjnr sjrvndj tcj kost sbn`fu` of tcj Arjjbs, to

ijdormtj tcj dntnjs mli nlstrudt tcj nlcmentmlts2 tcj iokj mli tcj pmnltnlas of Tt.Topcnm wjrj ruij`y dopnji nl tcj dcurdcjs of Bnow=7: mli Lovoaoroi2 tcj wrntnlasof tcj fmtcjrs wjrj trmls`mtji nlto tcj Td`mvolnd ninok2 mli tcrjj culirji loe`jyoutcs wjrj nlvntji or dokpj``ji to mttjli tcj `jssols of tcj do``jaj of Hmros`mus.=76Nt scouì mppjmr tcmt Uussnm knact cmvj ijrnvji ml jmr`y mli rmpni nkprovjkjlt frokcjr pjdu`nmr dolljdtnol wntc tcj dcurdc mli stmtj of Dolstmltnlop`j=71 wcndc nl tcmtmaj so hust`y ijspnsji tcj nalormldj of tcj @mtnls. Eut tcj Eyzmltnlj lmtnol wmssjrvn`j, so`ntmry, mli vjranla to ml cmsty ijd`nlj2 mftjr tcj fm`` of Bnow, tcj lmvnamtnolof tcj Eorystcjljs wms foraottjl2 tcj arjmt prnldjs of Qoòioknr mli Kosdow wjrjsjpmrmtji frok tcj sjm mli Dcrnstjliok2 mli tcj invniji kolmrdcy wms opprjssji eytcj naloknly mli e`nliljss of Ymrtmr sjrvntuij.=73 Ycj Td`mvolnd mli Tdmlinlmvnml

bnlaioks, wcndc cmi ejjl dolvjrtji ey tcj @mtnl knssnolmrnjs, wjrj jxposji, nt nstruj, to tcj spnrntum` hurnsindtnol mli tjkporm` d`mnks of tcj popjs2=7> eut tcjy wjrjulntji, nl `mlaumaj mli rj`nanous worscnp, wntc jmdc otcjr, mli wntc Uokj2 tcjynkeneji tcj frjj mli ajljrous spnrnt of tcj Juropjml rjpue`nd, mli armium``y scmrjitcj `nact of blow`jiaj wcndc mrosj ol tcj Qjstjrl worì.






DCMWYJU @VN

Ycj Tmrmdjls, Frmlbs, mli Arjjbs nl Ntm`y ’ Fnrst Mivjlturjs mli Tjtt`jkjlt of tcj

Lorkmls ’ Dcmrmdtjr mli Dolqujsts of Uoejrt Aunsdmri, Iubj of Mpu`nm ’

Ij`nvjrmldj of Tndn`y ey cns Erotcjr Uoajr ’ Vndtornjs of Uoejrt ovjr tcj Jkpjrors

of tcj Jmst mli Qjst ’ Uoajr, bnla of Tndn`y, nlvmijs Mfrndm mli Arjjdj ’ Ycj

Jkpjror Kmluj` Dokljlus ’ Qmrs of tcj Arjjbs mli Lorkmls ’ Jxtnldtnol of tcj

Lorkmls

Ycj tcrjj arjmt lmtnols of tcj worì, tcj Arjjbs, tcj Tmrmdjls, mli tcj Frmlbs,jldoultjrji jmdc otcjr ol tcj tcjmtrj of Ntm`y.= Ycj soutcjrl provnldjs, wcndc lowdokposj tcj bnlaiok of Lmp`js, wjrj suehjdt, for tcj kost pmrt, to tcj @okemriiubjs mli prnldjs of Ejljvjltuk85 so powjrfu` nl wmr tcmt tcjy dcjdbji for m

kokjlt tcj ajlnus of Dcmr`jkmalj2 so `nejrm` nl pjmdj tcmt tcjy kmnltmnlji nl tcjnr dmpntm` ml mdmijky of tcnrty-two pcnòsopcjrs mli armkkmrnmls. Ycj invnsnol of tcnsfòurnscnla stmtj proiudji tcj rnvm` prnldnpm`ntnjs of Ejljvjlto, Tm`jrlo, mli Dmpum24mli tcj tcouact`jss mkentnol or rjvjlaj of tcj dokpjtntors nlvntji tcj Tmrmdjls to tcjrunl of tcjnr dokkol nlcjrntmldj. Iurnla m dm`mkntous pjrnoi of two culirji yjmrsNtm`y wms jxposji to m rjpjtntnol of woulis, wcndc tcj nlvmijrs wjrj lot dmpme`j of cjm`nla ey tcj ulnol mli trmlqun``nty of m pjrfjdt dolqujst. Ycjnr frjqujlt mli m`kostmllum` squmirols nssuji frok tcj port of Wm`jrko, mli wjrj jltjrtmnlji wntc tookudc nliuàjldj ey tcj Dcrnstnmls of Lmp`js2 tcj korj forknime`j f`jjts wjrj

prjpmrji ol tcj Mfrndml domst2 mli jvjl tcj Mrmes of Mlimùsnm wjrj sokjtnkjs

tjkptji to mssnst or opposj tcj Kos`jks of ml mivjrsj sjdt. Nl tcj rjvoùtnol of cukml jvjlts, m ljw mkeusdmij wms doldjm`ji nl tcj Dmuinlj forbs, tcj fnjìs of Dmllæ wjrj ejijwji m sjdoli tnkj wntc tcj eòoi of tcj Mfrndmls, mli tcj sovjrjnalof Uokj mamnl mttmdbji or ijfjliji tcj wm``s of Dmpum mli Ymrjltuk. M doòly of Tmrmdjls cmi ejjl p`mltji mt Emrn, wcndc dokkmlis tcj jltrmldj of tcj Mirnmtnd au`f2mli tcjnr nkpmrtnm` ijprjimtnols provobji tcj rjsjltkjlt, mli doldn`nmtji tcj ulnol,of tcj two jkpjrors. Ml offjlsnvj m``nmldj wms doldùiji ejtwjjl Emsn` tcjKmdjiolnml, tcj fnrst of cns rmdj, mli @jwns, tcj arjmt-armlisol of Dcmr`jkmalj29mli jmdc pmrty supp`nji tcj ijfndnjldnjs of cns mssodnmtj. Nt wouì cmvj ejjlnkpruijlt nl tcj Eyzmltnlj kolmrdc to trmlsport cns stmtnolmry troops of Msnm to mlNtm`nml dmkpmnal2 mli tcj @mtnl mrks wouì cmvj ejjl nlsuffndnjlt, nf cns supjrnor lmvy cmi lot oddupnji tcj koutc of tcj au`f. Ycj fortrjss of Emrn wms nlvjstji ey tcjnlfmltry of tcj Frmlbs, mli ey tcj dmvm`ry mli am``jys of tcj Arjjbs2 mli, mftjr mijfjldj of four yjmrs, tcj Mrmenml jknr sueknttji to tcj d`jkjldy of @jwns, wcodokkmliji nl pjrsol tcj opjrmtnols of tcj snjaj. Ycns nkportmlt dolqujst cmi ejjlmdcnjvji ey tcj doldori of tcj Jmst mli Qjst2 eut tcjnr rjdjlt mknty wms sooljkenttjrji ey tcj kutum` dokp`mnlts of hjmòusy mli prnij. Ycj Arjjbs mssukji mstcjnr owl tcj kjrnt of tcj dolqujst mli tcj pokp of tcj trnukpc2 jxto``ji tcjarjmtljss of tcjnr powjrs, mli mffjdtji to ijrnij tcj nltjkpjrmldj mli sòtc of tcjcmlifu` of Emremrnmls wco mppjmrji ulijr tcj emlljrs of tcj Dmròvnlanml prnldj. Cnsrjp`y ns jxprjssji wntc tcj jòqujldj of nlinalmtnol mli trutc8 ‐Qj dolfjss tcj

kmalntuij of your prjpmrmtnols,‛ smys tcj arjmt-armlisol of Dcmr`jkmalj. ‐ôur mrknjs wjrj nlijji ms lukjrous ms m dòui of sukkjr òdusts, wco imrbjl tcj imy,





f`mp tcjnr wnlas, mli, mftjr m scort f`nact, tuke`j wjmry mli erjmtc`jss to tcj arouli.@nbj tcjk, yj sulb mftjr m fjje`j jffort2 yj wjrj vmlqunscji ey your owl dowmrindj2mli wntcirjw frok tcj sdjlj of mdtnol to nlhurj mli ijspon` our Dcrnstnml suehjdts of tcj Td`mvolnml domst. Qj wjrj fjw nl lukejr, mli wcy wjrj wj fjw? Ejdmusj, mftjr m tjinous jxpjdtmtnol of your mrrnvm`, N cmi insknssji ky cost, mli rjtmnlji ol`y m

dcosjl emli of wmrrnors to doltnluj tcj eòdbmij of tcj dnty. Nf tcjy nliuàji tcjnr cospntme`j fjmsts nl tcj fmdj of imlajr mli ijmtc, ini tcjsj fjmsts memtj tcj vnaour of tcjnr jltjrprnsj? Ns nt ey your fmstnla tcmt tcj wm``s of Emrn cmvj ejjl ovjrturlji? Inilot tcjsj vm`nmlt Frmlbs, inknlnscji ms tcjy wjrj ey `mlauor mli fmtnauj, nltjrdjptmli vmlqunsc tcj tcrjj kost powjrfu` jknrs of tcj Tmrmdjls? mli ini lot tcjnr ijfjmt

prjdnpntmtj tcj fm`` of tcj dnty? Emrn ns low fm``jl2 Ymrjltuk trjke`js2 Dm`mernm wn`` ejij`nvjrji2 mli, nf wj dokkmli tcj sjm, tcj ns`mli of Tndn`y kmy ej rjsduji frok tcjcmlis of tcj nlfnij`s. Ky erotcjr (m lmkj kost offjlsnvj to tcj vmlnty of tcj Arjjb),mddj`jrmtj your lmvm` suddours, rjspjdt your m``njs, mli instrust your f`mttjrjrs.‛:

Ycjsj òfty copjs wjrj sool jxtnlaunscji ey tcj ijmtc of @jwns, mli tcj ijdmy of tcjDmròvnlanml cousj2 mli, wcojvjr knact ijsjrvj tcj colour, tcj Arjjb jkpjrors,Emsn` mli cns sol @jo, sjdurji tcj mivmltmaj, of tcj rjiudtnol of Emrn. Ycj Ntm`nmls of Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm wjrj pjrsumiji or dokpj``ji to mdblow`jiaj tcjnr suprjkmdy,mli ml nijm` `nlj frok Koult Amramlus to tcj emy of Tm`jrlo `jmvjs tcj fmr arjmtjr

pmrt of tcj bnlaiok of Lmp`js ulijr tcj ioknlnol of tcj Jmstjrl jkpnrj. Ejyoli tcmt`nlj, tcj iubjs or rjpue`nds of Mkm`pcn6 mli Lmp`js, wco cmi ljvjr forfjntji tcjnr voùltmry m``janmldj, rjhondji nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of tcjnr `mwfu` sovjrjnal2 mliMkm`pcn wms jlrndcji ey supp`ynla Juropj wntc tcj proiudj mli kmlufmdturjs of Msnm. Eut tcj @okemri prnldjs of Ejljvjlto, Tm`jrlo, mli Dmpum1 wjrj rjùdtmlt`ytorl frok tcj dokkulnol of tcj @mtnl worì, mli too oftjl vno`mtji tcjnr omtcs of sjrvntuij mli trneutj. Ycj dnty of Emrn rosj to inalnty mli wjm`tc, ms tcj kjtropo`ns of tcj ljw tcjkj or provnldj of @okemriy2 tcj tnt`j of pmtrndnml, mli mftjrwmris tcjsnlau`mr lmkj of Dmtmpml,3 wms mssnalji to tcj suprjkj aovjrlor2 mli tcj po`ndy

eotc of tcj dcurdc mli stmtj wms koij``ji nl jxmdt sueorinlmtnol to tcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`j. Ms òla ms tcj sdjptrj wms insputji ey tcj prnldjs of Ntm`y, tcjnr jfforts wjrj fjje`j mli mivjrsj2 mli tcj Arjjbs rjsnstji or jùiji tcj fordjs of Ajrkmly, wcndc ijsdjliji frok tcj M`ps ulijr tcj Nkpjrnm` stmlimri of tcj Otcos.Ycj fnrst mli arjmtjst of tcosj Tmxol prnldjs wms dokpj``ji to rj`nlqunsc tcj snjaj of Emrn8 tcj sjdoli, mftjr tcj òss of cns stoutjst enscops mli emrols, jsdmpji wntc colour frok tcj eòoiy fnjì of Drotolm. Ol tcmt imy tcj sdm`j of wmr wms turlji mamnlst tcj

Frmlbs ey tcj vmòur of tcj Tmrmdjls.> Ycjsj dorsmnrs cmi nlijji ejjl irnvjl ey tcjEyzmltnlj f`jjts frok tcj fortrjssjs mli domsts of Ntm`y2 eut m sjlsj of nltjrjst wmskorj prjvm`jlt tcml supjrstntnol or rjsjltkjlt, mli tcj dm`npc of Jaypt cmitrmlsportji forty tcousmli Kos`jks to tcj mni of cns Dcrnstnml m``y. Ycj suddjssors of Emsn` mkusji tcjksj`vjs wntc tcj ej`njf tcmt tcj dolqujst of @okemriy cmi ejjlmdcnjvji, mli wms stn`` prjsjrvji, ey tcj hustndj of tcjnr `mws, tcj vnrtujs of tcjnr knlnstjrs, mli tcj armtntuij of m pjop`j wcok tcjy cmi rjsduji frok mlmrdcy mliopprjssnol. M sjrnjs of rjej``nols knact imrt m rmy of trutc nlto tcj pm`mdj of Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli tcj n`ùsnols of f`mttjry wjrj inspj``ji ey tcj jmsy mli rmpnisuddjss of tcj Lorkml mivjlturjrs.





Ycj rjvoùtnol of cukml mffmnrs cmi proiudji nl Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm m kj`mldco`ydoltrmst ejtwjjl tcj maj of Wytcmaorms mli tcj tjltc djltury of tcj Dcrnstnml jrm. Mttcj forkjr pjrnoi, tcj domst of Arjmt Arjjdj (ms nt wms tcjl sty`ji) wms p`mltji wntcfrjj mli opu`jlt dntnjs8 tcjsj dntnjs wjrj pjop`ji wntc soìnjrs, mrtnsts, mli

pcnòsopcjrs2 mli tcj kn`ntmry strjlatc of Ymrjltuk, Tyemrns, or Drotolm wms lot

nlfjrnor to tcmt of m powjrfu` bnlaiok. Mt tcj sjdoli jrm, tcjsj oldj-fòurnscnla provnldjs wjrj dòuiji wntc nalormldj, nkpovjrnscji ey tyrmlly, mli ijpopu`mtji eyEmremrnml wmr2 lor dml wj sjvjrj`y mddusj tcj jxmaajrmtnol of m doltjkpormry tcmt mfmnr mli mkp`j instrndt wms rjiudji to tcj smkj ijso`mtnol wcndc cmi dovjrji tcjjmrtc mftjr tcj ajljrm` ijùaj.=7 Mkola tcj costn`ntnjs of tcj Mrmes, tcj Frmlbs, mlitcj Arjjbs, nl tcj soutcjrl Ntm`y, N scm`` sj`jdt two or tcrjj mljdiotjs jxprjssnvj of tcjnr lmtnolm` kmlljrs. =. Nt wms tcj mkusjkjlt of tcj Tmrmdjls to profmlj, ms wj`` msto pn``maj, tcj kolmstjrnjs mli dcurdcjs. Mt tcj snjaj of Tm`jrlo, m Kusu`kml dcnjf sprjmi cns doudc ol tcj dokkulnol-tme`j, mli ol tcmt m`tmr smdrnfndji jmdc lnact tcjvnranlnty of m Dcrnstnml lul. Ms cj wrjst`ji wntc m rjùdtmlt kmni, m ejmk nl tcj roof

wms mddnijltm``y or ijxtjrous`y tcrowl iowl ol cns cjmi2 mli tcj ijmtc of tcj ùstfu`jknr wms nkputji to tcj wrmtc of Dcrnst, wcndc wms mt `jlatc mwmbjlji to tcj ijfjldjof cns fmntcfu` spousj.== 5. Ycj Tmrmdjls ejsnjaji tcj dntnjs of Ejljvjltuk mliDmpum8 mftjr m vmnl mppjm` to tcj suddjssors of Dcmr`jkmalj, tcj @okemris nkpòrjitcj d`jkjldy mli mni of tcj Arjjb jkpjror.=5 M fjmr`jss dntnzjl iroppji frok tcjwm``s, pmssji tcj nltrjldckjlts, mddokp`nscji cns dokknssnol, mli fj`` nlto tcj cmlisof tcj Emremrnmls, ms cj wms rjturlnla wntc tcj wj`dokj ljws. Ycjy dokkmliji cnkto mssnst tcjnr jltjrprnsj, mli ijdjnvj cns doultrykjl, wntc tcj mssurmldj tcmt wjm`tcmli colours scouì ej tcj rjwmri of cns fm`sjcooi, mli tcmt cns snldjrnty wouì ej

pulnscji wntc nkkjinmtj ijmtc. Cj mffjdtji to ynjì, eut, ms sool ms cj wms

doliudtji wntcnl cjmrnla of tcj Dcrnstnmls ol tcj rmkpmrt, ‐Frnjlis mli erjtcrjl,‛ cjdrnji wntc m òui vondj, ‐ej eoì mli pmtnjlt, kmnltmnl tcj dnty2 your sovjrjnal nsnlforkji of your instrjss, mli your ij`nvjrjrs mrj mt cmli. N blow ky iook, mlidokknt ky wnfj mli dcnìrjl to your armtntuij.‛ Ycj rmaj of tcj Mrmes dolfnrkji cnsjvnijldj2 mli tcj sj`f-ijvotji pmtrnot wms trmlspnjrdji wntc ml culirji spjmrs. Cjijsjrvjs to `nvj nl tcj kjkory of tcj vnrtuous, eut tcj rjpjtntnol of tcj smkj story nlmldnjlt mli koijrl tnkjs kmy sprnlb`j sokj iouets ol tcj rjm`nty of tcns ajljrousijji.=4 4. Ycj rjdntm` of tcj tcnri nldnijlt kmy provobj m skn`j mknist tcj corrors of wmr. Ycjoemì, kmrquns of Dmkjrnlo mli Tpo`jto,=9 supportji tcj rjej`s of Ejljvjltuk2 mli cns wmltol druj`ty wms lot nldokpmtne`j nl tcmt maj wntc tcjdcmrmdtjr of ml cjro. Cns dmptnvjs of tcj Arjjb lmtnol or pmrty wjrj dmstrmtji wntcout

kjrdy, mli tcj outrmaj wms maarmvmtji ey m druj` hjst, tcmt cj wnscji to prjsjlt tcjjkpjror wntc m supp`y of juludcs, tcj kost prjdnous orlmkjlts of tcj Eyzmltnljdourt. Ycj amrrnsol of tcj dmst`j cmi ejjl ijfjmtji nl m sm``y, mli tcj prnsoljrs wjrjsjltjldji to tcj dustokmry opjrmtnol. Eut tcj smdrnfndj wms instureji ey tcj nltrusnolof m frmltnd fjkm`j, wco, wntc e`jjinla dcjjbs, inscjvj``ji cmnr, mli nkportulmtjd`mkours, dokpj``ji tcj kmrquns to `nstjl to cjr dokp`mnlt. ‐Nt ns tcus,‛ scj drnji, ‐yjkmalmlnkous cjrojs, tcmt yj wmaj wmr mamnlst wokjl, mamnlst wokjl wco cmvjljvjr nlhurji yj, mli wcosj ol`y mrks mrj tcj instmff mli tcj òok?‛ Ycjoemì ijlnjitcj dcmraj, mli protjstji tcmt, snldj tcj Mkmzols, cj cmi ljvjr cjmri of m fjkm`jwmr. ‐Mli cow,‛ scj furnous`y jxd`mnkji, ‐dml you mttmdb us korj inrjdt`y, cow dml

you wouli us nl m korj vntm` pmrt, tcml ey roeenla our cusemlis of wcmt wj kostijmr`y dcjrnsc, tcj sourdj of our hoys, mli tcj copj of our postjrnty? Ycj pùlijr of





our fòdbs mli cjris N cmvj jliurji wntcout m kurkur, eut tcns fmtm` nlhury, tcnsnrrjpmrme`j òss, sueiujs ky pmtnjldj, mli dm``s mòui ol tcj hustndj of cjmvjl mlijmrtc.‛ M ajljrm` `muac mpp`muiji cjr jòqujldj2 tcj smvmaj Frmlbs, nlmddjssne`j to

pnty, wjrj kovji ey cjr rninduòus, yjt rmtnolm` ijspmnr2 mli, wntc tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcj dmptnvjs, scj oetmnlji tcj rjstntutnol of cjr jffjdts. Ms scj rjturlji nl trnukpc to

tcj dmst`j, scj wms ovjrtmbjl ey m kjssjlajr, to nlqunrj, nl tcj lmkj of Ycjoemì,wcmt pulnsckjlt scouì ej nlf`ndtji ol cjr cusemli, wjrj cj mamnl tmbjl nl mrks?‐Tcouì sudc,‛ scj mlswjrji wntcout cjsntmtnol, ‐ej cns aun`t mli knsfortulj, cj cmsjyjs, mli m losj, mli cmlis, mli fjjt. Ycjsj mrj cns owl, mli tcjsj cj kmy ijsjrvj toforfjnt ey cns pjrsolm` offjldjs. Eut `jt ky òri ej p`jmsji to spmrj wcmt cns `ntt`jcmlikmni prjsukjs to d`mnk ms cjr pjdu`nmr mli `mwfu` propjrty.‛=:

Ycj jstme`nsckjlt of tcj Lorkmls nl tcj bnlaioks of Lmp`js mli Tndn`y=6 ns ml jvjltkost rokmltnd nl nts ornanl, mli nl nts dolsjqujldjs kost nkportmlt eotc to Ntm`y mlitcj Jmstjrl jkpnrj. Ycj erobjl provnldjs of tcj Arjjbs, @okemris, mli Tmrmdjlswjrj jxposji to jvjry nlvmijr, mli jvjry sjm mli `mli wjrj nlvmiji ey tcjmivjlturous spnrnt of tcj Tdmlinlmvnml pnrmtjs. Mftjr m òla nliuàjldj of rmpnlj mlis`muactjr, m fmnr mli mkp`j tjrrntory wms mddjptji, oddupnji, mli lmkji, ey tcj

Lorkmls of Frmldj2 tcjy rjlouldji tcjnr aois for tcj Aoi of tcj Dcrnstnmls2=1 mlitcj iubjs of Lorkmliy mdblow`jiaji tcjksj`vjs tcj vmssm`s of tcj suddjssors of Dcmr`jkmalj mli Dmpjt. Ycj smvmaj fnjrdjljss wcndc tcjy cmi erouact frok tcjslowy koultmnls of Lorwmy wms rjfnlji, wntcout ejnla dorruptji, nl m wmrkjr d`nkmtj2 tcj dokpmlnols of Uo`ò nlsjlsne`y knla`ji wntc tcj lmtnvjs2 tcjy nkenejitcj kmlljrs, ̀ mlaumaj,=3 mli am``mltry of tcj Frjldc lmtnol2 mli, nl m kmrtnm` maj, tcj

Lorkmls knact d`mnk tcj pm`k of vmòur mli aòrnous mdcnjvjkjlts. Of tcjfmscnolme`j supjrstntnols, tcjy jkermdji wntc mriour tcj pnàrnkmajs of Uokj, Ntm`y,mli tcj Co`y @mli. Nl tcns mdtnvj ijvotnol, tcjnr knlis mli eoinjs wjrj nlvnaormtji

ey jxjrdnsj8 imlajr wms tcj nldjltnvj, lovj`ty tcj rjdokpjlsj2 mli tcj prospjdt of tcj

worì wms ijdormtji ey wolijr, drjiu`nty, mli mkentnous copj. Ycjy dolfjijrmtji for tcjnr kutum` ijfjldj2 mli tcj roeejrs of tcj M`ps, wco cmi ejjl m`ùrji ey tcj amre of m pnàrnk, wjrj oftjl dcmstnsji ey tcj mrk of m wmrrnor. Nl olj of tcjsj pnous vnsnts=>to tcj dmvjrl of Koult Amramlus nl Mpu`nm, wcndc cmi ejjl smldtnfnji ey tcjmppmrntnol of tcj mrdcmlaj` Kndcmj`,57 tcjy wjrj mddostji ey m strmlajr nl tcj Arjjb cment, eut wco sool rjvjm`ji cnksj`f ms m rjej`, m fuantnvj, mli m kortm` foj of tcjArjjb jkpnrj. Cns lmkj wms Kjò85= m loe`j dntnzjl of Emrn, wco, mftjr mlulsuddjssfu` rjvo`t, wms dokpj``ji to sjjb ljw m``njs mli mvjlajrs of cns doultry.Ycj eoì mppjmrmldj of tcj Lorkmls rjvnvji cns copjs mli so`ndntji cns dolfnijldj8tcjy `nstjlji to tcj dokp`mnlts, mli stn`` korj to tcj proknsjs, of tcj pmtrnot. Ycjmssurmldj of wjm`tc ijkolstrmtji tcj hustndj of cns dmusj2 mli tcjy vnjwji, ms tcj

nlcjrntmldj of tcj ermvj, tcj fruntfu` `mli wcndc wms opprjssji ey jffjknlmtj tyrmlts.Ol tcjnr rjturl to Lorkmliy, tcjy bnli`ji m spmrb of jltjrprnsj2 mli m skm`` eut





nltrjpni emli wms frjj`y mssodnmtji for tcj ij`nvjrmldj of Mpu`nm. Ycjy pmssji tcjM`ps ey sjpmrmtj romis, mli nl tcj insaunsj of pnàrnks2 eut nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Uokj tcjy wjrj smùtji ey tcj dcnjf of Emrn, wco supp`nji tcj korj nlinajlt wntcmrks mli corsjs, mli nlstmlt`y `ji tcjk to tcj fnjì of mdtnol. Nl tcj fnrst dolf`ndt, tcjnr vmòur prjvmn`ji255 eut, nl tcj sjdoli jlamajkjlt, tcjy wjrj ovjrwcj`kji ey tcj

lukejrs mli kn`ntmry jlanljs of tcj Arjjbs, mli nlinalmlt`y rjtrjmtji wntc tcjnr fmdjsto tcj jljky. Ycj ulfortulmtj Kjò jliji cns `nfj, m supp`nmlt mt tcj dourt of Ajrkmly8 cns Lorkml fo`òwjrs, jxdùiji frok tcjnr lmtnvj mli tcjnr proknsji `mli,wmlijrji mkola tcj cn``s mli vm``jys of Ntm`y, mli jmrlji tcjnr imn`y suesnstjldj eytcj swori. Yo tcmt forknime`j swori tcj prnldjs of Dmpum, Ejljvjltuk, Tm`jrlo, mli

Lmp`js m`tjrlmtj`y mppjm`ji nl tcjnr iokjstnd qumrrj`s2 tcj supjrnor spnrnt mliinsdnp`nlj of tcj Lorkmls amvj vndtory to tcj snij wcndc tcjy jspousji2 mli tcjnr dmutnous po`ndy oesjrvji tcj em`mldj of powjr, `jst tcj prjpolijrmldj of mly rnvm`stmtj scouì rjlijr tcjnr mni `jss nkportmlt mli tcjnr sjrvndj `jss profntme`j. Ycjnr fnrstmsyùk wms m strola dmkp nl tcj ijptc of tcj kmrscjs of Dmkpmlnm2 eut tcjy wjrj

sool jliowji ey tcj `nejrm`nty of tcj iubj of Lmp`js wntc m korj p`jltnfu` mli pjrkmljlt sjmt. Jnact kn`js frok cns rjsnijldj, ms m eu`wmrb mamnlst Dmpum, tcj towlof Mvjrsm wms eun`t mli fortnfnji for tcjnr usj254 mli tcjy jlhoyji ms tcjnr owl tcjdorl mli frunts, tcj kjmiows mli arovjs, of tcmt fjrtn`j instrndt. Ycj rjport of tcjnr suddjss mttrmdtji jvjry yjmr ljw swmrks of pnàrnks mli soìnjrs2 tcj poor wjrjuraji ey ljdjssnty2 tcj rndc wjrj jxdntji ey copj2 mli tcj ermvj mli mdtnvj spnrnts of

Lorkmliy wjrj nkpmtnjlt of jmsj mli mkentnous of rjlowl. Ycj nlijpjlijlt stmlimriof Mvjrsm mfforiji scj`tjr mli jldourmajkjlt to tcj out`mws of tcj provnldj, to jvjryfuantnvj wco cmi jsdmpji frok tcj nlhustndj or hustndj of cns supjrnors2 mli tcjsjforjnal mssodnmtjs wjrj qundb`y mssnkn`mtji nl kmlljrs mli `mlaumaj to tcj Am``nd

doòly. Ycj fnrst `jmijr of tcj Lorkmls wms Doult Umnlu`f2 mli, nl tcj ornanl of sodnjty, prj-jknljldj of rmlb ns tcj rjwmri mli tcj proof of supjrnor kjrnt.59

Tnldj tcj dolqujst of Tndn`y ey tcj Mrmes, tcj Arjdnml jkpjrors cmi ejjl mlxnous torjamnl tcmt vmùme`j possjssnol2 eut tcjnr jfforts, cowjvjr strjluous, cmi ejjlopposji ey tcj instmldj mli tcj sjm. Ycjnr dost`y mrkmkjlts, mftjr m a`jmk of suddjss,miiji ljw pmajs of dm`mknty mli insarmdj to tcj Eyzmltnlj mllm`s2 twjlty tcousmliof tcjnr ejst troops wjrj òst nl m snla`j jxpjintnol2 mli tcj vndtornous Kos`jksijrniji tcj po`ndy of m lmtnol, wcndc jltrustji juludcs lot ol`y wntc tcj dustoiy of tcjnr wokjl, eut wntc tcj dokkmli of tcjnr kjl.5: Mftjr m rjnal of two culirjiyjmrs, tcj Tmrmdjls wjrj runlji ey tcjnr invnsnols.56 Ycj jknr insd`mnkji tcj

mutcornty of tcj bnla of Yulns2 tcj pjop`j rosj mamnlst tcj jknr2 tcj dntnjs wjrjusurpji ey tcj dcnjfs2 jmdc kjmljr rjej` wms nlijpjlijlt nl cns vn``maj or dmst`j2 mlitcj wjmbjr of two rnvm` erotcjrs nkpòrji tcj frnjliscnp of tcj Dcrnstnmls.51 Nl jvjrysjrvndj of imlajr tcj Lorkmls wjrj prokpt mli usjfu`8 mli fnvj culirji blnacts, or wmrrnors ol corsjemdb, wjrj jlro``ji ey Mriunl, tcj majlt mli nltjrprjtjr of tcjArjjbs, ulijr tcj stmlimri of Kmlnmdjs, aovjrlor of @okemriy.53 Ejforj tcjnr `mlinla, tcj erotcjrs wjrj rjdoldn`ji2 tcj ulnol of Tndn`y mli Mfrndm wjrj rjstorji2mli tcj Ns`mli wms aumriji to tcj wmtjr„s jiaj. Ycj Lorkmls `ji tcj vml, mli tcjMrmes of Kjssnlm fj`t tcj vmòur of ml ultrnji foj. Nl m sjdoli mdtnol, tcj jknr of Tyrmdusj wms ulcorsji mli trmlspnjrdji ey tcj nrol mrk of Qn``nmk of Cmutjvn``j. Nl

m tcnri jlamajkjlt, cns nltrjpni dokpmlnols insdokfntji tcj cost of snxty tcousmliTmrmdjls, mli `jft tcj Arjjbs lo korj tcml tcj `meour of tcj pursunt8 m sp`jlini





vndtory2 eut of wcndc tcj pjl of tcj cnstornml kmy invnij tcj kjrnt wntc tcj `mldj of tcj Lorkmls. Nt ns, cowjvjr, truj tcmt tcjy jssjltnm``y prokotji tcj suddjss of Kmlnmdjs, wco rjiudji tcnrtjjl dntnjs, mli tcj arjmtjr pmrt of Tndn`y, ulijr tcjoejinjldj of tcj jkpjror. Eut cns kn`ntmry fmkj wms su``nji ey nlarmtntuij mlityrmlly. Nl tcj invnsnol of tcj spon` tcj ijsjrts of cns ermvj muxn`nmrnjs wjrj foraottjl2

mli ljntcjr tcjnr mvmrndj lor tcjnr prnij douì eroob tcns nlhurnous trjmtkjlt. Ycjydokp`mnlji ey tcj koutc of tcjnr nltjrprjtjr2 tcjnr dokp`mnlt wms insrjamriji2 tcjnr nltjrprjtjr wms sdouraji2 tcj suffjrnlas wjrj cns2 tcj nlsu`t mli rjsjltkjlt ejòlajito tcosj wcosj sjltnkjlts cj cmi ij`nvjrji. ^jt tcjy inssjke`ji tn`` tcjy cmioetmnlji, or sto`jl, m smfj pmssmaj to tcj Ntm`nml doltnljlt2 tcjnr erjtcrjl of Mvjrsmsykpmtcnsji nl tcjnr nlinalmtnol, mli tcj provnldj of Mpu`nm wms nlvmiji ms tcjforfjnt of tcj ijet.5> Meovj twjlty yjmrs mftjr tcj fnrst jknarmtnol, tcj Lorkmls toob tcj fnjì wntc lo korj tcml sjvjl culirji corsj mli fnvj culirji foot2 mli, mftjr tcjrjdm`` of tcj Eyzmltnlj `janols47 frok tcj Tndn`nml wmr, tcjnr lukejrs mrj kmalnfnjito tcj mkoult of tcrjjsdorj tcousmli kjl. Ycjnr cjrmì proposji tcj optnol of emtt`j

or rjtrjmt2 ‐Of emtt`j,‛ wms tcj ulmlnkous dry of tcj Lorkmls2 mli olj of tcjnr stoutjst wmrrnors, wntc m strobj of cns fnst, fj``ji to tcj arouli tcj corsj of tcj Arjjb kjssjlajr. Cj wms insknssji wntc m frjsc corsj2 tcj nlsu`t wms doldjm`ji frok tcjNkpjrnm` troops2 eut nl two suddjssnvj emtt`js4= tcjy wjrj korj fmtm``y nlstrudtji of tcj prowjss of tcjnr mivjrsmrnjs. Nl tcj p`mnls of Dmllæ, tcj Msnmtnds f`ji frok tcjmivjlturjrs of Frmldj2 tcj iubj of @okemriy wms kmij prnsoljr2 tcj Mpu`nmlsmdqunjsdji nl m ljw ioknlnol2 mli tcj four p`mdjs of Emrn, Otrmlto, Eruliusnuk, mliYmrjltuk wjrj mòlj smvji nl tcj scnpwrjdb of tcj Arjdnml fortuljs. Frok tcns jrmwj kmy imtj tcj jstme`nsckjlt of tcj Lorkml powjr, wcndc sool jd`npsji tcj nlfmltdoòly of Mvjrsm. Ywj`vj doults45 wjrj dcosjl ey tcj popu`mr suffrmaj2 mli maj,

enrtc, mli kjrnt wjrj tcj kotnvjs of tcjnr dcondj. Ycj trneutjs of tcjnr pjdu`nmr instrndts wjrj mpproprnmtji to tcjnr usj2 mli jmdc doult jrjdtji m fortrjss nl tcj knistof cns `mlis, mli mt tcj cjmi of cns vmssm`s. Nl tcj djltrj of tcj provnldj, tcj dokkolcmentmtnol of Kj`pcn wms rjsjrvji ms tcj kjtropo`ns mli dntmij` of tcj rjpue`nd2 mlcousj mli sjpmrmtj qumrtjr wms m`òttji to jmdc of tcj twj`vj doults2 mli tcj lmtnolm`doldjrls wjrj rjau`mtji ey tcns kn`ntmry sjlmtj. Ycj fnrst of cns pjjrs, tcjnr prjsnijltmli ajljrm`, wms jltnt`ji doult of Mpu`nm2 mli tcns inalnty wms dolfjrrji ol Qn``nmkof tcj Nrol Mrk, wco, nl tcj `mlaumaj of tcj maj, ns sty`ji m `nol nl emtt`j, m `mke nlsodnjty, mli ml mlaj` nl douldn`.44 Ycj kmlljrs of cns doultrykjl mrj fmnr`yij`nljmtji ey m doltjkpormry mli lmtnolm` cnstornml.49 ‐Ycj Lorkmls,‛ smysKm`mtjrrm, ‐mrj m dullnla mli rjvjlajfu` pjop`j2 jòqujldj mli inssnku`mtnol mppjmr

to ej tcjnr cjrjintmry qum`ntnjs8 tcjy dml stoop to f`mttjr2 eut, ul`jss tcjy mrj dureji eytcj rjstrmnlt of `mw, tcjy nliuàj tcj `ndjltnousljss of lmturj mli pmssnol. Ycjnr

prnldjs mffjdt tcj prmnsj of popu`mr kulnfndjldj2 tcj pjop`j oesjrvj tcj kjinuk, or rmtcjr e`jli tcj jxtrjkjs, of mvmrndj mli proinam`nty2 mli, nl tcjnr jmajr tcnrst of wjm`tc mli ioknlnol, tcjy ijspnsj wcmtjvjr tcjy possjss, mli copj wcmtjvjr tcjyijsnrj. Mrks mli corsjs, tcj ùxury of irjss, tcj jxjrdnsjs of cultnla mli cmwbnla,4:mrj tcj ij`nact of tcj Lorkmls2 eut ol prjssnla oddmsnols tcjy dml jliurj wntcnldrjine`j pmtnjldj tcj nld`jkjldy of jvjry d`nkmtj mli tcj ton` mli mestnljldj of mkn`ntmry `nfj.‛46

Ycj Lorkmls of Mpu`nm wjrj sjmtji ol tcj vjraj of tcj two jkpnrjs2 mli, mddorinlato tcj po`ndy of tcj cour, tcjy mddjptji tcj nlvjstnturj of tcjnr `mlis frok tcj





sovjrjnals of Ajrkmly or Dolstmltnlop`j.41 Eut tcj fnrkjst tnt`j of tcjsj mivjlturjrswms tcj rnact of dolqujst8 tcjy ljntcjr òvji lor trustji2 tcjy wjrj ljntcjr trustji lor

ejòvji2 tcj doltjkpt of tcj prnldjs wms knxji wntc fjmr, mli tcj fjmr of tcj lmtnvjswms knla`ji wntc cmtrji mli rjsjltkjlt. Jvjry oehjdt of ijsnrj, ml corsj, m wokml, mamrijl, tjkptji mli armtnfnji tcj rmpmdnousljss of tcj strmlajrs243 mli tcj mvmrndj of

tcjnr dcnjfs wms ol`y doòurji ey tcj korj spjdnous lmkjs of mkentnol mli aòry. Ycjtwj`vj doults wjrj sokjtnkjs honlji nl m `jmauj of nlhustndj8 nl tcjnr iokjstndqumrrj`s, tcjy insputji tcj spon`s of tcj pjop`j2 tcj vnrtujs of Qn``nmk wjrj eurnji nlcns armvj2 mli Iroao, cns erotcjr mli suddjssor, wms ejttjr qum`nfnji to `jmi tcjvmòur, tcml to rjstrmnl tcj vno`jldj, of cns pjjrs. Zlijr tcj rjnal of DolstmltnljKolokmdcus, tcj po`ndy, rmtcjr tcml ejljvo`jldj, of tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt mttjkptji torj`njvj Ntm`y frok tcns micjrjlt knsdcnjf, korj arnjvous tcml m f`nact of Emremrnmls24>mli Mrayrus, tcj sol of Kjò, wms nlvjstji for tcns purposj wntc tcj kost òftytnt`js97 mli tcj kost mkp`j dokknssnol. Ycj kjkory of cns fmtcjr knact rjdokkjlicnk to tcj Lorkmls2 mli cj cmi m`rjmiy jlamaji tcjnr voùltmry sjrvndj to quj`` tcj

rjvo`t of Kmlnmdjs, mli to mvjlaj tcjnr owl mli tcj pue`nd nlhury. Nt wms tcj ijsnal of Dolstmltnlj to trmlsp`mlt tcns wmr`nbj doòly frok tcj Ntm`nml provnldjs to tcj Wjrsnmlwmr2 mli tcj sol of Kjò instrneutji mkola tcj dcnjfs tcj aoì mli kmlufmdturjs of Arjjdj, ms tcj fnrst frunts of tcj Nkpjrnm` eoulty. Eut cns mrts wjrj emff`ji ey tcj sjlsjmli spnrnt of tcj dolqujrors of Mpu`nm8 cns anfts, or mt `jmst cns proposm`s, wjrjrjhjdtji2 mli tcjy ulmlnkous`y rjfusji to rj`nlqunsc tcjnr possjssnols mli tcjnr copjsfor tcj instmlt prospjdt of Msnmtnd fortulj. Mftjr tcj kjmls of pjrsumsnol cmi fmn`ji,Mrayrus rjso`vji to dokpj` or to ijstroy8 tcj @mtnl powjrs wjrj so`ndntji mamnlst tcjdokkol jljky2 mli ml offjlsnvj m``nmldj wms forkji of tcj popj mli tcj twojkpjrors of tcj Jmst mli Qjst. Ycj tcrolj of Tt. Wjtjr wms oddupnji ey @jo tcj

Lnltc, m snkp`j smnlt,9= of m tjkpjr kost mpt to ijdjnvj cnksj`f mli tcj worì, mliwcosj vjljrme`j dcmrmdtjr wouì dolsjdrmtj wntc tcj lmkj of pnjty tcj kjmsurjs `jmstdokpmtne`j wntc tcj prmdtndj of rj`nanol. Cns cukmlnty wms mffjdtji ey tcj dokp`mnlts,

pjrcmps tcj dmùklnjs, of ml nlhurji pjop`j2 tcj nkpnous Lorkmls cmi nltjrruptji tcj pmykjlt of tntcjs2 mli tcj tjkporm` swori knact ej `mwfu``y ulscjmtcji mamnlst tcjsmdrn`janous roeejrs, wco wjrj ijmf to tcj djlsurjs of tcj dcurdc. Ms m Ajrkml of loe`j enrtc mli roym` bnlirji, @jo cmi frjj mddjss to tcj dourt mli dolfnijldj of tcjjkpjror Cjlry tcj Ycnri2 mli nl sjmrdc of mrks mli m``njs cns mrijlt zjm` trmlsportjicnk frok Mpu`nm to Tmxoly, frok tcj Jèj to tcj Ynejr. Iurnla tcjsj costn`j

prjpmrmtnols, Mrayrus nliuàji cnksj`f nl tcj usj of sjdrjt mli aun`ty wjmpols2 mdrowi of Lorkmls ejdmkj tcj vndtnks of pue`nd or prnvmtj rjvjlaj2 mli tcj vm`nmlt

Iroao wms kurijrji nl m dcurdc. Eut cns spnrnt survnvji nl cns erotcjr Cukpcrjy, tcjtcnri Doult of Mpu`nm. Ycj mssmssnls wjrj dcmstnsji2 mli tcj sol of Kjò, ovjrtcrowlmli wouliji, wms irnvjl frok tcj fnjì to cnij cns scmkj ejcnli tcj wm``s of Emrn,mli to mwmnt tcj tmriy suddour of cns m``njs.

Eut tcj powjr of Dolstmltnlj wms instrmdtji ey m Yurbnsc wmr2 tcj knli of Cjlry wmsfjje`j mli nrrjsoùtj2 mli tcj popj, nlstjmi of pmssnla tcj M`ps wntc m Ajrkml mrky,wms mddokpmlnji ol`y ey m aumri of sjvjl culirji Twmenmls mli sokj voùltjjrs of @orrmnlj. Nl cns òla proarjss frok Kmltum to Ejljvjltuk, m vn`j mli proknsduousku`tntuij of Ntm`nmls wms jl`nstji ulijr tcj co`y stmlimri295 tcj prnjst mli tcj roeejr

s`jpt nl tcj smkj tjlt2 tcj pnbjs mli drossjs wjrj nltjrknla`ji nl tcj frolt2 mli tcjlmturm` smnlt rjpjmtji tcj `jssols of cns youtc nl tcj orijr of kmrdc, of jldmkpkjlt,





mli of dokemt. Ycj Lorkmls of Mpu`nm douì kustjr nl tcj fnjì lo korj tcml tcrjjtcousmli corsj, wntc ml cmlifu` of nlfmltry2 tcj ijfjdtnol of tcj lmtnvjs nltjrdjptjitcjnr provnsnols mli rjtrjmt2 mli tcjnr spnrnt, nldmpme`j of fjmr, wms dcn``ji for mkokjlt ey supjrstntnous mwj. Ol tcj costn`j mppromdc of @jo, tcjy blj`t wntcoutinsarmdj or rjùdtmldj ejforj tcjnr spnrntum` fmtcjr. Eut tcj popj wms nljxorme`j2 cns

òfty Ajrkmls mffjdtji to ijrnij tcj inknlutnvj stmturj of tcjnr mivjrsmrnjs2 mli tcj Lorkmls wjrj nlforkji tcmt ijmtc or jxn`j wms tcjnr ol`y m`tjrlmtnvj. F`nact tcjyinsimnlji, mli, ms kmly of tcjk cmi ejjl tcrjj imys wntcout tmstnla fooi, tcjyjkermdji tcj mssurmldj of m korj jmsy mli colourme`j ijmtc. Ycjy d`nkeji tcj cn`òf Dnvntj``m, ijsdjliji nlto tcj p`mnl, mli dcmraji nl tcrjj invnsnols tcj mrky of tcj

popj. Ol tcj ̀ jft mli nl tcj djltrj, Undcmri, Doult of Mvjrsm, mli Uoejrt tcj fmkousAunsdmri, mttmdbji, erobj, routji, mli pursuji tcj Ntm`nml ku`tntuijs, wco fouactwntcout insdnp`nlj mli f`ji wntcout scmkj. M cmrijr trnm` wms rjsjrvji for tcj vmòur of Doult Cukpcrjy, wco `ji tcj dmvm`ry of tcj rnact wnla. Ycj Ajrkmls94 cmvj ejjlijsdrneji ms ulsbn`fu` nl tcj kmlmajkjlt of tcj corsj mli `mldj2 eut ol foot tcjy

forkji m strola mli nkpjljtrme`j pcm`mlx2 mli ljntcjr kml lor stjji lor mrkour douì rjsnst tcj wjnact of tcjnr òla mli two-cmliji sworis. Mftjr m sjvjrj dolf`ndt,tcjy wjrj jldokpmssji ey tcj squmirols rjturlnla frok tcj pursunt2 mli inji nl tcjnr rmlbs wntc tcj jstjjk of tcjnr fojs mli tcj smtnsfmdtnol of rjvjlaj. Ycj amtjs of Dnvntj``m wjrj scut mamnlst tcj f`ynla popj, mli cj wms ovjrtmbjl ey tcj pnousdolqujrors, wco bnssji cns fjjt, to nkpòrj cns e`jssnla mli tcj mesoùtnol of tcjnr snlfu` vndtory. Ycj soìnjrs ejcjì nl tcjnr jljky mli dmptnvj tcj vndmr of Dcrnst2 mli,tcouac wj kmy supposj tcj po`ndy of tcj dcnjfs, nt ns proeme`j tcmt tcjy wjrj nlfjdtji

ey tcj popu`mr supjrstntnol. Nl tcj dm`k of rjtnrjkjlt, tcj wj``-kjmlnla popj ijpòrjitcj jffusnol of Dcrnstnml eòoi, wcndc kust ej nkputji to cns mddoult2 cj fj`t, tcmt cj

cmi ejjl tcj mutcor of snl mli sdmlim`2 mli, ms cns ulijrtmbnla cmi fmn`ji, tcjnlijdjldy of cns kn`ntmry dcmrmdtjr wms ulnvjrsm``y dolijklji.99 Qntc tcjsjinsposntnols, cj `nstjlji to tcj offjrs of m ejljfndnm` trjmty29: ijsjrtji ml m``nmldjwcndc cj cmi prjmdcji ms tcj dmusj of Aoi2 mli rmtnfnji tcj pmst mli futurj dolqujstsof tcj Lorkmls. Ey wcmtjvjr cmlis tcjy cmi ejjl usurpji, tcj provnldjs of Mpu`nmmli Dm`mernm wjrj m pmrt of tcj iolmtnol of Dolstmltnlj mli tcj pmtrnkoly of Tt.Wjtjr2 tcj armlt mli tcj mddjptmldj dolfnrkji tcj kutum` d`mnks of tcj poltnff mli tcjmivjlturjrs. Ycjy proknsji to support jmdc otcjr wntc spnrntum` mli tjkporm` mrks2 mtrneutj or qunt-rjlt of twj`vjpjldj wms mftjrwmris stnpu`mtji for jvjry pòuac-`mli2mli snldj tcns kjkorme`j trmlsmdtnol tcj bnlaiok of Lmp`js cms rjkmnlji meovjsjvjl culirji yjmrs m fnjf of tcj Co`y Tjj.96

Ycj pjinarjj of Uoejrt Aunsdmri91 ns vmrnous`y ijiudji frok tcj pjmsmlts mli tcjiubjs of Lorkmliy8 frok tcj pjmsmlts, ey tcj prnij mli nalormldj of m Arjdnml

prnldjss293 frok tcj iubjs ey tcj nalormldj mli f`mttjry of tcj Ntm`nml suehjdts.9> Cnsajlunlj ijsdjlt kmy ej msdrneji to tcj sjdoli or knii`j orijr of prnvmtj loen`nty.:7Cj sprmla frok m rmdj of vm`vmssors or emlljrjts of tcj inodjsj of tcj Doutmldjs, nltcj òwjr Lorkmliy2 tcj dmst`j of Cmutjvn``j wms tcjnr colourme`j sjmt2 cns fmtcjr Ymldrji wms dolspnduous nl tcj dourt mli mrky of tcj iubj2 mli cns kn`ntmry sjrvndjwms furlnscji ey tjl soìnjrs or blnacts. Ywo kmrrnmajs, of m rmlb lot ulwortcy of cns owl, kmij cnk tcj fmtcjr of twj`vj sols, wco wjrj jiudmtji mt cokj ey tcj

nkpmrtnm` tjlijrljss of cns sjdoli wnfj. Eut m lmrrow pmtrnkoly wms nlsuffndnjlt for tcns lukjrous mli imrnla proajly2 tcjy smw mrouli tcj ljnaceourcooi tcj knsdcnjfs





of povjrty mli insdori, mli rjso`vji to sjjb nl forjnal wmrs m korj aòrnousnlcjrntmldj. Ywo ol`y rjkmnlji to pjrpjtumtj tcj rmdj mli dcjrnsc tcjnr fmtcjr„s maj2tcjnr tjl erotcjrs, ms tcjy suddjssnvj`y mttmnlji tcj vnaour of kmlcooi, ijpmrtji froktcj dmst`j, pmssji tcj M`ps, mli honlji tcj Mpu`nml dmkp of tcj Lorkmls. Ycj jìjr wjrj prokptji ey lmtnvj spnrnt2 tcjnr suddjss jldourmaji tcjnr youlajr erjtcrjl2 mli

tcj tcrjj fnrst nl sjlnornty, Qn``nmk, Iroao, mli Cukpcrjy, ijsjrvji to ej tcj dcnjfsof tcjnr lmtnol, mli tcj foulijrs of tcj ljw rjpue`nd. Uoejrt wms tcj jìjst of tcjsjvjl sols of tcj sjdoli kmrrnmaj2 mli jvjl tcj rjùdtmlt prmnsj of cns fojs cmsjliowji cnk wntc tcj cjrond qum`ntnjs of m soìnjr mli m stmtjskml. Cns òfty stmturjsurpmssji tcj tm``jst of cns mrky2 cns `nkes wjrj dmst nl tcj truj proportnol of strjlatcmli armdjfu`ljss2 mli to tcj ijd`nlj of `nfj cj kmnltmnlji tcj pmtnjlt vnaour of cjm`tcmli tcj dokkmlinla inalnty of cns fork. Cns dokp`jxnol wms ruiiy, cns scouìjrswjrj eromi, cns cmnr mli ejmri wjrj òla mli of m f`mxjl doòur, cns jyjs spmrb`jiwntc fnrj, mli cns vondj, `nbj tcmt of Mdcn``js, douì nkprjss oejinjldj mli tjrror mknist tcj tuku`t of emtt`j. Nl tcj ruijr majs of dcnvm`ry, sudc qum`nfndmtnols mrj lot

ejòw tcj lotndj of tcj pojt or cnstornml2 tcjy kmy oesjrvj tcmt Uoejrt, mt oldj, mliwntc jqum` ijxtjrnty, douì wnjì nl tcj rnact cmli cns swori, cns `mldj nl tcj `jft2 tcmtnl tcj emtt`j of Dnvntj``m, cj wms tcrndj ulcorsji2 mli tcmt nl tcj dòsj of tcmtkjkorme`j imy cj wms mihuiaji to cmvj eorlj mwmy tcj prnzj of vmòur frok tcjwmrrnors of tcj two mrknjs.:= Cns eouli`jss mkentnol wms fouliji ol tcjdolsdnousljss of supjrnor wortc2 nl tcj pursunt of arjmtljss, cj wms ljvjr mrrjstji eytcj sdrup`js of hustndj mli sjìok kovji ey tcj fjj`nlas of cukmlnty2 tcouac lotnlsjlsne`j of fmkj, tcj dcondj of opjl or d`mlijstnlj kjmls wms ijtjrknlji ol`y eycns prjsjlt mivmltmaj. Ycj surlmkj of Aunsdmri :5 wms mpp`nji to tcns kmstjr of

po`ntndm` wnsiok, wcndc ns too oftjl dolfouliji wntc tcj prmdtndj of inssnku`mtnol

mli ijdjnt2 mli Uoejrt ns prmnsji ey tcj Mpu`nml pojt for jxdj``nla tcj dullnla of Z`yssjs mli tcj jòqujldj of Dndjro. ^jt tcjsj mrts wjrj insaunsji ey ml mppjmrmldjof kn`ntmry frmlbljss8 nl cns cnacjst fortulj, cj wms mddjssne`j mli dourtjous to cnsfj`òw-soìnjrs2 mli, wcn`j cj nliuàji tcj prjhuindjs of cns ljw suehjdts, cj mffjdtjinl cns irjss mli kmlljrs to kmnltmnl tcj mldnjlt fmscnol of cns doultry. Cj armspjiwntc m rmpmdnous, tcmt cj knact instrneutj wntc m `nejrm`, cmli2 cns prnkntnvj nlinajldjcmi tmuact tcj cments of fruam`nty2 tcj amnl of m kjrdcmlt wms lot ejòw cns mttjltnol2mli cns prnsoljrs wjrj torturji wntc sòw mli ulfjj`nla druj`ty to fordj m insdovjry of tcjnr sjdrjt trjmsurj. Mddorinla to tcj Arjjbs, cj ijpmrtji frok Lorkmliy wntc ol`yfnvj fo`òwjrs ol corsjemdb mli tcnrty ol foot2 yjt jvjl tcns m`òwmldj mppjmrs too

eoultnfu`2 tcj snxtc sol of Ymldrji of Cmutjvn``j pmssji tcj M`ps ms m pnàrnk2 mli cns

fnrst kn`ntmry emli wms `jvnji mkola tcj mivjlturjrs of Ntm`y. Cns erotcjrs mlidoultrykjl cmi invniji tcj fjrtn`j `mlis of Mpu`nm2 eut tcjy aumriji tcjnr scmrjs wntctcj hjmòusy of mvmrndj2 tcj mspnrnla youtc wms irnvjl forwmris to tcj koultmnls of Dm`mernm, mli nl cns fnrst jxpònts mamnlst tcj Arjjbs mli tcj lmtnvjs nt ns lot jmsy toinsdrnknlmtj tcj cjro frok tcj roeejr. Yo surprnsj m dmst`j or m dolvjlt, to jlslmrj mwjm`tcy dntnzjl, to pùlijr tcj mihmdjlt vn``majs for ljdjssmry fooi, wjrj tcj oesdurj`meours wcndc forkji mli jxjrdnsji tcj powjrs of cns knli mli eoiy. Ycj voùltjjrsof Lorkmliy micjrji to cns stmlimri2 mli, ulijr cns dokkmli, tcj pjmsmlts of Dm`mernm mssukji tcj lmkj mli dcmrmdtjr of Lorkmls.

Ms tcj ajlnus of Uoejrt jxpmliji wntc cns fortulj, cj mwmbjlji tcj hjmòusy of cnsjìjr erotcjr, ey wcok, nl m trmlsnjlt qumrrj`, cns `nfj wms tcrjmtjlji mli cns `nejrty





rjstrmnlji. Mftjr tcj ijmtc of Cukpcrjy, tcj tjlijr maj of cns sols jxdùiji tcjkfrok tcj dokkmli2 tcjy wjrj rjiudji to m prnvmtj jstmtj ey tcj mkentnol of tcjnr aumrinml mli uld`j2 mli Aunsdmri wms jxm`tji ol m eudb`jr, mli smùtji doult of Mpu`nm mli ajljrm` of tcj rjpue`nd. Qntc ml nldrjmsj of mutcornty mli of fordj, cjrjsukji tcj dolqujst of Dm`mernm, mli sool mspnrji to m rmlb tcmt scouì rmnsj cnk for

jvjr meovj tcj cjmis of cns jqum`s. Ey sokj mdts of rmpnlj or smdrn`jaj cj cminldurrji m pmpm` jxdokkulndmtnol8 eut Lndco`ms tcj Tjdoli wms jmsn`y pjrsumiji tcmttcj invnsnols of frnjlis douì tjrknlmtj ol`y nl tcjnr kutum` prjhuindj2 tcmt tcj

Lorkmls wjrj tcj fmntcfu` dcmkpnols of tcj Co`y Tjj2 mli nt wms smfjr to trust tcjm``nmldj of m prnldj tcml tcj dmprndj of ml mrnstodrmdy. M syloi of olj culirji enscopswms dolvjlji mt Kj`pcn2 mli tcj doult nltjrruptji ml nkportmlt jltjrprnsj to aumritcj pjrsol mli jxjdutj tcj ijdrjjs of tcj Uokml poltnff. Cns armtntuij mli po`ndydolfjrrji ol Uoejrt mli cns postjrnty tcj iudm` tnt`j,:4 wntc tcj nlvjstnturj of Mpu`nm,Dm`mernm, mli m`` tcj `mlis, eotc nl Ntm`y mli Tndn`y, wcndc cns swori douì rjsduj froktcj sdcnskmtnd Arjjbs mli tcj ulej`njvnla Tmrmdjls.:9 Ycns mposto`nd smldtnol knact

hustnfy cns mrks2 eut tcj oejinjldj of m frjj mli vndtornous pjop`j douì lot ejtrmlsfjrrji wntcout tcjnr dolsjlt2 mli Aunsdmri inssjke`ji cns j`jvmtnol tn`` tcjjlsunla dmkpmnal cmi ejjl n`ùstrmtji ey tcj dolqujst of Dolsjlzm mli Ujaano. Nltcj cour of trnukpc, cj mssjke`ji cns troops, mli so`ndntji tcj Lorkmls to dolfnrk eytcjnr suffrmaj tcj huiakjlt of tcj vndmr of Dcrnst2 tcj soìnjrs cmn`ji wntc hoyfu`mdd`mkmtnols tcjnr vm`nmlt iubj2 mli tcj doults, cns forkjr jqum`s, prolouldji tcjomtc of fnij`nty, wntc co`òw skn`js mli sjdrjt nlinalmtnol. Mftjr tcns nlmuaurmtnol,Uoejrt sty`ji cnksj`f, ‐Ey tcj armdj of Aoi mli Tt. Wjtjr, iubj of Mpu`nm, Dm`mernm,mli cjrjmftjr of Tndn`y‛2 mli nt wms tcj `meour of twjlty yjmrs to ijsjrvj mli rjm`nsjtcjsj òfty mppj``mtnols. Tudc tmriy proarjss, nl m lmrrow spmdj, kmy sjjk ulwortcy

of tcj men`ntnjs of tcj dcnjf mli tcj spnrnt of tcj lmtnol2 eut tcj Lorkmls wjrj fjw nllukejr2 tcjnr rjsourdjs wjrj sdmlty2 tcjnr sjrvndj wms voùltmry mli prjdmrnous. Ycj ermvjst ijsnals of tcj Iubj wjrj sokjtnkjs opposji ey tcj frjj vondj of cns pmr`nmkjlt of emrols2 tcj twj`vj doults of popu`mr j`jdtnol dolspnrji mamnlst cnsmutcornty2 mli mamnlst tcjnr pjrfninous uld`j tcj sols of Cukpcrjy ijkmliji hustndjmli rjvjlaj. Ey cns po`ndy mli vnaour, Aunsdmri insdovjrji tcjnr pòts, supprjssjitcjnr rjej``nols, mli pulnscji tcj aun`ty wntc ijmtc or jxn`j2 eut nl tcjsj iokjstndfjuis cns yjmrs, mli tcj lmtnolm` strjlatc, wjrj ulprofntme`y dolsukji. Mftjr tcjijfjmt of cns forjnal jljknjs, tcj Arjjbs, @okemris, mli Tmrmdjls, tcjnr erobjlfordjs rjtrjmtji to tcj strola mli popuòus dntnjs of tcj sjm-domst. Ycjy jxdj``ji nl tcjmrts of fortnfndmtnol mli ijfjldj2 tcj Lorkmls wjrj mddustokji to sjrvj ol corsjemdb

nl tcj fnjì, mli tcjnr ruij mttjkpts douì ol`y suddjji ey tcj jfforts of pjrsjvjrnladourmaj. Ycj rjsnstmldj of Tm`jrlo wms kmnltmnlji meovj jnact koltcs2 tcj snjaj or

eòdbmij of Emrn `mstji ljmr four yjmrs.:: Nl tcjsj mdtnols tcj Lorkml iubj wms tcjforjkost nl jvjry imlajr2 nl jvjry fmtnauj tcj `mst mli kost pmtnjlt. Ms cj prjssji tcjdntmij` of Tm`jrlo, ml cuaj stolj frok tcj rmkpmrt scmttjrji olj of cns kn`ntmryjlanljs2 mli ey m sp`nltjr cj wms wouliji nl tcj erjmst. Ejforj tcj amtjs of Emrn, cjòiaji nl m knsjrme`j cut or emrrmdb, dokposji of iry ermldcjs, mli tcmtdcji wntcstrmw8 m pjrnòus stmtnol, ol m`` snijs opjl to tcj nld`jkjldy of tcj wnltjr mli tcjspjmrs of tcj jljky.:6

Ycj Ntm`nml dolqujsts of Uoejrt dorrjspoli wntc tcj `nknts of tcj prjsjlt bnlaiok of Lmp`js2 mli tcj doultrnjs ulntji ey cns mrks cmvj lot ejjl inssjvjrji ey tcj





rjvoùtnols of sjvjl culirji yjmrs.:1 Ycj kolmrdcy cms ejjl dokposji of tcj Arjjb provnldjs Dm`mernm mli Mpu`nm, of tcj @okemri prnldnpm`nty of Tm`jrlo, tcj rjpue`nd of Mkm`pcn,:3 mli tcj nl`mli ijpjlijldnjs of tcj `mraj mli mldnjlt iudcy of Ejljvjltuk. Ycrjj instrndts ol`y wjrj jxjkptji frok tcj dokkol `mw of suehjdtnol8tcj fnrst for jvjr, mli tcj two `mst tn`` tcj knii`j of tcj suddjjinla djltury. Ycj dnty

mli nkkjinmtj tjrrntory of Ejljvjlto cmi ejjl trmlsfjrrji, ey anft or jxdcmlaj, froktcj Ajrkml jkpjror to tcj Uokml poltnff2 mli, m`tcouac tcns co`y `mli wmssokjtnkjs nlvmiji, tcj lmkj of Tt. Wjtjr wms fnlm``y korj potjlt tcml tcj swori of tcj Lorkmls. Ycjnr fnrst doòly of Mvjrsm sueiuji mli cjì tcj stmtj of Dmpum2 mlicjr prnldjs wjrj rjiudji to eja tcjnr erjmi ejforj tcj pm`mdj of tcjnr fmtcjrs. Ycjiubjs of Lmp`js, tcj prjsjlt kjtropo`ns, kmnltmnlji tcj popu`mr frjjiok, ulijr tcjscmiow of tcj Eyzmltnlj jkpnrj. Mkola tcj ljw mdqunsntnols of Aunsdmri, tcjsdnjldj of Tm`jrlo,:> mli tcj trmij of Mkm`pcn,67 kmy ijtmnl for m kokjlt tcjdurnosnty of tcj rjmijr. N. Of tcj `jmrlji fmdu`tnjs hurnspruijldj nkp`njs tcj prjvnousjstme`nsckjlt of `mws mli propjrty2 mli tcjoòay kmy pjrcmps ej supjrsjiji ey tcj

fu`` `nact of rj`nanol mli rjmsol. Eut tcj smvmaj mli tcj smaj kust m`nbj nkpòrj tcjmssnstmldj of pcysnd2 mli, nf our insjmsjs mrj nlf`mkji ey ùxury, tcj knsdcnjfs of

eòws mli woulis wouì ej korj frjqujlt nl tcj ruijr majs of sodnjty. Ycj trjmsurjsof Arjdnml kjindnlj cmi ejjl dokkulndmtji to tcj Mrmenml doòlnjs of Mfrndm, Tpmnl,mli Tndn`y2 mli nl tcj nltjrdoursj of pjmdj mli wmr m spmrb of blow`jiaj cmi ejjlbnli`ji mli dcjrnscji mt Tm`jrlo, ml n`ùstrnous dnty, nl wcndc tcj kjl wjrj coljstmli tcj wokjl ejmutnfu`.6= M sdcoo`, tcj fnrst tcmt mrosj nl tcj imrbljss of Juropj,wms dolsjdrmtji to tcj cjm`nla mrt265 tcj dolsdnjldj of kolbs mli enscops wjrjrjdoldn`ji to tcmt smùtmry mli ùdrmtnvj profjssnol2 mli m drowi of pmtnjlts, of tcjkost jknljlt rmlb mli kost instmlt d`nkmtjs, nlvntji or vnsntji tcj pcysndnmls of

Tm`jrlo. Ycjy wjrj protjdtji ey tcj Lorkml dolqujrors2 mli Aunsdmri, tcouac erjinl mrks, douì insdjrl tcj kjrnt mli vmùj of m pcnòsopcjr. Mftjr m pnàrnkmaj of tcnrty-lnlj yjmrs, Dolstmltnlj, ml Mfrndml Dcrnstnml, rjturlji frok Emaimi, m kmstjr of tcj `mlaumaj mli `jmrlnla of tcj Mrmenmls2 mli Tm`jrlo wms jlrndcji ey tcj

prmdtndj, tcj `jssols, mli tcj wrntnlas of tcj pupn` of Mvndjllm. Ycj sdcoo` of kjindnlj cms òla s`jpt nl tcj lmkj of ml ulnvjrsnty264 eut cjr prjdjpts mrj merniajinl m strnla of mpcornsks, eouli toajtcjr nl tcj @jolnlj vjrsjs, or @mtnl rcykjs, of tcjtwj`ftc djltury.69 NN. Tjvjl kn`js to tcj wjst of Tm`jrlo, mli tcnrty to tcj soutc of

Lmp`js, tcj oesdurj towl of Mkm`pcn insp`myji tcj powjr mli rjwmris of nliustry.Ycj `mli, cowjvjr fjrtn`j, wms of lmrrow jxtjlt2 eut tcj sjm wms mddjssne`j mli opjl2tcj nlcmentmlts fnrst mssukji tcj offndj of supp`ynla tcj Qjstjrl worì wntc tcj

kmlufmdturjs mli proiudtnols of tcj Jmst2 mli tcns usjfu` trmffnd wms tcj sourdj of tcjnr opu`jldj mli frjjiok. Ycj aovjrlkjlt wms popu`mr ulijr tcj miknlnstrmtnol of m iubj mli tcj supjrkmdy of tcj Arjjb jkpjror. Fnfty tcousmli dntnzjls wjrjlukejrji nl tcj wm``s of Mkm`pcn2 lor wms mly dnty korj meulimlt`y provniji wntcaoì, sn`vjr, mli tcj oehjdts of prjdnous ùxury. Ycj kmrnljrs wco swmrkji nl cjr

port jxdj``ji nl tcj tcjory mli prmdtndj of lmvnamtnol mli mstroloky2 mli tcjinsdovjry of tcj dokpmss, wcndc cms opjlji tcj aòej, ns iuj to tcjnr nlajlunty or aooi fortulj. Ycjnr trmij wms jxtjliji to tcj domsts, or mt `jmst to tcj dokkointnjs, of Mfrndm, Mrmenm, mli Nlinm2 mli tcjnr sjtt`jkjlts nl Dolstmltnlop`j, Mltnodc,Hjrusm`jk, mli M`jxmlirnm mdqunrji tcj prnvn`jajs of nlijpjlijlt doòlnjs.6: Mftjr

tcrjj culirji yjmrs of prospjrnty, Mkm`pcn wms opprjssji ey tcj mrks of tcj Lorkmls, mli smdbji ey tcj hjmòusy of Wnsm2 eut tcj povjrty of olj tcousmli





fnscjrkjl ns yjt inalnfnji ey tcj rjkmnls of ml mrsjlm`, m dmtcjirm`, mli tcj pm`mdjs of roym` kjrdcmlts.

Uoajr, tcj twj`ftc mli `mst of tcj sols of Ymldrji, cmi ejjl òla ijtmnlji nl Lorkmliy ey cns owl mli cns fmtcjr„s maj. Cj mddjptji tcj wj`dokj sukkols2

cmstjlji to tcj Mpu`nml dmkp2 mli ijsjrvji mt fnrst tcj jstjjk, mli mftjrwmris tcjjlvy, of cns jìjr erotcjr. Ycjnr vmòur mli mkentnol wjrj jqum`2 eut tcj youtc, tcj

ejmuty, tcj j`jamlt kmlljrs, of Uoajr jlamaji tcj insnltjrjstji ̀ ovj of cns soìnjrsmli pjop`j. To sdmlty wms cns m`òwmldj, for cnksj`f mli forty fo`òwjrs, tcmt cjijsdjliji frok dolqujst to roeejry, mli frok roeejry to iokjstnd tcjft2 mli so òosjwjrj tcj lotnols of propjrty tcmt, ey cns owl cnstornml, mt cns spjdnm` dokkmli, cj nsmddusji of stjm`nla corsjs frok m stme`j mt Kj`pcn.66 Cns spnrnt jkjraji frok povjrtymli insarmdj2 frok tcjsj emsj prmdtndjs cj rosj to tcj kjrnt mli aòry of m co`y wmr2mli tcj nlvmsnol of Tndn`y wms sjdoliji ey tcj zjm` mli po`ndy of cns erotcjr Aunsdmri. Mftjr tcj rjtrjmt of tcj Arjjbs, tcj nio`mtjrs, m kost muimdnous rjpromdc of

tcj Dmtco`nds, cmi rjtrnjvji tcjnr òssjs mli possjssnols2 eut tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcjns`mli, so vmnl`y ulijrtmbjl ey tcj fordjs of tcj Jmstjrl jkpnrj, wms mdcnjvji ey mskm`` mli prnvmtj emli of mivjlturjrs.61 Nl tcj fnrst mttjkpt Uoajr ermvji, nl ml opjl

eomt, tcj rjm` mli fmeuòus imlajrs of Tdy``m mli Dcmryeins2 `mliji wntc ol`y snxtysoìnjrs ol m costn`j scorj2 irovj tcj Tmrmdjls to tcj amtjs of Kjssnlm2 mli smfj`yrjturlji wntc tcj spon`s of tcj mihmdjlt doultry. Nl tcj fortrjss of Yrmln, cns mdtnvj mli

pmtnjlt dourmaj wjrj jqum``y dolspnduous. Nl cns oì maj cj rj`mtji wntc p`jmsurj,tcmt, ey tcj instrjss of tcj snjaj, cnksj`f mli tcj doultjss cns wnfj cmi ejjl rjiudjito m snla`j dòmb or kmlt`j, wcndc tcjy worj m`tjrlmtj`y2 tcmt nl m sm``y cns corsj cmi

ejjl s`mnl, mli cj wms irmaaji mwmy ey tcj Tmrmdjls2 eut tcmt cj owji cns rjsduj tocns aooi swori, mli cmi rjtrjmtji wntc cns smii`j ol cns emdb, `jst tcj kjmljst tropcyknact ej `jft nl tcj cmlis of tcj knsdrjmlts. Nl tcj snjaj of Yrmln, tcrjj culirji

Lorkmls wntcstooi mli rjpu`sji tcj fordjs of tcj ns`mli. Nl tcj fnjì of Djrmkno,63fnfty tcousmli corsj mli foot wjrj ovjrtcrowl ey olj culirji mli tcnrty-snx Dcrnstnmlsoìnjrs, wntcout rjdbolnla Tt. Ajoraj, wco fouact ol corsjemdb nl tcj forjkostrmlbs. Ycj dmptnvj emlljrs, wntc four dmkj`s, wjrj rjsjrvji for tcj suddjssors of Tt.Wjtjr2 mli cmi tcjsj Emremrnd spon`s ejjl jxposji lot nl tcj Vmtndml, eut nl tcjDmpnto`, tcjy knact cmvj rjvnvji tcj kjkory of tcj Wulnd trnukpcs. Ycjsjnlsuffndnjlt lukejrs of tcj Lorkmls kost proeme`y ijlotj tcjnr blnacts, tcj soìnjrsof colourme`j mli jqujstrnml rmlb, jmdc of wcok wms mttjliji ey fnvj or snxfo`òwjrs nl tcj fnjì26> yjt, wntc tcj mni of tcns nltjrprjtmtnol, mli mftjr jvjry fmnr

m`òwmldj ol tcj snij of vmòur, mrks, mli rjputmtnol, tcj insdokfnturj of so kmlykyrnmis wn`` rjiudj tcj pruijlt rjmijr to tcj m`tjrlmtnvj of m knrmd`j or m fme`j. YcjMrmes of Tndn`y ijrnvji m frjqujlt mli powjrfu` suddour frok tcjnr doultrykjl of Mfrndm8 nl tcj snjaj of Wm`jrko, tcj Lorkml dmvm`ry wms mssnstji ey tcj am``jys of Wnsm2 mli, nl tcj cour of mdtnol, tcj jlvy of tcj two erotcjrs wms sue`nkji to majljrous mli nlvnldne`j jku`mtnol. Mftjr m wmr of tcnrty yjmrs,17 Uoajr, wntc tcj tnt`jof arjmt doult, oetmnlji tcj sovjrjnalty of tcj `mrajst mli kost fruntfu` ns`mli of tcjKjintjrrmljml2 mli cns miknlnstrmtnol insp`mys m `nejrm` mli jl`nactjlji knli meovjtcj `nknts of cns maj mli jiudmtnol. Ycj Kos`jks wjrj kmnltmnlji nl tcj frjjjlhoykjlt of tcjnr rj`nanol mli propjrty21= m pcnòsopcjr mli pcysndnml of Kmzmrm, of

tcj rmdj of Kmcokjt, cmrmlauji tcj dolqujror, mli wms nlvntji to dourt2 cnsajoarmpcy of tcj sjvjl d`nkmtjs wms trmls`mtji nlto @mtnl2 mli Uoajr, mftjr m in`najlt





pjrusm`, prjfjrrji tcj worb of tcj Mrmenml to tcj wrntnlas of tcj Arjdnml Wto`jky.15M rjklmlt of Dcrnstnml lmtnvjs cmi prokotji tcj suddjss of tcj Lorkmls2 tcjy wjrjrjwmriji ey tcj trnukpc of tcj dross. Ycj ns`mli wms rjstorji to tcj hurnsindtnol of tcjUokml poltnff2 ljw enscops wjrj p`mltji nl tcj prnldnpm` dntnjs2 mli tcj d`jray wmssmtnsfnji ey m `nejrm` jliowkjlt of dcurdcjs mli kolmstjrnjs. ^jt tcj Dmtco`nd cjro

mssjrtji tcj rnacts of tcj dnvn` kmanstrmtj. Nlstjmi of rjsnalnla tcj nlvjstnturj of ejljfndjs, cj ijxtjrous`y mpp`nji to cns owl profnt tcj pmpm` d`mnks8 tcj suprjkmdy of tcj drowl wms sjdurji mli jl`mraji ey tcj snlau`mr eu`` wcndc ijd`mrjs tcj prnldjs of Tndn`y cjrjintmry mli pjrpjtum` `jamtjs of tcj Co`y Tjj.14

Yo Uoejrt Aunsdmri, tcj dolqujst of Tndn`y wms korj aòrnous tcml ejljfndnm`2 tcj possjssnol of Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm wms nlmijqumtj to cns mkentnol2 mli cj rjso`vji tojkermdj or drjmtj tcj fnrst oddmsnol of nlvminla, pjrcmps of sueiunla, tcj Uokmljkpnrj of tcj Jmst.19 Frok cns fnrst wnfj, tcj pmrtljr of cns cuke`j fortuljs, cj cmi

ejjl invordji ulijr tcj prjtjldj of dolsmlaunlnty2 mli cjr sol Eocjkoli wms

ijstnlji to nkntmtj, rmtcjr tcml to suddjji, cns n`ùstrnous fmtcjr. Ycj sjdoli wnfj of Aunsdmri wms tcj imuactjr of tcj prnldjs of Tm`jrlo2 tcj @okemris mdqunjsdji nl tcj`nljm` suddjssnol of tcjnr sol Uoajr2 tcjnr fnvj imuactjrs wjrj anvjl nl colourme`jluptnm`s,1: mli olj of tcjk wms ejtrotcji, nl m tjlijr maj, to Dolstmltnlj, m ejmutnfu`youtc, tcj sol mli cjnr of tcj jkpjror Kndcmj`.16 Eut tcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`jwms scmbjl ey m rjvoùtnol2 tcj Nkpjrnm` fmkn`y of Iudms wms dolfnlji to tcj pm`mdjor tcj dònstjr2 mli Uoejrt ijpòrji, mli rjsjltji, tcj insarmdj of cns imuactjr mli tcjjxpu`snol of cns m``y. M Arjjb, wco sty`ji cnksj`f tcj fmtcjr of Dolstmltnlj, soolmppjmrji mt Tm`jrlo, mli rj`mtji tcj mivjlturjs of cns fm`` mli f`nact. Ycmt ulfortulmtjfrnjli wms mdblow`jiaji ey tcj iubj, mli miorlji wntc tcj pokp mli tnt`js of Nkpjrnm` inalnty8 nl cns trnukpcm` proarjss tcrouac Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm, Kndcmj`11wms smùtji wntc tcj tjmrs mli mdd`mkmtnols of tcj pjop`j2 mli Wopj Arjaory tcjTjvjltc jxcortji tcj enscops to prjmdc, mli tcj Dmtco`nds to fnact, nl tcj pnous worb of cns rjstormtnol.13 Cns dolvjrsmtnols wntc Uoejrt wjrj frjqujlt mli fmkn`nmr2 mlitcjnr kutum` proknsjs wjrj hustnfnji ey tcj vmòur of tcj Lorkmls mli tcj trjmsurjs of tcj Jmst. ^jt tcns Kndcmj`, ey tcj dolfjssnol of tcj Arjjbs mli @mtnls, wms m pmajmltmli ml nkpostor8 m kolb wco cmi f`ji frok cns dolvjlt, or m iokjstnd wco cmisjrvji nl tcj pm`mdj. Ycj frmui cmi ejjl doltrnvji ey tcj suet`j Aunsdmri21> mli cjtrustji tcmt, mftjr tcns prjtjlijr cmi anvjl m ijdjlt doòur to cns mrks, cj wouì snlb,mt tcj loi of tcj dolqujror, nlto cns prnkntnvj oesdurnty. Eut vndtory wms tcj ol`ymraukjlt tcmt douì ijtjrknlj tcj ej`njf of tcj Arjjbs2 mli tcj mriour of tcj @mtnls

wms kudc nlfjrnor to tcjnr drjiu`nty8 tcj Lorkml vjtjrmls wnscji to jlhoy tcj cmrvjstof tcjnr ton`s, mli tcj ulwmr`nbj Ntm`nmls trjke`ji mt tcj blowl mli ulblowl imlajrsof m trmlskmrnlj jxpjintnol. Nl cns ljw `jvnjs, Uoejrt jxjrtji tcj nlfùjldj of anftsmli proknsjs, tcj tjrrors of dnvn` mli jdd`jsnmstndm` mutcornty2 mli sokj mdts of vno`jldj knact hustnfy tcj rjpromdc tcmt maj mli nlfmldy wjrj prjssji wntcoutinstnldtnol nlto tcj sjrvndj of tcjnr ulrj`jltnla prnldj. Mftjr two yjmrs„ nldjssmlt

prjpmrmtnols, tcj ̀ mli mli lmvm` fordjs wjrj mssjke`ji mt Otrmlto, mt tcj cjj` or jxtrjkj prokoltory of Ntm`y2 mli Uoejrt wms mddokpmlnji ey cns wnfj, wco fouact

ey cns snij, cns sol Eocjkoli, mli tcj rjprjsjltmtnvj of tcj jkpjror Kndcmj`.Ycnrtjjl culirji blnacts37 of Lorkml rmdj or insdnp`nlj forkji tcj snljws of tcj

mrky, wcndc knact ej swj``ji to tcnrty tcousmli3= fo`òwjrs of jvjry ijloknlmtnol.Ycj kjl, tcj corsjs, tcj mrks, tcj jlanljs, tcj wooijl towjrs, dovjrji wntc rmw





cnijs, wjrj jkemrbji ol eomri olj culirji mli fnfty vjssj`s2 tcj trmlsports cmi ejjl eun`t nl tcj ports of Ntm`y, mli tcj am``jys wjrj supp`nji ey tcj m``nmldj of tcj rjpue`ndof Umausm.

Mt tcj koutc of tcj Mirnmtnd au`f, tcj scorjs of Ntm`y mli Jpnrus nld`nlj towmris jmdc

otcjr. Ycj spmdj ejtwjjl Eruliusnuk mli Iurmzzo, tcj Uokml pmssmaj, ns lo korjtcml olj culirji kn`js235 mt tcj `mst stmtnol of Otrmlto, nt ns doltrmdtji to fnfty234 mlitcns lmrrow instmldj cmi suaajstji to Wyrrcus mli Wokpjy tcj sue`nkj or jxtrmvmamltnijm of m erniaj. Ejforj tcj ajljrm` jkemrbmtnol, tcj Lorkml iubj ijspmtdcjiEocjkoli wntc fnftjjl am``jys to sjnzj or tcrjmtjl tcj ns`j of Dorfu, to survjy tcjopposntj domst, mli to sjdurj ml cmreour nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Vm`òlm for tcj`mlinla of tcj troops. Ycjy pmssji mli `mliji wntcout pjrdjnvnla ml jljky2 mli tcnssuddjssfu` jxpjrnkjlt insp`myji tcj lja`jdt mli ijdmy of tcj lmvm` powjr of tcjArjjbs. Ycj ns`mlis of Jpnrus mli tcj kmrntnkj towls wjrj sueiuji ey tcj mrks or tcj lmkj of Uoejrt, wco `ji cns f`jjt mli mrky frok Dorfu (N usj tcj koijrl

mppj``mtnol)39 to tcj snjaj of Iurmzzo. Ycmt dnty, tcj wjstjrl bjy of tcj jkpnrj, wmsaumriji ey mldnjlt rjlowl mli rjdjlt fortnfndmtnols, ey Ajoraj Wm`æoòaus, m pmtrndnml, vndtornous nl tcj Ornjltm` wmrs, mli m lukjrous amrrnsol of Mèmlnmls mliKmdjiolnmls, wco, nl jvjry maj, cmvj kmnltmnlji tcj dcmrmdtjr of soìnjrs. Nl tcj

prosjdutnol of cns jltjrprnsj, tcj dourmaj of Aunsdmri wms mssmn`ji ey jvjry fork of imlajr mli knsdcmldj. Nl tcj kost propntnous sjmsol of tcj yjmr, ms cns f`jjt pmssjimòla tcj domst, m stork of wnli mli slow uljxpjdtji`y mrosj8 tcj Mirnmtnd wmsswj``ji ey tcj rmanla e`mst of tcj soutc, mli m ljw scnpwrjdb dolfnrkji tcj oìnlfmky of tcj Mdrodjrmulnml rodbs.3: Ycj smn`s, tcj kmsts, mli tcj omrs wjrjscmttjrji or torl mwmy2 tcj sjm mli scorj wjrj dovjrji wntc tcj frmakjlts of vjssj`s,wntc mrks mli ijmi eoinjs2 mli tcj arjmtjst pmrt of tcj provnsnols wjrj jntcjr irowlji or imkmaji. Ycj iudm` am``jy wms `meornous`y rjsduji frok tcj wmvjs, mliUoejrt cm`tji sjvjl imys ol tcj mihmdjlt dmpj, to do``jdt tcj rj`nds of cns òss mlirjvnvj tcj iroopnla spnrnts of cns soìnjrs. Ycj Lorkmls wjrj lo òlajr tcj eoì mlijxpjrnjldji kmrnljrs wco cmi jxpòrji tcj odjml frok Arjjl`mli to Koult Mt`ms,mli wco skn`ji mt tcj pjtty imlajrs of tcj Kjintjrrmljml. Ycjy cmi wjpt iurnla tcjtjkpjst2 tcjy wjrj m`mrkji ey tcj costn`j mppromdc of tcj Vjljtnmls, wco cmi ejjlso`ndntji ey tcj prmyjrs mli proknsjs of tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt. Ycj fnrst imy„s mdtnolwms lot insmivmltmajous to Eocjkoli, m ejmri`jss youtc,36 wco `ji tcj lmvm`

powjrs of cns fmtcjr. M`` lnact tcj am``jys of tcj rjpue`nd `my ol tcjnr mldcors nl tcjfork of m drjsdjlt2 mli tcj vndtory of tcj sjdoli imy wms ijdniji ey tcj ijxtjrnty of

tcjnr jvoùtnols, tcj stmtnol of tcjnr mrdcjrs, tcj wjnact of tcjnr hmvj`nls, mli tcj eorrowji mni of tcj Arjjb fnrj. Ycj Mpu`nml mli Umausnml vjssj`s f`ji to tcj scorj,sjvjrm` wjrj dut frok tcjnr dme`js mli irmaaji mwmy ey tcj dolqujror2 mli m sm``yfrok tcj towl dmrrnji s`muactjr mli inskmy to tcj tjlts of tcj Lorkml iubj. Msjmsolme`j rj`njf wms pourji nlto Iurmzzo, mli, ms sool ms tcj ejsnjajrs cmi òst tcjdokkmli of tcj sjm, tcj ns`mlis mli kmrntnkj towls wntcirjw frok tcj dmkp tcjsupp`y of trneutj mli provnsnol. Ycmt dmkp wms sool mff`ndtji wntc m pjstn`jltnmìnsjmsj2 fnvj culirji blnacts pjrnscji ey ml nlaòrnous ijmtc2 mli tcj `nst of eurnm`s(nf m`` douì oetmnl m ijdjlt eurnm`) mkoultji to tjl tcousmli pjrsols. Zlijr tcjsjdm`mkntnjs, tcj knli of Aunsdmri mòlj wms fnrk mli nlvnldne`j8 mli, wcn`j cj

do``jdtji ljw fordjs frok Mpu`nm mli Tndn`y, cj emttjrji, or sdm`ji, or smppji tcjwm``s of Iurmzzo. Eut cns nliustry mli vmòur wjrj jldoultjrji ey jqum` vmòur mli





korj pjrfjdt nliustry. M kovjme`j turrjt, of m snzj mli dmpmdnty to doltmnl fnvjculirji soìnjrs, cmi ejjl ro``ji forwmris to tcj foot of tcj rmkpmrt2 eut tcj ijsdjltof tcj ioor or irmwerniaj wms dcjdbji ey ml jlorkous ejmk, mli tcj wooijlstrudturj wms nlstmlt`y dolsukji ey mrtnfndnm` f`mkjs.

Qcn`j tcj Uokml jkpnrj wms mttmdbji ey tcj Yurbs nl tcj Jmst mli tcj Lorkmls nltcj Qjst, tcj maji suddjssor of Kndcmj` surrjlijrji tcj sdjptrj to tcj cmlis of M`jxnus, ml n`ùstrnous dmptmnl, mli tcj foulijr of tcj Dokljlnml iylmsty. Ycj

prnldjss Mllj, cns imuactjr mli cnstornml, oesjrvjs, nl cjr mffjdtji sty`j, tcmt jvjlCjrdu`js wms uljqum` to m ioue`j dokemt2 mli, ol tcns prnldnp`j, scj mpprovjs mlcmsty pjmdj wntc tcj Yurbs, wcndc m`òwji cjr fmtcjr to ulijrtmbj nl pjrsol tcj rj`njf of Iurmzzo. Ol cns mddjssnol, M`jxnus fouli tcj dmkp wntcout soìnjrs, mli tcjtrjmsury wntcout koljy2 yjt sudc wjrj tcj vnaour mli mdtnvnty of cns kjmsurjs tcmt, nlsnx koltcs, cj mssjke`ji ml mrky of sjvjlty tcousmli kjl,31 mli pjrforkji mkmrdc of fnvj culirji kn`js. Cns troops wjrj `jvnji nl Juropj mli Msnm, frok

Wjòpolljsus to tcj E`mdb Tjm2 cns kmhjsty wms insp`myji nl tcj sn`vjr mrks mli rndctrmppnlas of tcj dokpmlnjs of corsjaumris2 mli tcj jkpjror wms mttjliji ey m trmnl of loe`js mli prnldjs, sokj of wcok, nl rmpni suddjssnol, cmi ejjl dòtcji wntc tcj

purp`j, mli wjrj nliuàji ey tcj ̀ jlnty of tcj tnkjs nl m ̀ nfj of mffùjldj mli inalnty.Ycjnr youtcfu` mriour knact mlnkmtj tcj ku`tntuij2 eut tcjnr òvj of p`jmsurj mlidoltjkpt of sueorinlmtnol wjrj prjalmlt wntc insorijr mli knsdcnjf2 mli tcjnr nkportulmtj d`mkours for spjjiy mli ijdnsnvj mdtnol insdoldjrtji tcj pruijldj of M`jxnus, wco knact cmvj surrouliji mli stmrvji tcj ejsnjanla mrky. Ycjjlukjrmtnol of provnldjs rjdm``s m smi dokpmrnsol of tcj pmst mli prjsjlt `nknts of tcjUokml worì8 tcj rmw `jvnjs wjrj irmwl toajtcjr nl cmstj mli tjrror2 mli tcjamrrnsols of Mlmto`nm, or Msnm Knlor, cmi ejjl purdcmsji ey tcj jvmdumtnol of tcjdntnjs wcndc wjrj nkkjinmtj`y oddupnji ey tcj Yurbs. Ycj strjlatc of tcj Arjjb mrkydolsnstji nl tcj Vmrmlanmls, tcj Tdmlinlmvnml aumris, wcosj lukejrs wjrj rjdjlt`ymuakjltji ey m doòly of jxn`js mli voùltjjrs frok tcj Erntnsc ns`mli of Ycu`j.Zlijr tcj yobj of tcj Lorkml dolqujror, tcj Imljs mli Jla`nsc wjrj opprjssji mliulntji8 m emli of mivjlturous youtcs rjso`vji to ijsjrt m `mli of s`mvjry2 tcj sjm wmsopjl to tcjnr jsdmpj2 mli, nl tcjnr òla pnàrnkmaj, tcjy vnsntji jvjry domst tcmtmfforiji mly copj of `nejrty mli rjvjlaj. Ycjy wjrj jltjrtmnlji nl tcj sjrvndj of tcjArjjb jkpjror2 mli tcjnr fnrst stmtnol wms nl m ljw dnty ol tcj Msnmtnd scorj8 eutM`jxnus sool rjdm``ji tcjk to tcj ijfjldj of cns pjrsol mli pm`mdj2 mli ejqujmtcji tocns suddjssors tcj nlcjrntmldj of tcjnr fmntc mli vmòur.33 Ycj lmkj of m Lorkml

nlvmijr rjvnvji tcj kjkory of tcjnr wrolas8 tcjy kmrdcji wntc m`mdrnty mamnlst tcjlmtnolm` foj, mli pmltji to rjamnl nl Jpnrus tcj aòry wcndc tcjy cmi òst nl tcj emtt`jof Cmstnlas. Ycj Vmrmlanmls wjrj supportji ey sokj dokpmlnjs of Frmlbs or @mtnls2mli tcj rjej`s, wco cmi f`ji to Dolstmltnlop`j frok tcj tyrmlly of Aunsdmri, wjrjjmajr to snalm`nsj tcjnr zjm` mli armtnfy tcjnr rjvjlaj. Nl tcns jkjrajldy, tcj jkpjror cmi lot insimnlji tcj nkpurj mni of tcj Wmu`ndnmls or Kmlndcæmls of Ycrmdj mliEuàmrnm2 mli tcjsj cjrjtnds ulntji wntc tcj pmtnjldj of kmrtyriok tcj spnrnt mliinsdnp`nlj of mdtnvj vmòur.3> Ycj trjmty wntc tcj su`tml cmi produrji m supp`y of sokj tcousmli Yurbs2 mli tcj mrrows of tcj Tdytcnml corsj wjrj opposji to tcj`mldjs of tcj Lorkml dmvm`ry. Ol tcj rjport mli instmlt prospjdt of tcjsj forknime`j

lukejrs, Uoejrt mssjke`ji m douldn` of cns prnldnpm` offndjrs. ‐ôu ejcoì,‛ smni cj,‐your imlajr2 nt ns urajlt mli nljvntme`j. Ycj cn``s mrj dovjrji wntc mrks mli





stmlimris2 mli tcj jkpjror of tcj Arjjbs ns mddustokji to wmrs mli trnukpcs.Oejinjldj mli ulnol mrj our ol`y smfjty2 mli N mk rjmiy to ynjì tcj dokkmli to mkorj wortcy `jmijr.‛ Ycj votj mli mdd`mkmtnol, jvjl of cns sjdrjt jljknjs, mssurjicnk, nl tcmt pjrnòus kokjlt, of tcjnr jstjjk mli dolfnijldj2 mli tcj iubj tcusdoltnluji8 ‐@jt us trust nl tcj rjwmris of vndtory, mli ijprnvj dowmrindj of tcj kjmls

of jsdmpj. @jt us eurl our vjssj`s mli our emaamaj, mli anvj emtt`j ol tcns spot, ms nf ntwjrj tcj p`mdj of our lmtnvnty mli our eurnm`.‛ Ycj rjsoùtnol wms ulmlnkous`ympprovji2 mli, wntcout dolfnlnla cnksj`f to cns `nljs, Aunsdmri mwmntji nl emtt`j-mrrmytcj ljmrjr mppromdc of tcj jljky. Cns rjmr wms dovjrji ey m skm`` rnvjr2 cns rnactwnla jxtjliji to tcj sjm2 cns `jft to tcj cn``s2 lor wms cj dolsdnous, pjrcmps, tcmt oltcj smkj arouli Dæsmr mli Wokpjy cmi forkjr`y insputji tcj jkpnrj of tcj worì.>7

Mamnlst tcj mivndj of cns wnsjst dmptmnls, M`jxnus rjso`vji to rnsb tcj jvjlt of majljrm` mdtnol, mli jxcortji tcj amrrnsol of Iurmzzo to mssnst tcjnr owl ij`nvjrmldj

ey m wj``-tnkji sm``y frok tcj towl. Cj kmrdcji nl two doùkls to surprnsj tcj

Lorkmls ejforj imy-erjmb ol two inffjrjlt snijs8 cns `nact dmvm`ry wms sdmttjrji ovjr tcj p`mnl2 tcj mrdcjrs forkji tcj sjdoli `nlj2 mli tcj Vmrmlanmls d`mnkji tcj coloursof tcj vmlaumri. Nl tcj fnrst olsjt, tcj emtt`jmxjs of tcj strmlajrs kmij m ijjp mli

eòoiy nkprjssnol ol tcj mrky of Aunsdmri, wcndc wms low rjiudji to fnftjjltcousmli kjl. Ycj @okemris mli Dm`mernmls naloknlnous`y turlji tcjnr emdbs2 tcjyf`ji towmris tcj rnvjr mli tcj sjm2 eut tcj erniaj cmi ejjl erobjl iowl to dcjdb tcjsm``y of tcj amrrnsol, mli tcj domst wms `nlji wntc tcj Vjljtnml am``jys, wco p`myjitcjnr jlanljs mkola tcj insorijr`y tcrola. Ol tcj vjraj of runl, tcjy wjrj smvji eytcj spnrnt mli doliudt of tcjnr dcnjfs. Amntm, tcj wnfj of Uoejrt, ns pmnltji ey tcjArjjbs ms m wmr`nbj Mkmzol, m sjdoli Wm``ms2 `jss sbn`fu` nl mrts, eut lot `jss tjrrne`jnl mrks, tcml tcj Mtcjlnml aoiijss8>= tcouac wouliji ey ml mrrow, scj stooi cjr arouli, mli strovj, ey cjr jxcortmtnol mli jxmkp`j, to rm``y tcj f`ynla troops.>5 Cjr fjkm`j vondj wms sjdoliji ey tcj korj powjrfu` vondj mli mrk of tcj Lorkml iubj,ms dm`k nl mdtnol ms cj wms kmalmlnkous nl douldn`8 ‐Qcntcjr,‛ cj drnji mòui,‐wcntcjr io yj f`y? your jljky ns nkp`mdme`j2 mli ijmtc ns `jss arnjvous tcmlsjrvntuij.‛ Ycj kokjlt wms ijdnsnvj8 ms tcj Vmrmlanmls mivmldji ejforj tcj `nlj,tcjy insdovjrji tcj lmbjiljss of tcjnr f`mlbs2 tcj kmnl emtt`j of tcj iubj, of jnactculirji blnacts, stooi fnrk mli jltnrj2 tcjy doudcji tcjnr `mldjs, mli tcj Arjjbsijpòrj tcj furnous mli nrrjsnstne`j scodb of tcj Frjldc dmvm`ry.>4 M`jxnus wms lotijfndnjlt nl tcj iutnjs of m soìnjr or m ajljrm`2 eut cj lo sooljr ejcjì tcj s`muactjr of tcj Vmrmlanmls mli tcj f`nact of tcj Yurbs, tcml cj ijspnsji cns suehjdts mli

ijspmnrji of cns fortulj. Ycj prnldjss Mllj, wco irops m tjmr ol tcns kj`mldco`yjvjlt, ns rjiudji to prmnsj tcj strjlatc mli swnftljss of cjr fmtcjr„s corsj, mli cnsvnaorous struaa`j, wcjl cj wms m`kost ovjrtcrowl ey tcj strobj of m `mldj, wcndc cmiscnvjrji tcj Nkpjrnm` cj`kjt. Cns ijspjrmtj vmòur erobj tcrouac m squmirol of Frmlbs wco opposji cns f`nact2 mli, mftjr wmlijrnla two imys mli ms kmly lnacts nltcj koultmnls, cj fouli sokj rjposj of eoiy, tcouac lot of knli, nl tcj wm``s of @ydclnius. Ycj vndtornous Uoejrt rjpromdcji tcj tmriy mli fjje`j pursunt wcndc cmisuffjrji tcj jsdmpj of so n`ùstrnous m prnzj2 eut cj dolso`ji cns insmpponltkjlt ey tcjtropcnjs mli stmlimris of tcj fnjì, tcj wjm`tc mli ùxury of tcj Eyzmltnlj dmkp, mlitcj aòry of ijfjmtnla ml mrky fnvj tnkjs korj lukjrous tcml cns owl. M ku`tntuij of

Ntm`nmls cmi ejjl tcj vndtnks of tcjnr owl fjmrs2 eut ol`y tcnrty of cns blnacts wjrjs`mnl nl tcns kjkorme`j imy. Nl tcj Uokml cost, tcj òss of Arjjbs, Yurbs, mli





Jla`nsc mkoultji to fnvj or snx tcousmli8>9 tcj p`mnl of Iurmzzo wms stmnlji wntcloe`j mli roym` eòoi2 mli tcj jli of tcj nkpostor Kndcmj` wms korj colourme`j tcmlcns `nfj.

Nt ns korj tcml proeme`j tcmt Aunsdmri wms lot mff`ndtji ey tcj òss of m dost`y

pmajmlt, wcndc cmi kjrntji ol`y tcj doltjkpt mli ijrnsnol of tcj Arjjbs. Mftjr tcjnr ijfjmt, tcjy stn`` pjrsjvjrji nl tcj ijfjldj of Iurmzzo2 mli m Vjljtnml dokkmlijr supp`nji tcj p`mdj of Ajoraj Wm`æoòaus, wco cmi ejjl nkpruijlt`y dm``ji mwmyfrok cns stmtnol. Ycj tjlts of tcj ejsnjajrs wjrj dolvjrtji nlto emrrmdbs, to sustmnl tcjnld`jkjldy of tcj wnltjr2 mli nl mlswjr to tcj ijfnmldj of tcj amrrnsol Uoejrtnlsnlumtji tcmt cns pmtnjldj wms mt `jmst jqum` to tcjnr oestnlmdy.>: Wjrcmps cj m`rjmiytrustji to cns sjdrjt dorrjspolijldj wntc m Vjljtnml loe`j, wco soì tcj dnty for m rndcmli colourme`j kmrrnmaj. Mt tcj ijmi of lnact sjvjrm` ropj-`miijrs wjrj iroppjifrok tcj wm``s2 tcj `nact Dm`mernmls msdjliji nl sn`jldj2 mli tcj Arjjbs wjrjmwmbjlji ey tcj lmkj mli trukpjts of tcj dolqujror. ^jt tcjy ijfjliji tcj strjjt

tcrjj imys mamnlst ml jljky m`rjmiy kmstjr of tcj rmkpmrt2 mli ljmr sjvjl koltcsj`mpsji ejtwjjl tcj fnrst nlvjstkjlt mli tcj fnlm` surrjlijr of tcj p`mdj. FrokIurmzzo tcj Lorkml iubj mivmldji nlto tcj cjmrt of Jpnrus or Mèmlnm2 trmvjrsji tcjfnrst koultmnls of Ycjssm`y2 surprnsji tcrjj culirji Jla`nsc nl tcj dnty of Dmstornm2mppromdcji Ycjssmòlndm2 mli kmij Dolstmltnlop`j trjke`j. M korj prjssnla iutysuspjliji tcj prosjdutnol of cns mkentnous ijsnals. Ey scnpwrjdb, pjstn`jldj, mli tcjswori, cns mrky wms rjiudji to m tcnri of tcj ornanlm` lukejrs2 mli, nlstjmi of ejnlarjdruntji frok Ntm`y, cj wms nlforkji, ey p`mnltnvj jpnst`js, of tcj knsdcnjfs mliimlajrs wcndc cmi ejjl proiudji ey cns mesjldj8 tcj rjvo`t of tcj dntnjs mli emrolsof Mpu`nm2 tcj instrjss of tcj popj2 mli tcj mppromdc or nlvmsnol of Cjlry bnla of Ajrkmly. Cnac`y prjsuknla tcmt cns pjrsol wms suffndnjlt for tcj pue`nd smfjty, cjrjpmssji tcj sjm nl m snla`j ernamltnlj, mli `jft tcj rjkmnls of tcj mrky ulijr tcjdokkmli of cns sol mli tcj Lorkml doults, jxcortnla Eocjkoli to rjspjdt tcjfrjjiok of cns pjjrs, mli tcj doults to oejy tcj mutcornty of tcjnr `jmijr. Ycj sol of Aunsdmri troi nl tcj footstjps of cns fmtcjr2 mli tcj two ijstroyjrs mrj dokpmrji, eytcj Arjjbs, to tcj dmtjrpn``mr mli tcj òdust, tcj `mst of wcok ijvours wcmtjvjr cmsjsdmpji tcj tjjtc of tcj forkjr.>6 Mftjr wnllnla two emtt`js mamnlst tcj jkpjror, cjijsdjliji nlto tcj p`mnl of Ycjssm`y, mli ejsnjaji @mrnssm, tcj fmeuòus rjm`k of Mdcn``js,>1 wcndc doltmnlji tcj trjmsurj mli kmamznljs of tcj Eyzmltnlj dmkp. ^jt m

hust prmnsj kust lot ej rjfusji to tcj fortntuij mli pruijldj of M`jxnus, wco ermvj`ystruaa`ji wntc tcj dm`mkntnjs of tcj tnkjs. Nl tcj povjrty of tcj stmtj, cj prjsukji to

eorrow tcj supjrfùous orlmkjlts of tcj dcurdcjs2 tcj ijsjrtnol of tcj Kmlndcæmlswms supp`nji ey sokj trnejs of Koìmvnm2 m rjnlfordjkjlt of sjvjl tcousmli Yurbsrjp`mdji mli rjvjlaji tcj òss of tcjnr erjtcrjl2 mli tcj Arjjb soìnjrs wjrjjxjrdnsji to rnij, to irmw tcj eow, mli to tcj imn`y prmdtndj of mkeusdmijs mlijvoùtnols. M`jxnus cmi ejjl tmuact ey jxpjrnjldj tcmt tcj forknime`j dmvm`ry of tcjFrmlbs ol foot wms ulfnt for mdtnol, mli m`kost nldmpme`j of kotnol2>3 cns mrdcjrswjrj inrjdtji to mnk tcjnr mrrows mt tcj corsj rmtcjr tcml tcj kml2 mli m vmrnjty of spnbjs mli slmrjs wms sdmttjrji ovjr tcj arouli ol wcndc cj knact jxpjdt ml mttmdb.Nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of @mrnssm tcj jvjlts of wmr wjrj protrmdtji mli em`mldji. Ycjdourmaj of Eocjkoli wms m`wmys dolspnduous, mli oftjl suddjssfu`2 eut cns dmkp

wms pn``maji ey m strmtmajk of tcj Arjjbs2 tcj dnty wms nkprjalme`j2 mli tcj vjlm` or insdoltjltji doults ijsjrtji cns stmlimri, ejtrmyji tcjnr trusts, mli jl`nstji nl tcj





sjrvndj of tcj jkpjror. M`jxnus rjturlji to Dolstmltnlop`j wntc tcj mivmltmaj, rmtcjr tcml tcj colour, of vndtory. Mftjr jvmdumtnla tcj dolqujsts wcndc cj douì lo òlajr ijfjli, tcj sol of Aunsdmri jkemrbji for Ntm`y, mli wms jkermdji ey m fmtcjr wcojstjjkji cns kjrnt mli sykpmtcnsji nl cns knsfortulj.

Of tcj @mtnl prnldjs, tcj m``njs of M`jxnus mli jljknjs of Uoejrt, tcj kost prokpt mli powjrfu` wms Cjlry, tcj Ycnri or Fourtc, bnla of Ajrkmly mli Ntm`y, mli futurjjkpjror of tcj Qjst. Ycj jpnst`j of tcj Arjjb kolmrdc>> to cns erotcjr ns fn``ji wntctcj wmrkjst profjssnols of frnjliscnp, mli tcj kost `nvj`y ijsnrj of strjlatcjlnlatcjnr m``nmldj ey jvjry pue`nd mli prnvmtj tnj. Cj dolarmtu`mtjs Cjlry ol cns suddjss nlm hust mli pnous wmr, mli dokp`mnls tcmt tcj prospjrnty of cns owl jkpnrj ns instureji

ey tcj muimdnous jltjrprnsjs of tcj Lorkml Uoejrt. Ycj `nst of cns prjsjlts jxprjssjstcj kmlljrs of tcj maj, m rminmtji drowl of aoì, m dross sjt wntc pjmr`s to cmla ol tcj

erjmst, m dmsj of rj`nds wntc tcj lmkjs mli tnt`js of tcj smnlts, m vmsj of drystm`, m vmsjof smriolyx, sokj em`k, kost proeme`y of Kjddm, mli olj culirji pnjdjs of purp`j.

Yo tcjsj cj miiji m korj so`ni prjsjlt, of olj culirji mli forty-four tcousmliEyzmltnljs of aoì, wntc m furtcjr mssurmldj of two culirji mli snxtjjl tcousmli, sosool ms Cjlry scouì cmvj jltjrji nl mrks tcj Mpu`nml tjrrntornjs, mli dolfnrkji eyml omtc tcj `jmauj mamnlst tcj dokkol jljky. Ycj Ajrkml,=77 wco wms m`rjmiy nl@okemriy mt tcj cjmi of ml mrky mli m fmdtnol, mddjptji tcjsj `nejrm` offjrs mlikmrdcji towmris tcj soutc8 cns spjji wms dcjdbji ey tcj souli of tcj emtt`j of Iurmzzo2 eut tcj nlfùjldj of cns mrks or lmkj, nl tcj cmsty rjturl of Uoejrt, wms mfu`` jqunvm`jlt for tcj Arjdnml ernej. Cjlry wms tcj sjvjrj mivjrsmry of tcj Lorkmls,tcj m``njs mli vmssm`s of Arjaory tcj Tjvjltc, cns nkp`mdme`j foj. Ycj òla qumrrj` of tcj tcrolj mli kntrj cmi ejjl rjdjlt`y bnli`ji ey tcj zjm` mli mkentnol of tcmtcmuacty prnjst8=7= tcj bnla mli tcj popj cmi ijarmiji jmdc otcjr2 mli jmdc cmisjmtji m rnvm` ol tcj tjkporm` or spnrntum` tcrolj of cns mltmaolnst. Mftjr tcj ijfjmt mliijmtc of cns Twmenml rjej`, Cjlry ijsdjliji nlto Ntm`y, to mssukj tcj Nkpjrnm` drowl,mli to irnvj frok tcj Vmtndml tcj tyrmlt of tcj dcurdc.=75 Eut tcj Uokml pjop`jmicjrji to tcj dmusj of Arjaory8 tcjnr rjsoùtnol wms fortnfnji ey supp`njs of kjl mlikoljy frok Mpu`nm2 mli tcj dnty wms tcrndj nljffjdtum``y ejsnjaji ey tcj bnla of Ajrkmly. Nl tcj fourtc yjmr cj dorruptji, ms nt ns smni, wntc Eyzmltnlj aoì tcj loe`jsof Uokj wcosj jstmtjs mli dmst`js cmi ejjl runlji ey tcj wmr. Ycj amtjs, tcj erniajs,mli fnfty costmajs wjrj ij`nvjrji nlto cns cmlis8 tcj mltnpopj, D`jkjlt tcj Ycnri, wmsdolsjdrmtji nl tcj @mtjrml8 tcj armtjfu` poltnff drowlji cns protjdtor nl tcj Vmtndml2mli tcj jkpjror Cjlry fnxji cns rjsnijldj nl tcj Dmpnto`, ms tcj `mwfu` suddjssor of

Muaustus mli Dcmr`jkmalj. Ycj runls of tcj Tjptnzolnuk wjrj stn`` ijfjliji ey tcjljpcjw of Arjaory8 tcj popj cnksj`f wms nlvjstji nl tcj dmst`j of Tt. Mlajò2 mli cns`mst copj wms nl tcj dourmaj mli fnij`nty of cns Lorkml vmssm`. Ycjnr frnjliscnp cmi

ejjl nltjrruptji ey sokj rjdnprodm` nlhurnjs mli dokp`mnlts2 eut, ol tcns prjssnlaoddmsnol, Aunsdmri wms uraji ey tcj oe`namtnol of cns omtc, ey cns nltjrjst, korj

potjlt tcml omtcs, ey tcj òvj of fmkj, mli cns jlknty to tcj two jkpjrors. Zlfur`nlatcj co`y emlljr, cj rjso`vji to f`y to tcj rj`njf of tcj prnldj of tcj mpost`js8 tcj kostlukjrous of cns mrknjs, snx tcousmli corsj mli tcnrty tcousmli foot, wms nlstmlt`ymssjke`ji2 mli cns kmrdc frok Tm`jrlo to Uokj wms mlnkmtji ey tcj pue`nd mpp`musjmli tcj proknsj of tcj invnlj fmvour. Cjlry, nlvnldne`j nl snxty-snx emtt`js, trjke`ji

mt cns mppromdc2 rjdo``jdtji sokj nlinspjlsme`j mffmnrs tcmt rjqunrji cns prjsjldj nl@okemriy2 jxcortji tcj Uokmls to pjrsjvjrj nl tcjnr m``janmldj2 mli cmstn`y rjtrjmtji


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) :7 cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



tcrjj imys ejforj tcj jltrmldj of tcj Lorkmls. Nl `jss tcml tcrjj yjmrs, tcj sol of Ymldrji of Cmutjvn``j jlhoyji tcj aòry of ij`nvjrnla tcj popj, mli of dokpj``nla tcjtwo jkpjrors of tcj Jmst mli Qjst to f`y ejforj cns vndtornous mrks.=74 Eut tcjtrnukpc of Uoejrt wms dòuiji ey tcj dm`mkntnjs of Uokj. Ey tcj mni of tcj frnjlis of Arjaory, tcj wm``s cmi ejjl pjrformtji or sdm`ji2 eut tcj Nkpjrnm` fmdtnol wms stn``

powjrfu` mli mdtnvj2 ol tcj tcnri imy, tcj pjop`j rosj nl m furnous tuku`t2 mli ml cmstywori of tcj dolqujror, nl cns ijfjldj or rjvjlaj, wms tcj snalm` of fnrj mli

pn``maj.=79 Ycj Tmrmdjls of Tndn`y, tcj suehjdts of Uoajr, mli muxn`nmrnjs of cns erotcjr, jkermdji tcns fmnr oddmsnol of rnf`nla mli profmlnla tcj co`y dnty of tcjDcrnstnmls8 kmly tcousmlis of tcj dntnzjls, nl tcj snact, mli ey tcj m``njs, of tcjnr spnrntum` fmtcjr, wjrj jxposji to vno`mtnol, dmptnvnty, or ijmtc2 mli m spmdnous qumrtjr of tcj dnty, frok tcj @mtjrml to tcj Do`nsjuk, wms dolsukji ey tcj f`mkjs mliijvotji to pjrpjtum` so`ntuij.=7: Frok m dnty, wcjrj cj wms low cmtji mli knact ejlo òlajr fjmrji, Arjaory rjtnrji to jli cns imys nl tcj pm`mdj of Tm`jrlo. Ycj mrtfu`

poltnff knact f`mttjr tcj vmlnty of Aunsdmri wntc tcj copj of m Uokml or Nkpjrnm`

drowl2 eut tcns imlajrous kjmsurj, wcndc wouì cmvj nlf`mkji tcj mkentnol of tcj Lorkml, kust for jvjr cmvj m`njlmtji tcj kost fmntcfu` prnldjs of Ajrkmly.

Ycj ij`nvjrjr mli sdouraj of Uokj knact cmvj nliuàji cnksj`f nl m sjmsol of rjposj2 eut, nl tcj smkj yjmr of tcj f`nact of tcj Ajrkml jkpjror, tcj nlijfmtname`jUoejrt rjsukji tcj ijsnal of cns Jmstjrl dolqujsts. Ycj zjm` or armtntuij of Arjaorycmi proknsji to cns vmòur tcj bnlaioks of Arjjdj mli Msnm2=76 cns troops wjrjmssjke`ji nl mrks, fùscji wntc suddjss, mli jmajr for mdtnol. Ycjnr lukejrs, nl tcj`mlaumaj of Cokjr, mrj dokpmrji ey Mllm to m swmrk of ejjs2=71 yjt tcj utkost mlikoijrmtj `nknts of tcj powjrs of Aunsdmri cmvj ejjl m`rjmiy ijfnlji2 tcjy wjrjdoltmnlji ol tcns sjdoli oddmsnol nl olj culirji mli twjlty vjssj`s2 mli, ms tcjsjmsol wms fmr mivmldji, tcj cmreour of Eruliusnuk=73 wms prjfjrrji to tcj opjlromi of Otrmlto. M`jxnus, mpprjcjlsnvj of m sjdoli mttmdb, cmi mssniuous`y `meourjito rjstorj tcj lmvm` fordjs of tcj jkpnrj2 mli oetmnlji frok tcj rjpue`nd of Vjlndj mlnkportmlt suddour of tcnrty-snx trmlsports, fourtjjl am``jys, mli lnlj am`jots or scnpsof jxtrmorinlmry strjlatc mli kmalntuij. Ycjnr sjrvndjs wjrj `nejrm``y pmni ey tcj`ndjldj or kolopo`y of trmij, m profntme`j anft of kmly scops mli cousjs nl tcj port of Dolstmltnlop`j, mli m trneutj to Tt. Kmrb, tcj korj mddjptme`j, ms nt wms tcj proiudjof m tmx ol tcjnr rnvm`s of Mkm`pcn.=7> Ey tcj ulnol of tcj Arjjbs mli Vjljtnmls, tcjMirnmtnd wms dovjrji wntc ml costn`j f`jjt2 eut tcjnr owl lja`jdt, or tcj vnan`mldj of Uoejrt, tcj dcmlaj of m wnli, or tcj scj`tjr of m knst, opjlji m frjj pmssmaj2 mli tcj

Lorkml troops wjrj smfj`y insjkemrbji ol tcj domst of Jpnrus. Qntc twjlty strolamli wj``-mpponltji am``jys, tcjnr nltrjpni iubj nkkjinmtj`y fouact tcj jljky, mli,tcouac korj mddustokji to fnact ol corsjemdb, cj trustji cns owl `nfj, mli tcj `nvjsof cns erotcjr mli two sols, to tcj jvjlt of m lmvm` dokemt. Ycj ioknlnol of tcj sjmwms insputji nl tcrjj jlamajkjlts, nl snact of tcj ns`mli of Dorfu2 nl tcj two forkjr,tcj sbn`` mli lukejrs of tcj m``njs wjrj supjrnor2 eut nl tcj tcnri tcj Lorkmlsoetmnlji m fnlm` mli dokp`jtj vndtory.==7 Ycj `nact ernamltnljs of tcj Arjjbs wjrjsdmttjrji nl naloknlnous f`nact2 tcj lnlj dmst`js of tcj Vjljtnmls kmnltmnlji m korjoestnlmtj dolf`ndt2 sjvjl wjrj sulb, two wjrj tmbjl2 two tcousmli fnvj culirjidmptnvjs nkpòrji nl vmnl tcj kjrdy of tcj vndtor2 mli tcj imuactjr of M`jxnus

ijpòrjs tcj òss of tcnrtjjl tcousmli of cns suehjdts or m``njs. Ycj wmlt of jxpjrnjldjcmi ejjl supp`nji ey tcj ajlnus of Aunsdmri2 mli jmdc jvjlnla, wcjl cj cmi souliji


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) := cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



m rjtrjmt, cj dm`k`y jxpòrji tcj dmusjs of cns rjpu`sj, mli nlvjltji ljw kjtcois cowto rjkjiy cns owl ijfjdts mli to emff`j tcj mivmltmajs of tcj jljky. Ycj wnltjr sjmsol suspjliji cns proarjss2 wntc tcj rjturl of sprnla cj mamnl mspnrji to tcjdolqujst of Dolstmltnlop`j2 eut, nlstjmi of trmvjrsnla tcj cn``s of Jpnrus, cj turlji cnsmrks mamnlst Arjjdj mli tcj ns`mlis, wcjrj tcj spon`s wouì rjpmy tcj `meour, mli

wcjrj tcj `mli mli sjm fordjs knact pursuj tcjnr honlt opjrmtnols wntc vnaour mlijffjdt. Eut, nl tcj ns`j of Djpcmòlnm, cns prohjdts wjrj fmtm``y e`mstji ey mljpnijkndm` insjmsj2 Uoejrt cnksj`f, nl tcj sjvjltnjtc yjmr of cns maj, jxpnrji nl cnstjlt2 mli m suspndnol of ponsol wms nkputji, ey pue`nd rukour, to cns wnfj, or to tcjArjjb jkpjror.=== Ycns prjkmturj ijmtc knact m`òw m eouli`jss sdopj for tcjnkmanlmtnol of cns futurj jxpònts8 mli tcj jvjlt suffndnjlt`y ijd`mrjs tcmt tcj Lorkmlarjmtljss wms fouliji ol cns `nfj.==5 Qntcout tcj mppjmrmldj of ml jljky, mvndtornous mrky inspjrsji or rjtrjmtji nl insorijr mli dolstjrlmtnol2 mli M`jxnus, wcocmi trjke`ji for cns jkpnrj, rjhondji nl cns ij`nvjrmldj. Ycj am``jy wcndc trmlsportjitcj rjkmnls of Aunsdmri wms scnpwrjdbji ol tcj Ntm`nml scorj2 eut tcj iubj„s eoiy

wms rjdovjrji frok tcj sjm, mli ijposntji nl tcj sjpu`dcrj of Vjlusnm,==4 m p`mdjkorj n`ùstrnous for tcj enrtc of Cormdj==9 tcml for tcj eurnm` of tcj Lorkml cjrojs.Uoajr, cns sjdoli sol mli suddjssor, nkkjinmtj`y sulb to tcj cuke`j stmtnol of miubj of Mpu`nm8 tcj jstjjk or pmrtnm`nty of cns fmtcjr `jft tcj vm`nmlt Eocjkoli to tcjnlcjrntmldj of cns swori. Ycj lmtnolm` trmlqun``nty wms instureji ey cns d`mnks, tn`` tcjfnrst drusmij mamnlst tcj nlfnij`s of tcj Jmst opjlji m korj sp`jlini fnjì of aòry mlidolqujst.==:

Of cukml `nfj tcj kost aòrnous or cuke`j prospjdts mrj m`nbj mli sool eouliji eytcj sjpu`dcrj. Ycj km`j `nlj of Uoejrt Aunsdmri wms jxtnlaunscji, eotc nl Mpu`nm mlimt Mltnodc, nl tcj sjdoli ajljrmtnol2 eut cns youlajr erotcjr ejdmkj tcj fmtcjr of m`nlj of bnlas2 mli tcj sol of tcj arjmt doult wms jliowji wntc tcj lmkj, tcjdolqujsts, mli tcj spnrnt of tcj fnrst Uoajr.==6 Ycj cjnr of tcmt Lorkml mivjlturjr wms eorl nl Tndn`y8 mli, mt tcj maj of ol`y four yjmrs, cj suddjjiji to tcj sovjrjnaltyof tcj ns`mli, m òt wcndc rjmsol knact jlvy, douì scj nliuàj for m kokjlt tcjvnsnolmry, tcouac vnrtuous, wnsc of ioknlnol. Cmi Uoajr ejjl doltjlt wntc cnsfruntfu` pmtrnkoly, ml cmppy mli armtjfu` pjop`j knact cmvj e`jssji tcjnr ejljfmdtor2mli, nf m wnsj miknlnstrmtnol douì cmvj rjstorji tcj prospjrous tnkjs of tcj Arjjb doòlnjs,==1 tcj opu`jldj mli powjr of Tndn`y mòlj knact cmvj jqum``ji tcj wnijstsdopj tcmt douì ej mdqunrji mli ijso`mtji ey tcj swori of wmr. Eut tcj mkentnol of tcj arjmt doult wms nalormlt of tcjsj loe`j pursunts2 nt wms armtnfnji ey tcj vuàmr

kjmls of vno`jldj mli mrtnfndj. Cj souact to oetmnl tcj ulinvniji possjssnol of Wm`jrko, of wcndc olj konjty cmi ejjl djiji to tcj jìjr ermldc2 struaa`ji tojl`mraj cns Dm`mernml `nknts ejyoli tcj kjmsurj of forkjr trjmtnjs2 mli nkpmtnjlt`ywmtdcji tcj ijd`nlnla cjm`tc of cns dousnl Qn``nmk of Mpu`nm, tcj armlisol of Uoejrt.Ol tcj fnrst nltj``najldj of cns prjkmturj ijmtc, Uoajr smn`ji frok Wm`jrko wntc sjvjlam``jys, dmst mldcor nl tcj emy of Tm`jrlo, rjdjnvji, mftjr tjl imys„ ljaotnmtnol, mlomtc of fnij`nty frok tcj Lorkml dmpntm`, dokkmliji tcj sueknssnol of tcj emrols,mli jxtortji m `jam` nlvjstnturj frok tcj rjùdtmlt popjs, wco douì lot òla jliurjjntcjr tcj frnjliscnp or jlknty of m powjrfu` vmssm`. Ycj smdrji spot of Ejljvjltowms rjspjdtfu``y spmrji, ms tcj pmtrnkoly of Tt. Wjtjr2 eut tcj rjiudtnol of Dmpum mli

Lmp`js dokp`jtji tcj ijsnal of cns uld`j Aunsdmri2 mli tcj so`j nlcjrntmldj of tcj Lorkml dolqujsts wms possjssji ey tcj vndtornous Uoajr. M dolsdnous supjrnornty of





powjr mli kjrnt prokptji cnk to insimnl tcj tnt`js of iubj mli of doult2 mli tcj ns`jof Tndn`y, wntc m tcnri pjrcmps of tcj doltnljlt of Ntm`y, knact fork tcj emsns of mbnlaiok==3 wcndc wouì ol`y ynjì to tcj kolmrdcnjs of Frmldj mli Jla`mli. Ycjdcnjfs of tcj lmtnol wco mttjliji cns dorolmtnol mt Wm`jrko knact iouet`jss

prolouldj ulijr wcmt lmkj cj scouì rjnal ovjr tcjk2 eut tcj jxmkp`j of m Arjjb

tyrmlt or m Tmrmdjl jknr wjrj nlsuffndnjlt to hustnfy cns rjam` dcmrmdtjr2 mli tcj lnljbnlas of tcj @mtnl worì==> knact insd`mnk tcjnr ljw mssodnmtj, ul`jss cj wjrjdolsjdrmtji ey tcj mutcornty of tcj suprjkj poltnff. Ycj prnij of Mlmd`jtus wms

p`jmsji to dolfjr m tnt`j wcndc tcj prnij of tcj Lorkml cmi stoopji to so`ndnt2=57 eutcns owl `jantnkmdy wms mttmdbji ey tcj mivjrsj j`jdtnol of Nllodjlt tcj Tjdoli2 mli,wcn`j Mlmd`jtus smt nl tcj Vmtndml, tcj suddjssfu` fuantnvj wms mdblow`jiaji ey tcjlmtnols of Juropj. Ycj nlfmlt kolmrdcy of Uoajr wms scmbjl, mli m`kost ovjrtcrowl,

ey tcj ulùdby dcondj of ml jdd`jsnmstndm` pmtrol2 mli tcj swori of @otcmnrj tcjTjdoli of Ajrkmly, tcj jxdokkulndmtnols of Nllodjlt, tcj f`jjts of Wnsm, mli tcjzjm` of Tt. Ejrlmri wjrj ulntji for tcj runl of tcj Tndn`nml roeejr. Mftjr m am``mlt

rjsnstmldj, tcj Lorkml prnldj wms irnvjl frok tcj doltnljlt of Ntm`y2 m ljw iubj of Mpu`nm wms nlvjstji ey tcj popj mli tcj jkpjror, jmdc of wcok cjì olj jli of tcj

aolfmlol, or f`ma-stmff, ms m tobjl tcmt tcjy mssjrtji tcjnr rnact mli suspjliji tcjnr qumrrj`. Eut sudc hjmòus frnjliscnp wms of scort mli prjdmrnous iurmtnol2 tcj Ajrkmlmrknjs sool vmlnscji nl insjmsj mli ijsjrtnol2=5= tcj Mpu`nml iubj, wntc m`` cnsmicjrjlts, wms jxtjrknlmtji ey m dolqujror wco sjìok foramvj jntcjr tcj ijmi or tcj `nvnla2 `nbj cns prjijdjssor @jo tcj Lnltc, tcj fjje`j tcouac cmuacty poltnff

ejdmkj tcj dmptnvj mli frnjli of tcj Lorkmls2 mli tcjnr rjdoldn`nmtnol wms dj`jermtji ey tcj jòqujldj of Ejrlmri, wco low rjvjrji tcj tnt`j mli vnrtujs of tcj bnla of Tndn`y.

Ms m pjlmldj for cns nkpnous wmr mamnlst tcj suddjssor of Tt. Wjtjr, tcmt kolmrdcknact cmvj proknsji to insp`my tcj emlljr of tcj dross, mli cj mddokp`nscji wntcmriour m vow so propntnous to cns nltjrjst mli rjvjlaj. Ycj rjdjlt nlhurnjs of Tndn`yknact provobj m hust rjtm`nmtnol ol tcj cjmis of tcj Tmrmdjls2 tcj Lorkmls, wcosj

eòoi cmi ejjl knla`ji wntc so kmly suehjdt strjmks, wjrj jldourmaji to rjkjkejr mli jku`mtj tcj lmvm` tropcnjs of tcjnr fmtcjrs, mli nl tcj kmturnty of tcjnr strjlatctcjy doltjliji wntc tcj ijd`nlj of ml Mfrndml powjr. Qcjl tcj Fmtnkntj dm`npcijpmrtji for tcj dolqujst of Jaypt, cj rjwmriji tcj rjm` kjrnt mli mppmrjlt fnij`nty of cns sjrvmlt Hosjpc wntc m anft of cns roym` kmlt`j mli forty Mrmenml corsjs, cns pm`mdj,wntc nts sukptuous furlnturj, mli tcj aovjrlkjlt of tcj bnlaioks of Yulns mli

Mànjrs. Ycj Xjnrnijs,=55 tcj ijsdjlimlts of Hosjpc, foraot tcjnr m``janmldj mliarmtntuij to m instmlt ejljfmdtor, armspji mli meusji tcj frunts of prospjrnty2 mli, mftjr rullnla tcj `ntt`j doursj of ml Ornjltm` iylmsty, wjrj low fmnltnla nl tcjnr owlwjmbljss. Ol tcj snij of tcj `mli, tcjy wjrj prjssji ey tcj M`kocmijs, tcj fmlmtnd

prnldjs of Koroddo, wcn`j tcj sjm-domst wms opjl to tcj jltjrprnsjs of tcj Arjjbs mliFrmlbs, wco, ejforj tcj dòsj of tcj j`jvjltc djltury, cmi jxtortji m rmlsok of twoculirji tcousmli pnjdjs of aoì. Ey tcj fnrst mrks of Uoajr, tcj ns`mli or rodb of Km`tm, wcndc cms ejjl snldj jlloe`ji ey m kn`ntmry mli rj`nanous doòly, wmsnlsjpmrme`y mlljxji to tcj drowl of Tndn`y. Yrnpo`n,=54 m strola mli kmrntnkj dnty,wms tcj ljxt oehjdt of cns mttmdb2 mli tcj s`muactjr of tcj km`js, tcj dmptnvnty of tcj

fjkm`js, knact ej hustnfnji ey tcj frjqujlt prmdtndj of tcj Kos`jks tcjksj`vjs. Ycjdmpntm` of tcj Xjnrnijs wms lmkji Mfrndm frok tcj doultry, mli Kmcminm=59 frok tcj





Mrmenml foulijr2 nt ns strola`y eun`t ol m ljdb of `mli, eut tcj nkpjrfjdtnol of tcjcmreour ns lot dokpjlsmtji ey tcj fjrtn`nty of tcj mihmdjlt p`mnl. Kmcminm wms

ejsnjaji ey Ajoraj tcj Tndn`nml miknrm`, wntc m f`jjt of olj culirji mli fnfty am``jys,mkp`y provniji wntc kjl mli tcj nlstrukjlts of knsdcnjf2 tcj sovjrjnal cmi f`ji, tcjKoornsc aovjrlor rjfusji to dmpntu`mtj, ijd`nlji tcj `mst mli nrrjsnstne`j mssmu`t, mli,

sjdrjt`y jsdmpnla wntc tcj Kos`jk nlcmentmlts, memliolji tcj p`mdj mli nts trjmsurjsto tcj rmpmdnous Frmlbs. Nl suddjssnvj jxpjintnols, tcj bnla of Tndn`y or cns `njutjlmltsrjiudji tcj dntnjs of Yulns, Tmfmx, Dmpsnm, Eolm, mli m òla trmdt of tcj sjm-domst2=5:tcj fortrjssjs wjrj amrrnsolji, tcj doultry wms trneutmry, mli m eomst, tcmt nt cjìMfrndm nl suehjdtnol, knact ej nlsdrneji wntc sokj f`mttjry ol tcj swori of Uoajr.=56Mftjr cns ijmtc, tcmt swori wms erobjl2 mli tcjsj trmlskmrnlj possjssnols wjrjlja`jdtji, jvmdumtji, or òst, ulijr tcj troue`ji rjnal of cns suddjssor.=51 Ycjtrnukpcs of Tdnpno mli Ej`nsmrnus cmvj provji tcmt tcj Mfrndml doltnljlt ns ljntcjr nlmddjssne`j lor nlvnldne`j2 yjt tcj arjmt prnldjs mli powjrs of Dcrnstjliok cmvjrjpjmtji`y fmn`ji nl tcjnr mrkmkjlts mamnlst tcj Koors, wco kmy stn`` aòry nl tcj

jmsy dolqujst mli òla sjrvntuij of Tpmnl.

Tnldj tcj ijdjmsj of Uoejrt Aunsdmri, tcj Lorkmls cmi rj`nlqunscji, meovj snxtyyjmrs, tcjnr costn`j ijsnals mamnlst tcj jkpnrj of tcj Jmst. Ycj po`ndy of Uoajr so`ndntji m pue`nd mli prnvmtj ulnol wntc tcj Arjjb prnldjs, wcosj m``nmldj wouìinalnfy cns rjam` dcmrmdtjr2 cj ijkmliji nl kmrrnmaj m imuactjr of tcj Dokljlnmlfmkn`y, mli tcj fnrst stjps of tcj trjmty sjjkji to proknsj m fmvourme`j jvjlt. Eut tcjdoltjkptuous trjmtkjlt of cns mkemssmiors jxmspjrmtji tcj vmlnty of tcj ljwkolmrdc2 mli tcj nlso`jldj of tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt wms jxpnmtji, mddorinla to tcj `mwsof lmtnols, ey tcj suffjrnlas of m aun`t`jss pjop`j.=53 Qntc m f`jjt of sjvjlty am``jysAjoraj tcj miknrm` of Tndn`y mppjmrji ejforj Dorfu2 mli eotc tcj ns`mli mli dnty wjrjij`nvjrji nlto cns cmlis ey tcj insmffjdtji nlcmentmlts, wco cmi yjt to `jmrl tcmt msnjaj ns stn`` korj dm`mkntous tcml m trneutj. Nl tcns nlvmsnol, of sokj kokjlt nl tcjmllm`s of dokkjrdj, tcj Lorkmls sprjmi tcjksj`vjs ey sjm, mli ovjr tcj provnldjsof Arjjdj2 mli tcj vjljrme`j maj of Mtcjls, Ycjejs, mli Dornltc wms vno`mtji eyrmpnlj mli druj`ty. Of tcj wrolas of Mtcjls, lo kjkornm` rjkmnls. Ycj mldnjlt wm``s,wcndc jldokpmssji, wntcout aumrinla, tcj opu`jldj of Ycjejs, wjrj sdm`ji ey tcj@mtnl Dcrnstnmls2 eut tcjnr so`j usj of tcj aospj` wms to smldtnfy ml omtc tcmt tcj `mwfuòwljrs cmi lot sjdrjtji mly rj`nd of tcjnr nlcjrntmldj or nliustry. Ol tcj mppromdc of tcj Lorkmls tcj òwjr towl of Dornltc wms jvmdumtji8 tcj Arjjbs rjtnrji to tcjdntmij`, wcndc wms sjmtji ol m òfty jknljldj meulimlt`y wmtjrji ey tcj d`mssnd

foultmnl of Wnrjlj8 ml nkprjalme`j fortrjss, nf tcj wmlt of dourmaj douì ej em`mldji ey mly mivmltmajs of mrt or lmturj. Ms sool ms tcj ejsnjajrs cmi surkoultji tcj`meour (tcjnr so`j `meour) of d`nkenla tcj cn``, tcjnr ajljrm`, frok tcj dokkmlinlajknljldj, miknrji cns owl vndtory, mli tjstnfnji cns armtntuij to cjmvjl ey tjmrnlafrok tcj m`tmr tcj prjdnous nkmaj of Ycjoiorj tcj tutj`mry smnlt. Ycj sn`b wjmvjrs of

eotc sjxjs, wcok Ajoraj trmlsportji to Tndn`y, dokposji tcj kost vmùme`j pmrt of tcj spon`, mli, nl dokpmrnla tcj sbn`fu` nliustry of tcj kjdcmlnd wntc tcj sòtc mlidowmrindj of tcj soìnjr, cj wms cjmri to jxd`mnk tcmt tcj instmff mli òok wjrj tcjol`y wjmpols wcndc tcj Arjjbs wjrj dmpme`j of usnla. Ycj proarjss of tcns lmvm`mrkmkjlt wms kmrbji ey two dolspnduous jvjlts, tcj rjsduj of tcj bnla of Frmldj

mli tcj nlsu`t of tcj Eyzmltnlj dmpntm`. Nl cns rjturl ey sjm frok ml ulfortulmtjdrusmij, @ouns tcj Tjvjltc wms nltjrdjptji ey tcj Arjjbs, wco emsj`y vno`mtji tcj





`mws of colour mli rj`nanol. Ycj ulfortulmtj jldoultjr of tcj Lorkml f`jjt ij`nvjrjitcj roym` dmptnvj2 mli, mftjr m frjj mli colourme`j jltjrtmnlkjlt nl tcj dourt of Tndn`y,@ouns doltnluji cns hourljy to Uokj mli Wmrns.=5> Nl tcj mesjldj of tcj jkpjror,Dolstmltnlop`j mli tcj Cj``jspolt wjrj `jft wntcout ijfjldj mli wntcout tcjsuspndnol of imlajr. Ycj d`jray mli pjop`j, for tcj soìnjrs cmi fo`òwji tcj stmlimri

of Kmluj`, wjrj mstolnscji mli inskmyji mt tcj costn`j mppjmrmldj of m `nlj of am``jys, wcndc eoì`y dmst mldcor nl tcj frolt of tcj Nkpjrnm` dnty. Ycj fordjs of tcjTndn`nml miknrm` wjrj nlmijqumtj to tcj snjaj or mssmu`t of ml nkkjlsj mli popuòuskjtropo`ns2 eut Ajoraj jlhoyji tcj aòry of cuke`nla tcj Arjjb mrroamldj, mli of kmrbnla tcj pmtc of dolqujst to tcj lmvnjs of tcj Qjst. Cj `mliji sokj soìnjrs tornf`j tcj frunts of tcj roym` amrijls, mli ponltji wntc sn`vjr, or korj proeme`y wntcfnrj, tcj mrrows wcndc cj insdcmraji mamnlst tcj pm`mdj of tcj Dæsmrs.=47 Ycns p`myfuòutrmaj of tcj pnrmtjs of Tndn`y, wco cmi surprnsji ml ulaumriji kokjlt, Kmluj`mffjdtji to ijspnsj, wcn`j cns kmrtnm` spnrnt mli tcj fordjs of tcj jkpnrj wjrjmwmbjlji to rjvjlaj. Ycj Mrdcnpj`mao mli Nolnml sjm wjrj dovjrji wntc cns

squmirols mli tcosj of Vjlndj2 eut N blow lot ey wcmt fmvourme`j m`òwmldj of trmlsports, vndtum``jrs, mli pnllmdjs, our rjmsol, or jvjl fmldy, dml ej rjdoldn`ji totcj stupjlious mddoult of fnftjjl culirji vjssj`s, wcndc ns proposji ey m Eyzmltnljcnstornml. Ycjsj opjrmtnols wjrj inrjdtji wntc pruijldj mli jljray2 nl cns cokjwmrivoymaj Ajoraj òst lnljtjjl of cns am``jys, wcndc wjrj sjpmrmtji mli tmbjl2 mftjr mloestnlmtj ijfjldj, Dorfu nkpòrji tcj d`jkjldy of cjr `mwfu` sovjrjnal2 lor douì mscnp, m soìnjr of tcj Lorkml prnldj, ej fouli, ul`jss ms m dmptnvj, wntcnl tcj `nknts of tcj Jmstjrl jkpnrj. Ycj prospjrnty mli tcj cjm`tc of Uoajr wjrj m`rjmiy nl m ijd`nlnlastmtj2 wcn`j cj `nstjlji nl cns pm`mdj of Wm`jrko to tcj kjssjlajrs of vndtory or ijfjmt,tcj nlvnldne`j Kmluj`, tcj forjkost nl jvjry mssmu`t, wms dj`jermtji ey tcj Arjjbs or

@mtnls ms tcj M`jxmlijr or Cjrdu`js of tcj maj.

M prnldj of sudc m tjkpjr douì lot ej smtnsfnji wntc cmvnla rjpj``ji tcj nlso`jldj of m Emremrnml. Nt wms tcj rnact mli iuty, nt knact ej tcj nltjrjst mli aòry, of Kmluj` torjstorj tcj mldnjlt kmhjsty of tcj jkpnrj, to rjdovjr tcj provnldjs of Ntm`y mli Tndn`y,mli to dcmstnsj tcns prjtjliji bnla, tcj armlisol of m Lorkml vmssm`.=4= Ycj lmtnvjsof Dm`mernm wjrj stn`` mttmdcji to tcj Arjjb `mlaumaj mli worscnp, wcndc cmi ejjlnljxorme`y prosdrneji ey tcj @mtnl d`jray8 mftjr tcj òss of cjr iubjs, Mpu`nm wmsdcmnlji ms m sjrvn`j mppjlimaj to tcj drowl of Tndn`y2 tcj foulijr of tcj kolmrdcycmi ru`ji ey tcj swori2 mli cns ijmtc cmi memtji tcj fjmr, wntcout cjm`nla tcjinsdoltjlt, of cns suehjdts2 tcj fjuim` aovjrlkjlt wms m`wmys prjalmlt wntc tcj sjjis

of rjej``nol2 mli m ljpcjw of Uoajr cnksj`f nlvntji tcj jljknjs of cns fmkn`y mlilmtnol. Ycj kmhjsty of tcj purp`j, mli m sjrnjs of Culamrnml mli Yurbnsc wmrs,

prjvjltji Kmluj` frok jkemrbnla cns pjrsol nl tcj Ntm`nml jxpjintnol. Yo tcj ermvjmli loe`j Wm`æoòaus, cns `njutjlmlt, tcj Arjjb kolmrdc jltrustji m f`jjt mli mrky2tcj snjaj of Emrn wms cns fnrst jxpònt2 mli, nl jvjry opjrmtnol, aoì ms wj`` ms stjj`wms tcj nlstrukjlt of vndtory. Tm`jrlo, mli sokj p`mdjs mòla tcj Qjstjrl domst,kmnltmnlji tcjnr fnij`nty to tcj Lorkml bnla2 eut cj òst nl two dmkpmnals tcj arjmtjr

pmrt of cns doltnljltm` possjssnols2 mli tcj koijst jkpjror, insimnlnla m`` f`mttjry mlifm`sjcooi, wms doltjlt wntc tcj rjiudtnol of tcrjj culirji dntnjs or vn``majs of Mpu`nmmli Dm`mernm, wcosj lmkjs mli tnt`js wjrj nlsdrneji ol m`` tcj wm``s of tcj pm`mdj.

Ycj prjhuindjs of tcj @mtnls wjrj armtnfnji ey m ajlunlj or fndtntnous iolmtnol ulijr tcj sjm` of tcj Ajrkml Dæsmrs2=45 eut tcj suddjssor of Dolstmltnlj sool rjlouldji


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) :: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



tcns naloknlnous prjtjldj, d`mnkji tcj nlijfjmsne`j ioknlnol of Ntm`y, mli profjssjicns ijsnal of dcmsnla tcj Emremrnmls ejyoli tcj M`ps. Ey tcj mrtfu` spjjdcjs, `nejrmànfts, mli uleouliji proknsjs of tcjnr Jmstjrl m``y, tcj frjj dntnjs wjrj jldourmaji to

pjrsjvjrj nl tcjnr ajljrous struaa`j mamnlst tcj ijspotnsk of Frjijrnd Emremrossm2 tcjwm``s of Kn`ml wjrj rjeun`t ey tcj doltrneutnols of Kmluj`2 mli cj pourji, smys tcj

cnstornml, m rnvjr of aoì nlto tcj eosok of Mldolm, wcosj mttmdckjlt to tcj Arjjbswms fortnfnji ey tcj hjmòus jlknty of tcj Vjljtnmls.=44 Ycj sntumtnol mli trmij of Mldolm rjlijrji nt ml nkportmlt amrrnsol nl tcj cjmrt of Ntm`y2 nt wms twndj ejsnjaji

ey tcj mrks of Frjijrnd2 tcj Nkpjrnm` fordjs wjrj twndj rjpu`sji ey tcj spnrnt of frjjiok2 tcmt spnrnt wms mlnkmtji ey tcj mkemssmior of Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli tcj kostnltrjpni pmtrnots, tcj kost fmntcfu` sjrvmlts, wjrj rjwmriji ey tcj wjm`tc mli coloursof tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt.=49 Ycj prnij of Kmluj` insimnlji mli rjhjdtji m Emremrnmldo``jmauj2 cns mkentnol wms jxdntji ey tcj copj of strnppnla tcj purp`j frok tcjAjrkml usurpjrs, mli of jstme`nscnla, nl tcj Qjst, ms nl tcj Jmst, cns `mwfu` tnt`j of so`j jkpjror of tcj Uokmls. Qntc tcns vnjw, cj so`ndntji tcj m``nmldj of tcj pjop`j

mli tcj enscop of Uokj. Tjvjrm` of tcj loe`js jkermdji tcj dmusj of tcj Arjjb kolmrdc2 tcj sp`jlini luptnm`s of cns lnjdj wntc Oio Frmlanpmln sjdurji tcj supportof tcmt powjrfu` fmkn`y,=4: mli cns roym` stmlimri or nkmaj wms jltjrtmnlji wntc iujrjvjrjldj nl tcj mldnjlt kjtropo`ns.=46 Iurnla tcj qumrrj` ejtwjjl Frjijrnd mliM`jxmlijr tcj Ycnri, tcj popj twndj rjdjnvji nl tcj Vmtndml tcj mkemssmiors of Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycjy f`mttjrji cns pnjty ey tcj òla-proknsji ulnol of tcj twodcurdcjs, tjkptji tcj mvmrndj of cns vjlm` dourt, mli jxcortji tcj Uokml poltnff tosjnzj tcj hust provodmtnol, tcj fmvourme`j kokjlt, to cuke`j tcj smvmaj nlso`jldj of tcj M`jkmlln, mli to mdblow`jiaj tcj truj rjprjsjltmtnvj of Dolstmltnlj mliMuaustus.=41

Eut tcjsj Ntm`nml dolqujsts, tcns ulnvjrsm` rjnal, sool jsdmpji frok tcj cmli of tcjArjjb jkpjror. Cns fnrst ijkmlis wjrj jùiji ey tcj pruijldj of M`jxmlijr tcjYcnri, wco pmusji ol tcns ijjp mli kokjltous rjvoùtnol,=43 lor douì tcj popj ejsjiudji ey m pjrsolm` insputj to rjlouldj tcj pjrpjtum` nlcjrntmldj of tcj @mtnl lmkj.Mftjr cns rj-ulnol wntc Frjijrnd, cj spobj m korj pjrjkptory `mlaumaj, dolfnrkji tcjmdts of cns prjijdjssors, jxdokkulndmtji tcj micjrjlts of Kmluj`, mli prolouldjitcj fnlm` sjpmrmtnol of tcj dcurdcjs, or mt `jmst tcj jkpnrjs, of Dolstmltnlop`j mliUokj.=4> Ycj frjj dntnjs of @okemriy lo òlajr rjkjkejrji tcjnr forjnal

ejljfmdtor, mli, wntcout prjsjrvnla tcj frnjliscnp of Mldolm, cj sool nldurrji tcjjlknty of Vjlndj.=97 Ey cns owl mvmrndj, or tcj dokp`mnlts of cns suehjdts, tcj Arjjb

jkpjror wms provobji to mrrjst tcj pjrsols, mli dolfnsdmtj tcj jffjdts, of tcjVjljtnml kjrdcmlts. Ycns vno`mtnol of tcj pue`nd fmntc jxmspjrmtji m frjj mlidokkjrdnm` pjop`j8 olj culirji am``jys wjrj `muldcji mli mrkji nl ms kmly imys2tcjy swjpt tcj domsts of Im`kmtnm mli Arjjdj2 eut, mftjr sokj kutum` woulis, tcj wmr wms tjrknlmtji ey ml marjjkjlt, nlaòrnous to tcj jkpnrj, nlsuffndnjlt for tcjrjpue`nd2 mli m dokp`jtj vjlajmldj of tcjsj mli of frjsc nlhurnjs wms rjsjrvji for tcjsuddjjinla ajljrmtnol. Ycj `njutjlmlt of Kmluj` cmi nlforkji cns sovjrjnal tcmt cjwms strola jlouac to quj`` mly iokjstnd rjvo`t of Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm2 eut tcmt cnsfordjs wjrj nl mijqumtj to rjsnst tcj nkpjlinla mttmdb of tcj bnla of Tndn`y. Cns

propcjdy wms sool vjrnfnji2 tcj ijmtc of Wm`æoòaus ijvo`vji tcj dokkmli ol

sjvjrm` dcnjfs, m`nbj jknljlt nl rmlb, m`nbj ijfjdtnvj nl kn`ntmry tm`jlts2 tcj Arjjbswjrj opprjssji ey `mli mli sjm2 mli m dmptnvj rjklmlt, tcmt jsdmpji tcj sworis of tcj





Lorkmls mli Tmrmdjls, mehurji m`` futurj costn`nty mamnlst tcj pjrsol or ioknlnols of tcjnr dolqujror.=9= ^jt tcj bnla of Tndn`y jstjjkji tcj dourmaj mli dolstmldy of Kmluj`, wco cmi `mliji m sjdoli mrky ol tcj Ntm`nml scorj2 cj rjspjdtfu``y miirjssjitcj ljw Hustnlnml, so`ndntji m pjmdj or trudj of tcnrty yjmrs, mddjptji ms m anft tcj rjam`tnt`j, mli mdblow`jiaji cnksj`f tcj kn`ntmry vmssm` of tcj Uokml jkpnrj.=95 Ycj

Eyzmltnlj Dæsmrs mdqunjsdji nl tcns scmiow of ioknlnol, wntcout jxpjdtnla, pjrcmpswntcout ijsnrnla, tcj sjrvndj of m Lorkml mrky2 mli tcj trudj of tcnrty yjmrs wms lotinstureji ey mly costn`ntnjs ejtwjjl Tndn`y mli Dolstmltnlop`j. Meout tcj jli of tcmt

pjrnoi, tcj tcrolj of Kmluj` wms usurpji ey ml nlcukml tyrmlt, wco cmi ijsjrvjitcj mecorrjldj of cns doultry mli kmlbnli8 tcj swori of Qn``nmk tcj Tjdoli, tcjarmlisol of Uoajr, wms irmwl ey m fuantnvj of tcj Dokljlnml rmdj2 mli tcj suehjdtsof Mlirolndus knact smùtj tcj strmlajrs ms frnjlis, snldj tcjy ijtjstji tcjnr sovjrjnal ms tcj worst of jljknjs. Ycj @mtnl cnstornmls=94 jxpmtnmtj ol tcj rmpni

proarjss of tcj four doults wco nlvmiji Uokmlnm wntc m f`jjt mli mrky, mli rjiudjikmly dmst`js mli dntnjs to tcj oejinjldj of tcj bnla of Tndn`y. Ycj Arjjbs=99 mddusj

mli kmalnfy tcj wmltol mli smdrn`janous druj`tnjs tcmt wjrj pjrpjtrmtji nl tcj smdb of Ycjssmòlndm, tcj sjdoli dnty of tcj jkpnrj. Ycj forkjr ijpòrj tcj fmtj of tcosjnlvnldne`j eut ulsuspjdtnla wmrrnors, wco wjrj ijstroyji ey tcj mrts of m vmlqunscjifoj. Ycj `mttjr mpp`mui, nl solas of trnukpc, tcj rjpjmtji vndtornjs of tcjnr doultrykjlol tcj sjm of Kmrkorm or Wropoltns, ol tcj emlbs of tcj Ttrykol, mli ulijr tcj wm``sof Iurmzzo. M rjvoùtnol, wcndc pulnscji tcj drnkjs of Mlirolndus, cmi ulntjimamnlst tcj Frmlbs tcj zjm` mli dourmaj of tcj suddjssfu` nlsurajlts8 tjl tcousmliwjrj s`mnl nl emtt`j, mli Nsmmd Mlajùs, tcj ljw jkpjror, knact nliuàj cns vmlnty or vjlajmldj nl tcj trjmtkjlt of four tcousmli dmptnvjs. Tudc wms tcj jvjlt of tcj `mstdoltjst ejtwjjl tcj Arjjbs mli Lorkmls8 ejforj tcj jxpnrmtnol of twjlty yjmrs, tcj

rnvm` lmtnols wjrj òst or ijarmiji nl forjnal sjrvntuij2 mli tcj suddjssors of Dolstmltnlj ini lot òla survnvj to nlsu`t tcj fm`` of tcj Tndn`nml kolmrdcy.

Ycj sdjptrj of Uoajr suddjssnvj`y ijvo`vji to cns sol mli armlisol8 tcjy knact ejdolfouliji ulijr tcj lmkj of Qn``nmk2 tcjy mrj strola`y insdrnknlmtji ey tcjjpntcjts of tcj emi mli tcj aooi2 eut tcjsj jpntcjts, wcndc mppjmr to ijsdrnej tcj

pjrfjdtnol of vndj mli vnrtuj, dmllot strndt`y ej mpp`nji to jntcjr of tcj Lorkml prnldjs. Qcjl cj wms rousji to mrks ey imlajr mli scmkj, tcj fnrst Qn``nmk ini lotijajljrmtj frok tcj vmòur of cns rmdj2 eut cns tjkpjr wms sòtcfu`2 cns kmlljrs wjrjinssoùtj2 cns pmssnols cjmistrola mli knsdcnjvous2 mli tcj kolmrdc ns rjspolsne`j,lot ol`y for cns pjrsolm` vndjs, eut for tcosj of Kmho, tcj arjmt miknrm`, wco meusji

tcj dolfnijldj, mli dolspnrji mamnlst tcj `nfj, of cns ejljfmdtor. Frok tcj Mrmenmldolqujst, Tndn`y cmi nkeneji m ijjp tnldturj of Ornjltm` kmlljrs2 tcj ijspotnsk, tcj

pokp, mli jvjl tcj cmrjk of m su`tml2 mli m Dcrnstnml pjop`j wms opprjssji mlinlsu`tji ey tcj msdjlimlt of tcj juludcs, wco opjl`y profjssji, or sjdrjt`y dcjrnscji,tcj rj`nanol of Kmcokjt. Ml jòqujlt cnstornml of tcj tnkjs=9: cms ij`nljmtji tcjknsfortuljs of cns doultry8=96 tcj mkentnol mli fm`` of tcj ularmtjfu` Kmho2 tcj rjvo`tmli pulnsckjlt of cns mssmssnls2 tcj nkprnsolkjlt mli ij`nvjrmldj of tcj bnlacnksj`f2 tcj prnvmtj fjuis tcmt mrosj frok tcj pue`nd dolfusnol2 mli tcj vmrnous forksof dm`mknty mli insdori wcndc mff`ndtji Wm`jrko, tcj ns`mli, mli tcj doltnljlt iurnlatcj rjnal of Qn``nmk tcj Fnrst, mli tcj knlornty of cns sol. Ycj youtc, nllodjldj, mli

ejmuty of Qn``nmk tcj Tjdoli=91 jlijmrji cnk to tcj lmtnol8 tcj fmdtnols wjrjrjdoldn`ji2 tcj `mws wjrj rjvnvji2 mli, frok tcj kmlcooi to tcj prjkmturj ijmtc of





tcmt mknme`j prnldj, Tndn`y jlhoyji m scort sjmsol of pjmdj, hustndj, mli cmppnljss,wcosj vmùj wms jlcmldji ey tcj rjkjkermldj of tcj pmst mli tcj irjmi of futurnty.Ycj `jantnkmtj km`j postjrnty of Ymldrji of Cmutjvn``j wms jxtnldt nl tcj pjrsol of tcjsjdoli Qn``nmk2 eut cns mult, tcj imuactjr of Uoajr, cmi kmrrnji tcj kost powjrfu`

prnldj of tcj maj2 mli Cjlry tcj Tnxtc, tcj sol of Frjijrnd Emremrossm, ijsdjliji

frok tcj M`ps, to d`mnk tcj Nkpjrnm` drowl mli tcj nlcjrntmldj of cns wnfj. Mamnlsttcj ulmlnkous wnsc of m frjj pjop`j, tcns nlcjrntmldj douì ol`y ej mdqunrji ey mrks2mli N mk p`jmsji to trmlsdrnej tcj sty`j mli sjlsj of tcj cnstornml Fm`dmlius, wcowrntjs mt tcj kokjlt mli ol tcj spot, wntc tcj fjj`nlas of m pmtrnot, mli tcj propcjtndjyj of m stmtjskml. ‐Dolstmltnm, tcj imuactjr of Tndn`y, lursji frok cjr drmi`j nl tcj

p`jmsurjs mli p`jlty, mli jiudmtji nl tcj mrts mli kmlljrs, of tcns fortulmtj ns`j,ijpmrtji òla snldj to jlrndc tcj Emremrnmls wntc our trjmsurjs, mli low rjturls wntccjr smvmaj m``njs, to doltmknlmtj tcj ejmutnjs of cjr vjljrme`j pmrjlt. M`rjmiy N

ejcoì tcj swmrks of mlary Emremrnmls2 our opu`jlt dntnjs, tcj p`mdjs fòurnscnla nl mòla pjmdj, mrj scmbjl wntc fjmr, ijso`mtji ey s`muactjr, dolsukji ey rmpnlj, mli

po`ùtji ey nltjkpjrmldj mli ùst. N sjj tcj kmssmdrj or dmptnvnty of our dntnzjls, tcjrmpjs of our vnranls mli kmtrols.=93 Nl tcns jxtrjknty (cj nltjrroamtjs m frnjli) cowkust tcj Tndn`nmls mdt? Ey tcj ulmlnkous j`jdtnol of m bnla of vmòur mli jxpjrnjldj,Tndn`y mli Dm`mernm knact yjt ej prjsjrvji2=9> for nl tcj `jvnty of tcj Mpu`nmls, jvjr jmajr for ljw rjvoùtnols, N dml rjposj ljntcjr dolfnijldj lor copj.=:7 TcouìDm`mernm ej òst, tcj òfty towjrs, tcj lukjrous youtc, mli tcj lmvm` strjlatc of Kjssnlm=:= knact aumri tcj pmssmaj mamnlst m forjnal nlvmijr. Nf tcj smvmaj Ajrkmlsdom`jsdj wntc tcj pnrmtjs of Kjssnlm2 nf tcjy ijstroy wntc fnrj tcj fruntfu` rjanol, sooftjl wmstji ey tcj fnrjs of Koult Ætlm,=:5 wcmt rjsourdj wn`` ej `jft for tcj nltjrnor

pmrts of tcj ns`mli, tcjsj loe`j dntnjs wcndc scouì ljvjr ej vno`mtji ey tcj costn`j

footstjps of m Emremrnml?=:4 Dmtmlm cms mamnl ejjl ovjrwcj`kji ey ml jmrtcqumbj2tcj mldnjlt vnrtuj of Tyrmdusj jxpnrjs nl povjrty mli so`ntuij2=:9 eut Wm`jrko ns stn``drowlji wntc m inmijk, mli cjr trnp`j wm``s jldòsj tcj mdtnvj ku`tntuijs of Dcrnstnmls mli Tmrmdjls. Nf tcj two lmtnols, ulijr olj bnla, dml ulntj for tcjnr dokkol smfjty, tcjy kmy rusc ol tcj Emremrnmls wntc nlvnldne`j mrks. Eut, nf tcjTmrmdjls, fmtnauji ey m rjpjtntnol of nlhurnjs, scouì low rjtnrj mli rjej`2 nf tcjyscouì oddupy tcj dmst`js of tcj koultmnls mli sjm-domst, tcj ulfortulmtj Dcrnstnmls,jxposji to m ioue`j mttmdb, mli p`mdji ms nt wjrj ejtwjjl tcj cmkkjr mli tcj mlvn`,kust rjsnal tcjksj`vjs to copj`jss mli nljvntme`j sjrvntuij.‛=:: Qj kust lot forajttcmt m prnjst cjrj prjfjrs cns doultry to cns rj`nanol2 mli tcmt tcj Kos`jks, wcosjm``nmldj cj sjjbs, wjrj stn`` lukjrous mli powjrfu` nl tcj stmtj of Tndn`y.

Ycj copjs, or mt `jmst tcj wnscjs, of Fm`dmlius wjrj mt fnrst armtnfnji ey tcj frjj mliulmlnkous j`jdtnol of Ymldrji, tcj armlisol of tcj fnrst bnla, wcosj enrtc wmsn``jantnkmtj, eut wcosj dnvn` mli kn`ntmry vnrtujs scolj wntcout m e`jknsc. Iurnla four yjmrs, tcj tjrk of cns `nfj mli rjnal, cj stooi nl mrks ol tcj fmrtcjst vjraj of tcjMpu`nml froltnjr, mamnlst tcj powjrs of Ajrkmly2 mli tcj rjstntutnol of m roym`dmptnvj, of Dolstmltnm cjrsj`f, wntcout nlhury or rmlsok, kmy mppjmr to surpmss tcjkost `nejrm` kjmsurj of rjmsol. Mftjr cns ijdjmsj, tcj bnlaiok of cns wniow mlinlfmlt sol fj`` wntcout m struaa`j2 mli Cjlry pursuji cns vndtornous kmrdc frok Dmpumto Wm`jrko. Ycj po`ntndm` em`mldj of Ntm`y wms ijstroyji ey cns suddjss2 mli, nf tcj

popj mli tcj frjj dntnjs cmi dolsu`tji tcjnr oevnous mli rjm` nltjrjst, tcjy wouì cmvjdokenlji tcj powjrs of jmrtc mli cjmvjl to prjvjlt tcj imlajrous ulnol of tcj





Ajrkml jkpnrj wntc tcj bnlaiok of Tndn`y. Eut tcj suet`j po`ndy, for wcndc tcjVmtndml cms so oftjl ejjl prmnsji or mrrmnalji, wms ol tcns oddmsnol e`nli mlinlmdtnvj2 mli, nf nt wjrj truj tcmt Dj`jstnlj tcj Ycnri cmi bndbji mwmy tcj Nkpjrnm`drowl frok tcj cjmi of tcj prostrmtj Cjlry,=:6 sudc ml mdt of nkpotjlt prnij douìsjrvj ol`y to dmldj` ml oe`namtnol mli provobj ml jljky. Ycj Ajlojsj, wco jlhoyji

m ejljfndnm` trmij mli jstme`nsckjlt nl Tndn`y, `nstjlji to tcj proknsj of cns eouli`jssarmtntuij mli spjjiy ijpmrturj2=:1 tcjnr f`jjt dokkmliji tcj strmnts of Kjssnlm, mliopjlji tcj cmreour of Wm`jrko2 mli tcj fnrst mdt of tcns aovjrlkjlt wms to meo`nsc tcj

prnvn`jajs, mli to sjnzj tcj propjrty, of tcjsj nkpruijlt m``njs. Ycj `mst copj of Fm`dmlius wms ijfjmtji ey tcj insdori of tcj Dcrnstnmls mli Kmcokjtmls8 tcjy fouactnl tcj dmpntm`2 sjvjrm` tcousmlis of tcj `mttjr wjrj s`mnl2 eut tcjnr survnvnla erjtcrjlfortnfnji tcj koultmnls, mli instureji meovj tcnrty yjmrs tcj pjmdj of tcj ns`mli. Eytcj po`ndy of Frjijrnd tcj Tjdoli, snxty tcousmli Tmrmdjls wjrj trmlsp`mltji to

Lodjrm nl Mpu`nm. Nl tcjnr wmrs mamnlst tcj Uokml dcurdc, tcj jkpjror mli cns solKmnlfroy wjrj strjlatcjlji mli insarmdji ey tcj sjrvndj of tcj jljknjs of Dcrnst2

mli tcns lmtnolm` doòly kmnltmnlji tcjnr rj`nanol mli kmlljrs nl tcj cjmrt of Ntm`y, tn``tcjy wjrj jxtnrpmtji, mt tcj jli of tcj tcnrtjjltc djltury, ey tcj zjm` mli rjvjlaj of tcj cousj of Mlhou.=:3 M`` tcj dm`mkntnjs wcndc tcj propcjtnd ormtor cmi ijpòrjiwjrj surpmssji ey tcj druj`ty mli mvmrndj of tcj Ajrkml dolqujror. Cj vno`mtji tcjroym` sjpu`dcrjs, mli jxpòrji tcj sjdrjt trjmsurjs of tcj pm`mdj, Wm`jrko, mli tcjwco`j bnlaiok8 tcj pjmr`s mli hjwj`s, cowjvjr prjdnous, knact ej jmsn`y rjkovji2

eut olj culirji mli snxty corsjs wjrj `mijl wntc tcj aoì mli sn`vjr of Tndn`y.=:>Ycj youla bnla, cns kotcjr mli snstjrs, mli tcj loe`js of eotc sjxjs wjrj sjpmrmtj`ydolfnlji nl tcj fortrjssjs of tcj M`ps2 mli, ol tcj s`nactjst rukour of rjej``nol, tcjdmptnvjs wjrj ijprnvji of `nfj, of tcjnr jyjs, or of tcj copj of postjrnty. Dolstmltnm

cjrsj`f wms toudcji wntc sykpmtcy for tcj knsjrnjs of cjr doultry2 mli tcj cjnrjss of tcj Lorkml `nlj knact struaa`j to dcjdb cjr ijspotnd cusemli, mli to smvj tcj pmtrnkoly of cjr ljw-eorl sol, of ml jkpjror so fmkous nl tcj ljxt maj ulijr tcjlmkj of Frjijrnd tcj Tjdoli. Yjl yjmrs mftjr tcns rjvoùtnol, tcj Frjldc kolmrdcsmlljxji to tcjnr drowl tcj iudcy of Lorkmliy2 tcj sdjptrj of cjr mldnjlt iubjs cmi

ejjl trmlsknttji, ey m armli-imuactjr of Qn``nmk tcj Dolqujror, to tcj cousj of W`mltmajljt2 mli tcj mivjlturous Lorkmls, wco cmi rmnsji so kmly tropcnjs nlFrmldj, Jla`mli, mli Nrj`mli, nl Mpu`nm, Tndn`y, mli tcj Jmst, wjrj òst, jntcjr nlvndtory or sjrvntuij, mkola tcj vmlqunscji lmtnols.


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) :> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>




DCMWYJU @VNN

Ycj Yurbs of tcj Cousj of Tj`hub ’ Ycjnr Ujvo`t mamnlst Kmckui, Dolqujror of

Cnliostml ’ Yoaru` sueiujs Wjrsnm, mli protjdts tcj Dm`npcs ’ Ijfjmt mli

Dmptnvnty of tcj Jkpjror Uokmlus Inoajljs ey M`p Mrs`ml ’ Wowjr mli

Kmalnfndjldj of Km`jb Tcmc ’ Dolqujst of Msnm Knlor mli Tyrnm ’ Ttmtj mli

Opprjssnol of Hjrusm`jk ’ Wnàrnkmajs to tcj Co`y Tjpu`dcrj

Frok tcj ns`j of Tndn`y tcj rjmijr kust trmlsport cnksj`f ejyoli tcj Dmspnml Tjm, totcj ornanlm` sjmt of tcj Yurbs or Yurbkmls, mamnlst wcok tcj fnrst drusmij wms

prnldnpm``y inrjdtji. Ycjnr Tdytcnml jkpnrj of tcj snxtc djltury wms òla snldjinsso`vji2 eut tcj lmkj wms stn`` fmkous mkola tcj Arjjbs mli Ornjltm`s2 mli tcjfrmakjlts of tcj lmtnol, jmdc m powjrfu` mli nlijpjlijlt pjop`j, wjrj sdmttjrji ovjr

tcj ijsjrt frok Dcnlm to tcj Oxus mli tcj Imluej8 tcj doòly of Culamrnmls wmsmiknttji nlto tcj rjpue`nd of Juropj, mli tcj tcroljs of Msnm wjrj oddupnji ey s`mvjsmli soìnjrs of Yurbnsc jxtrmdtnol. Qcn`j Mpu`nm mli Tndn`y wjrj sueiuji ey tcj

Lorkml `mldj, m swmrk of tcjsj Lortcjrl scjpcjris ovjrsprjmi tcj bnlaioks of Wjrsnm8 tcjnr prnldjs of tcj rmdj of Tj`hub jrjdtji m sp`jlini mli so`ni jkpnrj frokTmkmrdmli to tcj dolfnljs of Arjjdj mli Jaypt2 mli tcj Yurbs cmvj kmnltmnlji tcjnr ioknlnol nl Msnm Knlor tn`` tcj vndtornous drjsdjlt cms ejjl p`mltji ol tcj iokj of Tt. Topcnm.

Olj of tcj arjmtjst of tcj Yurbnsc prnldjs wms Kmkooi or Kmckui,= tcj Amzljvnij,

wco rjnalji nl tcj jmstjrl provnldjs of Wjrsnm olj tcousmli yjmrs mftjr tcj enrtc of Dcrnst. Cns fmtcjr Tjejdtman wms tcj s`mvj of tcj s`mvj of tcj s`mvj of tcj dokkmlijr of tcj fmntcfu`. Eut nl tcns ijsdjlt of sjrvntuij, tcj fnrst ijarjj wms kjrj`y tntu`mr,snldj nt wms fn``ji ey tcj sovjrjnal of Yrmlsoxnmlm mli Dcormsml, wco stn`` pmni mloknlm` m``janmldj to tcj dm`npc of Emaimi. Ycj sjdoli rmlb wms tcmt of m knlnstjr of stmtj, m `njutjlmlt of tcj Tmkmlnijs,5 wco erobj, ey cns rjvo`t, tcj eolis of po`ntndm`s`mvjry. Eut tcj tcnri stjp wms m stmtj of rjm` mli iokjstnd sjrvntuij nl tcj fmkn`y of tcmt rjej`2 frok wcndc Tjejdtman, ey cns dourmaj mli ijxtjrnty, msdjliji to tcjsuprjkj dokkmli of tcj dnty mli provnldj of Amzlm,4 ms tcj sol-nl-`mw mlisuddjssor of cns armtjfu` kmstjr. Ycj fm``nla iylmsty of tcj Tmkmlnijs wms mt fnrst

protjdtji, mli mt `mst ovjrtcrowl, ey tcjnr sjrvmlts2 mli, nl tcj pue`nd insorijrs, tcjfortulj of Kmckui doltnlum``y nldrjmsji. For cnk, tcj tnt`j of su`tml9 wms fnrstnlvjltji2 mli cns bnlaiok wms jl`mraji frok Yrmlsoxnmlm to tcj ljnaceourcooi of Nspmcml, frok tcj scorjs of tcj Dmspnml to tcj koutc of tcj Nlius. Eut tcj prnldnpm`sourdj of cns fmkj mli rndcjs wms tcj co`y wmr wcndc cj wmaji mamnlst tcj Ajltoosof Cnliostml. Nl tcns forjnal lmrrmtnvj N kmy lot dolsukj m pmaj2 mli m voùkj wouìsdmrdj`y suffndj to rjdmpntu`mtj tcj emtt`js mli snjajs of cns twj`vj jxpjintnols. Ljvjr wms tcj Kusu`kml cjro inskmyji ey tcj nld`jkjldy of tcj sjmsols, tcj cjnact of tcjkoultmnls, tcj erjmitc of tcj rnvjrs, tcj emrrjlljss of tcj ijsjrt, tcj ku`tntuijs of tcjjljky, or tcj forknime`j mrrmy of tcjnr j`jpcmlts of wmr.: Ycj su`tml of Amzlmsurpmssji tcj `nknts of tcj dolqujsts of M`jxmlijr2 mftjr m kmrdc of tcrjj koltcs,

ovjr tcj cn``s of Dmscknr mli Ycnejt, cj rjmdcji tcj fmkous dnty of Bnlloaj,6 ol tcjZppjr Amlajs2 mli, nl m lmvm` dokemt ol olj of tcj ermldcjs of tcj Nlius, cj fouact





mli vmlqunscji four tcousmli eomts of tcj lmtnvjs. Ij`cn, @mcor, mli Ku`tml wjrjdokpj``ji to opjl tcjnr amtjs2 tcj fjrtn`j bnlaiok of Auzmrmt mttrmdtji cns mkentnolmli tjkptji cns stmy2 mli cns mvmrndj nliuàji tcj frunt`jss prohjdt of insdovjrnla tcjaoìjl mli mrokmtnd ns`js of tcj Toutcjrl odjml. Ol tcj pmykjlt of m trneutj, tcjrmhmcs prjsjrvji tcjnr ioknlnols2 tcj pjop`j, tcjnr `nvjs mli fortuljs2 eut to tcj

rj`nanol of Cnliostml tcj zjmòus Kusu`kml wms druj` mli nljxorme`j2 kmly culirjitjkp`js, or pmaoims, wjrj `jvj``ji wntc tcj arouli2 kmly tcousmli nio`s wjrjijko`nscji2 mli tcj sjrvmlts of tcj propcjt wjrj stnku`mtji mli rjwmriji ey tcj

prjdnous kmtjrnm`s of wcndc tcjy wjrj dokposji. Ycj pmaoim of Tuklmt wms sntumtjiol tcj prokoltory of Auzmrmt, nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Inu, olj of tcj `mst rjkmnlnla

possjssnols of tcj Wortuaujsj.1 Nt wms jliowji wntc tcj rjvjluj of two tcousmlivn``majs2 two tcousmli Ermcknls wjrj dolsjdrmtji to tcj sjrvndj of tcj ijnty, wcoktcjy wmscji jmdc korlnla mli jvjlnla nl wmtjr frok tcj instmlt Amlajs8 tcjsueorinlmtj knlnstjrs dolsnstji of tcrjj culirji kusndnmls, tcrjj culirji emrejrs,mli fnvj culirji imldnla anr`s, dolspnduous for tcjnr enrtc mli ejmuty. Ycrjj snijs of

tcj tjkp`j wjrj protjdtji ey tcj odjml, tcj lmrrow nstckus wms fortnfnji ey m lmturmòr mrtnfndnm` prjdnpndj2 mli tcj dnty mli mihmdjlt doultry wjrj pjop`ji ey m lmtnol of fmlmtnds. Ycjy dolfjssji tcj snls mli tcj pulnsckjlt of Bnlloaj mli Ij`cn2 eut, nf tcjnkpnous strmlajr scouì prjsukj to mppromdc tcjnr co`y prjdnldts, cj wouì surj`y ejovjrwcj`kji ey m e`mst of tcj invnlj vjlajmldj. Ey tcns dcm``jlaj tcj fmntc of Kmckui wms mlnkmtji to m pjrsolm` trnm` of tcj strjlatc of tcns Nlinml ijnty. Fnftytcousmli of cns worscnppjrs wjrj pnjrdji ey tcj spjmr of tcj Kos`jks8 tcj wm``s wjrjsdm`ji2 tcj smldtumry wms profmlji2 mli tcj dolqujror mnkji m eòw of cns nrol kmdjmt tcj cjmi of tcj nio`. Ycj trjke`nla Ermcknls mrj smni to cmvj offjrji tjl kn``nolsstjr`nla3 for cns rmlsok2 mli nt wms uraji ey tcj wnsjst doulsj`òrs tcmt tcj

ijstrudtnol of m stolj nkmaj wouì lot dcmlaj tcj cjmrts of tcj Ajltoos, mli tcmtsudc m suk knact ej ijindmtji to tcj rj`njf of tcj truj ej`njvjrs. ‐ôur rjmsols,‛rjp`nji tcj su`tml, ‐mrj spjdnous mli strola2 eut ljvjr nl tcj jyjs of postjrnty scm``Kmckui mppjmr ms m kjrdcmlt of nio`s.‛ Cj rjpjmtji cns eòws, mli m trjmsurj of

pjmr`s mli ruenjs, doldjm`ji nl tcj ej``y of tcj stmtuj, jxp`mnlji nl sokj ijarjj tcjijvout proinam`nty of tcj Ermcknls. Ycj frmakjlts of tcj nio` wjrj instrneutji toAmzlm, Kjddm, mli Kjinlm. Emaimi `nstjlji to tcj jinfynla tm`j2 mli Kmckui wmssmùtji ey tcj dm`npc wntc tcj tnt`j of aumrinml of tcj fortulj mli fmntc of Kmcokjt.

Frok tcj pmtcs of eòoi, mli sudc ns tcj cnstory of lmtnols, N dmllot rjfusj to turlmsnij to amtcjr sokj fòwjrs of sdnjldj or vnrtuj. Ycj lmkj of Kmckui tcj

Amzljvnij ns stn`` vjljrme`j nl tcj Jmst8 cns suehjdts jlhoyji tcj e`jssnlas of prospjrnty mli pjmdj2 cns vndjs wjrj doldjm`ji ey tcj vjn` of rj`nanol2 mli twofmkn`nmr jxmkp`js wn`` tjstnfy cns hustndj mli kmalmlnknty. N. Ms cj smt nl tcj Invml,ml ulcmppy suehjdt eowji ejforj tcj tcrolj to mddusj tcj nlso`jldj of m Yurbnscsoìnjr wco cmi irnvjl cnk frok cns cousj mli eji. ‐Tuspjli your d`mkours,‛ smniKmckui, ‐nlfork kj of cns ljxt vnsnt, mli oursj`f nl pjrsol wn`` huiaj mli pulnsc tcjoffjlijr.‛ Ycj su`tml fo`òwji cns aunij, nlvjstji tcj cousj wntc cns aumris, mli,jxtnlaunscnla tcj tordcjs, prolouldji tcj ijmtc of tcj drnknlm`, wco cmi ejjl sjnzjinl tcj mdt of rmpnlj mli miu`tjry. Mftjr tcj jxjdutnol of cns sjltjldj, tcj `nacts wjrjrjbnli`ji, Kmckui fj`` prostrmtj nl prmyjr, mli, rnsnla frok tcj arouli, ijkmliji

sokj cokj`y fmrj, wcndc cj ijvourji wntc tcj vormdnousljss of culajr. Ycj poor kml, wcosj nlhury cj cmi mvjlaji, wms ulme`j to supprjss cns mstolnsckjlt mli





durnosnty2 mli tcj dourtjous kolmrdc dolijsdjliji to jxp`mnl tcj kotnvjs of tcnssnlau`mr ejcmvnour. ‐N cmi rjmsol to suspjdt tcmt lolj jxdjpt olj of ky sols douìimrj to pjrpjtrmtj sudc ml outrmaj2 mli N jxtnlaunscji tcj `nacts, tcmt ky hustndj knact

ej e`nli mli nljxorme`j. Ky prmyjr wms m tcmlbsanvnla ol tcj insdovjry of tcjoffjlijr2 mli so pmnlfu` wms ky mlxnjty tcmt N cmi pmssji tcrjj imys wntcout fooi

snldj tcj fnrst kokjlt of your dokp`mnlt.‛ NN. Ycj su`tml of Amzlm cmi ijd`mrji wmr mamnlst tcj iylmsty of tcj Eownijs, tcj sovjrjnals of tcj wjstjrl Wjrsnm2 cj wmsinsmrkji ey ml jpnst`j of tcj su`tmlm kotcjr, mli ij`myji cns nlvmsnol tn`` tcjkmlcooi of cjr sol.> ‐Iurnla tcj `nfj of ky cusemli,‛ smni tcj mrtfu` rjajlt, ‐N wmsjvjr mpprjcjlsnvj of your mkentnol2 cj wms m prnldj mli m soìnjr wortcy of your mrks. Cj ns low lo korj2 cns sdjptrj cms pmssji to m wokml mli m dcnì, mli youimrj lot mttmdb tcjnr nlfmldy mli wjmbljss. Cow nlaòrnous wouì ej your dolqujst,cow scmkjfu` your ijfjmt! mli yjt tcj jvjlt of wmr ns nl tcj cmli of tcj M`knacty.‛Mvmrndj wms tcj ol`y ijfjdt tcmt tmrlnscji tcj n`ùstrnous dcmrmdtjr of Kmckui2 mliljvjr cms tcmt pmssnol ejjl korj rndc`y smtnsfnji. Ycj Ornjltm`s jxdjji tcj kjmsurj of

drjinen`nty nl tcj mddoult of kn``nols of aoì mli sn`vjr, sudc ms tcj mvninty of kml cmsljvjr mdduku`mtji2 nl tcj kmalntuij of pjmr`s, inmkolis, mli ruenjs, sudc ms cmvjljvjr ejjl proiudji ey tcj worbkmlscnp of lmturj.=7 ^jt tcj son` of Cnliostml nsnkprjalmtji wntc prjdnous knljrm`s2 cjr trmij, nl jvjry maj, cms mttrmdtji tcj aoì mlisn`vjr of tcj worì2 mli cjr vnranl spon`s wjrj rnf`ji ey tcj fnrst of tcj Kmcokjtmldolqujrors. Cns ejcmvnour, nl tcj `mst imys of cns `nfj, jvnldjs tcj vmlnty of tcjsj

possjssnols, so `meornous`y wol, so imlajrous`y cjì, mli so nljvntme`y òst. Cjsurvjyji tcj vmst mli vmrnous dcmkejrs of tcj trjmsury of Amzlm2 eurst nlto tjmrs2 mlimamnl dòsji tcj ioors, wntcout ejstownla mly portnol of tcj wjm`tc wcndc cj douìlo òlajr copj to prjsjrvj. Ycj fo`òwnla imy cj rjvnjwji tcj stmtj of cns kn`ntmry

fordj8 olj culirji tcousmli foot, fnfty-fnvj tcousmli corsj, mli tcnrtjjl culirjij`jpcmlts of emtt`j.== Cj mamnl wjpt tcj nlstmen`nty of cukml arjmtljss2 mli cns arnjf wms jkenttjrji ey tcj costn`j proarjss of tcj Yurbkmls, wcok cj cmi nltroiudji nltotcj cjmrt of cns Wjrsnml bnlaiok.

Nl tcj koijrl ijpopu`mtnol of Msnm, tcj rjau`mr opjrmtnol of aovjrlkjlt mlimarndu`turj ns dolfnlji to tcj ljnaceourcooi of dntnjs2 mli tcj instmlt doultry nsmemliolji to tcj pmstorm` trnejs of Mrmes, Duris, mli Yurbkmls.=5 Of tcj `mst-kjltnolji pjop`j, two dolsnijrme`j ermldcjs jxtjli ol jntcjr snij of tcj DmspnmlTjm8 tcj wjstjrl doòly dml kustjr forty tcousmli soìnjrs2 tcj jmstjrl, `jss oevnousto tcj trmvj``jr, eut korj strola mli popuòus, cms nldrjmsji to tcj lukejr of olj

culirji tcousmli fmkn`njs. Nl tcj knist of dnvn`nsji lmtnols, tcjy prjsjrvj tcjkmlljrs of tcj Tdytcnml ijsjrt, rjkovj tcjnr jldmkpkjlts wntc tcj dcmlaj of sjmsols, mli fjji tcjnr dmtt`j mkola tcj runls of pm`mdjs mli tjkp`js. Ycjnr fòdbs mlicjris mrj tcjnr ol`y rndcjs2 tcjnr tjlts, jntcjr e`mdb or wcntj, mddorinla to tcj doòur of tcj emlljr, mrj dovjrji wntc fj`t, mli of m dnrdu`mr fork2 tcjnr wnltjr mppmrj` ns mscjjp-sbnl2 m roej of dòtc or dottol tcjnr sukkjr amrkjlt8 tcj fjmturjs of tcj kjlmrj cmrsc mli fjrodnous2 tcj doultjlmldj of tcjnr wokjl ns soft mli p`jmsnla. Ycjnr wmlijrnla `nfj kmnltmnls tcj spnrnt mli jxjrdnsj of mrks2 tcjy fnact ol corsjemdb2 mlitcjnr dourmaj ns insp`myji nl frjqujlt doltjsts wntc jmdc otcjr mli wntc tcjnr ljnaceours. For tcj `ndjldj of pmsturj tcjy pmy m s`nact trneutj to tcj sovjrjnal of tcj

`mli2 eut tcj iokjstnd hurnsindtnol ns nl tcj cmlis of tcj dcnjfs mli jìjrs. Ycj fnrstjknarmtnol of tcj jmstjrl Yurbkmls, tcj kost mldnjlt of tcjnr rmdj, kmy ej msdrneji to





tcj tjltc djltury of tcj Dcrnstnml jrm.=4 Nl tcj ijd`nlj of tcj dm`npcs, mli tcjwjmbljss of tcjnr `njutjlmlts, tcj emrrnjr of tcj Hmxmrtjs wms oftjl vno`mtji8 nl jmdcnlvmsnol, mftjr tcj vndtory or rjtrjmt of tcjnr doultrykjl, sokj wmlijrnla trnej,jkermdnla tcj Kmcokjtml fmntc, oetmnlji m frjj jldmkpkjlt nl tcj spmdnous p`mnlsmli p`jmsmlt d`nkmtj of Yrmlsoxnmlm mli Dmrnzkj. Ycj Yurbnsc s`mvjs wco mspnrji to

tcj tcrolj jldourmaji tcjsj jknarmtnols, wcndc rjdruntji tcjnr mrknjs, mwji tcjnr suehjdts mli rnvm`s, mli protjdtji tcj froltnjr mamnlst tcj wnìjr lmtnvjs of Yurbjstml2mli tcns po`ndy wms meusji ey Kmckui tcj Amzljvnij ejyoli tcj jxmkp`j of forkjr tnkjs. Cj wms mikolnscji of cns jrror ey m dcnjf of tcj rmdj of Tj`hub, wco iwj`t nltcj tjrrntory of Eodcmrm. Ycj su`tml cmi nlqunrji wcmt supp`y of kjl cj douì furlnscfor kn`ntmry sjrvndj. ‐Nf you sjli,‛ rjp`nji Nskmj`, ‐olj of tcjsj mrrows nlto our dmkp,fnfty tcousmli of your sjrvmlts wn`` koult ol corsjemdb.‛ ‐Mli nf tcmt lukejr,‛doltnluji Kmckui, ‐scouì lot ej suffndnjlt?‛ ‐Tjli tcns sjdoli mrrow to tcj corijof Em`nb, mli you wn`` fnli fnfty tcousmli korj.‛ ‐Eut,‛ smni tcj Amzljvnij,inssjke`nla cns mlxnjty, ‐nf N scouì stmli nl ljji of tcj wco`j fordj of your bnlirji

trnejs?‛ ‐Ijspmtdc ky eow,‛ wms tcj `mst rjp`y of Nskmj`, ‐mli, ms nt ns dnrdu`mtjimrouli, tcj sukkols wn`` ej oejyji ey two culirji tcousmli corsj.‛ Ycjmpprjcjlsnol of sudc forknime`j frnjliscnp nliudji Kmckui to trmlsport tcj kostoeloxnous trnejs nlto tcj cjmrt of Dcormsml, wcjrj tcjy wouì ej sjpmrmtji frok tcjnr

erjtcrjl ey tcj rnvjr Oxus, mli jldòsji ol m`` snijs ey tcj wm``s of oejinjlt dntnjs.Eut tcj fmdj of tcj doultry wms ml oehjdt of tjkptmtnol rmtcjr tcml tjrror2 mli tcjvnaour of aovjrlkjlt wms rj`mxji ey tcj mesjldj mli ijmtc of tcj su`tml of Amzlm.Ycj scjpcjris wjrj dolvjrtji nlto roeejrs2 tcj emlis of roeejrs wjrj do``jdtji nltoml mrky of dolqujrors2 ms fmr ms Nspmcml mli tcj Ynarns, Wjrsnm wms mff`ndtji ey tcjnr

prjimtory nlromis2 mli tcj Yurbkmls wjrj lot mscmkji or mfrmni to kjmsurj tcjnr

dourmaj mli lukejrs wntc tcj prouijst sovjrjnals of Msnm. Kmssoui, tcj sol mlisuddjssor of Kmckui, cmi too òla lja`jdtji tcj mivndj of cns wnsjst Okrmcs. ‐ôur jljknjs,‛ tcjy rjpjmtji`y uraji, ‐wjrj nl tcjnr ornanl m swmrk of mlts2 tcjy mrj low`ntt`j slmbjs2 mli, ul`jss tcjy ej nlstmlt`y druscji, tcjy wn`` mdqunrj tcj vjlok mlikmalntuij of sjrpjlts.‛ Mftjr sokj m`tjrlmtnvjs of trudj mli costn`nty, mftjr tcj rjpu`sjor pmrtnm` suddjss of cns `njutjlmlts, tcj su`tml kmrdcji nl pjrsol mamnlst tcjYurbkmls, wco mttmdbji cnk ol m`` snijs wntc Emremrous scouts mli nrrjau`mr olsjt.‐Kmssoui,‛ smys tcj Wjrsnml cnstornml,=9 ‐pùlaji snla`y to opposj tcj torrjlt of a`jmknla mrks, jxcnentnla sudc mdts of anamltnd fordj mli vmòur ms ljvjr bnla cmi

ejforj insp`myji. M fjw of cns frnjlis, rousji ey cns woris mli mdtnols, mli tcmtnllmtj colour wcndc nlspnrjs tcj ermvj, sjdoliji tcjnr òri so wj`` tcmt, wcjrjsojvjr

cj turlji cns fmtm` swori, tcj jljknjs wjrj kowji iowl or rjtrjmtji ejforj cnk. Eutlow, wcjl vndtory sjjkji to eòw ol cns stmlimri, knsfortulj wms mdtnvj ejcnli nt2for, wcjl cj òobji rouli, cj ejcjì m`kost cns wco`j mrky, jxdjptnla tcmt eoiy cjdokkmliji nl pjrsol, ijvournla tcj pmtcs of f`nact.‛ Ycj Amzljvnij wms memliolji

ey tcj dowmrindj or trjmdcjry of sokj ajljrm`s of Yurbnsc rmdj2 mli tcns kjkorme`jimy of Xjlijdml=: fouliji nl Wjrsnm tcj iylmsty of tcj scjpcjri bnlas.=6

Ycj vndtornous Yurbkmls nkkjinmtj`y prodjjiji to tcj j`jdtnol of m bnla2 mli, nf tcj proeme`j tm`j of m @mtnl cnstornml=1 ijsjrvjs mly drjint, tcjy ijtjrknlji ey òt tcjdcondj of tcjnr ljw kmstjr. M lukejr of mrrows wjrj suddjssnvj`y nlsdrneji wntc tcj

lmkj of m trnej, m fmkn`y, mli m dmlinimtj2 tcjy wjrj irmwl frok tcj euli`j ey tcjcmli of m dcnì2 mli tcj nkportmlt prnzj wms oetmnlji ey Yoaru` Eja, tcj sol of





Kndcmj`, tcj sol of Tj`hub, wcosj surlmkj wms nkkortm`nsji nl tcj arjmtljss of cns postjrnty. Ycj su`tml Kmckui, wco vmùji cnksj`f ol cns sbn`` nl lmtnolm` ajljmòay, profjssji cns nalormldj of tcj fmkn`y of Tj`hub2 yjt tcj fmtcjr of tcmt rmdj mppjmrs tocmvj ejjl m dcnjf of powjr mli rjlowl.=3 For m imrnla nltrusnol nlto tcj cmrjk of cns

prnldj, Tj`hub wms emlnscji frok Yurbjstml2 wntc m lukjrous trnej of cns frnjlis mli

vmssm`s, cj pmssji tcj Hmxmrtjs, jldmkpji nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Tmkmrdmli,jkermdji tcj rj`nanol of Kmcokjt,=> mli mdqunrji tcj drowl of kmrtyriok nl m wmr mamnlst tcj nlfnij`s. Cns maj, of ml culirji mli sjvjl yjmrs, surpmssji tcj `nfj of cnssol, mli Tj`hub mioptji tcj dmrj of cns two armlisols, Yoaru` mli Hmmfmr2 tcj jìjst of wcok, mt tcj maj of forty-fnvj, wms nlvjstji wntc tcj tnt`j of su`tml, nl tcj roym` dnty of

Lnscmeur. Ycj e`nli ijtjrknlmtnol of dcmldj wms hustnfnji ey tcj vnrtujs of tcjsuddjssfu` dmlinimtj. Nt wouì ej supjrfùous to prmnsj tcj vmòur of m Yurb2 mli tcjmkentnol of Yoaru`57 wms jqum` to cns vmòur. Ey cns mrks, tcj Amzljvnijs wjrjjxpj``ji frok tcj jmstjrl bnlaioks of Wjrsnm, mli armium``y irnvjl to tcj emlbs of tcjNlius, nl sjmrdc of m softjr mli korj wjm`tcy dolqujst. Nl tcj Qjst cj mllncn`mtji tcj

iylmsty of tcj Eownijs2 mli tcj sdjptrj of Nrmb pmssji frok tcj Wjrsnml to tcj Yurbnsclmtnol. Ycj prnldjs wco cmi fj`t, or wco fjmrji, tcj Tj`hubnml mrrows, eowji tcjnr cjmis nl tcj iust2 ey tcj dolqujst of Mijrenhml, or Kjinm, cj mppromdcji tcj Uokmldolfnljs2 mli tcj scjpcjri prjsukji to ijspmtdc ml mkemssmior, or cjrmì, to ijkmlitcj trneutj mli oejinjldj of tcj jkpjror of Dolstmltnlop`j.5= Nl cns owl ioknlnols,Yoaru` wms tcj fmtcjr of cns soìnjrs mli pjop`j2 ey m fnrk mli jqum` miknlnstrmtnolWjrsnm wms rj`njvji frok tcj jvn`s of mlmrdcy2 mli tcj smkj cmlis wcndc cmi ejjlnkeruji nl eòoi ejdmkj tcj aumrinmls of hustndj mli tcj pue`nd pjmdj. Ycj korjrustnd, pjrcmps tcj wnsjst, portnol of tcj Yurbkmls55 doltnluji to iwj`` nl tcj tjltsof tcjnr mldjstors2 mli, frok tcj Oxus to tcj Jupcrmtjs, tcjsj kn`ntmry doòlnjs wjrj

protjdtji mli propmamtji ey tcjnr lmtnvj prnldjs. Eut tcj Yurbs of tcj dourt mli dntywjrj rjfnlji ey eusnljss mli softjlji ey p`jmsurj2 tcjy nkntmtji tcj irjss, `mlaumaj,mli kmlljrs of Wjrsnm2 mli tcj roym` pm`mdjs of Lnscmeur mli Ujn insp`myji tcj orijr mli kmalnfndjldj of m arjmt kolmrdcy. Ycj kost ijsjrvnla of tcj Mrmenmls mliWjrsnmls wjrj prokotji to tcj colours of tcj stmtj2 mli tcj wco`j eoiy of tcj Yurbnsclmtnol jkermdji wntc fjrvour mli snldjrnty tcj rj`nanol of Kmcokjt. Ycj Lortcjrlswmrks of Emremrnmls, wco ovjrsprjmi eotc Juropj mli Msnm, cmvj ejjlnrrjdoldn`jme`y sjpmrmtji ey tcj dolsjqujldjs of m snkn`mr doliudt. Mkola tcjKos`jks, ms mkola tcj Dcrnstnmls, tcjnr vmauj mli òdm` trmintnols cmvj ynjìji to tcjrjmsol mli mutcornty of tcj prjvmn`nla systjk, to tcj fmkj of mltnqunty, mli tcjdolsjlt of lmtnols. Eut tcj trnukpc of tcj Borml ns korj purj mli kjrntornous, ms nt

wms lot mssnstji ey mly vnsne`j sp`jliour of worscnp wcndc knact m`ùrj tcj Wmamls ey sokj rjsjke`mldj of nio`mtry. Ycj fnrst of tcj Tj`hubnml su`tmls wms dolspnduous ey cns zjm` mli fmntc8 jmdc imy cj rjpjmtji tcj fnvj prmyjrs wcndc mrj jlhonlji to tcjtruj ej`njvjrs2 of jmdc wjjb, tcj two fnrst imys wjrj dolsjdrmtji ey ml jxtrmorinlmryfmst2 mli nl jvjry dnty m kosdc wms dokp`jtji, ejforj Yoaru` prjsukji to `my tcjfoulimtnols of m pm`mdj.54

Qntc tcj ej`njf of tcj Borml, tcj sol of Tj`hub nkeneji m `nvj`y rjvjrjldj for tcjsuddjssor of tcj propcjt. Eut tcmt sue`nkj dcmrmdtjr wms stn`` insputji ey tcj dm`npcsof Emaimi mli Jaypt, mli jmdc of tcj rnvm`s wms so`ndntous to provj cns tnt`j nl tcj

huiakjlt of tcj strola, tcouac n``ntjrmtj, Emremrnmls. Kmckui tcj Amzljvnij cmiijd`mrji cnksj`f nl fmvour of tcj `nlj of Meems2 mli cmi trjmtji wntc nlinalnty tcj





roej of colour wcndc wms prjsjltji to tcj Fmtnkntj mkemssmior. ^jt tcj ularmtjfu`Cmscjkntj cmi dcmlaji wntc tcj dcmlaj of fortulj2 cj mpp`muiji tcj vndtory of Xjlijdml, mli lmkji tcj Tj`hubnml su`tml cns tjkporm` vndjajrjlt ovjr tcj Kos`jkworì. Ms Yoaru` jxjdutji mli jl`mraji tcns nkportmlt trust, cj wms dm``ji to tcjij`nvjrmldj of tcj dm`npc Dmyjk, mli oejyji tcj co`y sukkols, wcndc amvj m ljw

bnlaiok to cns mrks.59 Nl tcj pm`mdj of Emaimi, tcj dokkmlijr of tcj fmntcfu` stn``sùkejrji, m vjljrme`j pcmltok. Cns sjrvmlt or kmstjr, tcj prnldj of tcj Eownijs,douì lo òlajr protjdt cnk frok tcj nlso`jldj of kjmljr tyrmlts2 mli tcj Jupcrmtjsmli Ynarns wjrj opprjssji ey tcj rjvo`t of tcj Yurbnsc mli Mrmenml jknrs. Ycj

prjsjldj of m dolqujror wms nkpòrji ms m e`jssnla2 mli tcj trmlsnjlt knsdcnjfs of fnrjmli swori wjrj jxdusji ms tcj scmrp eut smùtmry rjkjinjs wcndc mòlj douì rjstorjtcj cjm`tc of tcj rjpue`nd. Mt tcj cjmi of ml nrrjsnstne`j fordj, tcj su`tml of Wjrsnmkmrdcji frok Cmkmiml8 tcj proui wjrj druscji, tcj prostrmtj wjrj spmrji2 tcj

prnldj of tcj Eownijs insmppjmrji2 tcj cjmis of tcj kost oestnlmtj rjej`s wjrj `mni mttcj fjjt of Yoaru`2 mli cj nlf`ndtji m `jssol of oejinjldj ol tcj pjop`j of Kosu` mli

Emaimi. Mftjr tcj dcmstnsjkjlt of tcj aun`ty mli tcj rjstormtnol of pjmdj, tcj roym`scjpcjri mddjptji tcj rjwmri of cns `meours2 mli m so`jkl dokjiy rjprjsjltji tcjtrnukpc of rj`nanous prjhuindj ovjr Emremrnml powjr.5: Ycj Yurbnsc su`tml jkemrbjiol tcj Ynarns, `mliji mt tcj amtj of Umddm, mli kmij cns pue`nd jltry ol corsjemdb. Mttcj pm`mdj-amtj cj rjspjdtfu``y inskoultji, mli wm`bji ol foot, prjdjiji ey cns jknrswntcout mrks. Ycj dm`npc wms sjmtji ejcnli cns e`mdb vjn`2 tcj e`mdb amrkjlt of tcjMeemssnijs wms dmst ovjr cns scouìjrs, mli cj cjì nl cns cmli tcj stmff of tcj mpost`jof Aoi. Ycj dolqujror of tcj Jmst bnssji tcj arouli, stooi sokj tnkj nl m koijst

posturj, mli wms `ji towmris tcj tcrolj ey tcj vnznr mli ml nltjrprjtjr. Mftjr Yoaru`cmi sjmtji cnksj`f ol mlotcjr tcrolj, cns dokknssnol wms pue`nd`y rjmi, wcndc

ijd`mrji cnk tcj tjkporm` `njutjlmlt of tcj vndmr of tcj propcjt. Cj wms suddjssnvj`ynlvjstji wntc sjvjl roejs of colour, mli prjsjltji wntc sjvjl s`mvjs, tcj lmtnvjs of tcj sjvjl d`nkmtjs of tcj Mrmenml jkpnrj. Cns kystnd vjn` wms pjrfukji wntc kusb2two drowls wjrj p`mdji ol cns cjmi2 two sdykjtmrs wjrj anriji ol cns snij, ms tcjsykeo`s of m ioue`j rjnal ovjr tcj Jmst mli Qjst. Mftjr tcns nlmuaurmtnol, tcj su`tmlwms prjvjltji frok prostrmtnla cnksj`f m sjdoli tnkj2 eut cj twndj bnssji tcj cmli of tcj dokkmlijr of tcj fmntcfu`, mli cns tnt`js wjrj prod`mnkji ey tcj vondj of cjrmìsmli tcj mpp`musj of tcj Kos`jks.56 Nl m sjdoli vnsnt to Emaimi, tcj Tj`hubnml prnldjmamnl rjsduji tcj dm`npc frok cns jljknjs2 mli ijvout`y, ol foot, `ji tcj erni`j of cnsku`j frok tcj prnsol to tcj pm`mdj. Ycjnr m``nmldj wms djkjltji ey tcj kmrrnmaj of Yoaru`„s snstjr wntc tcj suddjssor of tcj propcjt. Qntcout rjùdtmldj cj cmi

nltroiudji m Yurbnsc vnranl nlto cns cmrjk2 eut Dmyjk proui`y rjfusji cns imuactjr totcj su`tml, insimnlji to knla`j tcj eòoi of tcj Cmscjkntjs wntc tcj eòoi of mTdytcnml scjpcjri2 mli protrmdtji tcj ljaotnmtnol kmly koltcs, tn`` tcj armiumìnknlutnol of cns rjvjluj mikolnscji cnk tcmt cj wms stn`` nl tcj cmlis of m kmstjr.Ycj roym` luptnm`s wjrj fo`òwji ey tcj ijmtc of Yoaru` cnksj`f251 ms cj `jft lodcnìrjl, cns ljpcjw M`p Mrs`ml suddjjiji to tcj tnt`j mli prjroamtnvjs of su`tml2 mlicns lmkj, mftjr tcmt of tcj dm`npc, wms prolouldji nl tcj pue`nd prmyjrs of tcjKos`jks. ^jt nl tcns rjvoùtnol tcj Meemssnijs mdqunrji m `mrajr kjmsurj of `nejrtymli powjr. Ol tcj tcrolj of Msnm, tcj Yurbnsc kolmrdcs wjrj `jss hjmòus of tcjiokjstnd miknlnstrmtnol of Emaimi2 mli tcj dokkmlijrs of tcj fmntcfu` wjrj rj`njvji

frok tcj naloknlnous vjxmtnols to wcndc tcjy cmi ejjl jxposji ey tcj prjsjldj mli povjrty of tcj Wjrsnml iylmsty.





Tnldj tcj fm`` of tcj dm`npcs, tcj insdori mli ijajljrmdy of tcj Tmrmdjls rjspjdtji tcjMsnmtnd provnldjs of Uokj2 wcndc, ey tcj vndtornjs of Lndjpcorus, Xnknsdjs, mliEmsn`, cmi ejjl jxtjliji ms fmr ms Mltnodc mli tcj jmstjrl eoulimrnjs of Mrkjlnm.Ywjlty-fnvj yjmrs mftjr tcj ijmtc of Emsn`, cns suddjssors wjrj suiijl`y mssmu`tji eyml ulblowl rmdj of Emremrnmls, wco ulntji tcj Tdytcnml vmòur wntc tcj fmlmtndnsk of

ljw prosj`ytjs mli tcj mrt mli rndcjs of m powjrfu` kolmrdcy.53 Ycj kyrnmis of Yurbnsc corsj ovjrsprjmi m froltnjr of snx culirji kn`js frok Ymurus to Mrzjrouk,mli tcj eòoi of olj culirji mli tcnrty tcousmli Dcrnstnmls wms m armtjfu` smdrnfndj totcj Mrmenml propcjt. ^jt tcj mrks of Yoaru` ini lot kmbj mly ijjp or `mstnlankprjssnol ol tcj Arjjb jkpnrj. Ycj torrjlt ro``ji mwmy frok tcj opjl doultry2 tcjsu`tml rjtnrji wntcout aòry or suddjss frok tcj snjaj of ml Mrkjlnml dnty2 tcj oesdurjcostn`ntnjs wjrj doltnluji or suspjliji wntc m vndnssntuij of jvjlts2 mli tcj ermvjryof tcj Kmdjiolnml `janols rjljwji tcj fmkj of tcj dolqujror of Msnm.5> Ycj lmkj of M`p Mrs`ml, tcj vm`nmlt `nol, ns jxprjssnvj of tcj popu`mr nijm of tcj pjrfjdtnol of kml2mli tcj suddjssor of Yoaru` insp`myji tcj fnjrdjljss mli ajljrosnty of tcj roym`

mlnkm`. Cj pmssji tcj Jupcrmtjs mt tcj cjmi of tcj Yurbnsc dmvm`ry, mli jltjrjiDæsmrjm, tcj kjtropo`ns of Dmppmiodnm, to wcndc cj cmi ejjl mttrmdtji ey tcj fmkjmli wjm`tc of tcj tjkp`j of Tt. Emsn`. Ycj so`ni strudturj rjsnstji tcj ijstroyjr2 eut cjdmrrnji mwmy tcj ioors of tcj scrnlj nldrustji wntc aoì mli pjmr`s, mli profmlji tcjrj`nds of tcj tutj`mr smnlt, wcosj kortm` frmn`tnjs wjrj low dovjrji ey tcj vjljrme`jrust of mltnqunty. Ycj fnlm` dolqujst of Mrkjlnm mli Ajoranm wms mdcnjvji ey M`pMrs`ml. Nl Mrkjlnm, tcj tnt`j of m bnlaiok mli tcj spnrnt of m lmtnol47 wjrjmllncn`mtji2 tcj mrtnfndnm` fortnfndmtnols wjrj ynjìji ey tcj kjrdjlmrnjs of Dolstmltnlop`j2 ey strmlajrs wntcout fmntc, vjtjrmls wntcout pmy or mrks, mli rjdruntswntcout jxpjrnjldj or insdnp`nlj. Ycj òss of tcns nkportmlt froltnjr wms tcj ljws of m

imy2 mli tcj Dmtco`nds wjrj ljntcjr surprnsji lor insp`jmsji tcmt m pjop`j so ijjp`ynlfjdtji wntc tcj Ljstornml mli Jutydcnml jrrors cmi ejjl ij`nvjrji ey Dcrnst mli cnskotcjr nlto tcj cmlis of tcj nlfnij`s.4= Ycj woois mli vm``jys of Koult Dmudmsuswjrj korj strjluous`y ijfjliji ey tcj lmtnvj Ajoranmls45 or Nejrnmls8 eut tcjYurbnsc su`tml mli cns sol Km`jb wjrj nlijfmtname`j nl tcns co`y wmr2 tcjnr dmptnvjswjrj dokpj``ji to proknsj m spnrntum` ms wj`` ms tjkporm` oejinjldj2 mli, nlstjmi of tcjnr do``mrs mli ermdj`jts, ml nrol corsj-scoj, m emiaj of naloknly, wms nkposji oltcj nlfnij`s wco stn`` micjrji to tcj worscnp of tcjnr fmtcjrs. Ycj dcmlaj, cowjvjr,wms lot snldjrj or ulnvjrsm`2 mli, tcrouac majs of sjrvntuij, tcj Ajoranmls cmvjkmnltmnlji tcj suddjssnol of tcjnr prnldjs mli enscops. Eut m rmdj of kjl, wcok

Lmturj cms dmst nl cjr kost pjrfjdt kouì, ns ijarmiji ey povjrty, nalormldj, mli

vndj2 tcjnr profjssnol, mli stn`` korj tcjnr prmdtndj, of Dcrnstnmlnty ns ml jkpty lmkj2mli, nf tcjy cmvj jkjraji frok cjrjsy, nt ns ol`y ejdmusj tcjy mrj too n``ntjrmtj torjkjkejr m kjtmpcysndm` drjji.44

Ycj fm`sj or ajlunlj kmalmlnknty of Kmckui tcj Amzljvnij wms lot nkntmtji ey M`pMrs`ml2 mli cj mttmdbji, wntcout sdrup`j, tcj Arjjb jkprjss Juiodnm mli cjr dcnìrjl.Cns m`mrknla proarjss dokpj``ji cjr to anvj cjrsj`f mli cjr sdjptrj to tcj cmli of msoìnjr2 mli Uokmlus Inoajljs wms nlvjstji wntc tcj Nkpjrnm` purp`j. Cns pmtrnotnsk,mli pjrcmps cns prnij, uraji cnk frok Dolstmltnlop`j wntcnl two koltcs mftjr cnsmddjssnol2 mli tcj ljxt dmkpmnal cj kost sdmlimòus`y toob tcj fnjì iurnla tcj co`y

fjstnvm` of Jmstjr. Nl tcj pm`mdj, Inoajljs wms lo korj tcml tcj cusemli of Juiodnm2nl tcj dmkp, cj wms tcj jkpjror of tcj Uokmls, mli cj sustmnlji tcmt dcmrmdtjr wntc





fjje`j rjsourdjs mli nlvnldne`j dourmaj. Ey cns spnrnt mli suddjss, tcj soìnjrs wjrjtmuact to mdt, tcj suehjdts to copj, mli tcj jljknjs to fjmr. Ycj Yurbs cmi pjljtrmtjinlto tcj cjmrt of Wcryanm2 eut tcj su`tml cnksj`f cmi rjsnalji to cns jknrs tcj

prosjdutnol of tcj wmr2 mli tcjnr lukjrous ijtmdckjlts wjrj sdmttjrji ovjr Msnm nltcj sjdurnty of dolqujst. @mijl wntc spon` mli dmrj`jss of insdnp`nlj, tcjy wjrj

sjpmrmtj`y surprnsji mli ijfjmtji ey tcj Arjjbs2 tcj mdtnvnty of tcj jkpjror sjjkji toku`tnp`y cns prjsjldj2 mli, wcn`j tcjy cjmri of cns jxpjintnol to Mltnodc, tcj jljkyfj`t cns swori ol tcj cn``s of Yrjenzoli. Nl tcrjj `meornous dmkpmnals, tcj Yurbs wjrjirnvjl ejyoli tcj Jupcrmtjs249 nl tcj fourtc mli `mst, Uokmlus ulijrtoob tcjij`nvjrmldj of Mrkjlnm. Ycj ijso`mtnol of tcj `mli oe`naji cnk to trmlsport m supp`yof two koltcs„ provnsnols2 mli cj kmrdcji forwmris to tcj snjaj of Km`mzbjri,4: mlnkportmlt fortrjss nl tcj kniwmy ejtwjjl tcj koijrl dntnjs of Mrzjrouk mli Vml.Cns mrky mkoultji, mt tcj `jmst, to olj culirji tcousmli kjl. Ycj troops of Dolstmltnlop`j wjrj rjnlfordji ey tcj insorijr`y ku`tntuijs of Wcryanm mliDmppmiodnm2 eut tcj rjm` strjlatc wms dokposji of tcj suehjdts mli m``njs of Juropj,

tcj `janols of Kmdjiolnm, mli tcj squmirols of Euàmrnm2 tcj Zzn, m Koìmvnml corij,wco wjrj tcjksj`vjs of tcj Yurbnsc rmdj246 mli, meovj m``, tcj kjrdjlmry mlimivjlturous emlis of Frjldc mli Lorkmls. Ycjnr `mldjs wjrj dokkmliji ey tcjvm`nmlt Zrsj` of Em`no`, tcj bnlskml or fmtcjr of tcj Tdottnsc bnlas,41 mli wjrjm`òwji to jxdj` nl tcj jxjrdnsj of mrks, or, mddorinla to tcj Arjjb sty`j, nl tcj

prmdtndj of tcj Wyrrcnd imldj.

Ol tcj rjport of tcns eoì nlvmsnol, wcndc tcrjmtjlji cns cjrjintmry ioknlnols, M`pMrs`ml f`jw to tcj sdjlj of mdtnol mt tcj cjmi of forty tcousmli corsj.43 Cns rmpni mlisbn`fu` jvoùtnols instrjssji mli inskmyji tcj supjrnor lukejrs of tcj Arjjbs2 mli nltcj ijfjmt of Emsn`mdnus, olj of tcjnr prnldnpm` ajljrm`s, cj insp`myji tcj fnrst jxmkp`jof cns vmòur mli d`jkjldy. Ycj nkpruijldj of tcj jkpjror cmi sjpmrmtji cns fordjsmftjr tcj rjiudtnol of Km`mzbjri. Nt wms nl vmnl tcmt cj mttjkptji to rjdm`` tcjkjrdjlmry Frmlbs8 tcjy rjfusji to oejy cns sukkols2 cj insimnlji to mwmnt tcjnr rjturl2 tcj ijsjrtnol of tcj Zzn fn``ji cns knli wntc mlxnjty mli suspndnol2 mli mamnlsttcj kost smùtmry mivndj cj ruscji forwmri to spjjiy mli ijdnsnvj mdtnol. Cmi cj`nstjlji to tcj fmnr proposm`s of tcj su`tml, Uokmlus knact cmvj sjdurji m rjtrjmt,

pjrcmps m pjmdj2 eut nl tcjsj ovjrturjs cj supposji tcj fjmr or wjmbljss of tcjjljky, mli cns mlswjr wms doldjnvji nl tcj tolj of nlsu`t mli ijfnmldj. ‐Nf tcjEmremrnml wnscjs for pjmdj, `jt cnk jvmdumtj tcj arouli wcndc cj oddupnjs for tcjjldmkpkjlt of tcj Uokmls, mli surrjlijr cns dnty mli pm`mdj of Ujn ms m p`jiaj of

cns snldjrnty.‛ M`p Mrs`ml skn`ji mt tcj vmlnty of tcj ijkmli, eut cj wjpt tcj ijmtc of so kmly fmntcfu` Kos`jks2 mli, mftjr m ijvout prmyjr, prod`mnkji m frjj pjrknssnol tom`` wco wjrj ijsnrous of rjtnrnla frok tcj fnjì. Qntc cns owl cmlis cj tnji up cnscorsj„s tmn`, jxdcmlaji cns eow mli mrrow for m kmdj mli sdykjtmr, dòtcji cnksj`f nlm wcntj amrkjlt, pjrfukji cns eoiy wntc kusb, mli ijd`mrji tcmt, nf cj wjrjvmlqunscji, tcmt spot scouì ej tcj p`mdj of cns eurnm`.4> Ycj su`tml cnksj`f cmimffjdtji to dmst mwmy cns knssn`j wjmpols2 eut cns copjs of vndtory wjrj p`mdji nl tcjmrrows of tcj Yurbnsc dmvm`ry, wcosj squmirols wjrj òosj`y instrneutji nl tcj forkof m drjsdjlt. Nlstjmi of tcj suddjssnvj `nljs mli rjsjrvjs of tcj Arjdnml tmdtnds,Uokmlus `ji cns mrky nl m snla`j mli so`ni pcm`mlx, mli prjssji wntc vnaour mli

nkpmtnjldj tcj mrtfu` mli ynjìnla rjsnstmldj of tcj Emremrnmls. Nl tcns ijsu`tory mlifrunt`jss dokemt, cj wmstji tcj arjmtjr pmrt of m sukkjr„s imy, tn`` pruijldj mli





fmtnauj dokpj``ji cnk to rjturl to cns dmkp. Eut m rjtrjmt ns m`wmys pjrnòus nl tcjfmdj of ml mdtnvj foj2 mli lo sooljr cmi tcj stmlimri ejjl turlji to tcj rjmr tcml tcj

pcm`mlx wms erobjl ey tcj emsj dowmrindj, or tcj emsjr hjmòusy, of Mlirolndus, mrnvm` prnldj, wco insarmdji cns enrtc mli tcj purp`j of tcj Dæsmrs.97 Ycj Yurbnscsqumirols pourji m dòui of mrrows ol tcns kokjlt of dolfusnol mli `mssntuij2 mli

tcj corls of tcjnr forknime`j drjsdjlt wjrj dòsji nl tcj rjmr of tcj Arjjbs. Nl tcjijstrudtnol of tcj mrky mli pn``maj of tcj dmkp, nt wouì ej ljji`jss to kjltnol tcjlukejr of tcj s`mnl or dmptnvjs. Ycj Eyzmltnlj wrntjrs ijpòrj tcj òss of mlnljstnkme`j pjmr`8 tcjy forajt to kjltnol tcmt, nl tcns fmtm` imy, tcj Msnmtnd provnldjsof Uokj wjrj nrrjtrnjvme`y smdrnfndji.

Ms òla ms m copj survnvji, Uokmlus mttjkptji to rm``y mli smvj tcj rj`nds of cnsmrky. Qcjl tcj djltrj, tcj Nkpjrnm` stmtnol, wms `jft lmbji ol m`` snijs, mlijldokpmssji ey tcj vndtornous Yurbs, cj stn``, wntc ijspjrmtj dourmaj, kmnltmnlji tcjfnact tn`` tcj dòsj of imy, mt tcj cjmi of tcj ermvj mli fmntcfu` suehjdts wco micjrji to

cns stmlimri. Ycjy fj`` mrouli cnk2 cns corsj wms s`mnl2 tcj jkpjror wms wouliji2yjt cj stooi mòlj mli nltrjpni, tn`` cj wms opprjssji mli eouli ey tcj strjlatc of ku`tntuijs. Ycj aòry of tcns n`ùstrnous prnzj wms insputji ey m s`mvj mli m soìnjr8 ms`mvj wco cmi sjjl cnk ol tcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`j, mli m soìnjr wcosj jxtrjkjijforknty cmi ejjl jxdusji ol tcj proknsj of sokj snalm` sjrvndj. Ijspon`ji of cnsmrks, cns hjwj`s, mli cns purp`j, Uokmlus spjlt m irjmry mli pjrnòus lnact ol tcjfnjì of emtt`j, mknist m insorijr`y drowi of tcj kjmljr Emremrnmls. Nl tcj korlnla tcjroym` dmptnvj wms prjsjltji to M`p Mrs`ml, wco iouetji of cns fortulj, tn`` tcj nijltntyof tcj pjrsol wms msdjrtmnlji ey tcj rjport of cns mkemssmiors, mli ey tcj korj

pmtcjtnd jvnijldj of Emsn`mdnus, wco jkermdji wntc tjmrs tcj fjjt of cns ulcmppysovjrjnal. Ycj suddjssor of Dolstmltnlj, nl m p`jejnml cment, wms `ji nlto tcj Yurbnscinvml, mli dokkmliji to bnss tcj arouli ejforj tcj òri of Msnm. Cj rjùdtmlt`yoejyji2 mli M`p Mrs`ml, stmrtnla frok cns tcrolj, ns smni to cmvj p`mltji cns foot oltcj ljdb of tcj Uokml jkpjror.9= Eut tcj fmdt ns iouetfu`2 mli, nf, nl tcns kokjlt of nlso`jldj, tcj su`tml dokp`nji wntc m lmtnolm` dustok, tcj rjst of cns doliudt cmsjxtortji tcj prmnsj of cns enaotji fojs, mli kmy mffori m `jssol to tcj kost dnvn`nsjimajs. Cj nlstmlt`y rmnsji tcj roym` dmptnvj frok tcj arouli2 mli, tcrndj d`mspnla cnscmli wntc tjlijr sykpmtcy, mssurji cnk tcmt cns `nfj mli inalnty scouì ej nlvno`mtj nltcj cmlis of m prnldj wco cmi `jmrlji to rjspjdt tcj kmhjsty of cns jqum`s mli tcjvndnssntuijs of fortulj. Frok tcj invml Uokmlus wms doliudtji to ml mihmdjlt tjlt,wcjrj cj wms sjrvji wntc pokp mli rjvjrjldj ey tcj offndjrs of tcj su`tml, wco,

twndj jmdc imy, sjmtji cnk nl tcj p`mdj of colour mt cns owl tme`j. Nl m frjj mlifmkn`nmr dolvjrsmtnol of jnact imys, lot m wori, lot m òob, of nlsu`t jsdmpji frok tcjdolqujror2 eut cj sjvjrj`y djlsurji tcj ulwortcy suehjdts wco cmi ijsjrtji tcjnr vm`nmlt prnldj nl tcj cour of imlajr, mli ajlt`y mikolnscji cns mltmaolnst of sokjjrrors wcndc cj cmi dokknttji nl tcj kmlmajkjlt of tcj wmr. Nl tcj prj`nknlmrnjs of ljaotnmtnol, M`p Mrs`ml msbji cnk wcmt trjmtkjlt cj jxpjdtji to rjdjnvj, mli tcjdm`k nlinffjrjldj of tcj jkpjror insp`mys tcj frjjiok of cns knli. ‐Nf you mrj druj`,‛smni cj, ‐you wn`` tmbj ky `nfj2 nf you `nstjl to prnij, you wn`` irma kj mt your dcmrnotwcjj`s2 nf you dolsu`t your nltjrjst, you wn`` mddjpt m rmlsok, mli rjstorj kj to kydoultry.‛ ’ ‐Mli wcmt,‛ doltnluji tcj su`tml, ‐wouì cmvj ejjl your owl

ejcmvnour, cmi fortulj skn`ji ol your mrks?‛ Ycj rjp`y of tcj Arjjb ejtrmys msjltnkjlt, wcndc pruijldj, mli jvjl armtntuij, scouì cmvj tmuact cnk to supprjss.





‐Cmi N vmlqunscji,‛ cj fnjrdj`y smni, ‐N wouì cmvj nlf`ndtji ol tcy eoiy kmly mstrnpj.‛ Ycj Yurbnsc dolqujror skn`ji mt tcj nlso`jldj of cns dmptnvj2 oesjrvji tcmttcj Dcrnstnml `mw nldu`dmtji tcj òvj of jljknjs mli foranvjljss of nlhurnjs2 mliloe`y ijd`mrji tcmt cj wouì lot nkntmtj ml jxmkp`j wcndc cj dolijklji. Mftjr kmturj ij`nejrmtnol, M`p Mrs`ml indtmtji tcj tjrks of `nejrty mli pjmdj, m rmlsok of m

kn``nol, ml mllum` trneutj of tcrjj culirji mli snxty tcousmli pnjdjs of aoì,95 tcjkmrrnmaj of tcj roym` dcnìrjl, mli tcj ij`nvjrmldj of m`` tcj Kos`jks wco wjrj nl tcj

powjr of tcj Arjjbs. Uokmlus, wntc m snac, suesdrneji tcns trjmty, so insarmdjfu` totcj kmhjsty of tcj jkpnrj2 cj wms nkkjinmtj`y nlvjstji wntc m Yurbnsc roej of colour2 cns loe`js mli pmtrndnmls wjrj rjstorji to tcjnr sovjrjnal2 mli tcj su`tml, mftjr m dourtjous jkermdj, insknssji cnk wntc rndc prjsjlts mli m kn`ntmry aumri. Losooljr ini cj rjmdc tcj dolfnljs of tcj jkpnrj tcml cj wms nlforkji tcmt tcj pm`mdjmli provnldjs cmi insd`mnkji tcjnr m``janmldj to m dmptnvj8 m suk of two culirjitcousmli pnjdjs wms pmnlfu``y do``jdtji2 mli tcj fm``jl kolmrdc trmlsknttji tcns pmrtof cns rmlsok, wntc m smi dolfjssnol of cns nkpotjldj mli insarmdj. Ycj ajljrosnty, or

pjrcmps tcj mkentnol, of tcj su`tml prjpmrji to jspousj tcj dmusj of cns m``y2 eut cnsijsnals wjrj prjvjltji ey tcj ijfjmt, nkprnsolkjlt, mli ijmtc of UokmlusInoajljs.94

Nl tcj trjmty of pjmdj nt iojs lot mppjmr tcmt M`p Mrs`ml jxtortji mly provnldj or dntyfrok tcj dmptnvj jkpjror2 mli cns rjvjlaj wms smtnsfnji wntc tcj tropcnjs of cnsvndtory, mli tcj spon`s of Mlmto`nm frok Mltnodc to tcj E`mdb Tjm. Ycj fmnrjst pmrt of Msnm wms suehjdt to cns `mws2 twj`vj culirji prnldjs, or tcj sols of prnldjs, stooi

ejforj cns tcrolj2 mli two culirji tcousmli soìnjrs kmrdcji ulijr cns emlljrs. Ycjsu`tml insimnlji to pursuj tcj fuantnvj Arjjbs2 eut cj kjintmtji tcj korj aòrnousdolqujst of Yurbjstml, tcj ornanlm` sjmt of tcj cousj of Tj`hub. Cj kovji frokEmaimi to tcj emlbs of tcj Oxus2 m erniaj wms tcrowl ovjr tcj rnvjr2 mli twjlty imyswjrj dolsukji nl tcj pmssmaj of cns troops. Eut tcj proarjss of tcj arjmt bnla wmsrjtmriji ey tcj aovjrlor of Ejrzjk2 mli Hosjpc tcj Dmrnzknml prjsukji to ijfjlicns fortrjss mamnlst tcj powjrs of tcj Jmst. Qcjl cj wms proiudji m dmptnvj nl tcjroym` tjlt, tcj su`tml, nlstjmi of prmnsnla cns vmòur, sjvjrj`y rjpromdcji cns oestnlmtjfo``y2 mli tcj nlso`jlt rjp`njs of tcj rjej` provobji m sjltjldj, tcmt cj scouì ejfmstjlji to four stmbjs mli `jft to jxpnrj nl tcmt pmnlfu` sntumtnol. Mt tcns dokkmli tcjijspjrmtj Dmrnzknml, irmwnla m imaajr, ruscji cjmiòla towmris tcj tcrolj8 tcjaumris rmnsji tcjnr emtt`j-mxjs2 tcjnr zjm` wms dcjdbji ey M`p Mrs`ml, tcj kost sbn`fu`mrdcjr of tcj maj2 cj irjw cns eow, eut cns foot s`nppji, tcj mrrow a`mldji msnij, mli

cj rjdjnvji nl cns erjmst tcj imaajr of Hosjpc, wco wms nlstmlt`y dut nl pnjdjs. Ycjwouli wms kortm`2 mli tcj Yurbnsc prnldj ejqujmtcji m iynla mikolntnol to tcj prnijof bnlas. ‐Nl ky youtc,‛ smni M`p Mrs`ml, ‐N wms mivnsji ey m smaj to cuke`j kysj`f

ejforj Aoi2 to instrust ky owl strjlatc2 mli ljvjr to ijspnsj tcj kost doltjkptne`jfoj. N cmvj lja`jdtji tcjsj `jssols2 mli ky lja`jdt cms ejjl ijsjrvji`y pulnscji.^jstjrimy, ms frok ml jknljldj N ejcjì tcj lukejrs, tcj insdnp`nlj, mli tcj spnrnt of ky mrknjs, tcj jmrtc sjjkji to trjke`j ulijr ky fjjt2 mli N smni nl ky cjmrt, surj`ytcou mrt tcj bnla of tcj worì, tcj arjmtjst mli kost nlvnldne`j of wmrrnors. Ycjsjmrknjs mrj lo òlajr knlj2 mli, nl tcj dolfnijldj of ky pjrsolm` strjlatc, N low fm``

ey tcj cmli of ml mssmssnl.‛99 M`p Mrs`ml possjssji tcj vnrtujs of m Yurb mli m

Kusu`kml2 cns vondj mli stmturj dokkmliji tcj rjvjrjldj of kmlbnli2 cns fmdj wmsscmiji wntc òla wcnsbjrs2 mli cns mkp`j tureml wms fmscnolji nl tcj scmpj of m





drowl. Ycj rjkmnls of tcj su`tml wjrj ijposntji nl tcj toke of tcj Tj`hubnml iylmsty2mli tcj pmssjlajr knact rjmi mli kjintmtj tcns usjfu` nlsdrnptnol89: ‐O yj wco cmvjsjjl tcj aòry of M`p Mrs`ml jxm`tji to tcj cjmvjls, rjpmnr to Kmru, mli you wn``

ejcoì nt eurnji nl tcj iust!‛ Ycj mllncn`mtnol of tcj nlsdrnptnol, mli tcj toke ntsj`f,korj fordne`y prod`mnks tcj nlstmen`nty of cukml arjmtljss.

Iurnla tcj `nfj of M`p Mrs`ml, cns jìjst sol cmi ejjl mdblow`jiaji ms tcj futurjsu`tml of tcj Yurbs. Ol cns fmtcjr„s ijmtc, tcj nlcjrntmldj wms insputji ey ml uld`j, mdousnl, mli m erotcjr8 tcjy irjw tcjnr sdykjtmrs, mli mssjke`ji tcjnr fo`òwjrs2 mlitcj trnp`j vndtory of Km`jb Tcmc96 jstme`nscji cns owl rjputmtnol mli tcj rnact of

prnkoajlnturj. Nl jvjry maj, mli korj jspjdnm``y nl Msnm, tcj tcnrst of powjr cmsnlspnrji tcj smkj pmssnols mli oddmsnolji tcj smkj insorijrs2 eut, frok tcj òlasjrnjs of dnvn` wmr, nt wouì lot ej jmsy to jxtrmdt m sjltnkjlt korj purj mlikmalmlnkous tcml ns doltmnlji nl m smynla of tcj Yurbnsc prnldj. Ol tcj jvj of tcj

emtt`j, cj pjrforkji cns ijvotnols mt Ycous, ejforj tcj toke of tcj Nkmk Unzm. Ms tcj

su`tml rosj frok tcj arouli, cj msbji cns vnznr Lnzmk, wco cmi blj`t ejsnij cnk,wcmt cmi ejjl tcj oehjdt of cns sjdrjt pjtntnol8 ‐Ycmt your mrks kmy ej drowlji wntcvndtory,‛ wms tcj pruijlt mli kost proeme`y tcj snldjrj mlswjr of tcj knlnstjr. ‐For ky pmrt,‛ rjp`nji tcj ajljrous Km`jb, ‐N nkpòrji tcj @ori of Costs tcmt cj wouìtmbj frok kj ky `nfj mli drowl, nf ky erotcjr ej korj wortcy tcml kysj`f to rjnalovjr tcj Kos`jks.‛ Ycj fmvourme`j huiakjlt of cjmvjl wms rmtnfnji ey tcj dm`npc2mli for tcj fnrst tnkj tcj smdrji tnt`j of Dokkmlijr of tcj Fmntcfu` wms dokkulndmtjito m Emremrnml.96m Eut tcns Emremrnml, ey cns pjrsolm` kjrnt mli tcj jxtjlt of cnsjkpnrj, wms tcj arjmtjst prnldj of cns maj. Mftjr tcj sjtt`jkjlt of Wjrsnm mli Tyrnm, cjkmrdcji mt tcj cjmi of nllukjrme`j mrknjs to mdcnjvj tcj dolqujst of Yurbjstml,wcndc cmi ejjl ulijrtmbjl ey cns fmtcjr. Nl cns pmssmaj of tcj Oxus, tcj eomtkjl,wco cmi ejjl jkpòyji nl trmlsportnla sokj troops, dokp`mnlji tcmt tcjnr pmykjltwms mssnalji ol tcj rjvjlujs of Mltnodc. Ycj su`tml frowlji mt tcns prjpostjrousdcondj, eut cj skn`ji mt tcj mrtfu` f`mttjry of cns vnznr. ‐Nt wms lot to postpolj tcjnr rjwmri tcmt N sj`jdtji tcosj rjkotj p`mdjs, eut to `jmvj m kjkornm` to postjrnty tcmtulijr your rjnal Mltnodc mli tcj Oxus wjrj suehjdt to tcj smkj sovjrjnal.‛ Eut tcnsijsdrnptnol of cns `nknts wms ulhust mli pmrsnkolnous8 ejyoli tcj Oxus, cj rjiudji tocns oejinjldj tcj dntnjs of Eodcmrm, Dmrnzkj, mli Tmkmrdmli, mli druscji jmdcrjej``nous s`mvj, or nlijpjlijlt smvmaj, wco imrji to rjsnst. Km`jb pmssji tcj Tncolor Hmxmrtjs, tcj `mst eoulimry of Wjrsnml dnvn`nsmtnol8 tcj òris of Yurbjstml ynjìji tocns suprjkmdy2 cns lmkj wms nlsjrtji ol tcj donls, mli nl tcj prmyjrs, of Dmscamr, m

Ymrtmr bnlaiok ol tcj jxtrjkj eorijrs of Dcnlm. Frok tcj Dcnljsj froltnjr, cjstrjtdcji cns nkkjinmtj hurnsindtnol or fjuimtory swmy to tcj wjst mli soutc, ms fmr mstcj koultmnls of Ajoranm, tcj ljnaceourcooi of Dolstmltnlop`j, tcj co`y dnty of Hjrusm`jk, mli tcj spndy arovjs of Mrmenm Fj`nx. Nlstjmi of rjsnalnla cnksj`f to tcjùxury of cns cmrjk, tcj scjpcjri bnla, eotc nl pjmdj mli wmr, wms nl mdtnol mli nltcj fnjì. Ey tcj pjrpjtum` kotnol of tcj roym` dmkp, jmdc provnldj wms suddjssnvj`y

e`jssji wntc cns prjsjldj2 mli cj ns smni to cmvj pjrmkeu`mtji twj`vj tnkjs tcj wnijjxtjlt of cns ioknlnols, wcndc surpmssji tcj Msnmtnd rjnal of Dyrus mli tcj dm`npcs.Of tcjsj jxpjintnols, tcj kost pnous mli sp`jlini wms tcj pnàrnkmaj of Kjddm2 tcjfrjjiok mli smfjty of tcj dmrmvmls wjrj protjdtji ey cns mrks2 tcj dntnzjls mli

pnàrnks wjrj jlrndcji ey tcj profusnol of cns m`ks2 mli tcj ijsjrt wms dcjjrji eytcj p`mdjs of rj`njf mli rjfrjsckjlt, wcndc cj nlstntutji for tcj usj of cns erjtcrjl.





Cultnla wms tcj p`jmsurj, mli jvjl tcj pmssnol, of tcj su`tml, mli cns trmnl dolsnstjiof forty-sjvjl tcousmli corsjs2 eut, mftjr tcj kmssmdrj of m Yurbnsc dcmsj, for jmdc

pnjdj of amkj, cj ejstowji m pnjdj of aoì ol tcj poor, m s̀ nact mtoljkjlt, mt tcjjxpjlsj of tcj pjop`j, for tcj dost mli knsdcnjf of tcj mkusjkjlt of bnlas. Nl tcj

pjmdjfu` prospjrnty of cns rjnal, tcj dntnjs of Msnm wjrj miorlji wntc pm`mdjs mli

cospntm`s, wntc kosdcs mli do``jajs2 fjw ijpmrtji frok cns invml wntcout rjwmri, mlilolj wntcout hustndj. Ycj `mlaumaj mli `ntjrmturj of Wjrsnm rjvnvji ulijr tcj cousj of Tj`hub291 mli, nf Km`jb jku`mtji tcj `nejrm`nty of m Yurb `jss potjlt tcml cnksj`f,93cns pm`mdj knact rjsouli wntc tcj solas of ml culirji pojts. Ycj su`tml ejstowji mkorj sjrnous mli `jmrlji dmrj ol tcj rjforkmtnol of tcj dm`jlimr, wcndc wms jffjdtji

ey m ajljrm` mssjke`y of tcj mstrolokjrs of tcj Jmst. Ey m `mw of tcj propcjt, tcjKos`jks mrj dolfnlji to tcj nrrjau`mr doursj of tcj ùlmr koltcs2 nl Wjrsnm, snldj tcjmaj of Xoromstjr, tcj rjvoùtnol of tcj sul cms ejjl blowl mli dj`jermtji ms mlmllum` fjstnvm`29> eut, mftjr tcj fm`` of tcj Kmanml jkpnrj, tcj nltjrdm`mtnol cmi ejjllja`jdtji2 tcj frmdtnols of knlutjs mli cours wjrj ku`tnp`nji nlto imys2 mli tcj imtj

of tcj Tprnla wms rjkovji frok tcj snal of Mrnjs to tcmt of Wnsdjs. Ycj rjnal of Km`jb wms n`ùstrmtji ey tcj Aj`m`æml jrm2 mli m`` jrrors, jntcjr pmst or futurj, wjrjdorrjdtji ey m dokputmtnol of tnkj, wcndc surpmssjs tcj Hu`nml, mli mppromdcjs tcjmddurmdy of tcj Arjaornml, sty`j.:7

Nl m pjrnoi wcjl Juropj wms pùlaji nl tcj ijjpjst emremrnsk, tcj `nact mlisp`jliour of Msnm kmy ej msdrneji to tcj iodn`nty rmtcjr tcml tcj blow`jiaj of tcjYurbnsc dolqujrors. Ml mkp`j scmrj of tcjnr wnsiok mli vnrtuj ns iuj to m Wjrsnmlvnznr, wco ru`ji tcj jkpnrj ulijr tcj rjnal of M`p Mrs`ml mli cns sol. Lnzmk, olj of tcj kost n`ùstrnous knlnstjrs of tcj Jmst, wms colourji ey tcj dm`npc ms ml ormd`j of rj`nanol mli sdnjldj2:= cj wms trustji ey tcj su`tml ms tcj fmntcfu` vndjajrjlt of cns

powjr mli hustndj. Mftjr ml miknlnstrmtnol of tcnrty yjmrs, tcj fmkj of tcj vnznr, cnswjm`tc, mli jvjl cns sjrvndjs wjrj trmlsforkji nlto drnkjs. Cj wms ovjrtcrowl eytcj nlsninous mrts of m wokml mli m rnvm`2 mli cns fm`` wms cmstjlji ey m rmscijd`mrmtnol tcmt cns dmp mli nlb-corl, tcj emiajs of cns offndj, wjrj dolljdtji ey tcjinvnlj ijdrjj wntc tcj tcrolj mli inmijk of tcj su`tml. Mt tcj maj of lnljty-tcrjjyjmrs, tcj vjljrme`j stmtjskml wms insknssji ey cns kmstjr, mddusji ey cns jljknjs,mli kurijrji ey m fmlmtnd8 tcj `mst woris of Lnzmk mttjstji cns nllodjldj, mli tcjrjkmnlijr of Km`jb„s `nfj wms scort mli nlaòrnous. Frok Nspmcml, tcj sdjlj of tcnsinsarmdjfu` trmlsmdtnol, tcj su`tml kovji to Emaimi, wntc tcj ijsnal of trmlsp`mltnlatcj dm`npc, mli of fnxnla cns owl rjsnijldj nl tcj dmpntm` of tcj Kos`jk worì. Ycj

fjje`j suddjssor of Kmcokjt oetmnlji m rjspntj of tjl imys2 mli, ejforj tcj jxpnrmtnolof tcj tjrk, tcj Emremrnml wms sukkolji ey tcj mlaj` of ijmtc. Cns mkemssmiors mtDolstmltnlop`j cmi msbji nl kmrrnmaj m Uokml prnldjss2 eut tcj proposm` wmsijdjlt`y jùiji2 mli tcj imuactjr of M`jxnus, wco knact cjrsj`f cmvj ejjl tcj vndtnk,jxprjssjs cjr mecorrjldj of tcns ullmturm` dolhuldtnol.:5 Ycj imuactjr of tcj su`tmlwms ejstowji ol tcj dm`npc Kodtmin, wntc tcj nkpjrnous dolintnol tcmt, rjlouldnlatcj sodnjty of cns wnvjs mli dolduenljs, cj scouì for jvjr dolfnlj cnksj`f to tcnscolourme`j m``nmldj.

Ycj arjmtljss mli ulnty of tcj Yurbnsc jkpnrj jxpnrji nl tcj pjrsol of Km`jb Tcmc.

Cns vmdmlt tcrolj wms insputji ey cns erotcjr mli cns four sols2 mli, mftjr m sjrnjs of dnvn` wmrs, tcj trjmty wcndc rjdoldn`ji tcj survnvnla dmlinimtjs dolfnrkji m `mstnla





sjpmrmtnol nl tcj Wjrsnml iylmsty, tcj jìjst mli prnldnpm` ermldc of tcj cousj of Tj`hub. Ycj tcrjj youlajr iylmstnjs wjrj tcosj of Bjrkml, of Tyrnm, mli of Uouk8 tcjfnrst of tcjsj dokkmliji ml jxtjlsnvj, tcouac oesdurj,:4 ioknlnol ol tcj scorjs of tcj Nlinml Odjml2:9 tcj sjdoli jxpj``ji tcj Mrmenml prnldjs of M`jppo mliImkmsdus2 mli tcj tcnri, our pjdu`nmr dmrj, nlvmiji tcj Uokml provnldjs of Msnm

Knlor. Ycj ajljrous po`ndy of Km`jb doltrneutji to tcjnr j`jvmtnol2 cj m`òwji tcj prnldjs of cns eòoi, jvjl tcosj wcok cj cmi vmlqunscji nl tcj fnjì, to sjjb ljwbnlaioks wortcy of tcjnr mkentnol2 lor wms cj insp`jmsji tcmt tcjy scouì irmw mwmytcj korj mrijlt spnrnts wco knact cmvj instureji tcj trmlqun``nty of cns rjnal. Ms tcjsuprjkj cjmi of cns fmkn`y mli lmtnol, tcj arjmt su`tml of Wjrsnm dokkmliji tcjoejinjldj mli trneutj of cns roym` erjtcrjl2 tcj tcrolj of Bjrkml mli Lndj, of M`jppomli Imkmsdus2 tcj Mtmejbs, mli jknrs of Tyrnm mli Kjsopotmknm, jrjdtji tcjnr stmlimris ulijr tcj scmiow of cns sdjptrj2:: mli tcj corijs of Yurbkmls ovjrsprjmitcj p`mnls of tcj wjstjrl Msnm. Mftjr tcj ijmtc of Km`jb, tcj emlis of ulnol mlisueorinlmtnol wjrj rj`mxji mli fnlm``y insso`vji2 tcj nliuàjldj of tcj cousj of

Tj`hub nlvjstji tcjnr s`mvjs wntc tcj nlcjrntmldj of bnlaioks2 mli, nl tcj Ornjltm`sty`j, m drowi of prnldjs mrosj frok tcj iust of tcjnr fjjt.:6

M prnldj of tcj roym` `nlj, Dutu`knsc, tcj sol of Nzrmn`, tcj sol of Tj`hub, cmi fm``jl nlm emtt`j mamnlst M`p Mrs`ml2 mli tcj cukmlj vndtor cmi iroppji m tjmr ovjr cns armvj.Cns fnvj sols, strola nl mrks, mkentnous of powjr, mli jmajr for rjvjlaj, ulscjmtcjitcjnr sdykjtmrs mamnlst tcj sol of M`p Mrs`ml. Ycj two mrknjs jxpjdtji tcj snalm`,wcjl tcj dm`npc, forajtfu` of tcj kmhjsty wcndc sjdùiji cnk frok vuàmr jyjs,nltjrposji cns vjljrme`j kjinmtnol. ‐Nlstjmi of scjiinla tcj eòoi of your erjtcrjl,your erjtcrjl eotc nl ijsdjlt mli fmntc, ulntj your fordjs nl ml co`y wmr mamnlst tcjArjjbs, tcj jljknjs of Aoi mli cns mpost`j.‛ Ycjy `nstjlji to cns vondj2 tcj su`tmljkermdji cns rjej``nous bnlskjl2 mli tcj jìjst, tcj vm`nmlt To`nkml, mddjptji tcjroym` stmliimri, wcndc amvj cnk tcj frjj dolqujst mli cjrjintmry dokkmli of tcj

provnldjs of tcj Uokml jkpnrj, frok Mrzjrouk to Dolstmltnlop`j mli tcj ulblowlrjanols of tcj Qjst.:1 Mddokpmlnji ey cns four erotcjrs, cj pmssji tcj Jupcrmtjs8tcj Yurbnsc dmkp wms sool sjmtji nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Butmnjc, nl Wcryanm2 mlicns f`ynla dmvm`ry `mni wmstj tcj doultry ms fmr ms tcj Cj``jspolt mli tcj E`mdb Tjm.Tnldj tcj ijd`nlj of tcj jkpnrj, tcj pjlnlsu`m of Msnm Knlor cmi ejjl jxposji to tcjtrmlsnjlt tcouac ijstrudtnvj nlromis of tcj Wjrsnmls mli Tmrmdjls2 eut tcj frunts of m`mstnla dolqujst wjrj rjsjrvji for tcj Yurbnsc su`tml2 mli cns mrks wjrj nltroiudji

ey tcj Arjjbs, wco mspnrji to rjnal ol tcj runls of tcjnr doultry. Tnldj tcj dmptnvnty

of Uokmlus, snx yjmrs tcj fjje`j sol of Juiodnm cmi trjke`ji ulijr tcj wjnact of tcjNkpjrnm` drowl, tn`` tcj provnldjs of tcj Jmst mli Qjst wjrj òst nl tcj smkj koltc

ey m ioue`j rjej``nol8 of jntcjr dcnjf Lndjpcorus wms tcj dokkol lmkj2 eut tcjsurlmkjs of Eryjllnus mli Eotolnmtjs instnlaunsc tcj Juropjml mli Msnmtnddmlinimtjs. Ycjnr rjmsols, or rmtcjr tcjnr proknsjs, wjrj wjnacji nl tcj invml2 mli,mftjr sokj cjsntmtnol, To`nkml ijd`mrji cnksj`f nl fmvour of Eotolnmtjs, opjlji m frjj

pmssmaj to cns troops nl tcjnr kmrdc frok Mltnodc to Lndj, mli honlji tcj emlljr of tcj drjsdjlt to tcmt of tcj dross. Mftjr cns m``y cmi msdjliji tcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`j, tcj su`tml wms cospntme`y jltjrtmnlji nl tcj sueure of Dcrysopo`ns or Tdutmrn2 mli m eoiy of two tcousmli Yurbs wms trmlsportji nlto Juropj, to wcosj

ijxtjrnty mli dourmaj tcj ljw jkpjror wms nlijetji for tcj ijfjmt mli dmptnvnty of cns rnvm` Eryjllnus. Eut tcj dolqujst of Juropj wms ijmr`y purdcmsji ey tcj smdrnfndj





of Msnm8 Dolstmltnlop`j wms ijprnvji of tcj oejinjldj mli rjvjluj of tcj provnldjs ejyoli tcj Eospcorus mli Cj``jspolt2 mli tcj rjau`mr proarjss of tcj Yurbs, wcofortnfnji tcj pmssjs of tcj rnvjrs mli koultmnls, `jft lot m copj of tcjnr rjtrjmt or jxpu`snol. Mlotcjr dmlinimtj nkpòrji tcj mni of tcj su`tml8:3 Kj`nssjlus, nl cns

purp`j roejs mli rji eusbnls, mttjliji tcj kotnols of tcj Yurbnsc dmkp2 mli tcj

ijspolinla dntnjs wjrj tjkptji ey tcj sukkols of m Uokml prnldj, wco nkkjinmtj`ysurrjlijrji tcjk nlto tcj cmlis of tcj Emremrnmls. Ycjsj mdqunsntnols wjrj dolfnrkji

ey m trjmty of pjmdj wntc tcj jkpjror M`jxnus2 cns fjmr of Uoejrt dokpj``ji cnk tosjjb tcj frnjliscnp of To`nkml2 mli nt wms lot tn`` mftjr tcj su`tml„s ijmtc tcmt cjjxtjliji ms fmr ms Lndokjinm, meout snxty kn`js frok Dolstmltnlop`j, tcj jmstjrl

eoulimry of tcj Uokml worì. Yrjenzoli mòlj, ijfjliji ol jntcjr snij ey tcj sjmmli koultmnls, prjsjrvji mt tcj jxtrjknty of tcj Juxnlj tcj mldnjlt dcmrmdtjr of mArjjb doòly, mli tcj futurj ijstnly of m Dcrnstnml jkpnrj.

Tnldj tcj fnrst dolqujsts of tcj dm`npcs, tcj jstme`nsckjlt of tcj Yurbs nl Mlmto`nm, or

Msnm Knlor, wms tcj kost ijpòrme`j òss wcndc tcj dcurdc mli jkpnrj cmi sustmnlji.Ey tcj propmamtnol of tcj Kos`jk fmntc, To`nkml ijsjrvji tcj lmkj of Amzn, m co`ydcmkpnol2 mli cns ljw bnlaiok of tcj Uokmls, or of Uouk, wms miiji to tcj tme`jsof Ornjltm` ajoarmpcy. Nt ns ijsdrneji ms jxtjlinla frok tcj Jupcrmtjs toDolstmltnlop`j, frok tcj E`mdb Tjm to tcj dolfnljs of Tyrnm2 prjalmlt wntc knljs of sn`vjr mli nrol, of mùk mli doppjr, fruntfu` nl dorl mli wnlj, mli proiudtnvj of dmtt`jmli jxdj``jlt corsjs.:> Ycj wjm`tc of @yinm, tcj mrts of tcj Arjjbs, tcj sp`jliour of tcj Muaustml maj, jxnstji ol`y nl eoobs mli runls, wcndc wjrj jqum``y oesdurj nl tcjjyjs of tcj Tdytcnml dolqujrors. ^jt, nl tcj prjsjlt ijdmy, Mlmto`nm stn`` doltmnls

sokj wjm`tcy mli popuòus dntnjs2 mli, ulijr tcj Eyzmltnlj jkpnrj, tcjy wjrj fmr korj fòurnscnla nl lukejrs, snzj, mli opu`jldj. Ey tcj dcondj of tcj su`tml, Lndj, tcjkjtropo`ns of Entcylnm, wms prjfjrrji for cns pm`mdj mli fortrjss8 tcj sjmt of tcjTj`hubnml iylmsty of Uouk wms p`mltji olj culirji kn`js frok Dolstmltnlop`j2 mlitcj invnlnty of Dcrnst wms ijlnji mli ijrniji nl tcj smkj tjkp`j nl wcndc nt cmi ejjl

prolouldji ey tcj fnrst ajljrm` syloi of tcj Dmtco`nds. Ycj ulnty of Aoi mli tcjknssnol of Kmcokjt wjrj prjmdcji nl tcj kosdcs2 tcj Mrmenml `jmrlnla wms tmuact nltcj sdcoo`s2 tcj Dmicns huiaji mddorinla to tcj `mw of tcj Borml2 tcj Yurbnsckmlljrs mli `mlaumaj prjvmn`ji nl tcj dntnjs2 mli Yurbkml dmkps wjrj sdmttjrji ovjr tcj p`mnls mli koultmnls of Mlmto`nm. Ol tcj cmri dolintnols of trneutj mli sjrvntuij,tcj Arjjb Dcrnstnmls knact jlhoy tcj jxjrdnsj of tcjnr rj`nanol2 eut tcjnr kost co`ydcurdcjs wjrj profmlji2 tcjnr prnjsts mli enscops wjrj nlsu`tji267 tcjy wjrj

dokpj``ji to suffjr tcj trnukpc of tcj Wmamls mli tcj mpostmdy of tcjnr erjtcrjl2kmly tcousmli dcnìrjl wjrj kmrbji ey tcj blnfj of dnrdukdnsnol2 mli kmlytcousmli dmptnvjs wjrj ijvotji to tcj sjrvndj or tcj p`jmsurjs of tcjnr kmstjrs.6=Mftjr tcj òss of Msnm, Mltnodc stn`` kmnltmnlji cjr prnkntnvj m``janmldj to Dcrnst mliDæsmr2 eut tcj so`ntmry provnldj wms sjpmrmtji frok m`` Uokml mni, mli surrouliji olm`` snijs ey tcj Kmcokjtml powjrs. Ycj ijspmnr of Wcn`mrjtus tcj aovjrlor prjpmrjitcj smdrnfndj of cns rj`nanol mli òym`ty, cmi lot cns aun`t ejjl prjvjltji ey cns sol,wco cmstjlji to tcj Lndjlj pm`mdj, mli offjrji to ij`nvjr tcns vmùme`j prnzj nlto tcjcmlis of To`nkml. Ycj mkentnous su`tml koultji ol corsjemdb, mli nl twj`vj lnacts(for cj rjposji nl tcj imy) pjrforkji m kmrdc of snx culirji kn`js. Mltnodc wms

opprjssji ey tcj spjji mli sjdrjdy of cns jltjrprnsj2 mli tcj ijpjlijlt dntnjs, ms fmr ms @moindjm mli tcj dolfnljs of M`jppo,65 oejyji tcj jxmkp`j of tcj kjtropo`ns.





Frok @moindjm to tcj Ycrmdnml Eospcorus, or mrk of Tt. Ajoraj, tcj dolqujsts mlirjnal of To`nkml jxtjliji tcnrty imys„ hourljy nl `jlatc, mli nl erjmitc meout tjl or fnftjjl, ejtwjjl tcj rodbs of @ydnm mli tcj E`mdb Tjm.64 Ycj Yurbnsc nalormldj of lmvnamtnol protjdtji, for m wcn`j, tcj nlaòrnous smfjty of tcj jkpjror2 eut lo sooljr cmi m f`jjt of two culirji scnps ejjl dolstrudtji ey tcj cmlis of tcj dmptnvj Arjjbs,

tcml M`jxnus trjke`ji ejcnli tcj wm``s of cns dmpntm`. Cns p`mnltnvj jpnst`js wjrjinspjrsji ovjr Juropj, to jxdntj tcj dokpmssnol of tcj @mtnls, mli to pmnlt tcj imlajr,tcj wjmbljss, mli tcj rndcjs of tcj dnty of Dolstmltnlj.69

Eut tcj kost nltjrjstnla dolqujst of tcj Tj`hubnml Yurbs wms tcmt of Hjrusm`jk,6:wcndc sool ejdmkj tcj tcjmtrj of lmtnols. Nl tcjnr dmpntu`mtnol wntc Okmr, tcjnlcmentmlts cmi stnpu`mtji tcj mssurmldj of tcjnr rj`nanol mli propjrty2 eut tcj mrtnd`jswjrj nltjrprjtji ey m kmstjr mamnlst wcok nt wms imlajrous to insputj2 mli nl tcjfour culirji yjmrs of tcj rjnal of tcj dm`npcs, tcj po`ntndm` d`nkmtj of Hjrusm`jk wmsjxposji to tcj vndnssntuijs of storks mli sulscnlj.66 Ey tcj nldrjmsj of prosj`ytjs

mli popu`mtnol, tcj Kmcokjtmls knact jxdusj tcjnr usurpmtnol of tcrjj fourtcs of tcjdnty2 eut m pjdu`nmr qumrtjr wms rjsjrvji for tcj pmtrnmrdc wntc cns d`jray mli pjop`j2 mtrneutj of two pnjdjs of aoì wms tcj prndj of protjdtnol2 mli tcj sjpu`dcrj of Dcrnst,wntc tcj dcurdc of tcj Ujsurrjdtnol, wms stn`` `jft nl tcj cmlis of cns votmrnjs. Of tcjsjvotmrnjs, tcj kost lukjrous mli rjspjdtme`j portnol wjrj strmlajrs to Hjrusm`jk8 tcj

pnàrnkmajs to tcj Co`y @mli cmi ejjl stnku`mtji, rmtcjr tcml supprjssji, ey tcjdolqujst of tcj Mrmes2 mli tcj jltcusnmsk wcndc cmi m`wmys prokptji tcjsj pjrnòus

hourljys wms lournscji ey tcj dolajlnm` pmssnols of arnjf mli nlinalmtnol. M drowiof pnàrnks frok tcj Jmst mli Qjst doltnluji to vnsnt tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj mli tcjmihmdjlt smldtumrnjs, korj jspjdnm``y mt tcj fjstnvm` mt Jmstjr2 mli tcj Arjjbs mli@mtnls, tcj Ljstornmls mli Hmdoentjs, tcj Dopts mli Meyssnlnmls, tcj Mrkjlnmls mliAjoranmls, kmnltmnlji tcj dcmpj`s, tcj d`jray, mli tcj poor of tcjnr rjspjdtnvjdokkulnols. Ycj cmrkoly of prmyjr nl so kmly vmrnous tolaujs, tcj worscnp of sokmly lmtnols nl tcj dokkol tjkp`j of tcjnr rj`nanol, knact cmvj mfforiji m spjdtmd`jof jinfndmtnol mli pjmdj2 eut tcj zjm` of tcj Dcrnstnml sjdts wms jkenttjrji ey cmtrjimli rjvjlaj2 mli nl tcj bnlaiok of m suffjrnla Kjssnmc, wco cmi pmriolji cnsjljknjs, tcjy mspnrji to dokkmli mli pjrsjdutj tcjnr spnrntum` erjtcrjl. Ycj prj-jknljldj wms mssjrtji ey tcj spnrnt mli lukejrs of tcj Frmlbs2 mli tcj arjmtljss of Dcmr`jkmalj61 protjdtji eotc tcj @mtnl pnàrnks, mli tcj Dmtco`nds of tcj Jmst. Ycj

povjrty of Dmrtcmaj, M`jxmlirnm, mli Hjrusm`jk wms rj`njvji ey tcj m`ks of tcmt pnousjkpjror2 mli kmly kolmstjrnjs of Wm`jstnlj wjrj fouliji or rjstorji ey cns `nejrm`

ijvotnol. Cmrul M`rmscni, tcj arjmtjst of tcj Meemssnijs, jstjjkji nl cns Dcrnstnml erotcjr m snkn`mr suprjkmdy of ajlnus mli powjr2 tcjnr frnjliscnp wms djkjltji ey mfrjqujlt nltjrdoursj of anfts mli jkemssnjs2 mli tcj dm`npc, wntcout rjsnalnla tcjsuestmltnm` ioknlnol, prjsjltji tcj jkpjror wntc tcj bjys of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, mli

pjrcmps of tcj dnty of Hjrusm`jk. Nl tcj ijd`nlj of tcj Dmròvnlanml kolmrdcy, tcjrjpue`nd of Mkm`pcn prokotji tcj nltjrjst of trmij mli rj`nanol nl tcj Jmst. Cjr vjssj`s trmlsportji tcj @mtnl pnàrnks to tcj domsts of Jaypt mli Wm`jstnlj, mliijsjrvji, ey tcjnr usjfu` nkports, tcj fmvour mli m``nmldj of tcj Fmtnkntj dm`npcs863 mlmllum` fmnr wms nlstntutji ol Koult Dm`vmry2 mli tcj Ntm`nml kjrdcmlts fouliji tcjdolvjlt mli cospntm` of Tt. Hocl of Hjrusm`jk, tcj drmi`j of tcj kolmstnd mli kn`ntmry

orijr, wcndc cms snldj rjnalji nl tcj ns`js of Ucoijs mli of Km`tm. Cmi tcj Dcrnstnml pnàrnks ejjl doltjlt to rjvjrj tcj toke of m propcjt, tcj insdnp`js of Kmcokjt,





nlstjmi of e`mknla, wouì cmvj nkntmtji, tcjnr pnjty2 eut tcjsj rnani Zlntmrnmls wjrjsdmlim`nsji ey m worscnp wcndc rjprjsjlts tcj enrtc, ijmtc, mli rjsurrjdtnol of m Aoi2tcj Dmtco`nd nkmajs wjrj ermliji wntc tcj lmkj of nio`s2 mli tcj Kos`jks skn`jiwntc nlinalmtnol6> mt tcj knrmduòus f`mkj, wcndc wms bnli`ji ol tcj jvj of Jmstjr nltcj co`y sjpu`dcrj.17 Ycns pnous frmui, fnrst ijvnsji nl tcj lnltc djltury,1= wms

ijvout`y dcjrnscji ey tcj @mtnl drusmijrs, mli ns mllum``y rjpjmtji ey tcj d`jray of tcj Arjjb, Mrkjlnml, mli Doptnd sjdts,15 wco nkposj ol tcj drjiuòus spjdtmtors14for tcjnr owl ejljfnt mli tcmt of tcjnr tyrmlts. Nl jvjry maj, m prnldnp`j of to`jrmtnolcms ejjl fortnfnji ey m sjlsj of nltjrjst2 mli tcj rjvjluj of tcj prnldj mli cns jknr wms nldrjmsji jmdc yjmr ey tcj jxpjlsj mli trneutj of so kmly tcousmli strmlajrs.

Ycj rjvoùtnol wcndc trmlsfjrrji tcj sdjptrj frok tcj Meemssnijs to tcj Fmtnkntjs wmsm ejljfnt, rmtcjr tcml ml nlhury, to tcj Co`y @mli. M sovjrjnal rjsnijlt nl Jaypt wmskorj sjlsne`j of tcj nkportmldj of Dcrnstnml trmij2 mli tcj jknrs of Wm`jstnlj wjrj`jss rjkotj frok tcj hustndj mli powjr of tcj tcrolj. Eut tcj tcnri of tcjsj Fmtnkntj

dm`npcs wms tcj fmkous Cmbjk,19 m frmltnd youtc, wco wms ij`nvjrji ey cns nkpnjtymli ijspotnsk frok tcj fjmr jntcjr of Aoi or kml2 mli wcosj rjnal wms m wnìknxturj of vndj mli fo``y. Ujamri`jss of tcj kost mldnjlt dustoks of Jaypt, cjnkposji ol tcj wokjl ml mesoùtj dolfnljkjlt8 tcj rjstrmnlt jxdntji tcj d`mkours of

eotc sjxjs2 tcjnr d`mkours provobji cns fury2 m pmrt of Oì Dmnro wms ij`nvjrji to tcjf`mkjs2 mli tcj aumris mli dntnzjls wjrj jlamaji kmly imys nl m eòoiy dolf`ndt. Mtfnrst tcj dm`npc ijd`mrji cnksj`f m zjmòus Kusu`kml, tcj foulijr or ejljfmdtor of kosdcs mli do``jajs2 twj`vj culirji mli lnljty dopnjs of tcj Borml wjrj trmlsdrnejimt cns jxpjlsj nl `jttjrs of aoì2 mli cns jindt jxtnrpmtji tcj vnljymris of tcj Zppjr Jaypt. Eut cns vmlnty wms sool f`mttjrji ey tcj copj of nltroiudnla m ljw rj`nanol2 cjmspnrji meovj tcj fmkj of m propcjt, mli sty`ji cnksj`f tcj vnsne`j nkmaj of tcj KostCnac Aoi, wco, mftjr lnlj mppmrntnols ol jmrtc, wms mt `jlatc kmlnfjst nl cns roym`

pjrsol. Mt tcj lmkj of Cmbjk, tcj òri of tcj `nvnla mli tcj ijmi, jvjry bljj wms ejlt nl rj`nanous miormtnol8 cns kystjrnjs wjrj pjrforkji ol m koultmnl ljmr Dmnro2snxtjjl tcousmli dolvjrts cmi snalji cns profjssnol of fmntc2 mli mt tcj prjsjlt cour, mfrjj mli wmr`nbj pjop`j, tcj Irusjs of Koult @nemlus, mrj pjrsumiji of tcj `nfj mliinvnlnty of m kmikml mli tyrmlt.1: Nl cns invnlj dcmrmdtjr, Cmbjk cmtji tcj Hjws mliDcrnstnmls, ms tcj sjrvmlts of cns rnvm`s2 wcn`j sokj rjkmnls of prjhuindj or pruijldjstn`` p`jmiji nl fmvour of tcj `mw of Kmcokjt.16 Eotc nl Jaypt mli Wm`jstnlj, cnsdruj` mli wmltol pjrsjdutnol kmij sokj kmrtyrs mli kmly mpostmtjs8 tcj dokkolrnacts mli spjdnm` prnvn`jajs of tcj sjdtmrnjs wjrj jqum``y insrjamriji2 mli m ajljrm`

nltjrindt wms `mni ol tcj ijvotnol of strmlajrs mli lmtnvjs. Ycj tjkp`j of tcj Dcrnstnmlworì, tcj dcurdc of tcj Ujsurrjdtnol, wms ijko`nscji to nts foulimtnols2 tcjùknlous proinay of Jmstjr wms nltjrruptji, mli kudc profmlj `meour wms jxcmustjito ijstroy tcj dmvj nl tcj rodb, wcndc propjr`y dolstntutjs tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj. Mt tcjrjport of tcns smdrn`jaj, tcj lmtnols of Juropj wjrj mstolnscji mli mff`ndtji2 eut,nlstjmi of mrknla nl tcj ijfjldj of tcj Co`y @mli, tcjy doltjltji tcjksj`vjs wntc

eurlnla or emlnscnla tcj Hjws, ms tcj sjdrjt mivnsjrs of tcj nkpnous Emremrnml.11 ^jttcj dm`mkntnjs of Hjrusm`jk wjrj nl sokj kjmsurj m``jvnmtji ey tcj nldolstmldy or rjpjltmldj of Cmbjk cnksj`f2 mli tcj roym` kmlimtj wms sjm`ji for tcj rjstntutnol of tcj dcurdcjs, wcjl tcj tyrmlt wms mssmssnlmtji ey tcj jknssmrnjs of cns snstjr. Ycj

suddjjinla dm`npcs rjsukji tcj kmxnks of rj`nanol mli po`ndy2 m frjj to`jrmtnol wmsmamnl armltji2 wntc tcj pnous mni of tcj jkpjror of Dolstmltnlop`j tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj





mrosj frok nts runls2 mli, mftjr m scort mestnljldj, tcj pnàrnks rjturlji wntc mlnldrjmsj of mppjtntj to tcj spnrntum` fjmst.13 Nl tcj sjm-voymaj of Wm`jstnlj, tcj imlajrswjrj frjqujlt mli tcj opportulntnjs rmrj8 eut tcj dolvjrsnol of Culamry opjlji m smfjdokkulndmtnol ejtwjjl Ajrkmly mli Arjjdj. Ycj dcmrnty of Tt. Ttjpcjl, tcj mpost`jof cns bnlaiok, rj`njvji mli doliudtji cns ntnljrmlt erjtcrjl21> mli frok Ejàrmij to

Mltnodc tcjy trmvjrsji fnftjjl culirji kn`js of m Dcrnstnml jkpnrj. Mkola tcjFrmlbs, tcj zjm` of pnàrnkmaj prjvmn`ji ejyoli tcj jxmkp`j of forkjr tnkjs2 mli tcjromis wjrj dovjrji wntc ku`tntuijs of jntcjr sjx mli of jvjry rmlb, wco profjssjitcjnr doltjkpt of `nfj, so sool ms tcjy scouì cmvj bnssji tcj toke of tcjnr Ujijjkjr.Wrnldjs mli prj`mtjs memliolji tcj dmrj of tcjnr ioknlnols2 mli tcj lukejrs of tcjsj

pnous dmrmvmls wjrj m prjùij to tcj mrknjs wcndc kmrdcji nl tcj jlsunla maj ulijr tcj emlljr of tcj dross. Meout tcnrty yjmrs ejforj tcj fnrst drusmij, tcj mrdcenscop of Kjltz, wntc tcj enscops of Ztrjdct, Emkejra, mli Umtnseol, ulijrtoob tcns `meornous

hourljy frok tcj Ucnlj to tcj Horiml2 mli tcj ku`tntuij of tcjnr fo`òwjrs mkoultjito sjvjl tcousmli pjrsols. Mt Dolstmltnlop`j, tcjy wjrj cospntme`y jltjrtmnlji ey tcj

jkpjror2 eut tcj ostjltmtnol of tcjnr wjm`tc provobji tcj mssmu`t of tcj wnì Mrmes2tcjy irjw tcjnr sworis wntc sdrupuòus rjùdtmldj, mli sustmnlji m snjaj nl tcj vn``majof Dmpjrlmuk, tn`` tcjy wjrj rjsduji ey tcj vjlm` protjdtnol of tcj Fmtnkntj jknr.Mftjr vnsntnla tcj co`y p`mdjs, tcjy jkemrbji for Ntm`y, eut ol`y m rjklmlt of twotcousmli mrrnvji nl smfjty nl tcjnr lmtnvj `mli. Nlau`pcus, m sjdrjtmry of Qn``nmk tcjDolqujror, wms m dokpmlnol of tcns pnàrnkmaj2 cj oesjrvjs tcmt tcjy sm``nji frok

Lorkmliy, tcnrty stout mli wj``-mpponltji corsjkjl2 eut tcmt tcjy rjpmssji tcj M`ps,twjlty knsjrme`j pm`kjrs, wntc tcj stmff nl tcjnr cmli, mli tcj wm``jt mt tcjnr emdb.37

Mftjr tcj ijfjmt of tcj Uokmls, tcj trmlqun``nty of tcj Fmtnkntj dm`npcs wms nlvmiji eytcj Yurbs.3= Olj of tcj `njutjlmlts of Km`jb Tcmc, Mtsnz tcj Dmrnzknml, kmrdcji nltoTyrnm mt tcj cjmi of m powjrfu` mrky, mli rjiudji Imkmsdus ey fmknlj mli tcjswori. Cjks, mli tcj otcjr dntnjs of tcj provnldj, mdblow`jiaji tcj dm`npc of Emaimimli tcj su`tml of Wjrsnm2 mli tcj vndtornous jknr mivmldji wntcout rjsnstmldj to tcj

emlbs of tcj Ln`j2 tcj Fmtnkntj wms prjpmrnla to f`y nlto tcj cjmrt of Mfrndm2 eut tcjljarojs of cns aumri mli tcj nlcmentmlts of Dmnro kmij m ijspjrmtj sm``y, mli rjpu`sjitcj Yurb frok tcj dolfnljs of Jaypt. Nl cns rjtrjmt, cj nliuàji tcj `ndjldj of s`muactjr mli rmpnlj2 tcj huiaj mli lotmrnjs of Hjrusm`jk wjrj nlvntji to cns dmkp2mli tcjnr jxjdutnol wms fo`òwji ey tcj kmssmdrj of tcrjj tcousmli dntnzjls. Ycjdruj`ty or tcj ijfjmt of Mtsnz wms sool pulnscji ey tcj su`tml Youdusc, tcj erotcjr of Km`jb Tcmc, wco, wntc m cnacjr tnt`j mli korj forknime`j powjrs, mssjrtji tcj

ioknlnol of Tyrnm mli Wm`jstnlj. Ycj cousj of Tj`hub rjnalji meout twjlty yjmrs nlHjrusm`jk235 eut tcj cjrjintmry dokkmli of tcj co`y dnty mli tjrrntory wms jltrustjior memliolji to tcj jknr Ortob, tcj dcnjf of m trnej35m of Yurbkmls, wcosj dcnìrjl,mftjr tcjnr jxpu`snol frok Wm`jstnlj, forkji two iylmstnjs ol tcj eorijrs of Mrkjlnmmli Mssyrnm.34 Ycj Ornjltm` Dcrnstnmls mli tcj @mtnl pnàrnks ijpòrji m rjvoùtnol,wcndc, nlstjmi of tcj rjau`mr aovjrlkjlt mli oì m``nmldj of tcj dm`npcs, nkposji oltcjnr ljdbs tcj nrol yobj of tcj strmlajrs of tcj Lortc.39 Nl cns dourt mli dmkp tcjarjmt su`tml cmi mioptji nl sokj ijarjj tcj mrts mli kmlljrs of Wjrsnm2 eut tcj eoiyof tcj Yurbnsc lmtnol, mli korj jspjdnm``y tcj pmstorm` trnejs, stn`` erjmtcji tcjfnjrdjljss of tcj ijsjrt. Frok Lndj to Hjrusm`jk, tcj wjstjrl doultrnjs of Msnm wjrj m

sdjlj of forjnal mli iokjstnd costn`nty2 mli tcj scjpcjris of Wm`jstnlj, wco cjì m prjdmrnous swmy ol m iouetfu` froltnjr, cmi ljntcjr `jnsurj lor dmpmdnty to mwmnt tcj





sòw profnts of dokkjrdnm` mli rj`nanous frjjiok. Ycj pnàrnks, wco, tcrouacnllukjrme`j pjrn`s, cmi rjmdcji tcj amtjs of Hjrusm`jk, wjrj tcj vndtnks of prnvmtjrmpnlj or pue`nd opprjssnol, mli oftjl sulb ulijr tcj prjssurj of fmknlj mli insjmsj,

ejforj tcjy wjrj pjrknttji to smùtj tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj. M spnrnt of lmtnvj emremrnsk,or rjdjlt zjm`, prokptji tcj Yurbkmls to nlsu`t tcj d`jray of jvjry sjdt2 tcj pmtrnmrdc

wms irmaaji ey tcj cmnr mòla tcj pmvjkjlt mli dmst nlto m iulajol, to jxtort mrmlsok frok tcj sykpmtcy of cns fòdb2 mli tcj invnlj worscnp nl tcj dcurdc of tcjUjsurrjdtnol wms oftjl instureji ey tcj smvmaj ruijljss of nts kmstjrs. Ycj pmtcjtndtm`j jxdntji tcj kn``nols of tcj Qjst to kmrdc ulijr tcj stmlimri of tcj Dross to tcjrj`njf of tcj Co`y @mli2 mli yjt cow trnf`nla ns tcj suk of tcjsj mdduku`mtji jvn`s, nf dokpmrji wntc tcj snla`j mdt of tcj smdrn`jaj of Cmbjk, wcndc cmi ejjl so pmtnjlt`yjliurji ey tcj @mtnl Dcrnstnmls! M s`nactjr provodmtnol nlf`mkji tcj korj nrmsdne`jtjkpjr of tcjnr ijsdjlimlts8 m ljw spnrnt cmi mrnsjl of rj`nanous dcnvm`ry mli pmpmìoknlnol2 m ljrvj wms toudcji of jxqunsntj fjj`nla2 mli tcj sjlsmtnol vnermtji to tcjcjmrt of Juropj.






DCMWYJU @VNNN

Ornanl mli Lukejrs of tcj Fnrst Drusmij ’ Dcmrmdtjrs of tcj @mtnl Wrnldjs ’ Ycjnr

Kmrdc to Dolstmltnlop`j ’ Wo`ndy of tcj Arjjb Jkpjror M`jxnus ’ Dolqujst of

Lndj, Mltnodc, mli Hjrusm`jk, ey tcj Frmlbs ’ Ij`nvjrmldj of tcj Co`y Tjpu`dcrj ’

Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl, fnrst Bnla of Hjrusm`jk ’ Nlstntutnols of tcj Frjldc or @mtnl

Bnlaiok

Meout twjlty yjmrs mftjr tcj dolqujst of Hjrusm`jk ey tcj Yurbs, tcj co`y sjpu`dcrjwms vnsntji ey ml cjrknt of tcj lmkj of Wjtjr, m lmtnvj of Mknjls, nl tcj provnldj of Wndmriy= nl Frmldj. Cns rjsjltkjlt mli sykpmtcy wjrj jxdntji ey cns owl nlhurnjsmli tcj opprjssnol of tcj Dcrnstnml lmkj2 cj knla`ji cns tjmrs wntc tcosj of tcj

pmtrnmrdc, mli jmrljst`y nlqunrji nf lo copjs of rj`njf douì ej jltjrtmnlji frok tcj

Arjjb jkpjrors of tcj Jmst. Ycj pmtrnmrdc jxposji tcj vndjs mli wjmbljss of tcjsuddjssors of Dolstmltnlj. ‐N wn`` rousj,‛ jxd`mnkji tcj cjrknt, ‐tcj kmrtnm` lmtnolsof Juropj nl your dmusj2‛ mli Juropj wms oejinjlt to tcj dm`` of tcj cjrknt. Ycjmstolnscji pmtrnmrdc insknssji cnk wntc jpnst`js of drjint mli dokp`mnlt2 mli losooljr ini cj `mli mt Emrn tcml Wjtjr cmstjlji to bnss tcj fjjt of tcj Uokml Woltnff.Cns stmturj wms skm``, cns mppjmrmldj doltjkptne`j2 eut cns jyj wms bjjl mli `nvj`y2mli cj possjssji tcmt vjcjkjldj of spjjdc wcndc sjìok fmn`s to nkpmrt tcj

pjrsumsnol of tcj sou`.5 Cj wms eorl of m ajlt`jkml„s fmkn`y (for wj kust low mioptm koijrl ninok), mli cns kn`ntmry sjrvndj wms ulijr tcj ljnaceournla doults of Eouòalj, tcj cjrojs of tcj fnrst drusmij. Eut cj sool rj`nlqunscji tcj swori mli tcj

worì2 mli, nf nt ej truj tcmt cns wnfj, cowjvjr loe`j, wms maji mli ua`y, cj knactwntcirmw, wntc tcj `jss rjùdtmldj, frok cjr eji to m dolvjlt, mli mt `jlatc to mlcjrkntmaj. Nl tcns mustjrj so`ntuij, cns eoiy wms jkmdnmtji, cns fmldy wms nlf`mkji2wcmtjvjr cj wnscji, cj ej`njvji2 wcmtjvjr cj ej`njvji, cj smw nl irjmks mlirjvj`mtnols. Frok Hjrusm`jk tcj pnàrnk rjturlji ml mddokp`nscji fmlmtnd2 eut, ms cjjxdj``ji nl tcj popu`mr kmiljss of tcj tnkjs, Wopj Zreml tcj Tjdoli rjdjnvji cnk msm propcjt, mpp`muiji cns aòrnous ijsnal, proknsji to support nt nl m ajljrm` douldn`,mli jldourmaji cnk to prod`mnk tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcj Co`y @mli. Nlvnaormtji ey tcjmpproemtnol of tcj Woltnff, cns zjmòus knssnolmry trmvjrsji, wntc spjji mli suddjss,tcj provnldjs of Ntm`y mli Frmldj. Cns injt wms mestjknous, cns prmyjrs òla mlifjrvjlt, mli tcj m`ks wcndc cj rjdjnvji wntc olj cmli, cj instrneutji wntc tcj otcjr2cns cjmi wms emrj, cns fjjt lmbji, cns kjmarj eoiy wms wrmpt nl m domrsj amrkjlt2 cj

eorj mli insp`myji m wjnacty drudnfnx2 mli tcj mss ol wcndc cj roij wms smldtnfnji nltcj pue`nd jyj ey tcj sjrvndj of tcj kml of Aoi. Cj prjmdcji to nllukjrme`j drowisnl tcj dcurdcjs, tcj strjjts, mli tcj cnacwmys8 tcj cjrknt jltjrji wntc jqum`dolfnijldj tcj pm`mdj mli tcj dottmaj2 mli tcj pjop`j, for m`` wms pjop`j, wjrjnkpjtuous`y kovji ey cns dm`` to rjpjltmldj mli mrks. Qcjl cj pmnltji tcjsuffjrnlas of tcj lmtnvjs mli pnàrnks of Wm`jstnlj, jvjry cjmrt wms kj`tji todokpmssnol2 jvjry erjmst aòwji wntc nlinalmtnol, wcjl cj dcm``jlaji tcj wmrrnorsof tcj maj to ijfjli tcjnr erjtcrjl mli rjsduj tcjnr Tmvnour8 cns nalormldj of mrt mli`mlaumaj wms dokpjlsmtji ey snacs, mli tjmrs, mli jhmdu`mtnols2 mli Wjtjr supp`nji

tcj ijfndnjldy of rjmsol ey òui mli frjqujlt mppjm`s to Dcrnst mli cns kotcjr, to tcjsmnlts mli mlaj`s of pmrminsj, wntc wcok cj cmi pjrsolm``y dolvjrsji. Ycj kost





pjrfjdt ormtor of Mtcjls knact cmvj jlvnji tcj suddjss of cns jòqujldj8 tcj rustndjltcusnmst nlspnrji tcj pmssnols wcndc cj fj`t, mli Dcrnstjliok jxpjdtji wntcnkpmtnjldj tcj doulsj`s mli ijdrjjs of tcj suprjkj Woltnff.

`f75=9-=7_fnaurj_779

Ycj kmalmlnkous spnrnt of Arjaory tcj Tjvjltc cmi m`rjmiy jkermdji tcj ijsnal of mrknla Juropj mamnlst Msnm2 tcj mriour of cns zjm` mli mkentnol stn`` erjmtcjs nl cnsjpnst`js. Frok jntcjr snij of tcj M`ps, fnfty tcousmli Dmtco`nds cmi jl`nstji ulijr tcj

emlljr of Tt. Wjtjr24 mli cns suddjssor rjvjm`s cns nltjltnol of kmrdcnla mt tcjnr cjmimamnlst tcj nkpnous sjdtmrnjs of Kmcokjt. Eut tcj aòry or rjpromdc of jxjdutnla,tcouac lot nl pjrsol, tcns co`y jltjrprnsj wms rjsjrvji for Zreml tcj Tjdoli,9 tcjkost fmntcfu` of cns insdnp`js. Cj ulijrtoob tcj dolqujst of tcj Jmst, wcn`st tcj `mrajr

portnol of Uokj wms possjssji mli fortnfnji ey cns rnvm`, Aunejrt of Umvjllm, wcodoltjliji wntc Zreml for tcj lmkj mli colours of tcj poltnfndmtj. Cj mttjkptji toulntj tcj powjrs of tcj Qjst, mt m tnkj wcjl tcj prnldjs wjrj sjpmrmtji frok tcjdcurdc, mli tcj pjop`j frok tcjnr prnldjs, ey tcj jxdokkulndmtnol wcndc cnksj`f mli

cns prjijdjssors cmi tculijrji mamnlst tcj jkpjror mli tcj bnla of Frmldj. Wcn`np tcjFnrst, of Frmldj, supportji wntc pmtnjldj tcj djlsurjs wcndc cj cmi provobji ey cnssdmlimòus `nfj mli miu`tjrous kmrrnmaj. Cjlry tcj Fourtc, of Ajrkmly, mssjrtji tcjrnact of nlvjstnturjs, tcj prjroamtnvj of dolfnrknla cns enscops ey tcj ij`nvjry of tcjrnla mli drosnjr. Eut tcj jkpjror„s pmrty wms druscji nl Ntm`y ey tcj mrks of tcj

Lorkmls mli tcj Doultjss Kmtcnìm2 mli tcj òla qumrrj` cmi ejjl rjdjlt`yjlvjlokji ey tcj rjvo`t of cns sol Dolrmi, mli tcj scmkj of cns wnfj,: wco, nl tcjsylois of Dolstmldj mli W`mdjltnm, dolfjssji tcj kmlnfoì prostntutnols to wcndc scjcmi ejjl jxposji ey ml cusemli rjamri`jss of cjr colour mli cns owl.6 To popu`mr wms tcj dmusj of Zreml, so wjnacty wms cns nlfùjldj, tcmt tcj douldn` wcndc cj

sukkolji mt W`mdjltnm1 wms dokposji of two culirji enscops of Ntm`y, Frmldj,Eurauliy, Twmenm, mli Emvmrnm. Four tcousmli of tcj d`jray, mli tcnrty tcousmli of tcj `mnty, mttjliji tcns nkportmlt kjjtnla2 mli, ms tcj kost spmdnous dmtcjirm` wouìcmvj ejjl nlmijqumtj to tcj ku`tntuij, tcj sjssnol of sjvjl imys wms cjì nl m p`mnlmihmdjlt to tcj dnty. Ycj mkemssmiors of tcj Arjjb jkpjror, M`jxnus Dokljlus, wjrjnltroiudji to p`jmi tcj instrjss of tcjnr sovjrjnal, mli tcj imlajr of Dolstmltnlop`j,wcndc wms invniji ol`y ey m lmrrow sjm frok tcj vndtornous Yurbs, tcj dokkoljljky of tcj Dcrnstnml lmkj. Nl tcjnr supp`nmlt miirjss, tcjy f`mttjrji tcj prnij of tcj@mtnl prnldjs2 mli, mppjm`nla mt oldj to tcjnr po`ndy mli rj`nanol, jxcortji tcjk torjpj` tcj Emremrnmls ol tcj dolfnljs of Msnm rmtcjr tcml to jxpjdt tcjk nl tcj cjmrt of Juropj. Mt tcj smi tm`j of tcj knsjry mli pjrn`s of tcjnr Jmstjrl erjtcrjl, tcj mssjke`y

eurst nlto tjmrs2 tcj kost jmajr dcmkpnols ijd`mrji tcjnr rjminljss to kmrdc2 mli tcj





Arjjb mkemssmiors wjrj insknssji wntc tcj mssurmldj of m spjjiy mli powjrfu`suddour. Ycj rj`njf of Dolstmltnlop`j wms nldùiji nl tcj `mrajr mli kost instmlt

prohjdt of tcj ij`nvjrmldj of Hjrusm`jk2 eut tcj pruijlt Zreml mihourlji tcj fnlmìjdnsnol to m sjdoli syloi, wcndc cj proposji to dj`jermtj nl sokj dnty of Frmldj nltcj mutukl of tcj smkj yjmr. Ycj scort ij`my wouì propmamtj tcj f`mkj of

jltcusnmsk2 mli cns fnrkjst copj wms nl m lmtnol of soìnjrs,3 stn`` proui of tcj prj-jknljldj of tcjnr lmkj, mli mkentnous to jku`mtj tcjnr cjro Dcmr`jkmalj,> wco, nltcj popu`mr rokmldj of Yurpnl,=7 cmi mdcnjvji tcj dolqujst of tcj Co`y @mli. M`mtjlt kotnvj of mffjdtnol or vmlnty knact nlfùjldj tcj dcondj of Zreml. Cj wmscnksj`f m lmtnvj of Frmldj, m kolb of Dùaly, mli tcj fnrst of cns doultrykjl wcomsdjliji tcj tcrolj of Tt. Wjtjr. Ycj popj cmi n`ùstrmtji cns fmkn`y mli provnldj.

Lor ns tcjrj pjrcmps m korj jxqunsntj armtnfndmtnol tcml to rjvnsnt, nl m dolspnduousinalnty, tcj cuke`j mli `meornous sdjljs of our youtc.

Nt kmy oddmsnol sokj surprnsj tcmt tcj Uokml poltnff scouì jrjdt, nl tcj cjmrt of

Frmldj, tcj trneulm` frok wcjldj cj cur`ji cns mlmtcjkms mamnlst tcj bnla2 eut our surprnsj wn`` vmlnsc, so sool ms wj fork m hust jstnkmtj of m bnla of Frmldj of tcjj`jvjltc djltury.== Wcn`np tcj Fnrst wms tcj arjmt-armlisol of Cuac Dmpjt, tcjfoulijr of tcj prjsjlt rmdj, wco, nl tcj ijd`nlj of Dcmr`jkmalj„s postjrnty, miiji tcjrjam` tnt`j to cns pmtrnkolnm` jstmtjs of Wmrns mli Or`jmls. Nl tcns lmrrow dokpmss cjwms possjssji of wjm`tc mli hurnsindtnol2 eut, nl tcj rjst of Frmldj, Cuac mli cns fnrstijsdjlimlts wjrj lo korj tcml tcj fjuim` òris of meout snxty iubjs mli doults, of nlijpjlijlt mli cjrjintmry powjr,=5 wco insimnlji tcj doltro` of `mws mli `jam`mssjke`njs, mli wcosj insrjamri of tcjnr sovjrjnal wms rjvjlaji ey tcj insoejinjldjof tcjnr nlfjrnor vmssm`s. Mt D`jrkolt, nl tcj tjrrntornjs of tcj Doult of Muvjralj,=4tcj popj knact ermvj wntc nkpulnty tcj rjsjltkjlt of Wcn`np2 mli tcj douldn` wcndccj dolvjlji nl tcmt dnty wms lot `jss lukjrous or rjspjdtme`j tcml tcj syloi of W`mdjltnm.=9 Ejsnijs cns dourt mli douldn` of Uokml dmrinlm`s, cj wms supportji eytcnrtjjl mrdcenscops mli two culirji mli twjlty-fnvj enscops2=: tcj lukejr of kntrji prj`mtjs wms dokputji mt four culirji2 mli tcj fmtcjrs of tcj dcurdc wjrj

e`jssji ey tcj smnlts, mli jl`nactjlji ey tcj iodtors, of tcj maj. Frok tcj mihmdjltbnlaioks m kmrtnm` trmnl of òris mli blnacts of powjr mli rjlowl mttjliji tcjdouldn`,=6 nl cnac jxpjdtmtnol of nts rjso`vjs2 mli sudc wms tcj mriour of zjm` mlidurnosnty tcmt tcj dnty wms fn``ji, mli kmly tcousmlis, nl tcj koltc of Lovjkejr,jrjdtji tcjnr tjlts or cuts nl tcj opjl fnjì. M sjssnol of jnact imys proiudji sokjusjfu` or jinfynla dmlols for tcj rjforkmtnol of kmlljrs2 m sjvjrj djlsurj wms

prolouldji mamnlst tcj `ndjldj of prnvmtj wmr2 tcj Yrudj of Aoi=1 wms dolfnrkji, msuspjlsnol of costn`ntnjs iurnla four imys of tcj wjjb2 wokjl mli prnjsts wjrj p`mdjiulijr tcj smfjaumri of tcj dcurdc2 mli m protjdtnol of tcrjj yjmrs wms jxtjliji tocusemlikjl mli kjrdcmlts, tcj ijfjldj`jss vndtnks of kn`ntmry rmpnlj. Eut m `mw,cowjvjr vjljrme`j ej tcj smldtnol, dmllot suiijl`y trmlsfork tcj tjkpjr of tcjtnkjs2 mli tcj ejljvo`jlt jfforts of Zreml ijsjrvj tcj `jss prmnsj, snldj cj `meourjito mppjmsj sokj iokjstnd qumrrj`s tcmt cj knact sprjmi tcj f`mkjs of wmr frok tcjMt`mltnd to tcj Jupcrmtjs. Frok tcj syloi of W`mdjltnm tcj rukour of cns arjmt ijsnalcmi aolj fortc mkola tcj lmtnols2 tcj d`jray, ol tcjnr rjturl, cmi prjmdcji nl jvjryinodjsj tcj kjrnt mli aòry of tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcj Co`y @mli2 mli, wcjl tcj popj

msdjliji m òfty sdmffoì nl tcj kmrbjt-p`mdj of D`jrkolt, cns jòqujldj wmsmiirjssji to m wj``-prjpmrji mli nkpmtnjlt muinjldj. Cns topnds wjrj oevnous, cns





jxcortmtnol wms vjcjkjlt, cns suddjss nljvntme`j. Ycj ormtor wms nltjrruptji ey tcjscout of tcousmlis, wco wntc olj vondj, mli nl tcjnr rustnd ninok, jxd`mnkji mòui,‐Aoi wn``s nt, Aoi wn``s nt!‛=3 ‐Nt ns nlijji tcj wn`` of Aoi,‛ rjp`nji tcj popj2 ‐mli`jt tcns kjkorme`j wori, tcj nlspnrmtnol surj`y of tcj Co`y Tpnrnt, ej for jvjr mioptjims your dry of emtt`j, to mlnkmtj tcj ijvotnol mli dourmaj of tcj dcmkpnols of Dcrnst.

Cns dross ns tcj sykeo` of your sm`vmtnol2 wjmr nt, m rji, m eòoiy dross, ms ml jxtjrlm`kmrb ol your erjmsts or scouìjrs, ms m p`jiaj of your smdrji mli nrrjvodme`jjlamajkjlt.‛ Ycj proposm` wms hoyfu``y mddjptji2 arjmt lukejrs eotc of tcj d`jraymli `mnty nkprjssji ol tcjnr amrkjlts tcj snal of tcj dross,=> mli so`ndntji tcj popj tokmrdc mt tcjnr cjmi. Ycns imlajrous colour wms ijd`nlji ey tcj korj pruijltsuddjssor of Arjaory, wco m``jaji tcj sdcnsk of tcj dcurdc, mli tcj iutnjs of cns

pmstorm` offndj, rjdokkjlinla to tcj fmntcfu`, wco wjrj insqum`nfnji ey sjx or profjssnol, ey maj or nlfnrknty, to mni, wntc tcjnr prmyjrs mli m`ks, tcj pjrsolm`sjrvndj of tcjnr roeust erjtcrjl. Ycj lmkj mli powjrs of cns `jamtj cj ijvo`vji olMicjkmr, enscop of Wuy, tcj fnrst wco cmi rjdjnvji tcj dross mt cns cmlis. Ycj

forjkost of tcj tjkporm` dcnjfs wms Umykoli, Doult of Youòusj, wcosjmkemssmiors nl tcj douldn` jxdusji tcj mesjldj, mli p`jiaji tcj colour, of tcjnr kmstjr. Mftjr tcj dolfjssnol mli mesoùtnol of tcjnr snls, tcj dcmkpnols of tcj drosswjrj insknssji wntc m supjrfùous mikolntnol to nlvntj tcjnr doultrykjl mli frnjlis2mli tcjnr ijpmrturj for tcj Co`y @mli wms fnxji to tcj fjstnvm` of tcj mssukptnol, tcjfnftjjltc of Muaust, of tcj jlsunla yjmr.57

To fmkn`nmr, mli ms nt wjrj so lmturm`, to kml ns tcj prmdtndj of vno`jldj tcmt our nliuàjldj m`òws tcj s`nactjst provodmtnol, tcj kost insputme`j rnact, ms m suffndnjltarouli of lmtnolm` costn`nty. Eut tcj lmkj mli lmturj of ml co`y wmr ijkmlis m korjrnaorous sdrutnly2 lor dml wj cmstn`y ej`njvj tcmt tcj sjrvmlts of tcj Wrnldj of Wjmdjwouì ulscjmtc tcj swori of ijstrudtnol, ul`jss tcj kotnvjs wjrj purj, tcj qumrrj``jantnkmtj, mli tcj ljdjssnty nljvntme`j. Ycj po`ndy of ml mdtnol kmy ej ijtjrknljifrok tcj tmriy `jssols of jxpjrnjldj2 eut, ejforj wj mdt, our dolsdnjldj scouì ejsmtnsfnji of tcj hustndj mli proprnjty of our jltjrprnsj. Nl tcj maj of tcj drusmijs, tcjDcrnstnmls, eotc of tcj Jmst mli Qjst, wjrj pjrsumiji of tcjnr `mwfu`ljss mli kjrnt2tcjnr mraukjlts mrj dòuiji ey tcj pjrpjtum` meusj of sdrnpturj mli rcjtornd2 eut tcjysjjk to nlsnst ol tcj rnact of lmturm` mli rj`nanous ijfjldj, tcjnr pjdu`nmr tnt`j to tcjCo`y @mli, mli tcj nkpnjty of tcjnr Wmaml mli Kmcokjtml fojs.5= N. Ycj rnact of m

hust ijfjldj kmy fmnr`y nldùij our dnvn` mli spnrntum` m``njs8 nt ijpjlis ol tcjjxnstjldj of imlajr2 mli tcmt imlajr kust ej jstnkmtji ey tcj twofoì dolsnijrmtnol

of tcj km`ndj mli tcj powjr of our jljknjs. M pjrlndnous tjljt cms ejjl nkputji totcj Kmcokjtmls, tcj iuty of jxtnrpmtnla m`` otcjr rj`nanols ey tcj swori. Ycns dcmrajof nalormldj mli enaotry ns rjfutji ey tcj Borml, ey tcj cnstory of tcj Kusu`kmldolqujrors, mli ey tcjnr pue`nd mli `jam` to`jrmtnol of tcj Dcrnstnml worscnp. Eut ntdmllot ej ijlnji tcmt tcj Ornjltm` dcurdcjs mrj ijprjssji ulijr tcjnr nrol yobj2 tcmt,nl pjmdj mli wmr, tcjy mssjrt m invnlj mli nlijfjmsne`j d`mnk of ulnvjrsm` jkpnrj2 mlitcmt, nl tcjnr ortcoiox drjji, tcj ulej`njvnla lmtnols mrj doltnlum``y tcrjmtjlji wntctcj òss of rj`nanol or `nejrty. Nl tcj j`jvjltc djltury, tcj vndtornous mrks of tcj Yurbs

prjsjltji m rjm` mli urajlt mpprjcjlsnol of tcjsj òssjs. Ycjy cmi sueiuji, nl `jsstcml tcnrty yjmrs, tcj bnlaioks of Msnm, ms fmr ms Hjrusm`jk mli tcj Cj``jspolt2 mli

tcj Arjjb jkpnrj tottjrji ol tcj vjraj of ijstrudtnol. Ejsnijs ml coljst sykpmtcy for tcjnr erjtcrjl, tcj @mtnls cmi m rnact mli nltjrjst nl tcj support of Dolstmltnlop`j, tcj





kost nkportmlt emrrnjr of tcj Qjst2 mli tcj prnvn`jaj of ijfjldj kust rjmdc to prjvjlt, ms wj`` ms to rjpj`, ml nkpjlinla mssmu`t. Eut tcns smùtmry purposj knactcmvj ejjl mddokp`nscji ey m koijrmtj suddour2 mli our dm`kjr rjmsol kust insd`mnktcj nllukjrme`j costs mli rjkotj opjrmtnols wcndc ovjrwcj`kji Msnm mliijpopu`mtji Juropj. NN. Wm`jstnlj douì mii lotcnla to tcj strjlatc or smfjty of tcj

@mtnls2 mli fmlmtndnsk mòlj douì prjtjli to hustnfy tcj dolqujst of tcmt instmlt mlilmrrow provnldj. Ycj Dcrnstnmls mffnrkji tcmt tcjnr nlm`njlme`j tnt`j to tcj proknsji`mli cmi ejjl sjm`ji ey tcj eòoi of tcjnr invnlj Tmvnour8 nt wms tcjnr rnact mli iutyto rjsduj tcjnr nlcjrntmldj frok tcj ulhust possjssors, wco profmlji cns sjpu`dcrj mliopprjssji tcj pnàrnkmaj of cns insdnp`js. Vmnl`y wouì nt ej m``jaji tcmt tcj prj-jknljldj of Hjrusm`jk mli tcj smldtnty of Wm`jstnlj cmvj ejjl meo`nscji wntc tcjKosmnd `mw2 tcmt tcj Aoi of tcj Dcrnstnmls ns lot m òdm` ijnty2 mli tcmt tcj rjdovjry of Ejtc`jcjk or Dm`vmry, cns drmi`j or cns toke, wn`` lot mtolj for tcj vno`mtnol of tcjkorm` prjdjpts of tcj aospj`. Tudc mraukjlts a`mldj msnij frok tcj `jmijl scnjì of supjrstntnol2 mli tcj rj`nanous knli wn`` lot jmsn`y rj`nlqunsc nts coì ol tcj smdrji

arouli of kystjry mli knrmd`j. NNN. Eut tcj co`y wmrs wcndc cmvj ejjl wmaji nljvjry d`nkmtj of tcj aòej, frok Jaypt to @nvolnm, mli frok Wjru to Cnliostml,rjqunrj tcj support of sokj korj ajljrm` mli f`jxne`j tjljt. Nt cms ejjl oftjlsupposji, mli sokjtnkjs mffnrkji, tcmt m inffjrjldj of rj`nanol ns m wortcy dmusj of costn`nty2 tcmt oestnlmtj ulej`njvjrs kmy ej s`mnl or sueiuji ey tcj dcmkpnols of tcjdross2 mli tcmt armdj ns tcj so`j foultmnl of ioknlnol ms wj`` ms of kjrdy. Meovj four culirji yjmrs ejforj tcj fnrst drusmij, tcj Jmstjrl mli Qjstjrl provnldjs of tcjUokml jkpnrj cmi ejjl mdqunrji meout tcj smkj tnkj, mli nl tcj smkj kmlljr, eytcj Emremrnmls of Ajrkmly mli Mrmenm. Ynkj mli trjmtnjs cmi `jantnkmtji tcjdolqujsts of tcj Dcrnstnml Frmlbs8 eut, nl tcj jyjs of tcjnr suehjdts mli ljnaceours,

tcj Kmcokjtml prnldjs wjrj stn`` tyrmlts mli usurpjrs, wco, ey tcj mrks of wmr or rjej``nol, knact ej `mwfu``y irnvjl frok tcjnr ul`mwfu` possjssnol.55

Ms tcj kmlljrs of tcj Dcrnstnmls wjrj rj`mxji, tcjnr insdnp`nlj of pjlmldj54 wmsjlfordji2 mli, wntc tcj ku`tnp`ndmtnol of snls, tcj rjkjinjs wjrj ku`tnp`nji. Nl tcj

prnkntnvj dcurdc, m voùltmry mli opjl dolfjssnol prjpmrji tcj worb of mtoljkjlt. Nltcj knii`j majs, tcj enscops mli prnjsts nltjrroamtji tcj drnknlm`2 dokpj``ji cnk tomddoult for cns tcouacts, woris, mli mdtnols2 mli prjsdrneji tcj tjrks of cnsrjdoldn`nmtnol wntc Aoi. Eut, ms tcns insdrjtnolmry powjr knact m`tjrlmtj`y ej meusji

ey nliuàjldj mli tyrmlly, m ru`j of insdnp`nlj wms frmkji, to nlfork mli rjau`mtj tcjspnrntum` huiajs. Ycns koij of `jans`mtnol wms nlvjltji ey tcj Arjjbs2 tcjnr

pjlntjltnm`s59 wjrj trmls`mtji, or nkntmtji, nl tcj @mtnl dcurdc2 mli, nl tcj tnkj of Dcmr`jkmalj, tcj d`jray of jvjry inodjsj wjrj provniji wntc m doij, wcndc tcjy

pruijlt`y doldjm`ji frok tcj blow`jiaj of tcj vuàmr. Nl tcns imlajrous jstnkmtj of drnkjs mli pulnsckjlts, jmdc dmsj wms supposji, jmdc inffjrjldj wms rjkmrbji, eytcj jxpjrnjldj or pjljtrmtnol of tcj kolbs2 sokj snls mrj jlukjrmtji wcndcnllodjldj douì lot cmvj suspjdtji, mli otcjrs wcndc rjmsol dmllot ej`njvj2 mli tcjkorj orinlmry offjldjs of forlndmtnol mli miu`tjry, of pjrhury mli smdrn`jaj, of rmpnljmli kurijr, wjrj jxpnmtji ey m pjlmldj wcndc, mddorinla to tcj vmrnousdnrdukstmldjs, wms proòlaji frok forty imys to sjvjl yjmrs. Iurnla tcns tjrk of kortnfndmtnol, tcj pmtnjlt wms cjm`ji, tcj drnknlm` wms meso`vji, ey m smùtmry

rjankjl of fmsts mli prmyjrs2 tcj insorijr of cns irjss wms jxprjssnvj of arnjf mlirjkorsj2 mli cj cuke`y mestmnlji frok m`` tcj eusnljss mli p`jmsurj of sodnm` `nfj.





Eut tcj rnani jxjdutnol of tcjsj `mws wouì cmvj ijpopu`mtji tcj pm`mdj, tcj dmkp,mli tcj dnty2 tcj Emremrnmls of tcj Qjst ej`njvji mli trjke`ji2 eut lmturj oftjlrjej``ji mamnlst prnldnp`j2 mli tcj kmanstrmtj `meourji wntcout jffjdt to jlfordj tcj

hurnsindtnol of tcj prnjst. M `ntjrm` mddokp`nsckjlt of pjlmldj wms nlijjinkprmdtndme`j8 tcj aun`t of miu`tjry wms ku`tnp`nji ey imn`y rjpjtntnol2 tcmt of

cokndnij knact nlvo`vj tcj kmssmdrj of m wco`j pjop`j2 jmdc mdt wms sjpmrmtj`ylukejrji2 mli, nl tcosj tnkjs of mlmrdcy mli vndj, m koijst snlljr knact jmsn`y nldur m ijet of tcrjj culirji yjmrs. Cns nlso`vjldy wms rj`njvji ey m dokkutmtnol, or nliuàjldj8 m yjmr of pjlmldj wms mpprjdnmtji mt twjlty-snx so`nin5: of sn`vjr, meoutfour poulis stjr`nla, for tcj rndc2 mt tcrjj so`nin, or lnlj scn``nlas, for tcj nlinajlt8 mlitcjsj m`ks wjrj sool mpproprnmtji to tcj usj of tcj dcurdc, wcndc ijrnvji, frok tcjrjijkptnol of snls, ml nljxcmustne`j sourdj of opu`jldj mli ioknlnol. M ijet of tcrjjculirji yjmrs, or twj`vj culirji poulis, wms jlouac to nkpovjrnsc m p`jltnfu`fortulj2 tcj sdmrdnty of aoì mli sn`vjr wms supp`nji ey tcj m`njlmtnol of `mli2 mli tcj

prnldj`y iolmtnols of Wjpnl mli Dcmr`jkmalj mrj jxprjss`y anvjl for tcj rjkjiy of

tcjnr sou`. Nt ns m kmxnk of tcj dnvn` `mw, Ycmt wcosojvjr dmllot pmy wntc cns pursjkust pmy wntc cns eoiy2 mli tcj prmdtndj of f`maj``mtnol wms mioptji ey tcj kolbs, mdcjmp, tcouac pmnlfu`, jqunvm`jlt. Ey m fmltmstnd mrntckjtnd, m yjmr of pjlmldj wmstmxji mt tcrjj tcousmli `mscjs256 mli sudc wms tcj sbn`` mli pmtnjldj of m fmkouscjrknt, Tt. Ioknlnd of tcj Nrol Dunrmss,51 tcmt nl snx imys cj douì insdcmraj mljltnrj djltury, ey m wcnppnla of tcrjj culirji tcousmli strnpjs. Cns jxmkp`j wmsfo`òwji ey kmly pjlntjlts of eotc sjxjs2 mli, ms m vndmrnous smdrnfndj wms mddjptji,m sturiy insdnp`nlmrnml knact jxpnmtj ol cns owl emdb tcj snls of cns ejljfmdtors.53Ycjsj dokpjlsmtnols of tcj pursj mli tcj pjrsol nltroiudji, nl tcj j`jvjltc djltury,m korj colourme`j koij of smtnsfmdtnol. Ycj kjrnt of kn`ntmry sjrvndj mamnlst tcj

Tmrmdjls of Mfrndm mli Tpmnl cmi ejjl m`òwji ey tcj prjijdjssors of Zreml tcjTjdoli. Nl tcj douldn` of D`jrkolt, tcmt popj prod`mnkji m p`jlmry nliuàjldj totcosj wco scouì jl`nst ulijr tcj emlljr of tcj dross8 tcj mesoùtnol of m`` tcjnr snls,mli m fu`` rjdjnpt for m`` tcmt knact ej iuj of dmlolndm` pjlmldj.5> Ycj doì

pcnòsopcy of koijrl tnkjs ns nldmpme`j of fjj`nla tcj nkprjssnol tcmt wms kmij ol msnlfu` mli fmlmtnd worì. Mt tcj vondj of tcjnr pmstor, tcj roeejr, tcj nldjlinmry, tcjcokndnij, mrosj ey tcousmlis to rjijjk tcjnr sou`s, ey rjpjmtnla ol tcj nlfnij`s tcjsmkj ijjis wcndc tcjy cmi jxjrdnsji mamnlst tcjnr Dcrnstnml erjtcrjl2 mli tcj tjrksof mtoljkjlt wjrj jmajr`y jkermdji ey offjlijrs of jvjry rmlb mli ijloknlmtnol.

Lolj wjrj purj2 lolj wjrj jxjkpt frok tcj aun`t mli pjlm`ty of snl2 mli tcosj wcowjrj tcj `jmst mkjlme`j to tcj hustndj of Aoi mli tcj dcurdc wjrj tcj ejst jltnt`ji to

tcj tjkporm` mli jtjrlm` rjdokpjlsj of tcjnr pnous dourmaj. Nf tcjy fj``, tcj spnrnt of tcj @mtnl d`jray ini lot cjsntmtj to miorl tcjnr toke wntc tcj drowl of kmrtyriok247mli, scouì tcjy survnvj, tcjy douì jxpjdt wntcout nkpmtnjldj tcj ij`my mli nldrjmsjof tcjnr cjmvjl`y rjwmri. Ycjy offjrji tcjnr eòoi to tcj Tol of Aoi, wco cmi `mniiowl cns `nfj for tcjnr sm`vmtnol8 tcjy toob up tcj dross, mli jltjrji wntc dolfnijldjnlto tcj wmy of tcj @ori. Cns provnijldj wouì wmtdc ovjr tcjnr smfjty2 pjrcmps cnsvnsne`j mli knrmduòus powjr wouì skootc tcj inffndu`tnjs of tcjnr co`y jltjrprnsj.Ycj dòui mli pn``mr of Hjcovmc cmi kmrdcji ejforj tcj Nsrmj`ntjs nlto tcj proknsji`mli. Knact lot tcj Dcrnstnmls korj rjmsolme`y copj tcmt tcj rnvjrs wouì opjl for tcjnr pmssmaj2 tcmt tcj wm``s of tcj strolajst dntnjs wouì fm`` mt tcj souli of tcjnr

trukpjts2 mli tcmt tcj sul wouì ej mrrjstji nl cns kni-dmrjjr, to m`òw tcjk tnkj for tcj ijstrudtnol of tcj nlfnij`s?





Of tcj dcnjfs mli soìnjrs wco kmrdcji to tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, N wn`` imrj to mffnrktcmt m`` wjrj prokptji ey tcj spnrnt of jltcusnmsk, tcj ej`njf of kjrnt, tcj copj of rjwmri, mli tcj mssurmldj of invnlj mni. Eut N mk jqum``y pjrsumiji tcmt nl kmly ntwms lot tcj so`j, tcmt nl sokj nt wms lot tcj `jminla, prnldnp`j of mdtnol. Ycj usj mlimeusj of rj`nanol mrj fjje`j to stjk, tcjy mrj strola mli nrrjsnstne`j to nkpj`, tcj

strjmk of lmtnolm` kmlljrs. Mamnlst tcj prnvmtj wmrs of tcj Emremrnmls, tcjnr eòoiytourlmkjlts, `ndjltnous òvjs, mli huindnm` iuj`s, tcj popjs mli sylois knactnljffjdtum``y tculijr. Nt ns m korj jmsy tmsb to provobj tcj kjtmpcysndm` insputjs of tcj Arjjbs, to irnvj nlto tcj dònstjr tcj vndtnks of mlmrdcy or ijspotnsk, to smldtnfytcj pmtnjldj of s`mvjs mli dowmris, or to mssukj tcj kjrnt of tcj cukmlnty mli

ejljvo`jldj of koijrl Dcrnstnmls. Qmr mli jxjrdnsj wjrj tcj rjnalnla pmssnols of tcjFrmlbs or @mtnls2 tcjy wjrj jlhonlji, ms m pjlmldj, to armtnfy tcosj pmssnols, to vnsntinstmlt `mlis, mli to irmw tcjnr sworis mamnlst tcj lmtnols of tcj Jmst. Ycjnr vndtory,or jvjl tcjnr mttjkpt, wouì nkkortm`nsj tcj lmkjs of tcj nltrjpni cjrojs of tcj dross2mli tcj purjst pnjty douì lot ej nlsjlsne`j to tcj kost sp`jlini prospjdt of kn`ntmry

aòry. Nl tcj pjtty qumrrj`s of Juropj, tcjy scji tcj eòoi of tcjnr frnjlis mlidoultrykjl, for tcj mdqunsntnol pjrcmps of m dmst`j or m vn``maj. Ycjy douì kmrdcwntc m`mdrnty mamnlst tcj instmlt mli costn`j lmtnols wco wjrj ijvotji to tcjnr mrks8tcjnr fmldy m`rjmiy armspji tcj aoìjl sdjptrjs of Msnm2 mli tcj dolqujst of Mpu`nmmli Tndn`y ey tcj Lorkmls knact jxm`t to roym`ty tcj copjs of tcj kost prnvmtjmivjlturjr. Dcrnstjliok, nl cjr ruijst stmtj, kust cmvj ynjìji to tcj d`nkmtj mlidu`tnvmtnol of tcj Kmcokjtml doultrnjs2 mli tcjnr lmturm` mli mrtnfndnm` wjm`tc cmi

ejjl kmalnfnji ey tcj tm`js of pnàrnks mli tcj anfts of ml nkpjrfjdt dokkjrdj. Ycjvuàmr, eotc tcj arjmt mli skm``, wjrj tmuact to ej`njvj jvjry wolijr, of `mlisfòwnla wntc kn`b mli coljy, of knljs mli trjmsurjs, of aoì mli inmkolis, of

pm`mdjs of kmre`j mli hmspjr, mli of oiornfjrous arovjs of dnllmkol mlifrmlbnldjlsj. Nl tcns jmrtc`y pmrminsj jmdc wmrrnor ijpjliji ol cns swori to dmrvj m p`jltjous mli colourme`j jstme`nsckjlt, wcndc cj kjmsurji ol`y ey tcj jxtjlt of cnswnscjs.4= Ycjnr vmssm`s mli soìnjrs trustji tcjnr fortuljs to Aoi mli tcjnr kmstjr8 tcjspon`s of m Yurbnsc jknr knact jlrndc tcj kjmljst fo`òwjr of tcj dmkp2 mli tcjf`mvour of tcj wnljs, tcj ejmuty of tcj Arjdnml wokjl,45 wjrj tjkptmtnols korjmimptji to tcj lmturj, tcml to tcj profjssnol, of tcj dcmkpnols of tcj dross. Ycj òvjof frjjiok wms m powjrfu` nldntjkjlt to tcj ku`tntuijs wco wjrj opprjssji eyfjuim` or jdd`jsnmstndm` tyrmlly. Zlijr tcns co`y snal, tcj pjmsmlts mli euracjrs, wcowjrj mttmdcji to tcj sjrvntuij of tcj a`jej, knact jsdmpj frok ml cmuacty òri, mlitrmlsp`mlt tcjksj`vjs mli tcjnr fmkn`njs to m `mli of `nejrty. Ycj kolb knact rj`jmsj

cnksj`f frok tcj insdnp`nlj of cns dolvjlt2 tcj ijetor knact suspjli tcj mdduku`mtnolof usury mli tcj pursunt of cns drjintors2 mli out`mws mli km`jfmdtors of jvjry dmstknact doltnluj to ermvj tcj `mws mli jùij tcj pulnsckjlt of tcjnr drnkjs.44

Ycjsj kotnvjs wjrj potjlt mli lukjrous8 wcjl wj cmvj snla`y dokputji tcjnr wjnact ol tcj knli of jmdc nlinvnium`, wj kust mii tcj nlfnlntj sjrnjs, tcj ku`tnp`ynla

powjrs of jxmkp`j mli fmscnol. Ycj fnrst prosj`ytjs ejdmkj tcj wmrkjst mli kostjffjdtum` knssnolmrnjs of tcj dross8 mkola tcjnr frnjlis mli doultrykjl tcjy prjmdcjitcj iuty, tcj kjrnt, mli tcj rjdokpjlsj of tcjnr co`y vow2 mli tcj kost rjùdtmltcjmrjrs wjrj nlsjlsne`y irmwl wntcnl tcj wcnr`poo` of pjrsumsnol mli mutcornty. Ycj

kmrtnm` youtcs wjrj fnrji ey tcj rjpromdc or suspndnol of dowmrindj2 tcj opportulntyof vnsntnla wntc ml mrky tcj sjpu`dcrj of Dcrnst wms jkermdji ey tcj oì mli nlfnrk,





ey wokjl mli dcnìrjl, wco dolsu`tji rmtcjr tcjnr zjm` tcml tcjnr strjlatc2 mli tcosjwco nl tcj jvjlnla cmi ijrniji tcj fo``y of tcjnr dokpmlnols wjrj tcj kost jmajr, tcjjlsunla imy, to trjmi nl tcjnr footstjps. Ycj nalormldj, wcndc kmalnfnji tcj copjs,inknlnscji tcj pjrn`s, of tcj jltjrprnsj. Tnldj tcj Yurbnsc dolqujst, tcj pmtcs of

pnàrnkmaj wjrj oe`ntjrmtji2 tcj dcnjfs tcjksj`vjs cmi ml nkpjrfjdt lotnol of tcj

`jlatc of tcj wmy mli tcj stmtj of tcjnr jljknjs2 mli sudc wms tcj stupninty of tcj pjop`j tcmt, mt tcj snact of tcj fnrst dnty or dmst`j ejyoli tcj `nknts of tcjnr blow`jiaj,tcjy wjrj rjmiy to msb, wcjtcjr tcmt wms lot tcj Hjrusm`jk, tcj tjrk mli oehjdt of tcjnr `meours. ^jt tcj korj pruijlt of tcj drusmijrs, wco wjrj lot surj tcmt tcjyscouì ej fji frok cjmvjl wntc m scowjr of qumn`s or kmllm, provniji tcjksj`vjswntc tcosj prjdnous kjtm`s wcndc, nl jvjry doultry, mrj tcj rjprjsjltmtnvjs of jvjrydokkointy. Yo ijfrmy, mddorinla to tcjnr rmlb, tcj jxpjlsjs of tcj romi, prnldjsm`njlmtji tcjnr provnldjs, loe`js tcjnr `mlis mli dmst`js, pjmsmlts tcjnr dmtt`j mli tcjnlstrukjlts of cusemliry. Ycj vmùj of propjrty wms ijprjdnmtji ey tcj jmajr dokpjtntnol of ku`tntuijs2 wcn`j tcj prndj of mrks mli corsjs wms rmnsji to ml

jxorentmlt cjnact, ey tcj wmlts mli nkpmtnjldj of tcj euyjrs.49 Ycosj wco rjkmnljimt cokj, wntc sjlsj mli koljy, wjrj jlrndcji ey tcj jpnijkndm` insjmsj8 tcjsovjrjnals mdqunrji mt m dcjmp rmtj tcj iokmnls of tcjnr vmssm`s2 mli tcj jdd`jsnmstndm`

purdcmsjrs dokp`jtji tcj pmykjlt ey tcj mssurmldj of tcjnr prmyjrs. Ycj dross, wcndcwms dokkol`y sjwji ol tcj amrkjlt, nl dòtc or sn`b, wms nlsdrneji ey sokj zjmòtsol tcjnr sbnl2 ml cot nrol, or nlij`ne`j `nquor, wms mpp`nji to pjrpjtumtj tcj kmrb2 mlim drmfty kolb, wco scowji tcj knrmduòus nkprjssnol ol cns erjmst, wms rjpmni wntctcj popu`mr vjljrmtnol mli tcj rndcjst ejljfndjs of Wm`jstnlj.4:

Ycj fnftjjltc of Muaust cmi ejjl fnxji nl tcj douldn` of D`jrkolt for tcj ijpmrturj of tcj pnàrnks2 eut tcj imy wms mltndnpmtji ey tcj tcouact`jss mli ljjiy drowi of

p`jejnmls2 mli N scm`` ernjf`y ijspmtdc tcj dm`mkntnjs wcndc tcjy nlf`ndtji mlisuffjrji, ejforj N jltjr ol tcj korj sjrnous mli suddjssfu` jltjrprnsj of tcj dcnjfs.Jmr`y nl tcj sprnla, frok tcj dolfnljs of Frmldj mli @orrmnlj, meout snxty tcousmli of tcj popu`mdj of eotc sjxjs fòdbji rouli tcj fnrst knssnolmry of tcj drusmij, mli

prjssji cnk wntc d`mkorous nkportulnty to ̀ jmi tcjk to tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj. Ycjcjrknt, mssuknla tcj dcmrmdtjr, wntcout tcj tm`jlts or mutcornty, of m ajljrm`, nkpj``jior oejyji tcj forwmri nkpu`sj of cns votmrnjs mòla tcj emlbs of tcj Ucnlj mliImluej. Ycjnr wmlts mli lukejrs sool dokpj``ji tcjk to sjpmrmtj, mli cns`njutjlmlt, Qm`tjr tcj Wjlly`jss,46 m vm`nmlt tcouac ljjiy soìnjr, doliudtji mvmlaumri of pnàrnks, wcosj dolintnol kmy ej ijtjrknlji frok tcj proportnol of

jnact corsjkjl to fnftjjl tcousmli foot. Ycj jxmkp`j mli footstjps of Wjtjr wjrjdòsj`y pursuji ey mlotcjr fmlmtnd, tcj kolb Aoijsdm`, wcosj sjrkols cmi swjptmwmy fnftjjl or twjlty tcousmli pjmsmlts frok tcj vn``majs of Ajrkmly. Ycjnr rjmr wms mamnl prjssji ey ml cjri of two culirji tcousmli, tcj kost stupni mli smvmajrjfusj of tcj pjop`j, wco knla`ji wntc tcjnr ijvotnol m erutm` `ndjldj of rmpnlj,

prostntutnol, mli irulbjlljss. Tokj doults mli ajlt`jkjl, mt tcj cjmi of tcrjjtcousmli corsj, mttjliji tcj kotnols of tcj ku`tntuij to pmrtmbj nl tcj spon`2 eut tcjnr ajlunlj `jmijrs (kmy wj drjint sudc fo``y?) wjrj m aoosj mli m aomt, wco wjrjdmrrnji nl tcj frolt, mli to wcok tcjsj wortcy Dcrnstnmls msdrneji ml nlfusnol of tcjinvnlj Tpnrnt.41 Of tcjsj mli of otcjr emlis of jltcusnmsts, tcj fnrst mli kost jmsy

wmrfmrj wms mamnlst tcj Hjws, tcj kurijrjrs of tcj Tol of Aoi. Nl tcj trminla dntnjs of tcj Kosj``j mli tcj Ucnlj, tcjnr doòlnjs wjrj lukjrous mli rndc2 mli tcjy jlhoyji,





ulijr tcj protjdtnol of tcj jkpjror mli tcj enscops, tcj frjj jxjrdnsj of tcjnr rj`nanol.43 Mt Vjriul, Yrjvjs, Kjltz, Tpnrjs, Qorks, kmly tcousmlis of tcmtulcmppy pjop`j wjrj pn``maji mli kmssmdrji24> lor cmi tcjy fj`t m korj eòoiystrobj snldj tcj pjrsjdutnol of Cmirnml. M rjklmlt wms smvji ey tcj fnrkljss of tcjnr

enscops, wco mddjptji m rjnalji mli trmlsnjlt dolvjrsnol2 eut tcj korj oestnlmtj

Hjws opposji tcjnr fmlmtndnsk to tcj fmlmtndnsk of tcj Dcrnstnmls, emrrndmioji tcjnr cousjs, mli, prjdnpntmtnla tcjksj`vjs, tcjnr fmkn`njs, mli tcjnr wjm`tc nlto tcj rnvjrs or tcj f`mkjs, insmpponltji tcj km`ndj, or mt `jmst tcj mvmrndj, of tcjnr nkp`mdme`j fojs.

Ejtwjjl tcj froltnjrs of Mustrnm mli tcj sjmt of tcj Eyzmltnlj kolmrdcy, tcjdrusmijrs wjrj dokpj``ji to trmvjrsj ml nltjrvm` of snx culirji kn`js2 tcj wnì mliijso`mtj doultrnjs of Culamry97 mli Euàmrnm. Ycj son` ns fruntfu`, mli nltjrsjdtjiwntc rnvjrs2 eut nt wms tcjl dovjrji wntc kormssjs mli forjsts, wcndc sprjmi to m

eouli`jss jxtjlt, wcjljvjr kml cms djmsji to jxjrdnsj cns ioknlnol ovjr tcj jmrtc.Eotc lmtnols cmi nkeneji tcj ruinkjlts of Dcrnstnmlnty2 tcj Culamrnmls wjrj ru`ji ey

tcjnr lmtnvj prnldjs2 tcj Euàmrnmls ey m `njutjlmlt of tcj Arjjb jkpjror2 eut ol tcjs`nactjst provodmtnol, tcjnr fjrodnous lmturj wms rjbnli`ji, mli mkp`j provodmtnolwms mfforiji ey tcj insorijrs of tcj fnrst pnàrnks. Marndu`turj kust cmvj ejjlulsbn`fu` mli `mlauni mkola m pjop`j, wcosj dntnjs wjrj eun`t of rjjis mli tnkejr,wcndc wjrj ijsjrtji nl tcj sukkjr sjmsol for tcj tjlts of cultjrs mli scjpcjris. Msdmlty supp`y of provnsnols wms ruij`y ijkmliji, fordne`y sjnzji, mli arjjin`ydolsukji2 mli, ol tcj fnrst qumrrj`, tcj drusmijrs amvj m òosj to nlinalmtnol mlirjvjlaj. Eut tcjnr nalormldj of tcj doultry, of wmr, mli of insdnp`nlj jxposji tcjk tojvjry slmrj. Ycj Arjjb prjfjdt of Euàmrnm dokkmliji m rjau`mr fordj2 mt tcj trukpjtof tcj Culamrnml bnla, tcj jnactc or tcj tjltc of cns kmrtnm` suehjdts ejlt tcjnr eowsmli koultji ol corsjemdb2 tcjnr po`ndy wms nlsninous, mli tcjnr rjtm`nmtnol ol tcjsj

pnous roeejrs wms ulrj`jltnla mli eòoiy.9= Meout m tcnri of tcj lmbji fuantnvjs, mlitcj cjrknt Wjtjr wms of tcj lukejr, jsdmpji to tcj Ycrmdnml koultmnls2 mli tcjjkpjror, wco rjspjdtji tcj pnàrnkmaj mli suddour of tcj @mtnls, doliudtji tcjk eysjdurj mli jmsy hourljys to Dolstmltnlop`j, mli mivnsji tcjk to wmnt tcj mrrnvm` of tcjnr erjtcrjl. For m wcn`j tcjy rjkjkejrji tcjnr fmu`ts mli òssjs2 eut lo sooljr wjrj tcjy rjvnvji ey tcj cospntme`j jltjrtmnlkjlt tcml tcjnr vjlok wms mamnlnlf`mkji2 tcjy stula tcjnr ejljfmdtor, mli ljntcjr amrijls lor pm`mdjs lor dcurdcjs9=m wjrj smfj frok tcjnr ijprjimtnols. For cns owl smfjty, M`jxnus m`ùrjitcjk to pmss ovjr to tcj Msnmtnd snij of tcj Eospcorus2 eut tcjnr e`nli nkpjtuosntysool uraji tcjk to ijsjrt tcj stmtnol wcndc cj cmi mssnalji,9=e mli to rusc cjmiòla

mamnlst tcj Yurbs, wco oddupnji tcj romi of Hjrusm`jk. Ycj cjrknt, dolsdnous of cnsscmkj, cmi wntcirmwl frok tcj dmkp to Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli cns `njutjlmlt, Qm`tjr tcj Wjlly`jss, wco wms wortcy of m ejttjr dokkmli, mttjkptji, wntcout suddjss, tonltroiudj sokj orijr mli pruijldj mkola tcj cjri of smvmajs. Ycjy sjpmrmtji nlqujst of prjy, mli tcjksj`vjs fj`` ml jmsy prjy to tcj mrts of tcj su`tml. Ey m rukour tcmt tcjnr forjkost dokpmlnols wjrj rnotnla nl tcj spon`s of cns dmpntm`, To`nkmltjkptji tcj kmnl eoiy to ijsdjli nlto tcj p`mnl of Lndj2 tcjy wjrj ovjrwcj`kji eytcj Yurbnsc mrrows2 mli m pyrmkni of eoljs95 nlforkji tcjnr dokpmlnols of tcj p`mdjof tcjnr ijfjmt. Of tcj fnrst drusmijrs, tcrjj culirji tcousmli cmi m`rjmiy pjrnscji,

ejforj m snla`j dnty wms rjsduji frok tcj nlfnij`s, ejforj tcjnr armvjr mli korj loe`j

erjtcrjl cmi dokp`jtji tcj prjpmrmtnols of tcjnr jltjrprnsj.94





Lolj of tcj arjmt sovjrjnals of Juropj jkemrbji tcjnr pjrsols nl tcj fnrst drusmij.Ycj jkpjror Cjlry tcj Fourtc wms lot insposji to oejy tcj sukkols of tcj popj2Wcn`np tcj Fnrst of Frmldj wms oddupnji ey cns p`jmsurjs2 Qn``nmk Uufus of Jla`mli

ey m rjdjlt dolqujst2 tcj bnlas of Tpmnl wjrj jlamaji nl m iokjstnd wmr mamnlst tcjKoors2 mli tcj Lortcjrl kolmrdcs of Tdot`mli, Ijlkmrb,99 Twjijl, mli Wo`mli

wjrj yjt strmlajrs to tcj pmssnols mli nltjrjsts of tcj Toutc. Ycj rj`nanous mriour wmskorj strola`y fj`t ey tcj prnldjs of tcj sjdoli orijr, wco cjì ml nkportmlt p`mdj nltcj fjuim` systjk. Ycjnr sntumtnol wn`` lmturm``y dmst, ulijr four instnldt cjmis, tcjrjvnjw of tcjnr lmkjs mli dcmrmdtjrs2 eut N kmy jsdmpj sokj ljji`jss rjpjtntnol eyoesjrvnla mt oldj tcmt dourmaj mli tcj jxjrdnsj of mrks mrj tcj dokkol mttrneutj of tcjsj Dcrnstnml mivjlturjrs. N. Ycj fnrst rmlb eotc nl wmr mli douldn` ns hust`y iuj toAoifrjy of Eoun`òl2 mli cmppy wouì nt cmvj ejjl for tcj drusmijrs, nf tcjy cmitrustji tcjksj`vjs to tcj so`j doliudt of tcmt mddokp`nscji cjro, m wortcyrjprjsjltmtnvj of Dcmr`jkmalj, frok wcok cj wms ijsdjliji nl tcj fjkm`j `nlj. Cnsfmtcjr wms of tcj loe`j rmdj of tcj doults of Eouòalj8 Ermemlt, tcj òwjr provnldj of

@orrmnlj,9: wms tcj nlcjrntmldj of cns kotcjr2 mli, ey tcj jkpjror„s eoulty, cj wmscnksj`f nlvjstji wntc tcmt iudm` tnt`j, wcndc cms ejjl nkpropjr`y trmlsfjrrji to cnsòriscnp of Eoun`òl nl tcj Mrijlljs.96 Nl tcj sjrvndj of Cjlry tcj Fourtc cj eorj tcjarjmt stmlimri of tcj jkpnrj, mli pnjrdji wntc cns `mldj tcj erjmst of Uoio`pc, tcjrjej` bnla8 Aoifrjy wms tcj fnrst wco msdjliji tcj wm``s of Uokj2 mli cns sndbljss,cns vow, pjrcmps cns rjkorsj for ejmrnla mrks mamnlst tcj popj, dolfnrkji ml jmr`yrjsoùtnol of vnsntnla tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, lot ms m pnàrnk, eut m ij`nvjrjr. Cns vmòur wms kmturji ey pruijldj mli koijrmtnol2 cns pnjty, tcouac e`nli, wms snldjrj2 mli,nl tcj tuku`t of m dmkp, cj prmdtnsji tcj rjm` mli fndtntnous vnrtujs of m dolvjlt.Tupjrnor to tcj prnvmtj fmdtnols of tcj dcnjfs, cj rjsjrvji cns jlknty for tcj jljknjs of

Dcrnst2 mli, tcouac cj amnlji m bnlaiok ey tcj mttjkpt, cns purj mli insnltjrjstjizjm` wms mdblow`jiaji ey cns rnvm`s. Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl91 wms mddokpmlnji ey cnstwo erotcjrs, ey Justmdj tcj jìjr, wco cmi suddjjiji to tcj doulty of Eouòalj, mli

ey tcj youlajr, Emìwnl, m dcmrmdtjr of korj mkenauous vnrtuj. Ycj Iubj of @orrmnljwms m`nbj dj`jermtji ol jntcjr snij of tcj Ucnlj2 frok enrtc mli jiudmtnol, cj wmsjqum``y dolvjrsmlt wntc tcj Frjldc mli Yjutolnd `mlaumajs8 tcj emrols of Frmldj,Ajrkmly, mli @orrmnlj mssjke`ji tcjnr vmssm`s2 mli tcj dolfjijrmtj fordj tcmtkmrdcji ulijr cns emlljr wms dokposji of foursdorj tcousmli foot mli meout tjltcousmli corsj. NN. Nl tcj pmr`nmkjlt tcmt wms cjì mt Wmrns, nl tcj bnla„s prjsjldj,meout two koltcs mftjr tcj douldn` of D`jrkolt, Cuac, Doult of Vjrkmlions, wms tcjkost dolspnduous of tcj prnldjs wco mssukji tcj dross. Eut tcj mppj``mtnol of tcj

Arjmt wms mpp`nji, lot so kudc to cns kjrnt or possjssnols (tcouac ljntcjr wjrjdoltjkptne`j), ms to tcj roym` enrtc of tcj erotcjr of tcj bnla of Frmldj.93 Uoejrt,Iubj of Lorkmliy, wms tcj jìjst sol of Qn``nmk tcj Dolqujror2 eut ol cns fmtcjr„sijmtc cj wms ijprnvji of tcj bnlaiok of Jla`mli, ey cns owl nlio`jldj mli tcjmdtnvnty of cns erotcjr Uufus. Ycj wortc of Uoejrt wms ijarmiji ey ml jxdjssnvj`jvnty mli jmsnljss of tjkpjr2 cns dcjjrfu`ljss sjiudji cnk to tcj nliuàjldj of

p`jmsurj2 cns profusj `nejrm`nty nkpovjrnscji tcj prnldj mli pjop`j2 cns nlinsdrnknlmtjd`jkjldy ku`tnp`nji tcj lukejr of offjlijrs2 mli tcj mknme`j qum`ntnjs of m prnvmtjkml ejdmkj tcj jssjltnm` ijfjdts of m sovjrjnal. For tcj trnf`nla suk of tjl tcousmlikmrbs cj kortamaji Lorkmliy iurnla cns mesjldj to tcj Jla`nsc usurpjr29> eut cns

jlamajkjlt mli ejcmvnour nl tcj co`y wmr mllouldji nl Uoejrt m rjforkmtnol of kmlljrs, mli rjstorji cnk nl sokj ijarjj to tcj pue`nd jstjjk. Mlotcjr Uoejrt wms





doult of F`mlijrs, m roym` provnldj, wcndc, nl tcns djltury, amvj tcrjj qujjls to tcjtcroljs of Frmldj, Jla`mli, mli Ijlkmrb. Cj wms surlmkji tcj Twori mli @mldj of tcj Dcrnstnmls2 eut nl tcj jxpònts of m soìnjr cj sokjtnkjs foraot tcj iutnjs of majljrm`. Ttjpcjl, doult of Dcmrtrjs, of Eòns, mli of Yroyjs, wms olj of tcj rndcjst

prnldjs of tcj maj2 mli tcj lukejr of cns dmst`js cms ejjl dokpmrji to tcj tcrjj

culirji mli snxty-fnvj imys of tcj yjmr. Cns knli wms nkprovji ey `ntjrmturj2 mli, nltcj douldn` of tcj dcnjfs, tcj jòqujlt Ttjpcjl:7 wms dcosjl to insdcmraj tcj offndj of tcjnr prjsnijlt. Ycjsj four wjrj tcj prnldnpm` `jmijrs of tcj Frjldc, tcj Lorkmls, mlitcj pnàrnks of tcj Erntnsc Ns`js2 eut tcj `nst of tcj emrols, wco wjrj possjssji of tcrjjor four towls, wouì jxdjji, smys m doltjkpormry, tcj dmtmòauj of tcj Yrohml wmr.:=NNN. Nl tcj soutc of Frmldj, tcj dokkmli wms mssukji ey Micjkmr, enscop of Wuy,tcj popj„s `jamtj, mli ey Umykoli, doult of Tt. An`js mli Youòusj, wco miiji tcj

prouijr tnt`js of iubj of Lmreollj mli kmrquns of Wrovjldj. Ycj forkjr wms mrjspjdtme`j prj`mtj, m`nbj qum`nfnji for tcns worì mli tcj ljxt. Ycj `mttjr wms m vjtjrmlwmrrnor, wco cmi fouact mamnlst tcj Tmrmdjls of Tpmnl, mli wco dolsjdrmtji cns

ijd`nlnla maj, lot ol`y to tcj ij`nvjrmldj, eut to tcj pjrpjtum` sjrvndj, of tcj co`ysjpu`dcrj. Cns jxpjrnjldj mli rndcjs amvj cnk m strola msdjlimlt nl tcj Dcrnstnmldmkp, wcosj instrjss cj wms oftjl me`j, mli sokjtnkjs wn``nla, to rj`njvj. Eut nt wmsjmsnjr for cnk to jxtort tcj prmnsj of tcj nlfnij`s tcml to prjsjrvj tcj òvj of cnssuehjdts mli mssodnmtjs. Cns jknljlt qum`ntnjs wjrj dòuiji ey m tjkpjr, cmuacty,jlvnous, mli oestnlmtj2 mli, tcouac cj rjsnalji ml mkp`j pmtrnkoly for tcj dmusj of Aoi, cns pnjty, nl tcj pue`nd opnlnol, wms lot jxjkpt frok mvmrndj mli mkentnol.:5 Mkjrdmltn`j rmtcjr tcml m kmrtnm` spnrnt prjvmn`ji mkola cns provnldnm`s,:4 m dokkollmkj, wcndc nldùiji tcj lmtnvjs of Muvjralj mli @mlaujiod,:9 tcj vmssm`s of tcjbnlaiok of Eurauliy or Mr`js. Frok tcj mihmdjlt froltnjr of Tpmnl cj irjw m emli of

cmriy mivjlturjrs2 ms cj kmrdcji tcrouac @okemriy, m drowi of Ntm`nmls fòdbji tocns stmlimri2 mli cns ulntji fordj dolsnstji of olj culirji tcousmli corsj mli foot. Nf Umykoli wms tcj fnrst to jl`nst, mli tcj `mst to ijpmrt, tcj ij`my kmy ej jxdusji eytcj arjmtljss of cns prjpmrmtnol mli tcj proknsj of ml jvjr`mstnla fmrjwj``. NV. Ycjlmkj of Eocjkoli, tcj sol of Uoejrt Aunsdmri, wms m`rjmiy fmkous ey cns ioue`jvndtory ovjr tcj Arjjb jkpjror2 eut cns fmtcjr„s wn`` cmi rjiudji cnk to tcj

prnldnpm`nty of Ymrjltuk mli tcj rjkjkermldj of cns Jmstjrl tropcnjs, tn`` cj wmsmwmbjlji ey tcj rukour mli pmssmaj of tcj Frjldc pnàrnks. Nt ns nl tcj pjrsol of tcns

Lorkml dcnjf tcmt wj kmy sjjb for tcj doo`jst po`ndy mli mkentnol, wntc m skm`` m``myof rj`nanous fmlmtndnsk. Cns doliudt kmy hustnfy m ej`njf tcmt cj cmi sjdrjt`y inrjdtjitcj ijsnal of tcj popj, wcndc cj mffjdtji to sjdoli wntc mstolnsckjlt mli zjm`. Mt tcj

snjaj of Mkm`pcn, cns jxmkp`j mli insdoursj nlf`mkji tcj pmssnols of m dolfjijrmtjmrky2 cj nlstmlt`y torj cns amrkjlt, to supp`y drossjs for tcj lukjrous dmlinimtjs,mli prjpmrji to vnsnt Dolstmltnlop`j mli Msnm mt tcj cjmi of tjl tcousmli corsj mlitwjlty tcousmli foot. Tjvjrm` prnldjs of tcj Lorkml rmdj mddokpmlnji tcns vjtjrmlajljrm`2 mli cns dousnl Ymldrji:: wms tcj pmrtljr, rmtcjr tcml tcj sjrvmlt, of tcj wmr.Nl tcj mddokp`nscji dcmrmdtjr of Ymldrji wj insdovjr m`` tcj vnrtujs of m pjrfjdtblnact,:6 tcj truj spnrnt of dcnvm`ry, wcndc nlspnrji tcj ajljrous sjltnkjlts mli sodnmòffndjs of kml fmr ejttjr tcml tcj emsj pcnòsopcy, or tcj emsjr rj`nanol, of tcj tnkjs.





Ejtwjjl tcj maj of Dcmr`jkmalj mli tcmt of tcj drusmijs, m rjvoùtnol cmi tmbjl p`mdj mkola tcj Tpmlnmris, tcj Lorkmls, mli tcj Frjldc, wcndc wms armium``yjxtjliji to tcj rjst of Juropj. Ycj sjrvndj of tcj nlfmltry wms ijarmiji to tcj

p`jejnmls2 tcj dmvm`ry forkji tcj strjlatc of tcj mrknjs, mli tcj colourme`j lmkj of kn`js, or soìnjr, wms dolfnlji to tcj ajlt`jkjl:1 wco sjrvji ol corsjemdb mli wjrj

nlvjstji wntc tcj dcmrmdtjr of blnactcooi. Ycj iubjs mli doults, wco cmi usurpjitcj rnacts of sovjrjnalty, invniji tcj provnldjs mkola tcjnr fmntcfu` emrols8 tcj

emrols instrneutji mkola tcjnr vmssm`s tcj fnjfs or ejljfndjs of tcjnr hurnsindtnol2 mlitcjsj kn`ntmry tjlmlts, tcj pjjrs of jmdc otcjr mli of tcjnr òri, dokposji tcj loe`j or jqujstrnml orijr, wcndc insimnlji to doldjnvj tcj pjmsmlt or euracjr ms of tcj smkjspjdnjs wntc tcjksj`vjs. Ycj inalnty of tcjnr enrtc wms prjsjrvji ey purj mli jqum`m``nmldjs2 tcjnr sols mòlj, wco douì proiudj four qumrtjrs or `nljs of mldjstry,wntcout spot or rjpromdc, knact `jam``y prjtjli to tcj colour of blnactcooi2 eut mvm`nmlt p`jejnml wms sokjtnkjs jlrndcji mli jlloe`ji ey tcj swori, mli ejdmkj tcjfmtcjr of m ljw rmdj. M snla`j blnact douì nkpmrt, mddorinla to cns huiakjlt, tcj

dcmrmdtjr wcndc cj rjdjnvji2 mli tcj wmr`nbj sovjrjnals of Juropj ijrnvji korj aòryfrok tcns pjrsolm` instnldtnol tcml frok tcj ùstrj of tcjnr inmijk. Ycns djrjkoly, of wcndc sokj trmdjs kmy ej fouli nl Ymdntus mli tcj woois of Ajrkmly,:3 wms nl ntsornanl snkp`j mli profmlj2 tcj dmlinimtj, mftjr sokj prjvnous trnm`, wms nlvjstji wntctcj swori mli spurs2 mli cns dcjjb or scouìjr wms toudcji wntc m s`nact eòw, ms mljke`jk of tcj `mst mffrolt wcndc nt wms `mwfu` for cnk to jliurj. Eut supjrstntnolknla`ji nl jvjry pue`nd mli prnvmtj mdtnol of `nfj2 nl tcj co`y wmrs, nt smldtnfnji tcj

profjssnol of mrks2 mli tcj orijr of dcnvm`ry wms mssnkn`mtji nl nts rnacts mli prnvn`jajs to tcj smdrji orijrs of prnjstcooi. Ycj emtc mli wcntj amrkjlt of tcjlovndj wjrj ml nlijdjlt dopy of tcj rjajljrmtnol of emptnsk2 cns swori, wcndc cj

offjrji ol tcj m`tmr, wms e`jssji ey tcj knlnstjrs of rj`nanol2 cns so`jkl rjdjptnol wms prjdjiji ey fmsts mli vnan`s2 mli cj wms drjmtji m blnact, nl tcj lmkj of Aoi, of Tt.Ajoraj, mli of Tt. Kndcmj` tcj mrdcmlaj`. Cj sworj to mddokp`nsc tcj iutnjs of cns

profjssnol2 mli jiudmtnol, jxmkp`j, mli tcj pue`nd opnlnol wjrj tcj nlvno`me`jaumrinmls of cns omtc. Ms tcj dcmkpnol of Aoi mli tcj `minjs (N eùsc to ulntj sudcinsdorimlt lmkjs), cj ijvotji cnksj`f to spjmb tcj trutc2 to kmnltmnl tcj rnact2 to

protjdt tcj instrjssji2 to prmdtnsj dourtjsy, m vnrtuj `jss fmkn`nmr to tcj mldnjlts2 to pursuj tcj nlfnij`s2 to ijspnsj tcj m`ùrjkjlts of jmsj mli smfjty2 mli to vnlindmtj nljvjry pjrnòus mivjlturj tcj colour of cns dcmrmdtjr. Ycj meusj of tcj smkj spnrnt

provobji tcj n``ntjrmtj blnact to insimnl tcj mrts of nliustry mli pjmdj2 to jstjjkcnksj`f tcj so`j huiaj mli mvjlajr of cns owl nlhurnjs2 mli proui`y to lja`jdt tcj

`mws of dnvn` sodnjty mli kn`ntmry insdnp`nlj. ^jt tcj ejljfnts of tcns nlstntutnol, torjfnlj tcj tjkpjr of Emremrnmls, mli to nlfusj sokj prnldnp`js of fmntc, hustndj, mli





cukmlnty, wjrj strola`y fj`t, mli cmvj ejjl oftjl oesjrvji. Ycj mspjrnty of lmtnolm` prjhuindj wms softjlji2 mli tcj dokkulnty of rj`nanol mli mrks sprjmi m snkn`mr doòur mli ajljrous jku`mtnol ovjr tcj fmdj of Dcrnstjliok. Meromi nl jltjrprnsjmli pnàrnkmaj, mt cokj nl kmrtnm` jxjrdnsj, tcj wmrrnors of jvjry doultry wjrj

pjrpjtum``y mssodnmtji2 mli nkpmrtnm` tmstj kust prjfjr m Aotcnd tourlmkjlt to tcj

O`ykpnd amkjs of d`mssnd mltnqunty.:> Nlstjmi of tcj lmbji spjdtmd`js wcndcdorruptji tcj kmlljrs of tcj Arjjbs mli emlnscji frok tcj stminuk tcj vnranls mlitcj kmtrols, tcj pokpous ijdormtnol of tcj `nsts wms drowlji wntc tcj prjsjldj of dcmstj mli cnac-eorl ejmuty, frok wcosj cmlis tcj dolqujror rjdjnvji tcj prnzj of cns ijxtjrnty mli dourmaj. Ycj sbn`` mli strjlatc tcmt wjrj jxjrtji nl wrjst`nla mli

eoxnla ejmr m instmlt mli iouetfu` rj`mtnol to tcj kjrnt of m soìnjr2 eut tcjtourlmkjlts, ms tcjy wjrj nlvjltji nl Frmldj mli jmajr`y mioptji eotc nl tcj Jmstmli Qjst, prjsjltji m `nvj`y nkmaj of tcj eusnljss of tcj fnjì. Ycj snla`j dokemts,tcj ajljrm` sbnrknsc, tcj ijfjldj of m pmss or dmst`j, wjrj rjcjmrsji ms nl mdtum`sjrvndj2 mli tcj doltjst, eotc nl rjm` mli knknd wmr, wms ijdniji ey tcj supjrnor

kmlmajkjlt of tcj corsj mli `mldj. Ycj `mldj wms tcj propjr mli pjdu`nmr wjmpol of tcj blnact2 cns corsj wms of m `mraj mli cjmvy erjji2 eut tcns dcmrajr, tn`` cj wmsrousji ey tcj mppromdcnla imlajr, wms usum``y `ji ey ml mttjlimlt, mli cj qunjt`yroij m pmi or pm`frjy of m korj jmsy pmdj. Cns cj`kjt mli swori, cns arjmvjs mli

eudb`jr, nt wouì ej supjrfùous to ijsdrnej2 eut N kmy rjkmrb tcmt mt tcj pjrnoi of tcjdrusmijs tcj mrkour wms `jss polijrous tcml nl `mtjr tnkjs2 mli tcmt, nlstjmi of mkmssy dunrmss, cns erjmst wms ijfjliji ey ml cmuejrb or domt of kmn`. Qcjl tcjnr òla`mldjs wjrj fnxji nl tcj rjst, tcj wmrrnors furnous`y spurrji tcjnr corsjs mamnlst tcjfoj2 mli tcj `nact dmvm`ry of tcj Yurbs mli Mrmes douì sjìok stmli mamnlst tcj inrjdtmli nkpjtuous wjnact of tcjnr dcmraj. Jmdc blnact wms mttjliji to tcj fnjì ey cns

fmntcfu` squnrj, m youtc of jqum` enrtc mli snkn`mr copjs2 cj wms fo`òwji ey cnsmrdcjrs mli kjl mt mrks, mli four, or fnvj, or snx soìnjrs wjrj dokputji ms tcjfurlnturj of m dokp`jtj `mldj. Nl tcj jxpjintnols to tcj ljnaceournla bnlaioks or tcjCo`y @mli, tcj iutnjs of tcj fjuim` tjlurj lo òlajr suesnstji2 tcj voùltmry sjrvndjof tcj blnacts mli tcjnr fo`òwjrs wms jntcjr prokptji ey zjm` or mttmdckjlt, or

purdcmsji wntc rjwmris mli proknsjs2 mli tcj lukejrs of jmdc squmirol wjrjkjmsurji ey tcj powjr, tcj wjm`tc, mli tcj fmkj of jmdc nlijpjlijlt dcnjftmnl. Ycjywjrj instnlaunscji ey cns emlljr, cns mrkornm` domt, mli cns dry of wmr2 mli tcj kostmldnjlt fmkn`njs of Juropj kust sjjb nl tcjsj mdcnjvjkjlts tcj ornanl mli proof of tcjnr loen`nty. Nl tcns rmpni portrmnt of dcnvm`ry, N cmvj ejjl uraji to mltndnpmtj ol tcjstory of tcj drusmijs, mt oldj ml jffjdt, mli m dmusj, of tcns kjkorme`j nlstntutnol.67

Tudc wjrj tcj troops, mli sudc tcj `jmijrs, wco mssukji tcj dross for tcj ij`nvjrmldjof tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj. Ms sool ms tcjy wjrj rj`njvji ey tcj mesjldj of tcj p`jejnmlku`tntuij, tcjy jldourmaji jmdc otcjr, ey nltjrvnjws mli kjssmajs, to mddokp`nsctcjnr vow mli cmstjl tcjnr ijpmrturj. Ycjnr wnvjs mli snstjrs wjrj ijsnrous of

pmrtmbnla tcj imlajr mli kjrnt of tcj pnàrnkmaj2 tcjnr portme`j trjmsurjs wjrjdolvjyji nl emrs of sn`vjr mli aoì2 mli tcj prnldjs mli emrols wjrj mttjliji ey tcjnr jqunpmaj of coulis mli cmwbs, to mkusj tcjnr `jnsurj mli to supp`y tcjnr tme`j. Ycjinffndu`ty of produrnla suesnstjldj for so kmly kyrnmis of kjl mli corsjs jlamajitcjk to sjpmrmtj tcjnr fordjs2 tcjnr dcondj or sntumtnol ijtjrknlji tcj romi2 mli nt wms

marjji to kjjt nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Dolstmltnlop`j, mli frok tcjldj to ejanltcjnr opjrmtnols mamnlst tcj Yurbs. Frok tcj emlbs of tcj Kjusj mli tcj Kosj``j,


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Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl fo`òwji tcj inrjdt wmy of Ajrkmly, Culamry, mli Euàmrnm2mli, ms òla ms cj jxjrdnsji tcj so`j dokkmli, jvjry stjp mfforiji sokj proof of cns

pruijldj mli vnrtuj. Ol tcj dolfnljs of Culamry cj wms stoppji tcrjj wjjbs ey mDcrnstnml pjop`j, to wcok tcj lmkj, or mt `jmst tcj meusj, of tcj dross wms hust`yoinous. Ycj Culamrnmls stn`` skmrtji wntc tcj woulis wcndc tcjy cmi rjdjnvji frok

tcj fnrst pnàrnks2 nl tcjnr turl tcjy cmi meusji tcj rnact of ijfjldj mli rjtm`nmtnol2mli tcjy cmi rjmsol to mpprjcjli m sjvjrj rjvjlaj frok ml cjro of tcj smkj lmtnol,mli wco wms jlamaji nl tcj smkj dmusj. Eut, mftjr wjnacnla tcj kotnvjs mli tcjjvjlts, tcj vnrtuous iubj wms doltjlt to pnty tcj drnkjs mli knsfortuljs of cnswortc`jss erjtcrjl2 mli cns twj`vj ijputnjs, tcj kjssjlajrs of pjmdj, rjqujstji nl cnslmkj m frjj pmssmaj mli ml jqum` kmrbjt. Yo rjkovj tcjnr suspndnols, Aoifrjy trustjicnksj`f, mli mftjrwmris cns erotcjr, to tcj fmntc of Dmròkml, bnla of Culamry, wcotrjmtji tcjk wntc m snkp`j eut cospntme`j jltjrtmnlkjlt8 tcj trjmty wms smldtnfnji eytcjnr dokkol aospj`2 mli m prod`mkmtnol, ulijr pmnl of ijmtc, rjstrmnlji tcjmlnkosnty mli `ndjldj of tcj @mtnl soìnjrs. Frok Mustrnm to Ejàrmij, tcjy trmvjrsji

tcj p`mnls of Culamry, wntcout jliurnla or offjrnla ml nlhury2 mli tcj proxnknty of Dmròkml, wco covjrji ol tcjnr f`mlbs wntc cns lukjrous dmvm`ry, wms m prjdmutnollot `jss usjfu` for tcjnr smfjty tcml for cns owl. Ycjy rjmdcji tcj emlbs of tcj Tmvj2mli lo sooljr cmi tcjy pmssji tcj rnvjr tcml tcj bnla of Culamry rjstorji tcjcostmajs mli smùtji tcjnr ijpmrturj wntc tcj fmnrjst wnscjs for tcj suddjss of tcjnr jltjrprnsj. Qntc tcj smkj doliudt mli insdnp`nlj, Aoifrjy pjrvmiji tcj woois of Euàmrnm mli tcj froltnjrs of Ycrmdj2 mli knact dolarmtu`mtj cnksj`f tcmt cj cmim`kost rjmdcji tcj fnrst tjrk of cns pnàrnkmaj wntcout irmwnla cns swori mamnlst mDcrnstnml mivjrsmry. Mftjr ml jmsy mli p`jmsmlt hourljy tcrouac @okemriy, frokYurnl to Mqun`jnm, Umykoli mli cns provnldnm`s kmrdcji forty imys tcrouac tcj

smvmaj doultry of Im`kmtnm.6= mli Td`mvolnm. Ycj wjmtcjr wms m pjrpjtum` foa2 tcj`mli wms koultmnlous mli ijso`mtj2 tcj lmtnvjs wjrj jntcjr fuantnvj or costn`j2 òosjnl tcjnr rj`nanol mli aovjrlkjlt, tcjy rjfusji to furlnsc provnsnols or aunijs2kurijrji tcj strmaa`jrs2 mli jxjrdnsji ey lnact mli imy tcj vnan`mldj of tcj doult,wco ijrnvji korj sjdurnty frok tcj pulnsckjlt of sokj dmptnvj roeejrs tcml frokcns nltjrvnjw mli trjmty wntc tcj prnldj of Tdoirm.65 Cns kmrdc ejtwjjl Iurmzzo mliDolstmltnlop`j wms cmrmssji, wntcout ejnla stoppji, ey tcj pjmsmlts mli soìnjrs of tcj Arjjb jkpjror2 mli tcj smkj fmnlt mli mkenaunous costn`nty wms prjpmrji for tcjrjkmnlnla dcnjfs, wco pmssji tcj Mirnmtnd frok tcj domst of Ntm`y. Eocjkoli cmimrks mli vjssj`s, mli forjsnact mli insdnp`nlj2 mli cns lmkj wms lot foraottjl nl tcj

provnldjs of Jpnrus mli Ycjssm`y. Qcmtjvjr oestmd`js cj jldoultjrji wjrj

surkoultji ey cns kn`ntmry doliudt mli tcj vmòur of Ymldrji2 mli, nf tcj Lorkml prnldj mffjdtji to spmrj tcj Arjjbs, cj aoraji cns soìnjrs wntc tcj fu`` pùlijr of mlcjrjtndm` dmst`j.64 Ycj loe`js of Frmldj prjssji forwmris wntc tcj vmnl mlitcouact`jss mriour of wcndc tcjnr lmtnol cms ejjl sokjtnkjs mddusji. Frok tcj M`psto Mpu`nm, tcj kmrdc of Cuac tcj Arjmt, of tcj two Uoejrts, mli of Ttjpcjl of Dcmrtrjs, tcrouac m wjm`tcy doultry, mli mknist tcj mpp`muinla Dmtco`nds, wms mijvout or trnukpcmlt proarjss8 tcjy bnssji tcj fjjt of tcj Uokml poltnff2 mli tcjaoìjl stmlimri of Tt. Wjtjr wms ij`nvjrji to tcj erotcjr of tcj Frjldc kolmrdc.69Eut nl tcns vnsnt of pnjty mli p`jmsurj tcjy lja`jdtji to sjdurj tcj sjmsol mli tcjkjmls of tcjnr jkemrbmtnol8 tcj wnltjr wms nlsjlsne`y òst2 tcjnr troops wjrj sdmttjrji

mli dorruptji nl tcj towls of Ntm`y. Ycjy sjpmrmtj`y mddokp`nscji tcjnr pmssmaj,rjamri`jss of smfjty or inalnty8 mli wntcnl lnlj koltcs frok tcj fjmst of tcj


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Mssukptnol, tcj imy mpponltji ey Zreml, m`` tcj @mtnl prnldjs cmi rjmdcjiDolstmltnlop`j. Eut tcj Doult of Vjrkmlions wms proiudji ms m dmptnvj2 cns forjkostvjssj`s wjrj sdmttjrji ey m tjkpjst2 mli cns pjrsol, mamnlst tcj `mw of lmtnols, wmsijtmnlji ey tcj `njutjlmlts of M`jxnus. ^jt tcj mrrnvm` of Cuac cmi ejjl mllouldji

ey four-mli-twjlty blnacts nl aoìjl mrkour, wco dokkmliji tcj jkpjror to rjvjrj

tcj ajljrm` of tcj @mtnl Dcrnstnmls, tcj erotcjr of tcj Bnla of bnlas.6:

Nl sokj Ornjltm` tm`j N cmvj rjmi tcj fme`j of m scjpcjri, wco wms runlji ey tcjmddokp`nsckjlt of cns owl wnscjs8 cj cmi prmyji for wmtjr2 tcj Amlajs wms turljinlto cns aroulis2 mli cns fòdb mli dottmaj wjrj swjpt mwmy ey tcj nlulimtnol. Tudcwms tcj fortulj, or mt `jmst tcj mpprjcjlsnol, of tcj Arjjb jkpjror, M`jxnusDokljlus, wcosj lmkj cms m`rjmiy mppjmrji nl tcns cnstory, mli wcosj doliudt ns soinffjrjlt`y rjprjsjltji ey cns imuactjr Mllm66 mli ey tcj @mtnl wrntjrs.61 Nl tcjdouldn` of W`mdjltnm, cns mkemssmiors cmi so`ndntji m koijrmtj suddour, pjrcmps of tjltcousmli soìnjrs2 eut cj wms mstolnscji ey tcj mppromdc of so kmly potjlt dcnjfs

mli fmlmtnd lmtnols. Ycj jkpjror fùdtumtji ejtwjjl copj mli fjmr, ejtwjjl tnknintymli dourmaj2 eut nl tcj droobji po`ndy wcndc cj knstoob for wnsiok N dmllot ej`njvj,N dmllot insdjrl, tcmt cj km`ndnous`y dolspnrji mamnlst tcj `nfj or colour of tcj Frjldccjrojs. Ycj proknsduous ku`tntuijs of Wjtjr tcj Cjrknt wjrj smvmaj ejmsts, m`nbjijstntutj of cukmlnty mli rjmsol2 lor wms nt possne`j for M`jxnus to prjvjlt or ijpòrjtcjnr ijstrudtnol. Ycj troops of Aoifrjy mli cns pjjrs wjrj `jss doltjkptne`j, eut lot`jss suspndnous, to tcj Arjjb jkpjror. Ycjnr kotnvjs knact ej purj mli pnous2 eut cjwms jqum``y m`mrkji ey cns blow`jiaj of tcj mkentnous Eocjkoli mli cns nalormldjof tcj Yrmlsm`pnlj dcnjfs8 tcj dourmaj of tcj Frjldc wms e`nli mli cjmistrola2 tcjyknact ej tjkptji ey tcj ùxury mli wjm`tc of Arjjdj, mli j`mtji ey tcj vnjw mliopnlnol of tcjnr nlvnldne`j strjlatc2 mli Hjrusm`jk knact ej foraottjl nl tcj prospjdtof Dolstmltnlop`j. Mftjr m òla kmrdc mli pmnlfu` mestnljldj, tcj troops of Aoifrjyjldmkpji nl tcj p`mnls of Ycrmdj2 tcjy cjmri wntc nlinalmtnol tcmt tcjnr erotcjr, tcjDoult of Vjrkmlions, wms nkprnsolji ey tcj Arjjbs2 mli tcjnr rjùdtmlt iubj wmsdokpj``ji to nliuàj tcjk nl sokj frjjiok of rjtm`nmtnol mli rmpnlj. Ycjy wjrjmppjmsji ey tcj sueknssnol of M`jxnus2 cj proknsji to supp`y tcjnr dmkp2 mli, mstcjy rjfusji, nl tcj knist of wnltjr, to pmss tcj Eospcorus, tcjnr qumrtjrs wjrjmssnalji mkola tcj amrijls mli pm`mdjs ol tcj scorjs of tcmt lmrrow sjm. Eut mlnldurme`j hjmòusy stn`` rmlb`ji nl tcj knlis of tcj two lmtnols, wco ijspnsji jmdcotcjr ms s`mvjs mli Emremrnmls. Nalormldj ns tcj arouli of suspndnol, mli suspndnolwms nlf`mkji nlto imn`y provodmtnols2 prjhuindj ns e`nli, culajr ns ijmf2 mli M`jxnus

ns mddusji of m ijsnal to stmrvj or mssmu`t tcj @mtnls ol m imlajrous post, ol m`` snijsjldokpmssji wntc tcj wmtjrs.63 Aoifrjy souliji cns trukpjts, eurst tcj ljt,ovjrsprjmi tcj p`mnl, mli nlsu`tji tcj sueures2 eut tcj amtjs of Dolstmltnlop`j wjrjstrola`y fortnfnji2 tcj rmkpmrts wjrj `nlji wntc mrdcjrs2 mli, mftjr m iouetfu` dolf`ndt,

eotc pmrtnjs `nstjlji to tcj vondj of pjmdj mli rj`nanol. Ycj anfts mli proknsjs of tcjjkpjror nlsjlsne`y sootcji tcj fnjrdj spnrnt of tcj Qjstjrl strmlajrs2 ms m Dcrnstnmlwmrrnor, cj rjbnli`ji tcjnr zjm` for tcj prosjdutnol of tcjnr co`y jltjrprnsj, wcndc cjjlamaji to sjdoli wntc cns troops mli trjmsurjs. Ol tcj rjturl of sprnla, Aoifrjy wms

pjrsumiji to oddupy m p`jmsmlt mli p`jltnfu` dmkp nl Msnm2 mli lo sooljr cmi cj pmssji tcj Eospcorus, tcml tcj Arjjb vjssj`s wjrj suiijl`y rjdm``ji to tcj opposntj

scorj. Ycj smkj po`ndy wms rjpjmtji wntc tcj suddjjinla dcnjfs, wco wjrj swmyji eytcj jxmkp`j, mli wjmbjlji ey tcj ijpmrturj, of tcjnr forjkost dokpmlnols. Ey cns





sbn`` mli in`najldj, M`jxnus prjvjltji tcj ulnol of mly two of tcj dolfjijrmtj mrknjsmt tcj smkj kokjlt ulijr tcj wm``s of Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli, ejforj tcj fjmst of tcjWjltjdost, lot m @mtnl pnàrnk wms `jft ol tcj domst of Juropj.

Ycj smkj mrks wcndc tcrjmtjlji Juropj knact ij`nvjr Msnm mli rjpj` tcj Yurbs frok

tcj ljnaceournla scorjs of tcj Eospcorus mli Cj``jspolt. Ycj fmnr provnldjs frok Lndj to Mltnodc wjrj tcj rjdjlt pmtrnkoly of tcj Uokml jkpjror2 mli cns mldnjlt mli pjrpjtum` d`mnk stn`` jkermdji tcj bnlaioks of Tyrnm mli Jaypt. Nl cns jltcusnmsk,M`jxnus nliuàji, or mffjdtji, tcj mkentnous copj of `jminla cns ljw m``njs to suevjrttcj tcroljs of tcj Jmst2 eut tcj dm`kjr indtmtjs of rjmsol mli tjkpjr inssumiji cnkfrok jxposnla cns roym` pjrsol to tcj fmntc of ulblowl mli `mw`jss Emremrnmls. Cns

pruijldj, or cns prnij, wms doltjlt wntc jxtortnla frok tcj Frjldc prnldjs ml omtc of cokmaj mli fnij`nty, mli m so`jkl proknsj tcmt tcjy wouì jntcjr rjstorj, or coì,tcjnr Msnmtnd dolqujsts ms tcj cuke`j mli òym` vmssm`s of tcj Uokml jkpnrj. Ycjnr nlijpjlijlt spnrnt wms fnrji mt tcj kjltnol of tcns forjnal mli voùltmry sjrvntuij2

tcjy suddjssnvj`y ynjìji to tcj ijxtrous mpp`ndmtnol of anfts mli f`mttjry2 mli tcj fnrst prosj`ytjs ejdmkj tcj kost jòqujlt mli jffjdtum` knssnolmrnjs to ku`tnp`y tcjdokpmlnols of tcjnr scmkj. Ycj prnij of Cuac of Vjrkmlions wms sootcji ey tcjcolours of cns dmptnvnty2 mli nl tcj erotcjr of tcj Frjldc bnla tcj jxmkp`j of sueknssnol wms prjvm`jlt mli wjnacty. Nl tcj knli of Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl, jvjrycukml dolsnijrmtnol wms sueorinlmtj to tcj aòry of Aoi mli tcj suddjss of tcjdrusmij. Cj cmi fnrk`y rjsnstji tcj tjkptmtnols of Eocjkoli mli Umykoli, wcouraji tcj mttmdb mli dolqujst of Dolstmltnlop`j. M`jxnus jstjjkji cns vnrtujs,ijsjrvji`y lmkji cnk tcj dcmkpnol of tcj jkpnrj, mli inalnfnji cns cokmaj wntc tcjfn`nm` lmkj mli tcj rnacts of mioptnol.6> Ycj cmtjfu` Eocjkoli wms rjdjnvji ms m trujmli mldnjlt m``y2 mli, nf tcj jkpjror rjknliji cnk of forkjr costn`ntnjs, nt wms ol`y to

prmnsj tcj vmòur tcmt cj cmi insp`myji, mli tcj aòry tcmt cj cmi mdqunrji, nl tcjfnjìs of Iurmzzo mli @mrnssm. Ycj sol of Aunsdmri wms òiaji mli jltjrtmnlji, mlisjrvji wntc Nkpjrnm` pokp8 olj imy, ms cj pmssji tcrouac tcj am``jry of tcj pm`mdj, mioor wms dmrj`jss`y `jft opjl to jxposj m pn`j of aoì mli sn`vjr, of sn`b mli ajks, of durnous mli dost`y furlnturj, tcmt wms cjmpji nl sjjknla insorijr frok tcj fòor to tcjroof of tcj dcmkejr. ‐Qcmt dolqujsts,‛ jxd`mnkji tcj mkentnous knsjr, ‐knact lot ejmdcnjvji ey tcj possjssnol of sudc m trjmsurj!‛ ‐Nt ns your owl,‛ rjp`nji m Arjjb mttjlimlt, wco wmtdcji tcj kotnols of cns sou`2 mli Eocjkoli, mftjr sokj cjsntmtnol,dolijsdjliji to mddjpt tcns kmalnfndjlt prjsjlt. Ycj Lorkml wms f`mttjrji ey tcjmssurmldj of ml nlijpjlijlt prnldnpm`nty2 mli M`jxnus jùiji, rmtcjr tcml ijlnji, cns

imrnla ijkmli of tcj offndj of arjmt iokjstnd, or ajljrm`, of tcj Jmst. Ycj twoUoejrts, tcj sol of tcj dolqujror of Jla`mli mli tcj bnlskml of tcrjj qujjls,17

eowji nl tcjnr turl ejforj tcj Eyzmltnlj tcrolj. M prnvmtj ̀ jttjr of Ttjpcjl of Dcmrtrjs mttjsts cns miknrmtnol of tcj jkpjror, tcj kost jxdj``jlt mli `nejrm` of kjl,wco tmuact cnk to ej`njvj tcmt cj wms m fmvourntj, mli proknsji to jiudmtj mlijstme`nsc cns youlajst sol. Nl cns soutcjrl provnldj, tcj Doult of Tt. An`js mliYouòusj fmnlt`y rjdoalnsji tcj suprjkmdy of tcj bnla of Frmldj, m prnldj of m forjnallmtnol mli `mlaumaj. Mt tcj cjmi of ml culirji tcousmli kjl, cj ijd`mrji tcmt cjwms tcj soìnjr mli sjrvmlt of Dcrnst mòlj, mli tcmt tcj Arjjb knact ej smtnsfnji wntcml jqum` trjmty of m``nmldj mli frnjliscnp. Cns oestnlmtj rjsnstmldj jlcmldji tcj vmùj

mli tcj prndj of cns sueknssnol2 mli cj scolj, smys tcj prnldjss Mllj, mkola tcjEmremrnmls, ms tcj sul mknist tcj stmrs of cjmvjl. Cns insaust of tcj lonsj mli





nlso`jldj of tcj Frjldc, cns suspndnols of tcj ijsnals of Eocjkoli, tcj jkpjror nkpmrtji to cns fmntcfu` Umykoli2 mli tcmt maji stmtjskml knact d`jmr`y insdjrl tcmt,cowjvjr fm`sj nl frnjliscnp, cj wms snldjrj nl cns jlknty.1= Ycj spnrnt of dcnvm`ry wms`mst sueiuji nl tcj pjrsol of Ymldrji2 mli lolj douì ijjk tcjksj`vjs inscolourji

ey tcj nkntmtnol of tcmt am``mlt blnact. Cj insimnlji tcj aoì mli f`mttjry of tcj Arjjb

kolmrdc2 mssmu`tji nl cns prjsjldj ml nlso`jlt pmtrndnml2 jsdmpji to Msnm nl tcj cmentof m prnvmtj soìnjr2 mli ynjìji wntc m snac to tcj mutcornty of Eocjkoli mli tcjnltjrjst of tcj Dcrnstnml dmusj. Ycj ejst mli kost ostjlsne`j rjmsol wms tcjnkpossnen`nty of pmssnla tcj sjm mli mddokp`nscnla tcjnr vow, wntcout tcj `ndjldj mlitcj vjssj`s of M`jxnus2 eut tcjy dcjrnscji m sjdrjt copj tcmt, ms sool ms tcjy troij tcjdoltnljlt of Msnm, tcjnr sworis wouì oe`ntjrmtj tcjnr scmkj, mli insso`vj tcjjlamajkjlt, wcndc ol cns snij knact lot ej vjry fmntcfu``y pjrforkji. Ycj djrjkolyof tcjnr cokmaj wms armtjfu` to m pjop`j wco cmi òla snldj dolsnijrji prnij ms tcjsuestntutj of powjr. Cnac ol cns tcrolj, tcj jkpjror smt kutj mli nkkovjme`j8 cnskmhjsty wms miorji ey tcj @mtnl prnldjs2 mli tcjy sueknttji to bnss jntcjr cns fjjt or

cns bljjs, ml nlinalnty wcndc tcjnr owl wrntjrs mrj mscmkji to dolfjss mli ulme`j toijly.15

Wrnvmtj or pue`nd nltjrjst supprjssji tcj kurkurs of tcj iubjs mli doults2 eut mFrjldc emrol (cj ns supposji to ej Uoejrt of Wmrns14 ) prjsukji to msdjli tcj tcrolj,mli to p`mdj cnksj`f ey tcj snij of M`jxnus. Ycj smaj rjproof of Emìwnl provobjicnk to jxd`mnk, nl cns Emremrous ninok, ‐Qco ns tcns rustnd, tcmt bjjps cns sjmt, wcn`jso kmly vm`nmlt dmptmnls mrj stmlinla rouli cnk?‛ Ycj jkpjror kmnltmnlji cnssn`jldj, inssjke`ji cns nlinalmtnol, mli qujstnolji cns nltjrprjtjr doldjrlnla tcjkjmlnla of tcj woris, wcndc cj pmrt`y suspjdtji frok tcj ulnvjrsm` `mlaumaj of ajsturj mli doultjlmldj. Ejforj tcj ijpmrturj of tcj pnàrnks, cj jlijmvourji to`jmrl tcj lmkj mli dolintnol of tcj muimdnous emrol. ‐N mk m Frjldckml,‛ rjp`njiUoejrt, ‐of tcj purjst mli kost mldnjlt loen`nty of ky doultry. M`` tcmt N blow ns, tcmttcjrj ns m dcurdc nl ky ljnaceourcooi,19 tcj rjsort of tcosj wco mrj ijsnrous of mpprovnla tcjnr vmòur nl snla`j dokemt. Yn`` ml jljky mppjmrs, tcjy miirjss tcjnr

prmyjrs to Aoi mli cns smnlts. Ycmt dcurdc N cmvj frjqujlt`y vnsntji, eut ljvjr cmvj Nfouli ml mltmaolnst wco imrji to mddjpt ky ijfnmldj.‛ M`jxnus insknssji tcjdcm``jlajr wntc sokj pruijlt mivndj for cns doliudt nl tcj Yurbnsc wmrfmrj2 mlicnstory rjpjmts wntc p`jmsurj tcns `nvj`y jxmkp`j of tcj kmlljrs of cns maj mlidoultry.

Ycj dolqujst of Msnm wms ulijrtmbjl mli mdcnjvji ey M`jxmlijr, wntc tcnrty-fnvjtcousmli Kmdjiolnmls mli Arjjbs21: mli cns ejst copj wms nl tcj strjlatc mliinsdnp`nlj of cns pcm`mlx of nlfmltry. Ycj prnldnpm` fordj of tcj drusmijrs dolsnstji nltcjnr dmvm`ry2 mli, wcjl tcmt fordj wms kustjrji nl tcj p`mnls of Entcylnm, tcj blnactsmli tcjnr kmrtnm` mttjlimlts ol corsjemdb mkoultji to olj culirji tcousmli fnactnlakjl dokp`jtj`y mrkji wntc tcj cj`kjt mli domt of kmn`. Ycj vmùj of tcjsj soìnjrsijsjrvji m strndt mli mutcjltnd mddoult2 mli tcj fòwjr of Juropjml dcnvm`ry knactfurlnsc, nl m fnrst jffort, tcns forknime`j eoiy of cjmvy corsj. M pmrt of tcj nlfmltryknact ej jlro``ji for tcj sjrvndj of sdouts, pnoljjrs, mli mrdcjrs2 eut tcj proknsduousdrowi wjrj òst nl tcjnr owl insorijr2 mli wj ijpjli lot ol tcj jyjs or blow`jiaj,

eut ol tcj ej`njf mli fmldy, of m dcmp`mnl of Doult Emìwnl,16 nl tcj jstnkmtj of snxculirji tcousmli pnàrnks me`j to ejmr mrks, ejsnijs tcj prnjsts mli kolbs, tcj





wokjl mli dcnìrjl, of tcj @mtnl dmkp. Ycj rjmijr stmrts2 mli, ejforj cj ns rjdovjrjifrok cns surprnsj, N scm`` mii, ol tcj smkj tjstnkoly, tcmt nf m`` wco toob tcj dross cmimddokp`nscji tcjnr vow, meovj snx kn``nols wouì cmvj knarmtji frok Juropj toMsnm. Zlijr tcns opprjssnol of fmntc, N ijrnvj sokj rj`njf frok m korj smamdnous mlitcnlbnla wrntjr,11 wco, mftjr tcj smkj rjvnjw of tcj dmvm`ry, mddusjs tcj drjiu`nty of

tcj prnjst of Dcmrtrjs, mli jvjl iouets wcjtcjr tcj Dnsm`pnlj rjanols (nl tcjajoarmpcy of m Frjldckml) wjrj suffndnjlt to proiudj mli pour fortc sudc nldrjine`jku`tntuijs. Ycj doo`jst sdjptndnsk wn`` rjkjkejr tcmt of tcjsj rj`nanous voùltjjrsarjmt lukejrs ljvjr ejcjì Dolstmltnlop`j mli Lndj. Of jltcusnmsk tcj nlfùjldj nsnrrjau`mr mli trmlsnjlt2 kmly wjrj ijtmnlji mt cokj ey rjmsol or dowmrindj, ey

povjrty or wjmbljss2 mli kmly wjrj rjpu`sji ey tcj oestmd`js of tcj wmy, tcj korjnlsupjrme`j ms tcjy wjrj ulforjsjjl to tcjsj nalormlt fmlmtnds. Ycj smvmaj doultrnjsof Culamry mli Euàmrnm wjrj wcntjlji wntc tcjnr eoljs2 tcjnr vmlaumri wms dut nl

pnjdjs ey tcj Yurbnsc su`tml2 mli tcj òss of tcj fnrst mivjlturj, ey tcj swori, or d`nkmtj, or fmtnauj, cms m`rjmiy ejjl stmtji mt tcrjj culirji tcousmli kjl. ^jt tcj

kyrnmis tcmt survnvji, tcmt kmrdcji, tcmt prjssji forwmris ol tcj co`y pnàrnkmaj,wjrj m suehjdt of mstolnsckjlt to tcjksj`vjs mli to tcj Arjjbs. Ycj dopnous jljrayof cjr `mlaumaj snlbs ulijr tcj jfforts of tcj prnldjss Mllj213 tcj nkmajs of òdusts,of `jmvjs mli fòwjrs, of tcj smlis of tcj sjm, or tcj stmrs of cjmvjl, nkpjrfjdt`yrjprjsjlt wcmt scj cmi sjjl mli cjmri2 mli tcj imuactjr of M`jxnus jxd`mnks tcmtJuropj wms òosjlji frok nts foulimtnols mli cur`ji mamnlst Msnm. Ycj mldnjlt costsof Imrnus mli Sjrxjs `meour ulijr tcj smkj iouet of m vmauj mli nlijfnlntjkmalntuij2 eut N mk nld`nlji to ej`njvj tcmt m `mrajr lukejr cms ljvjr ejjl doltmnljiwntcnl tcj `nljs of m snla`j dmkp tcml mt tcj snjaj of Lndj, tcj fnrst opjrmtnol of tcj@mtnl prnldjs. Ycjnr kotnvjs, tcjnr dcmrmdtjrs, mli tcjnr mrks cmvj ejjl m`rjmiy

insp`myji. Of tcjnr troops, tcj kost lukjrous portnol wjrj lmtnvjs of Frmldj2 tcj@ow Doultrnjs, tcj emlbs of tcj Ucnlj, mli Mpu`nm sjlt m powjrfu` rjnlfordjkjlt2sokj emlis of mivjlturjrs wjrj irmwl frok Tpmnl, @okemriy, mli Jla`mli21> mlifrok tcj instmlt eoas mli koultmnls of Nrj`mli or Tdot`mli37 nssuji sokj lmbji mlismvmaj fmlmtnds, fjrodnous mt cokj, eut ulwmr`nbj meromi. Cmi lot supjrstntnoldolijklji tcj smdrn`janous pruijldj of ijprnvnla tcj poorjst or wjmbjst Dcrnstnml of tcj kjrnt of tcj pnàrnkmaj, tcj usj`jss drowi, wntc koutcs eut wntcout cmlis, knactcmvj ejjl stmtnolji nl tcj Arjjb jkpnrj, tn`` tcjnr dokpmlnols cmi opjlji mlisjdurji tcj wmy of tcj @ori. M skm`` rjklmlt of tcj pnàrnks, wco pmssji tcjEospcorus, wms pjrknttji to vnsnt tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj. Ycjnr Lortcjrl dolstntutnol wmssdordcji ey tcj rmys, mli nlfjdtji ey tcj vmpours, of m Tyrnml sul. Ycjy dolsukji,

wntc cjji`jss proinam`nty, tcjnr storjs of wmtjr mli provnsnols2 tcjnr lukejrsjxcmustji tcj nl`mli doultry2 tcj sjm wms rjkotj, tcj Arjjbs wjrj ulfrnjli`y, mli tcjDcrnstnmls of jvjry sjdt f`ji ejforj tcj vormdnous mli druj` rmpnlj of tcjnr erjtcrjl. Nltcj inrj ljdjssnty of fmknlj, tcjy sokjtnkjs romstji mli ijvourji tcj f`jsc of tcjnr nlfmlt or miu`t dmptnvjs. Mkola tcj Yurbs mli Tmrmdjls, tcj nio`mtjrs of Juropj wjrjrjlijrji korj oinous ey tcj lmkj mli rjputmtnol of dmllnem`s2 tcj spnjs wconltroiudji tcjksj`vjs nlto tcj bntdcjl of Eocjkoli wjrj scjwl sjvjrm` cukml

eoinjs turlnla ol tcj spnt2 mli tcj mrtfu` Lorkml jldourmaji m rjport, wcndcnldrjmsji mt tcj smkj tnkj tcj mecorrjldj mli tcj tjrror of tcj nlfnij`s.3=

N cmvj jxpmtnmtji wntc p`jmsurj ol tcj fnrst stjps of tcj drusmijrs, ms tcjy pmnlt tcjkmlljrs mli dcmrmdtjr of Juropj2 eut N scm`` merniaj tcj tjinous mli ulnfork lmrrmtnvj


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) >: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



of tcjnr e`nli mdcnjvjkjlts, wcndc wjrj pjrforkji ey strjlatc mli mrj ijsdrneji eynalormldj. Frok tcjnr fnrst stmtnol nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Lndokjinm, tcjy mivmldjinl suddjssnvj invnsnols, pmssji tcj doltrmdtji `nknt of tcj Arjjb jkpnrj, opjlji mromi tcrouac tcj cn``s, mli dokkjldji, ey tcj snjaj of cns dmpntm`, tcjnr pnous wmrfmrjmamnlst tcj Yurbnsc su`tml. Cns bnlaiok of Uouk jxtjliji frok tcj Cj``jspolt to tcj

dolfnljs of Tyrnm mli emrrji tcj pnàrnkmaj of Hjrusm`jk2 cns lmkj wms Bn`niaj-Mrs`ml, or To`nkml,35 of tcj rmdj of Tj`hub, mli sol of tcj fnrst dolqujror2 mli, nl tcjijfjldj of m `mli wcndc tcj Yurbs dolsnijrji ms tcjnr owl, cj ijsjrvji tcj prmnsj of cns jljknjs, ey wcok mòlj cj ns blowl to postjrnty. ^njìnla to tcj fnrst nkpu`sj of tcj torrjlt, cj ijposntji cns fmkn`y mli trjmsurj nl Lndj, rjtnrji to tcj koultmnls wntcfnfty tcousmli corsj, mli twndj ijsdjliji to mssmu`t tcj dmkps or qumrtjrs of tcjDcrnstnml ejsnjajrs, wcndc forkji ml nkpjrfjdt dnrd`j of meovj snx kn`js. Ycj òftymli so`ni wm``s of Lndj wjrj dovjrji ey m ijjp intdc, mli f`mlbji ey tcrjj culirjimli sjvjlty towjrs2 mli ol tcj vjraj of Dcrnstjliok tcj Kos`jks wjrj trmnlji nlmrks mli nlf`mkji ey rj`nanol. Ejforj tcns dnty, tcj Frjldc prnldjs oddupnji tcjnr

stmtnols, mli prosjdutji tcjnr mttmdbs wntcout dorrjspolijldj or sueorinlmtnol2jku`mtnol prokptji tcjnr vmòur2 eut tcjnr vmòur wms su``nji ey druj`ty, mli tcjnr jku`mtnol ijajljrmtji nlto jlvy mli dnvn` insdori. Nl tcj snjaj of Lndj tcj mrts mlijlanljs of mltnqunty wjrj jkpòyji ey tcj @mtnls2 tcj knlj mli tcj emttjrnla-rmk, tcjtortonsj, mli tcj ej`fry or kovjme`j turrjt, mrtnfndnm` fnrj, mli tcj dmtmpu`t mli em`nst,

tcj s`nla, mli tcj dross-eow for tcj dmstnla of stoljs mli imrts.34 Nl tcj spmdj of sjvjl wjjbs kudc `meour mli eòoi wjrj jxpjliji, mli sokj proarjss, jspjdnm``y eyDoult Umykoli, wms kmij ol tcj snij of tcj ejsnjajrs. Eut tcj Yurbs douì protrmdttcjnr rjsnstmldj mli sjdurj tcjnr jsdmpj, ms òla ms tcjy wjrj kmstjrs of tcj `mbjMsdmlnus,39 wcndc strjtdcjs sjvjrm` kn`js to tcj wjstwmri of tcj dnty. Ycj kjmls of

dolqujst wjrj supp`nji ey tcj pruijldj mli nliustry of M`jxnus2 m arjmt lukejr of eomts wms trmlsportji ol s`jiajs frok tcj sjm to tcj `mbj2 tcjy wjrj fn``ji wntc tcjkost ijxtrous of cns mrdcjrs2 tcj f`nact of tcj su`tmlm wms nltjrdjptji2 Lndj wmsnlvjstji ey `mli mli wmtjr2 mli m Arjjb jknssmry pjrsumiji tcj nlcmentmlts to mddjptcns kmstjr„s protjdtnol, mli to smvj tcjksj`vjs, ey m tnkj`y surrjlijr, frok tcj rmajof tcj smvmajs of Juropj. Nl tcj kokjlt of vndtory, or mt `jmst of copj, tcj drusmijrs,tcnrstnla for eòoi mli pùlijr, wjrj mwji ey tcj Nkpjrnm` emlljr tcmt strjmkji froktcj dntmij`, mli M`jxnus aumriji wntc hjmòus vnan`mldj tcns nkportmlt dolqujst. Ycjkurkurs of tcj dcnjfs wjrj stnf`ji ey colour or nltjrjst2 mli, mftjr ml cm`t of lnljimys, tcjy inrjdtji tcjnr kmrdc towmris Wcryanm, ulijr tcj aunimldj of m Arjjb ajljrm`, wcok tcjy suspjdtji of sjdrjt dollnvmldj wntc tcj su`tml. Ycj dolsort mli

tcj prnldnpm` sjrvmlts of To`nkml cmi ejjl colourme`y rjstorji wntcout rmlsok, mlitcj jkpjror„s ajljrosnty to tcj knsdrjmlts3: wms nltjrprjtji ms trjmsol to tcjDcrnstnml dmusj.

To`nkml wms rmtcjr provobji tcml inskmyji ey tcj òss of cns dmpntm`2 cj mikolnscjicns suehjdts mli m``njs of tcns strmlaj nlvmsnol of tcj Qjstjrl Emremrnmls2 tcj Yurbnscjknrs oejyji tcj dm`` of òym`ty or rj`nanol2 tcj Yurbkml corijs jldmkpji rouli cnsstmlimri2 mli cns wco`j fordj ns òosj`y stmtji ey tcj Dcrnstnmls mt two culirji, or jvjl tcrjj culirji mli snxty, tcousmli corsj. ^jt cj pmtnjlt`y wmntji tn`` tcjy cmi `jft

ejcnli tcjk tcj sjm mli tcj Arjjb froltnjr, mli, covjrnla ol tcj f`mlbs, oesjrvji

tcjnr dmrj`jss mli dolfnijlt proarjss nl two doùkls, ejyoli tcj vnjw of jmdc otcjr.Tokj kn`js ejforj tcjy douì rjmdc Iory`æuk nl Wcryanm, tcj `jft mli `jmst lukjrous





invnsnol wms surprnsji, mli mttmdbji, mli m`kost opprjssji, ey tcj Yurbnsc dmvm`ry.36Ycj cjmt of tcj wjmtcjr, tcj dòuis of mrrows, mli tcj Emremrous olsjt ovjrwcj`kjitcj drusmijrs2 tcjy òst tcjnr orijr mli dolfnijldj, mli tcj fmnltnla fnact wmssustmnlji ey tcj pjrsolm` vmòur, rmtcjr tcml ey tcj kn`ntmry doliudt, of Eocjkoli,Ymldrji, mli Uoejrt of Lorkmliy. Ycjy wjrj rjvnvji ey tcj wj`dokj emlljrs of

Iubj Aoifrjy, wco f`jw to tcjnr suddour, wntc tcj doult of Vjrkmlions mli snxtytcousmli corsj, mli wms fo`òwji ey Umykoli of Youòusj, tcj enscop of Wuy, mlitcj rjkmnlijr of tcj smdrji mrky. Qntcout m kokjlt„s pmusj tcjy forkji nl ljworijr, mli mivmldji to m sjdoli emtt`j. Ycjy wjrj rjdjnvji wntc jqum` rjsoùtnol2 mli,nl tcjnr dokkol insimnl for tcj ulwmr`nbj pjop`j of Arjjdj mli Msnm, nt wmsdolfjssji ol eotc snijs tcmt tcj Yurbs mli tcj Frmlbs wjrj tcj ol`y lmtnols jltnt`ji totcj mppj``mtnol of soìnjrs.31 Ycjnr jldoultjr wms vmrnji mli em`mldji ey tcj doltrmstof mrks mli insdnp`nlj2 of tcj inrjdt dcmraj, mli wcjj`nla jvoùtnols2 of tcj doudcji`mldj, mli tcj ermlinscji hmvj`nl2 of m wjnacty eromi-swori, mli m droobji smerj2 of dukerous mrkour, mli tcnl fòwnla roejs231m mli of tcj òla Ymrtmr eow, mli tcj

mrem`nst or dross-eow, m ijmi`y wjmpol, yjt ulblowl to tcj Ornjltm`s.33 Ms òla mstcj corsjs wjrj frjsc mli tcj qunvjrs fu``, To`nkml kmnltmnlji tcj mivmltmaj of tcjimy2 mli four tcousmli Dcrnstnmls wjrj pnjrdji ey tcj Yurbnsc mrrows. Nl tcj jvjlnla,swnftljss ynjìji to strjlatc2 ol jntcjr snij, tcj lukejrs wjrj jqum`, or mt `jmst msarjmt ms mly arouli douì coì or mly ajljrm`s douì kmlmaj2 eut nl turlnla tcj cn``stcj `mst invnsnol of Umykoli mli cns provnldnm`s wms `ji, pjrcmps wntcout ijsnal, oltcj rjmr of ml jxcmustji jljky2 mli tcj òla doltjst wms ijtjrknlji. Ejsnijs mlmkj`jss mli ulmddoultji ku`tntuij, tcrjj tcousmli Wmaml blnacts wjrj s`mnl nl tcj

emtt`j mli pursunt2 tcj dmkp of To`nkml wms pn``maji2 mli nl tcj vmrnjty of prjdnousspon` tcj durnosnty of tcj @mtnls wms mkusji wntc forjnal mrks mli mppmrj`, mli tcj

ljw mspjdt of irokjimrnjs mli dmkj`s. Ycj nkportmldj of tcj vndtory wms provji eytcj cmsty rjtrjmt of tcj su`tml8 rjsjrvnla tjl tcousmli aumris of tcj rj`nds of cns mrky,To`nkml jvmdumtji tcj bnlaiok of Uouk, mli cmstjlji to nkpòrj tcj mni, mli bnli`jtcj rjsjltkjlt, of cns Jmstjrl erjtcrjl. Nl m kmrdc of fnvj culirji kn`js, tcjdrusmijrs trmvjrsji tcj @jssjr Msnm, tcrouac m wmstji `mli mli ijsjrtji towls,wntcout jntcjr fnlinla m frnjli or ml jljky. Ycj ajoarmpcjr 3> kmy trmdj tcj posntnolof Iory`æuk, Mltnodc of Wnsninm, Ndolnuk, Mrdcj`mns, mli Ajrkmlndnm, mli kmydokpmrj tcosj d`mssnd mppj``mtnols wntc tcj koijrl lmkjs of Jsbnscjcr tcj oì dnty,Mbscjcr tcj wcntj dnty, Doaln, Jrjb`n,3>m mli Kmrmsc. Ms tcj pnàrnks pmssji ovjr mijsjrt, wcjrj m irmuact of wmtjr ns jxdcmlaji for sn`vjr, tcjy wjrj torkjltji eynlto`jrme`j tcnrst2 mli ol tcj emlbs of tcj fnrst rnvu`jt tcjnr cmstj mli nltjkpjrmldj

wjrj stn`` korj pjrlndnous to tcj insorijr`y tcrola. Ycjy d`nkeji wntc ton` mli imlajr tcj stjjp mli s`nppjry snijs of Koult Ymurus2 kmly of tcj soìnjrs dmst mwmy tcjnr mrks to sjdurj tcjnr footstjps2 mli, cmi lot tjrror prjdjiji tcjnr vml, tcj òla mlitrjke`nla fn`j knact cmvj ejjl irnvjl iowl tcj prjdnpndj ey ml cmlifu` of rjsoùtjjljknjs. Ywo of tcjnr kost rjspjdtme`j dcnjfs, tcj iubj of @orrmnlj mli tcj doult of Youòusj, wjrj dmrrnji nl `nttjrs2 Umykoli wms rmnsji, ms nt ns smni, ey knrmd`j, frokml copj`jss km`miy2 mli Aoifrjy cmi ejjl torl ey m ejmr, ms cj pursuji tcmt rouacmli pjrnòus dcmsj nl tcj koultmnls of Wnsninm.

Yo nkprovj tcj ajljrm` dolstjrlmtnol, tcj dousnl of Eocjkoli mli tcj erotcjr of

Aoifrjy wjrj ijtmdcji frok tcj kmnl mrky, wntc tcjnr rjspjdtnvj squmirols of fnvjmli of sjvjl culirji blnacts. Ycjy ovjr-rml, nl m rmpni dmrjjr, tcj cn``s mli sjm-domst





of Dn`ndnm, frok Doaln to tcj Tyrnml amtjs2 tcj Lorkml stmlimri wms fnrst p`mltji oltcj wm``s of Ymrsus mli Km`knstrm2 eut tcj proui nlhustndj of Emìwnl mt `jlatc

provobji tcj pmtnjlt mli ajljrous Ntm`nml, mli tcjy turlji tcjnr dolsjdrmtji sworismamnlst jmdc otcjr nl m prnvmtj mli profmlj qumrrj`. Colour wms tcj kotnvj, mli fmkjtcj rjwmri, of Ymldrji2 eut fortulj skn`ji ol tcj korj sj`fnsc jltjrprnsj of cns

rnvm`.>7 Cj wms dm``ji to tcj mssnstmldj of m Arjjb or Mrkjlnml tyrmlt, wco cmi ejjlsuffjrji ulijr tcj Yurbnsc yobj to rjnal ovjr tcj Dcrnstnmls of Jijssm. Emìwnlmddjptji tcj dcmrmdtjr of cns sol mli dcmkpnol2 eut lo sooljr wms cj nltroiudji nltotcj dnty tcml cj nlf`mkji>= tcj pjop`j to tcj kmssmdrj of cns fmtcjr, oddupnji tcjtcrolj mli trjmsurj, jxtjliji cns dolqujsts ovjr tcj cn``s of Mrkjlnm mli tcj p`mnl of Kjsopotmknm, mli fouliji tcj fnrst prnldnpm`nty of tcj Frmlbs or @mtnls, wcndcsuesnstji fnfty-four yjmrs ejyoli tcj Jupcrmtjs.>5

Ejforj tcj Frmlbs douì jltjr Tyrnm, tcj sukkjr, mli jvjl tcj mutukl, wjrjdokp`jtj`y wmstji8 tcj snjaj of Mltnodc, or tcj sjpmrmtnol mli rjposj of tcj mrky

iurnla tcj wnltjr sjmsol, wms strola`y ijemtji nl tcjnr douldn`2 tcj òvj of mrks mlitcj co`y sjpu`dcrj uraji tcjk to mivmldj, mli rjmsol pjrcmps wms ol tcj snij of rjsoùtnol, snldj jvjry cour of ij`my memtjs tcj fmkj mli fordj of tcj nlvmijr mliku`tnp`njs tcj rjsourdjs of ijfjlsnvj wmr. Ycj dmpntm` of Tyrnm wms protjdtji ey tcjrnvjr Oroltjs, mli tcj nrol erniaj of lnlj mrdcjs ijrnvjs nts lmkj frok tcj kmssyamtjs of tcj two towjrs wcndc mrj dolstrudtji mt jntcjr jli.>4 Ycjy wjrj opjlji eytcj swori of tcj iubj of Lorkmliy8 cns vndtory amvj jltrmldj to tcrjj culirjitcousmli drusmijrs, ml mddoult wcndc kmy m`òw sokj sdopj for òssjs mli ijsjrtnol,

eut wcndc d`jmr`y ijtjdts kudc jxmaajrmtnol nl tcj rjvnjw of Lndj. Nl tcj ijsdrnptnolof Mltnodc>9 nt ns lot jmsy to ijfnlj m knii`j tjrk ejtwjjl cjr mldnjlt kmalnfndjldj,ulijr tcj suddjssors of M`jxmlijr mli Muaustus, mli tcj koijrl mspjdt of Yurbnscijso`mtnol. Ycj Yjtrmpo`ns, or four dntnjs, nf tcjy rjtmnlji tcjnr lmkj mli posntnol,kust cmvj `jft m `mraj vmdunty nl m dnrdukfjrjldj of twj`vj kn`js2 mli tcmt kjmsurj, mswj`` ms tcj lukejr of four culirji towjrs, mrj lot pjrfjdt`y dolsnstjlt wntc tcj fnvjamtjs, so oftjl kjltnolji nl tcj cnstory of tcj snjaj. ^jt Mltnodc kust cmvj stn``fòurnscji ms m arjmt mli popuòus dmpntm`. Mt tcj cjmi of tcj Yurbnsc jknrs,Emacnsnml, m vjtjrml dcnjf, dokkmliji nl tcj p`mdj2 cns amrrnsol wms dokposji of snxor sjvjl tcousmli corsj mli fnftjjl or twjlty tcousmli foot8 olj culirji tcousmliKos`jks mrj smni to cmvj fm``jl ey tcj swori, mli tcjnr lukejrs wjrj proeme`ynlfjrnor to tcj Arjjbs, Mrkjlnmls, mli Tyrnmls, wco cmi ejjl lo korj tcml fourtjjlyjmrs tcj s`mvjs of tcj cousj of Tj`hub. Frok tcj rjkmnls of m so`ni mli stmtj`y wm`` nt

mppjmrs to cmvj mrnsjl to tcj cjnact of tcrjjsdorj fjjt nl tcj vm``jys2 mli wcjrjvjr `jssmrt mli `meour cmi ejjl mpp`nji, tcj arouli wms supposji to ej ijfjliji ey tcj rnvjr,tcj kormss, mli tcj koultmnls. Lotwntcstmlinla tcjsj fortnfndmtnols, tcj dnty cmi ejjlrjpjmtji`y tmbjl ey tcj Wjrsnmls, tcj Mrmes, tcj Arjjbs, mli tcj Yurbs2>: so `mraj mdnrdunt kust cmvj ynjìji kmly pjrvnous ponlts of mttmdb2 mli, nl m snjaj tcmt wmsforkji meout tcj knii`j of Odtoejr, tcj vnaour of tcj jxjdutnol douì mòlj hustnfytcj eoìljss of tcj mttjkpt. Qcmtjvjr strjlatc mli vmòur douì pjrfork nl tcj fnjì,wms meulimlt`y insdcmraji ey tcj dcmkpnols of tcj dross8 nl tcj frjqujlt oddmsnols of sm``njs, of formaj, of tcj mttmdb mli ijfjldj of dolvoys, tcjy wjrj oftjl vndtornous2mli wj dml ol`y dokp`mnl tcmt tcjnr jxpònts mrj sokjtnkjs jl`mraji ejyoli tcj sdm`j

of proemen`nty mli trutc. Ycj swori of Aoifrjy>6 invniji m Yurb frok tcj scouìjr totcj cmuldc, mli olj cm`f of tcj nlfnij` fj`` to tcj arouli, wcn`j tcj otcjr wms





trmlsportji ey cns corsj to tcj dnty amtj. Ms Uoejrt of Lorkmliy roij mamnlst cnsmltmaolnst, ‐N ijvotj tcy cjmi,‛ cj pnous`y jxd`mnkji, ‐to tcj ijkols of cj``,‛ mlitcmt cjmi wms nlstmlt`y dòvjl to tcj erjmst ey tcj rjsnst`jss strobj of cns ijsdjlinlafmu`dcnol. Eut tcj rjm`nty or rjport of sudc anamltnd prowjss>1 kust cmvj tmuact tcjKos`jks to bjjp wntcnl tcjnr wm``s, mli mamnlst tcosj wm``s of jmrtc or stolj tcj

swori mli tcj `mldj wjrj ulmvmn`nla wjmpols. Nl tcj sòw mli suddjssnvj `meours of msnjaj tcj drusmijrs wjrj supnlj mli nalormlt, wntcout sbn`` to doltrnvj, or koljy to

purdcmsj, or nliustry to usj tcj mrtnfndnm` jlanljs mli nkp`jkjlts of mssmu`t. Nl tcjdolqujst of Lndj tcjy cmi ejjl powjrfu``y mssnstji ey tcj wjm`tc mli blow`jiaj of tcj Arjjb jkpjror8 cns mesjldj wms poor`y supp`nji ey sokj Ajlojsj mli Wnsmlvjssj`s tcmt wjrj mttrmdtji ey rj`nanol or trmij to tcj domst of Tyrnm2 tcj storjs wjrjsdmlty, tcj rjturl prjdmrnous, mli tcj dokkulndmtnol inffndu`t mli imlajrous.Nlio`jldj or wjmbljss cmi prjvjltji tcj Frmlbs frok nlvjstnla tcj jltnrj dnrdunt2 mlitcj pjrpjtum` frjjiok of two amtjs rj`njvji tcj wmlts, mli rjdruntji tcj amrrnsol, of tcj dnty. Mt tcj jli of sjvjl koltcs, mftjr tcj runl of tcjnr dmvm`ry, mli ml jlorkous

òss ey fmknlj, ijsjrtnol, mli fmtnauj, tcj proarjss of tcj drusmijrs wmsnkpjrdjptne`j, mli tcjnr suddjss rjkotj, nf tcj @mtnl Z`yssjs, tcj mrtfu` mli mkentnousEocjkoli, cmi lot jkpòyji tcj mrks of dullnla mli ijdjnt. Ycj Dcrnstnmls of Mltnodc wjrj lukjrous mli insdoltjltji8 Wcnrouz, m Tyrnml rjljamio, cmi mdqunrjitcj fmvour of tcj jknr, mli tcj dokkmli of tcrjj towjrs2 mli tcj kjrnt of cnsrjpjltmldj insaunsji to tcj @mtnls, mli pjrcmps to cnksj`f, tcj fou` ijsnal of pjrfniymli trjmsol. M sjdrjt dorrjspolijldj, for tcjnr kutum` nltjrjst, wms sool jstme`nscji

ejtwjjl Wcnrouz mli tcj prnldj of Ymrjlto2 mli Eocjkoli ijd`mrji nl tcj douldn` of tcj dcnjfs tcmt cj douì ij`nvjr tcj dnty nlto tcjnr cmlis. Eut cj d`mnkji tcjsovjrjnalty of Mltnodc ms tcj rjwmri of cns sjrvndj2 mli tcj proposm` wcndc cmi ejjl

rjhjdtji ey tcj jlvy, wms mt `jlatc jxtortji frok tcj instrjss, of cns jqum`s. Ycjlodturlm` surprnsj wms jxjdutji ey tcj Frjldc mli Lorkml prnldjs, wco msdjliji nl pjrsol tcj sdm`nla-`miijrs tcmt wjrj tcrowl frok tcj wm``s2 tcjnr ljw prosj`ytj, mftjr tcj kurijr of cns too sdrupuòus erotcjr, jkermdji mli nltroiudji tcj sjrvmlts of Dcrnst8 tcj mrky ruscji tcrouac tcj amtjs2 mli tcj Kos`jks sool fouli tcmt, m`tcouackjrdy wms copj`jss, rjsnstmldj wms nkpotjlt. Eut tcj dntmij` stn`` rjfusji tosurrjlijr2 mli tcj vndtors tcjksj`vjs wjrj spjjin`y jldokpmssji mli ejsnjaji ey tcjnllukjrme`j fordjs of Bjreoam, prnldj of Kosu`, wco, wntc twjlty-jnact Yurbnscjknrs, mivmldji to tcj ij`nvjrmldj of Mltnodc. Fnvj mli twjlty imys tcj Dcrnstnmlsspjlt ol tcj vjraj of ijstrudtnol2 mli tcj proui `njutjlmlt of tcj dm`npc mli tcj su`tml`jft tcjk ol`y tcj dcondj of sjrvntuij or ijmtc.>3 Nl tcns jxtrjknty tcjy do``jdtji tcj

rj`nds of tcjnr strjlatc, sm``nji frok tcj towl, mli nl m snla`j kjkorme`j imymllncn`mtji or inspjrsji tcj cost of Yurbs mli Mrmenmls, wcndc tcjy knact smfj`yrjport to cmvj dolsnstji of snx culirji tcousmli kjl.>> Ycjnr supjrlmturm` m``njs Nscm`` prodjji to dolsnijr8 tcj cukml dmusjs of tcj vndtory of Mltnodc wjrj tcjfjmr`jss ijspmnr of tcj Frmlbs2 mli tcj surprnsj, tcj insdori, pjrcmps tcj jrrors, of tcjnr ulsbn`fu` mli prjsukptuous mivjrsmrnjs. Ycj emtt`j ns ijsdrneji wntc ms kudc insorijr ms nt wms fouact2 eut wj kmy oesjrvj tcj tjlt of Bjreoam, m kovjme`j mli spmdnous

pm`mdj, jlrndcji wntc tcj ùxury of Msnm, mli dmpme`j of coìnla meovj two tcousmli pjrsols2 wj kmy instnlaunsc cns tcrjj tcousmli aumris, wco wjrj dmsji, tcj corsjs mswj`` ms kjl, nl dokp`jtj stjj`.


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) >> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



Nl tcj jvjltfu` pjrnoi of tcj snjaj mli ijfjldj of Mltnodc, tcj drusmijrs wjrj,m`tjrlmtj`y, jxm`tji ey vndtory or sulb nl ijspmnr2 jntcjr swj``ji wntc p`jlty or jkmdnmtji wntc culajr. M spjdu`mtnvj rjmsoljr knact supposj tcmt tcjnr fmntc cmi mstrola mli sjrnous nlfùjldj ol tcjnr prmdtndj2 mli tcmt tcj soìnjrs of tcj dross, tcjij`nvjrjrs of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, prjpmrji tcjksj`vjs ey m soejr mli vnrtuous `nfj for

tcj imn`y doltjkp`mtnol of kmrtyriok. Jxpjrnjldj eòws mwmy tcns dcmrntme`jn`ùsnol2 mli sjìok iojs tcj cnstory of profmlj wmr insp`my sudc sdjljs of nltjkpjrmldj mli prostntutnol ms wjrj jxcnentji ulijr tcj wm``s of Mltnodc. Ycjarovj of Impclj lo òlajr fòurnscji2 eut tcj Tyrnml mnr wms stn`` nkprjalmtji wntctcj smkj vndjs2 tcj Dcrnstnmls wjrj sjiudji ey jvjry tjkptmtnol=77 tcmt lmturj jntcjr

prokpts or rjproemtjs2 tcj mutcornty of tcj dcnjfs wms ijspnsji2 mli sjrkols mlijindts wjrj m`nbj frunt`jss mamnlst tcosj sdmlimòus insorijrs, lot `jss pjrlndnous tokn`ntmry insdnp`nlj tcml rjpualmlt to jvmlaj`nd purnty. Nl tcj fnrst imys of tcj snjaj mlitcj possjssnol of Mltnodc, tcj Frmlbs dolsukji wntc wmltol mli tcouact`jss

proinam`nty tcj fruam` suesnstjldj of wjjbs mli koltcs2 tcj ijso`mtj doultry lo

òlajr ynjìji m supp`y2 mli frok tcmt doultry tcjy wjrj mt `jlatc jxdùiji ey tcjmrks of tcj ejsnjanla Yurbs. Insjmsj, tcj fmntcfu` dokpmlnol of wmlt, wms jlvjlokji

ey tcj rmnls of tcj wnltjr, tcj sukkjr cjmts, ulwco`jsokj fooi, mli tcj dòsjnkprnsolkjlt of ku`tntuijs. Ycj pndturjs of fmknlj mli pjstn`jldj mrj m`wmys tcjsmkj, mli m`wmys insaustfu`2 mli our nkmanlmtnol kmy suaajst tcj lmturj of tcjnr suffjrnlas mli tcjnr rjsourdjs. Ycj rjkmnls of trjmsurj or spon` wjrj jmajr`y `mvnscjinl tcj purdcmsj of tcj vn`jst lournsckjlt2 mli irjmifu` kust cmvj ejjl tcj dm`mkntnjsof tcj poor, snldj, mftjr pmynla tcrjj kmrbs of sn`vjr for m aomt, mli fnftjjl for m `jmldmkj`,=7= tcj doult of F`mlijrs wms rjiudji to eja m inlljr, mli Iubj Aoifrjy to

eorrow ml corsj. Tnxty tcousmli corsjs cmi ejjl rjvnjwji nl tcj dmkp2 ejforj tcj

jli of tcj snjaj tcjy wjrj inknlnscji to two tcousmli, mli sdmrdj`y two culirji fntfor sjrvndj douì ej kustjrji ol tcj imy of emtt`j. Qjmbljss of eoiy mli tjrror of knli jxtnlaunscji tcj mrijlt jltcusnmsk of tcj pnàrnks2 mli jvjry kotnvj of colour mli rj`nanol wms sueiuji ey tcj ijsnrj of `nfj.=75 Mkola tcj dcnjfs tcrjj cjrojs kmy

ej fouli wntcout fjmr or rjpromdc8 Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl wms supportji ey cnskmalmlnkous pnjty2 Eocjkoli ey mkentnol mli nltjrjst2 mli Ymldrji ijd`mrji, nl tcjtruj spnrnt of dcnvm`ry, tcmt, ms òla ms cj wms mt tcj cjmi of forty blnacts, cj wouìljvjr rj`nlqunsc tcj jltjrprnsj of Wm`jstnlj. Eut tcj doult of Youòusj mli Wrovjldjwms suspjdtji of m voùltmry nlinsposntnol2 tcj iubj of Lorkmliy wms rjdm``ji froktcj sjm-scorj ey tcj djlsurjs of tcj dcurdc2 Cuac tcj Arjmt, tcouac cj `ji tcjvmlaumri of tcj emtt`j, jkermdji ml mkenauous opportulnty of rjturlnla to Frmldj2

mli Ttjpcjl, doult of Dcmrtrjs, emsj`y ijsjrtji tcj stmlimri wcndc cj eorj, mli tcjdouldn` nl wcndc cj prjsniji. Ycj soìnjrs wjrj insdourmaji ey tcj f`nact of Qn``nmk,vnsdoult of Kjùl, surlmkji tcj Dmrpjltjr, frok tcj wjnacty strobjs of cns mxj2 mlitcj smnlts wjrj sdmlim`nsji ey tcj fm`` of Wjtjr tcj Cjrknt, wco, mftjr mrknla Juropjmamnlst Msnm, mttjkptji to jsdmpj frok tcj pjlmldj of m ljdjssmry fmst. Of tcjku`tntuij of rjdrjmlt wmrrnors, tcj lmkjs (smys ml cnstornml) mrj eòttji frok tcj eoob of `nfj2 mli tcj opproernous jpntcjt of tcj ropj-imldjrs wms mpp`nji to tcj ijsjrtjrswco iropt nl tcj lnact frok tcj wm``s of Mltnodc. Ycj jkpjror M`jxnus,=74 wcosjjkji to mivmldj to tcj suddour of tcj @mtnls, wms inskmyji ey tcj mssurmldj of tcjnr copj`jss dolintnol. Ycjy jxpjdtji tcjnr fmtj nl sn`jlt ijspmnr2 omtcs mli

pulnsckjlts wjrj trnji wntcout jffjdt2 mli, to rousj tcj soìnjrs to tcj ijfjldj of tcjwm``s, nt wms fouli ljdjssmry to sjt fnrj to tcjnr qumrtjrs.





For tcjnr sm`vmtnol mli vndtory, tcjy wjrj nlijetji to tcj smkj fmlmtndnsk wcndc cmi`ji tcjk to tcj ernlb of runl. Nl sudc m dmusj, mli nl sudc ml mrky, vnsnols,

propcjdnjs, mli knrmd`js wjrj frjqujlt mli fmkn`nmr. Nl tcj instrjss of Mltnodc, tcjywjrj rjpjmtji wntc ulusum` jljray mli suddjss2 Tt. Mkerosj cmi mssurji m pnousjdd`jsnmstnd tcmt two yjmrs of trnm` kust prjdjij tcj sjmsol of ij`nvjrmldj mli armdj2

tcj ijsjrtjrs wjrj stoppji ey tcj prjsjldj mli mppromdcjs of Dcrnst cnksj`f2 tcj ijmicmi proknsji to mrnsj mli dokemt wntc tcjnr erjtcrjl2 tcj Vnranl cmi oetmnlji tcj

pmriol of tcjnr snls2 mli tcjnr dolfnijldj wms rjvnvji ey m vnsne`j snal, tcj sjmsolme`jmli sp`jlini insdovjry of tcj co`y `mldj. Ycj po`ndy of tcjnr dcnjfs cms ol tcnsoddmsnol ejjl miknrji mli knact surj`y ej jxdusji2 eut m pnous frmui ns sjìok

proiudji ey tcj doo` dolspnrmdy of kmly pjrsols2 mli m voùltmry nkpostor knactijpjli ol tcj support of tcj wnsj mli tcj drjiu`nty of tcj pjop`j. Of tcj inodjsj of Kmrsjn``js, tcjrj wms m prnjst of òw dullnla mli òosj kmlljrs, mli cns lmkj wmsWjtjr Emrtco`jky. Cj prjsjltji cnksj`f mt tcj ioor of tcj douldn`-dcmkejr, toinsdòsj ml mppmrntnol of Tt. Mlirjw, wcndc cmi ejjl tcrndj rjntjrmtji nl cns s`jjp,

wntc m irjmifu` kjlmdj nf cj prjsukji to supprjss tcj dokkmlis of Cjmvjl. ‐MtMltnodc,‛ smni tcj mpost`j, ‐nl tcj dcurdc of ky erotcjr Tt. Wjtjr, ljmr tcj cnac m`tmr,ns doldjm`ji tcj stjj` cjmi of tcj `mldj tcmt pnjrdji tcj snij of our Ujijjkjr. Nl tcrjjimys, tcmt nlstrukjlt of jtjrlm`, mli low of tjkporm`, sm`vmtnol wn`` ej kmlnfjstji tocns insdnp`js. Tjmrdc, mli yj scm`` fnli2 ejmr nt mòft nl emtt`j2 mli tcmt kystnd wjmpolscm`` pjljtrmtj tcj sou`s of tcj knsdrjmlts.‛ Ycj popj„s `jamtj, tcj enscop of Wuy,mffjdtji to `nstjl wntc doìljss mli instrust2 eut tcj rjvj`mtnol wms jmajr`y mddjptji

ey Doult Umykoli, wcok cns fmntcfu` suehjdt, nl tcj lmkj of tcj mpost`j, cmi dcosjlfor tcj aumrinml of tcj co`y `mldj. Ycj jxpjrnkjlt wms rjso`vji2 mli ol tcj tcnri imy,mftjr m iuj prjpmrmtnol of prmyjr mli fmstnla, tcj prnjst of Kmrsjn``js nltroiudji

twj`vj trusty spjdtmtors, mkola wcok wjrj tcj doult mli cns dcmp`mnl2 mli tcjdcurdc ioors wjrj emrrji mamnlst tcj nkpjtuous ku`tntuij. Ycj arouli wms opjlji nltcj mpponltji p`mdj2 eut tcj worbkjl, wco rj`njvji jmdc otcjr, iua to tcj ijptc of twj`vj fjjt wntcout insdovjrnla tcj oehjdt of tcjnr sjmrdc. Nl tcj jvjlnla, wcjl DoultUmykoli cmi wntcirmwl to cns post, mli tcj wjmry mssnstmlts ejaml to kurkur,Emrtco`jky, nl cns scnrt mli wntcout cns scojs, eoì`y ijsdjliji nlto tcj pnt2 tcjimrbljss of tcj cour mli of tcj p`mdj jlme`ji cnk to sjdrjtj mli ijposnt tcj cjmi of mTmrmdjl `mldj, mli tcj fnrst souli, tcj fnrst a`jmk, of tcj stjj` wms smùtji wntc mijvout rmpturj. Ycj co`y `mldj wms irmwl frok nts rjdjss, wrmpt nl m vjn` of sn`b mliaoì, mli jxposji to tcj vjljrmtnol of tcj drusmijrs2 tcjnr mlxnous suspjlsj eurstfortc nl m ajljrm` scout of hoy mli copj, mli tcj ijspolinla troops wjrj mamnl

nlf`mkji wntc tcj jltcusnmsk of vmòur. Qcmtjvjr cmi ejjl tcj mrts, mli wcmtjvjr knact ej tcj sjltnkjlts of tcj dcnjfs, tcjy sbn`fu``y nkprovji tcns fortulmtj rjvoùtnol

ey jvjry mni tcmt insdnp`nlj mli ijvotnol douì mffori. Ycj soìnjrs wjrj insknssji totcjnr qumrtjrs, wntc ml nlhuldtnol to fortnfy tcjnr knlis mli eoinjs for tcj mppromdcnladolf`ndt, frjj`y to ejstow tcjnr `mst pnttmldj ol tcjksj`vjs mli tcjnr corsjs, mli tojxpjdt wntc tcj imwl of imy tcj snalm` of vndtory. Ol tcj fjstnvm` of Tt. Wjtjr mli Tt.Wmu`, tcj amtjs of Mltnodc wjrj tcrowl opjl2 m kmrtnm` psm`k, ‐@jt tcj @ori mrnsj, mli`jt cns jljknjs ej sdmttjrji!‛ wms dcmultji ey m prodjssnol of prnjsts mli kolbs2 tcj

emtt`j mrrmy wms kmrscm``ji nl twj`vj invnsnols, nl colour of tcj twj`vj mpost`js2 mlitcj co`y `mldj, nl tcj mesjldj of Umykoli, wms jltrustji to tcj cmlis of cns dcmp`mnl.

Ycj nlfùjldj of tcns rj`nd or tropcy wms fj`t ey tcj sjrvmlts, mli pjrcmps ey tcjjljknjs, of Dcrnst2=79 mli nts potjlt jljray wms cjnactjlji ey ml mddnijlt, m


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =7= cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



strmtmajk, or m rukour, of m knrmduòus dokp`jxnol. Ycrjj blnacts, nl wcntj amrkjltsmli rjsp`jlijlt mrks, jntcjr nssuji, or sjjkji to nssuj, frok tcj cn``s8 tcj vondj of Micjkmr, tcj popj„s `jamtj, prod`mnkji tcjk ms tcj kmrtyrs Tt. Ajoraj, Tt. Ycjoiorj,mli Tt. Kmurndj2 tcj tuku`t of emtt`j m`òwji lo tnkj for iouet or sdrutnly2 mli tcjwj`dokj mppmrntnol imzz`ji tcj jyjs or tcj nkmanlmtnol of m fmlmtnd mrky. Nl tcj

sjmsol of imlajr mli trnukpc, tcj rjvj`mtnol of Emrtco`jky of Kmrsjn``js wmsulmlnkous`y mssjrtji2 eut, ms sool ms tcj tjkpormry sjrvndj wms mddokp`nscji, tcj

pjrsolm` inalnty mli `nejrm` m`ks wcndc tcj doult of Youòusj ijrnvji frok tcjdustoiy of tcj co`y `mldj provobji tcj jlvy, mli mwmbjlji tcj rjmsol, of cns rnvm`s.M Lorkml d`jrb prjsukji to snft, wntc m pcnòsopcnd spnrnt, tcj trutc of tcj `jajli, tcjdnrdukstmldjs of tcj insdovjry, mli tcj dcmrmdtjr of tcj propcjt2 mli tcj pnousEocjkoli msdrneji tcjnr ij`nvjrmldj to tcj kjrnts mli nltjrdjssnol of Dcrnst mòlj.For m wcn`j tcj provnldnm`s ijfjliji tcjnr lmtnolm` pm``minuk wntc d`mkours mli mrks2mli ljw vnsnols dolijklji to ijmtc mli cj`` tcj profmlj sdjptnds wco prjsukji tosdrutnlnsj tcj trutc mli kjrnt of tcj insdovjry. Ycj prjvm`jldj of nldrjiu`nty

dokpj``ji tcj mutcor to sueknt cns `nfj mli vjrmdnty to tcj huiakjlt of Aoi. M pn`j of fmaaots, four fjjt cnac mli fourtjjl fjjt òla, wms jrjdtji nl tcj knist of tcj dmkp2tcj f`mkjs eurlt fnjrdj`y to tcj j`jvmtnol of tcnrty duents2 mli m lmrrow pmtc of twj`vjnldcjs wms `jft for tcj pjrnòus trnm`. Ycj ulfortulmtj prnjst of Kmrsjn``js trmvjrsji tcjfnrj wntc ijxtjrnty mli spjji8 eut cns tcnacs mli ej``y wjrj sdordcji ey tcj nltjlsjcjmt2 cj jxpnrji tcj ljxt imy, mli tcj òand of ej`njvnla knlis wn`` pmy sokj rjamrito cns iynla protjstmtnols of nllodjldj mli trutc. Tokj jfforts wjrj kmij ey tcj

provnldnm`s to suestntutj m dross, m rnla, or m tmejrlmd`j nl tcj p`mdj of tcj co`y `mldj,wcndc sool vmlnscji nl doltjkpt mli oe`nvnol.=7: ^jt tcj rjvj`mtnol of Mltnodc nsarmvj`y mssjrtji ey suddjjinla cnstornmls2 mli sudc ns tcj proarjss of drjiu`nty tcmt

knrmd`js, kost iouetfu` ol tcj spot mli mt tcj kokjlt, wn`` ej rjdjnvji wntc nkp`ndntfmntc mt m dolvjlnjlt instmldj of tnkj mli spmdj.

Ycj pruijldj or fortulj of tcj Frmlbs cmi ij`myji tcjnr nlvmsnol tn`` tcj ijd`nlj of tcjYurbnsc jkpnrj.=76 Zlijr tcj kml`y aovjrlkjlt of tcj tcrjj fnrst su`tmls, tcjbnlaioks of Msnm wjrj ulntji nl pjmdj mli hustndj2 mli tcj nllukjrme`j mrknjs wcndctcjy `ji nl pjrsol wjrj jqum` nl dourmaj, mli supjrnor nl insdnp`nlj, to tcj Emremrnmlsof tcj Qjst. Eut mt tcj tnkj of tcj drusmij, tcj nlcjrntmldj of Km`jb Tcmc wmsinsputji ey cns four sols2 tcjnr prnvmtj mkentnol wms nlsjlsne`j of tcj pue`nd imlajr2mli, nl tcj vndnssntuijs of tcjnr fortulj, tcj roym` vmssm`s wjrj nalormlt, or rjamri`jss,of tcj truj oehjdt of tcjnr m``janmldj. Ycj twjlty-jnact jknrs wco kmrdcji wntc tcj

stmlimri of Bjreoam wjrj cns rnvm`s or jljknjs2 tcjnr cmsty `jvnjs wjrj irmwl froktcj towls mli tjlts of Kjsopotmknm mli Tyrnm2 mli tcj Yurbnsc vjtjrmls wjrjjkpòyji or dolsukji nl tcj dnvn` wmrs ejyoli tcj Ynarns. Ycj dm`npc of Jayptjkermdji tcns opportulnty of wjmbljss mli insdori to rjdovjr cns mldnjlt possjssnols2mli cns su`tml Mpcim` ejsnjaji Hjrusm`jk mli Yyrj, jxpj``ji tcj dcnìrjl of Ortob,mli rjstorji nl Wm`jstnlj tcj dnvn` mli jdd`jsnmstndm` mutcornty of tcj Fmtnkntjs.=71Ycjy cjmri wntc mstolnsckjlt of tcj vmst mrknjs of Dcrnstnmls tcmt cmi pmssji frokJuropj to Msnm, mli rjhondji nl tcj snjajs mli emtt`js wcndc erobj tcj powjr of tcjYurbs, tcj mivjrsmrnjs of tcjnr sjdt mli kolmrdcy. Eut tcj smkj Dcrnstnmls wjrj tcjjljknjs of tcj propcjt2 mli frok tcj ovjrtcrow of Lndj mli Mltnodc, tcj kotnvj of

tcjnr jltjrprnsj, wcndc wms armium``y ulijrstooi, wouì uraj tcjk forwmri to tcj emlbs of tcj Horiml, or pjrcmps of tcj Ln`j. Ml nltjrdoursj of jpnst`js mli jkemssnjs,





wcndc rosj mli fj`` wntc tcj jvjlts of wmr, wms kmnltmnlji ejtwjjl tcj tcrolj of Dmnro mli tcj dmkp of tcj @mtnls2 mli tcjnr mivjrsj prnij wms tcj rjsu`t of nalormldjmli jltcusnmsk. Ycj knlnstjrs of Jaypt ijd`mrji nl ml cmuacty, or nlsnlumtji nl mknìjr, tolj tcmt tcjnr sovjrjnal, tcj truj mli `mwfu` dokkmlijr of tcj fmntcfu`, cmirjsduji Hjrusm`jk frok tcj Yurbnsc yobj2 mli tcmt tcj pnàrnks, nf tcjy wouì invnij

tcjnr lukejrs mli `my msnij tcjnr mrks, scouì fnli m smfj mli cospntme`j rjdjptnol mttcj sjpu`dcrj of Hjsus. Nl tcj ej`njf of tcjnr òst dolintnol, tcj dm`npc Kostm`n ijspnsjitcjnr mrks mli nkprnsolji tcjnr ijputnjs8 tcj dolqujst mli vndtory of Mltnodc

prokptji cnk to so`ndnt tcosj forknime`j dcmkpnols wntc anfts of corsjs mli sn`b roejs, of vmsjs, mli pursjs of aoì mli sn`vjr2 mli, nl cns jstnkmtj of tcjnr kjrnt or

powjr, tcj fnrst p`mdj wms mssnalji to Eocjkoli, mli tcj sjdoli to Aoifrjy. Nl jntcjr fortulj tcj mlswjr of tcj drusmijrs wms fnrk mli ulnfork8 tcjy insimnlji to nlqunrjnlto tcj prnvmtj d`mnks or possjssnols of tcj fo`òwjrs of Kmcokjt8 wcmtsojvjr wmscns lmkj or lmtnol, tcj usurpjr of Hjrusm`jk wms tcjnr jljky2 mli, nlstjmi of

prjsdrnenla tcj koij mli tjrks of tcjnr pnàrnkmaj, nt wms ol`y ey m tnkj`y surrjlijr

of tcj dnty mli provnldj, tcjnr smdrji rnact, tcmt cj douì ijsjrvj tcjnr m``nmldj or ijprjdmtj tcjnr nkpjlinla mli nrrjsnstne`j mttmdb.=73

^jt tcns mttmdb, wcjl tcjy wjrj wntcnl tcj vnjw mli rjmdc of tcjnr aòrnous prnzj, wmssuspjliji meovj tjl koltcs mftjr tcj ijfjmt of Bjreoam. Ycj zjm` mli dourmaj of tcjdrusmijrs wjrj dcn``ji nl tcj kokjlt of vndtory8 mli, nlstjmi of kmrdcnla to nkprovjtcj dolstjrlmtnol, tcjy cmstn`y inspjrsji to jlhoy tcj ùxury, of Tyrnm. Ycj dmusjs of tcns strmlaj ij`my kmy ej fouli nl tcj wmlt of strjlatc mli sueorinlmtnol. Nl tcj

pmnlfu` mli vmrnous sjrvndj of Mltnodc tcj dmvm`ry wms mllncn`mtji2 kmly tcousmlis of jvjry rmlb cmi ejjl òst ey fmknlj, sndbljss, mli ijsjrtnol2 tcj smkj meusj of p`jltycmi ejjl proiudtnvj of m tcnri fmknlj2 mli tcj m`tjrlmtnvj of nltjkpjrmldj mliinstrjss cmi ajljrmtji m pjstn`jldj, wcndc swjpt mwmy meovj fnfty tcousmli of tcj

pnàrnks. Fjw wjrj me`j to dokkmli mli lolj wjrj wn``nla to oejy8 tcj iokjstndfjuis, wcndc cmi ejjl stnf`ji ey dokkol fjmr, wjrj mamnl rjljwji nl mdts, or mt `jmstnl sjltnkjlts, of costn`nty2 tcj futurj of Emìwnl mli Eocjkoli jxdntji tcj jlvy of tcjnr dokpmlnols2 tcj ermvjst blnacts wjrj jl`nstji for tcj ijfjldj of tcjnr ljw

prnldnpm`ntnjs2 mli Doult Umykoli jxcmustji cns troops mli trjmsurjs nl ml ni`jjxpjintnol nlto tcj cjmrt of Tyrnm.=7> Ycj wnltjr wms dolsukji nl insdori mliinsorijr2 m sjlsj of colour mli rj`nanol wms rjbnli`ji nl tcj sprnla2 mli tcj prnvmtjsoìnjrs, `jss susdjptne`j of mkentnol mli hjmòusy, mwmbjlji wntc mlary d`mkours tcjnlio`jldj of tcjnr dcnjfs. Nl tcj koltc of Kmy, tcj rj`nds of tcns knacty cost

prodjjiji frok Mltnodc to @moindjm8 meout forty tcousmli @mtnls, of wcok lo korjtcml fnftjjl culirji corsj mli twjlty tcousmli foot wjrj dmpme`j of nkkjinmtjsjrvndj. Ycjnr jmsy kmrdc wms doltnluji ejtwjjl Koult @nemlus mli tcj sjm-scorj2tcjnr wmlts wjrj `nejrm``y supp`nji ey tcj domstnla trmijrs of Ajlom mli Wnsm2 mli tcjyirjw `mraj doltrneutnols frok tcj jknrs of Yrnpo`n, Yyrj, Tniol, Mdrj, mli Dæsmrjm,wco armltji m frjj pmssmaj mli proknsji to fo`òw tcj jxmkp`j of Hjrusm`jk. FrokDæsmrjm==7 tcjy mivmldji nlto tcj kni`mli doultry2 tcjnr d`jrbs rjdoalnsji tcjsmdrji ajoarmpcy of @yiim, Umk`m, Jkmus, mli Ejtc`jk2 mli, ms sool ms tcjyijsdrnji tcj co`y dnty, tcj drusmijrs foraot tcjnr ton`s, mli d`mnkji tcjnr rjwmri.===

Hjrusm`jk cms ijrnvji sokj rjputmtnol frok tcj lukejr mli nkportmldj of cjr kjkorme`j snjajs. Nt wms lot tn`` mftjr m òla mli oestnlmtj doltjst tcmt Emeyòl mli





Uokj douì prjvmn` mamnlst tcj oestnlmdy of tcj pjop`j, tcj drmaay arouli tcmt knactsupjrsjij tcj ljdjssnty of fortnfndmtnols, mli tcj wm``s mli towjrs tcmt wouì cmvjfortnfnji tcj kost mddjssne`j p`mnl.==5 Ycjsj oestmd`js wjrj inknlnscji nl tcj maj of tcj drusmijs. Ycj eu`wmrbs cmi ejjl dokp`jtj`y ijstroyji, mli nkpjrfjdt`y rjstorji2tcj Hjws, tcjnr lmtnol mli worscnp, wjrj for jvjr emlnscji2 eut lmturj ns `jss

dcmlajme`j tcml kml, mli tcj sntj of Hjrusm`jk, tcouac sokjwcmt softjlji mlisokjwcmt rjkovji, wms stn`` strola mamnlst tcj mssmu`ts of ml jljky. Ey tcjjxpjrnjldj of m rjdjlt snjaj, mli m tcrjj yjmrs„ possjssnol, tcj Tmrmdjls of Jaypt cmi

ejjl tmuact to insdjrl, mli nl sokj ijarjj to rjkjiy, tcj ijfjdts of m p`mdj wcndcrj`nanol, ms wj`` ms colour, foremij tcjk to rjsnal. M`minl, or Nftnbcmr, tcj dm`npc„s`njutjlmlt, wms jltrustji wntc tcj ijfjldj2 cns po`ndy strovj to rjstrmnl tcj lmtnvjDcrnstnmls ey tcj irjmi of tcjnr owl runl mli tcmt of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj2 to mlnkmtj tcjKos`jks ey tcj mssurmldj of tjkporm` mli jtjrlm` rjwmris. Cns amrrnsol ns smni tocmvj dolsnstji of forty tcousmli Yurbs mli Mrmenmls2 mli, nf cj douì kustjr twjltytcousmli of tcj nlcmentmlts, nt kust ej dolfjssji tcmt tcj ejsnjaji wjrj korj

lukjrous tcml tcj ejsnjanla mrky.==4 Cmi tcj inknlnscji strjlatc mli lukejrs of tcj @mtnls m`òwji tcjk to armsp tcj wco`j dnrdukfjrjldj of four tcousmli ymris(meout two Jla`nsc kn`js mli m cm`f),==9 to wcmt usjfu` purposj scouì tcjy cmvjijsdjliji nlto tcj vm``jy of Ejl Cnllok mli torrjlt of Bjirol,==: or mppromdcjitcj prjdnpndjs of tcj soutc mli jmst, frok wcjldj tcjy cmi lotcnla jntcjr to copj or fjmr? Ycjnr snjaj wms korj rjmsolme`y inrjdtji mamnlst tcj lortcjrl mli wjstjrl snijsof tcj dnty. Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl jrjdtji cns stmlimri ol tcj fnrst swj`` of KoultDm`vmry2 to tcj `jft, ms fmr ms Tt. Ttjpcjl„s amtj, tcj `nlj of mttmdb wms doltnluji eyYmldrji mli tcj two Uoejrts2 mli Doult Umykoli jstme`nscji cns qumrtjrs frok tcjdntmij` to tcj foot of Koult Tnol, wcndc wms lo òlajr nldùiji wntcnl tcj prjdnldts

of tcj dnty. Ol tcj fnftc imy, tcj drusmijrs kmij m ajljrm` mssmu`t, nl tcj fmlmtnd copjof emttjrnla iowl tcj wm``s wntcout jlanljs, mli of sdm`nla tcjk wntcout `miijrs. Eytcj inlt of erutm` fordj tcjy eurst tcj fnrst emrrnjr, eut tcjy wjrj irnvjl emdb wntcscmkj mli s`muactjr to tcj dmkp2 tcj nlfùjldj of vnsnol mli propcjdy wms ijmijlji

ey tcj too frjqujlt meusj of tcosj pnous strmtmajks2 mli tnkj mli `meour wjrj foulito ej tcj ol`y kjmls of vndtory. Ycj tnkj of tcj snjaj wms nlijji fu`fn``ji nl fortyimys, eut tcjy wjrj forty imys of dm`mknty mli mlaunsc. M rjpjtntnol of tcj oìdokp`mnlt of fmknlj kmy ej nkputji nl sokj ijarjj to tcj vormdnous or insorijr`ymppjtntj of tcj Frmlbs2 eut tcj stoly son` of Hjrusm`jk ns m`kost ijstntutj of wmtjr2 tcjsdmlty sprnlas mli cmsty torrjlts wjrj iry nl tcj sukkjr sjmsol2 lor wms tcj tcnrst of tcj ejsnjajrs rj`njvji, ms nl tcj dnty, ey tcj mrtnfndnm` supp`y of dnstjrls mli mqujiudts.

Ycj dnrdukhmdjlt doultry ns jqum``y ijstntutj of trjjs for tcj usjs of scmij or eunìnla2 eut sokj ̀ mraj ejmks wjrj insdovjrji nl m dmvj ey tcj drusmijrs8 m wooiljmr Tndcjk, tcj jldcmltji arovj of Ymsso,==6 wms dut iowl2 tcj ljdjssmry tnkejr wms trmlsportji to tcj dmkp, ey tcj vnaour mli ijxtjrnty of Ymldrji2 mli tcj jlanljswjrj frmkji ey sokj Ajlojsj mrtnsts, wco cmi fortulmtj`y `mliji nl tcj cmreour of Hmffm. Ywo kovjme`j turrjts wjrj dolstrudtji mt tcj jxpjlsj, mli nl tcj stmtnols, of tcj iubj of @orrmnlj mli tcj doult of Youòusj, mli ro``ji forwmris wntc ijvout`meour, lot to tcj kost mddjssne`j, eut to tcj kost lja`jdtji, pmrts of tcj fortnfndmtnol.Umykoli„s towjr wms rjiudji to mscjs ey tcj fnrj of tcj ejsnjaji2 eut cns do``jmaujwms korj vnan`mlt mli suddjssfu`2 tcj jljknjs wjrj irnvjl ey cns mrdcjrs frok tcj

rmkpmrt2 tcj irmw-erniaj wms `jt iowl2 mli ol m Frnimy, mt tcrjj nl tcj mftjrlool, tcjimy mli cour of tcj Wmssnol, Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl stooi vndtornous ol tcj wm``s of





Hjrusm`jk. Cns jxmkp`j wms fo`òwji ol jvjry snij ey tcj jku`mtnol of vmòur2 mli,meout four culirji mli snxty yjmrs mftjr tcj dolqujst of Okmr, tcj co`y dnty wmsrjsduji frok tcj Kmcokjtml yobj. Nl tcj pn``maj of pue`nd mli prnvmtj wjm`tc, tcjmivjlturjrs cmi marjji to rjspjdt tcj jxdùsnvj propjrty of tcj fnrst oddupmlt2 mli tcjspon`s of tcj arjmt kosdc, sjvjlty `mkps mli kmssy vmsjs of aoì mli sn`vjr, rjwmriji

tcj in`najldj, mli insp`myji tcj ajljrosnty, of Ymldrji. M eòoiy smdrnfndj wmsoffjrji ey cns knstmbjl votmrnjs to tcj Aoi of tcj Dcrnstnmls2 rjsnstmldj knact

provobj, eut ljntcjr maj lor sjx douì ko``nfy, tcjnr nkp`mdme`j rmaj2 tcjy nliuàjitcjksj`vjs tcrjj imys nl m proknsduous kmssmdrj2==1 mli tcj nlfjdtnol of tcj ijmi

eoinjs proiudji ml jpnijknd insjmsj. Mftjr sjvjlty tcousmli Kos`jks cmi ejjl putto tcj swori, mli tcj cmrk`jss Hjws cmi ejjl eurlt nl tcjnr sylmaoauj, tcjy douìstn`` rjsjrvj m ku`tntuij of dmptnvjs wcok nltjrjst or `mssntuij pjrsumiji tcjk tospmrj. Of tcjsj smvmaj cjrojs of tcj dross, Ymldrji mòlj ejtrmyji sokj sjltnkjlts of dokpmssnol2 yjt wj kmy prmnsj tcj korj sj`fnsc `jlnty of Umykoli, wco armltji mdmpntu`mtnol mli smfj-doliudt to tcj amrrnsol of tcj dntmij`.==3 Ycj co`y sjpu`dcrj

wms low frjj2 mli tcj eòoiy vndtors prjpmrji to mddokp`nsc tcjnr vow. Emrjcjmijimli emrjfoot, wntc doltrntj cjmrts, mli nl ml cuke`j posturj, tcjy msdjliji tcj cn`` of Dm`vmry, mknist tcj òui mltcjks of tcj d`jray2 bnssji tcj stolj wcndc cmi dovjrjitcj Tmvnour of tcj worì2 mli ejijwji wntc tjmrs of hoy mli pjlntjldj tcj kolukjltof tcjnr rjijkptnol. Ycns ulnol of tcj fnjrdjst mli kost tjlijr pmssnols cms ejjlvmrnous`y dolsnijrji ey two pcnòsopcjrs8 ey tcj olj,==> ms jmsy mli lmturm`2 ey tcjotcjr,=57 ms mesuri mli nldrjine`j. Wjrcmps nt ns too rnaorous`y mpp`nji to tcj smkj

pjrsols mli tcj smkj cour8 tcj jxmkp`j of tcj vnrtuous Aoifrjy mwmbjlji tcj pnjtyof cns dokpmlnols2 wcn`j tcjy d`jmlsji tcjnr eoinjs, tcjy purnfnji tcjnr knlis2 lor scm`` N ej`njvj tcmt tcj kost mrijlt nl s`muactjr mli rmpnlj wjrj tcj forjkost nl tcj

prodjssnol to tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj.

Jnact imys mftjr tcns kjkorme`j jvjlt, wcndc Wopj Zreml ini lot `nvj to cjmr, tcj@mtnl dcnjfs prodjjiji to tcj j`jdtnol of m bnla, to aumri mli aovjrl tcjnr dolqujstsnl Wm`jstnlj. Cuac tcj Arjmt mli Ttjpcjl of Dcmrtrjs cmi rjtnrji wntc sokj òss of rjputmtnol, wcndc tcjy strovj to rjamnl ey m sjdoli drusmij mli ml colourme`j ijmtc.Emìwnl wms jstme`nscji mt Jijssm, mli Eocjkoli mt Mltnodc2 mli tcj two Uoejrts,tcj iubj of Lorkmliy=5= mli tcj doult of F`mlijrs, prjfjrrji tcjnr fmnr nlcjrntmldj nltcj Qjst to m iouetfu` dokpjtntnol or m emrrjl sdjptrj. Ycj hjmòusy mli mkentnol of Umykoli wjrj dolijklji ey cns owl fo`òwjrs, mli tcj frjj, tcj hust, tcj ulmlnkousvondj of tcj mrky prod`mnkji Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl tcj fnrst mli kost wortcy of tcj

dcmkpnols of Dcrnstjliok. Cns kmalmlnknty mddjptji m trust ms fu`` of imlajr ms of aòry2 eut nl m dnty wcjrj cns Tmvnour cmi ejjl drowlji wntc tcorls tcj ijvout

pnàrnk rjhjdtji tcj lmkj mli jlsnals of roym`ty2 mli tcj foulijr of tcj bnlaiok of Hjrusm`jk doltjltji cnksj`f wntc tcj koijst tnt`j of Ijfjlijr mli Emrol of tcj Co`yTjpu`dcrj. Cns aovjrlkjlt of m snla`j yjmr,=55 too scort for tcj pue`nd cmppnljss,wms nltjrruptji nl tcj fnrst fortlnact ey m sukkols to tcj fnjì, ey tcj mppromdc of tcjvnznr or su`tml of Jaypt, wco cmi ejjl too sòw to prjvjlt, eut wco wms nkpmtnjlt tomvjlaj, tcj òss of Hjrusm`jk. Cns totm` ovjrtcrow nl tcj emtt`j of Msdmòl sjm`ji tcjjstme`nsckjlt of tcj @mtnls nl Tyrnm, mli snalm`nsji tcj vmòur of tcj Frjldc prnldjs,wco, nl tcns mdtnol, emij m òla fmrjwj`` to tcj co`y wmrs. Tokj aòry knact ej

ijrnvji frok tcj proinanous nljqum`nty of lukejrs, tcouac N scm`` lot doult tcjkyrnmis of corsj mli foot ol tcj snij of tcj Fmtnkntjs2 eut, jxdjpt tcrjj tcousmli


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =7: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



Jtcnopnmls or E`mdbs, wco wjrj mrkji wntc f`mn`s or sdourajs of nrol, tcj Emremrnmlsof tcj Toutc f`ji ol tcj fnrst olsjt, mli mfforiji m p`jmsnla dokpmrnsol ejtwjjl tcjmdtnvj vmòur of tcj Yurbs mli tcj sòtc mli jffjknlmdy of tcj lmtnvjs of Jaypt. Mftjr suspjlinla ejforj tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj tcj swori mli stmlimri of tcj su`tml, tcj ljwbnla (cj ijsjrvjs tcj tnt`j) jkermdji cns ijpmrtnla dokpmlnols, mli douì rjtmnl ol`y

wntc tcj am``mlt Ymldrji tcrjj culirji blnacts mli two tcousmli foot-soìnjrs for tcjijfjldj of Wm`jstnlj. Cns sovjrjnalty wms sool mttmdbji ey m ljw jljky, tcj ol`y oljmamnlst wcok Aoifrjy wms m dowmri. Micjkmr, enscop of Wuy, wco jxdj``ji eotc nldouldn` mli mdtnol, cmi ejjl swjpt mwmy nl tcj `mst p`mauj of Mltnodc2 tcj rjkmnlnlajdd`jsnmstnds prjsjrvji ol`y tcj prnij mli mvmrndj of tcjnr dcmrmdtjr2 mli tcjnr sjintnous d`mkours cmi rjqunrji tcmt tcj dcondj of m enscop scouì prjdjij tcmt of mbnla. Ycj rjvjluj mli hurnsindtnol of tcj `mwfu` pmtrnmrdc wjrj usurpji ey tcj @mtnld`jray2 tcj jxdùsnol of tcj Arjjbs mli Tyrnmls wms hustnfnji ey tcj rjpromdc of cjrjsy or sdcnsk2=54 mli, ulijr tcj nrol yobj of tcjnr ij`nvjrjrs, tcj Ornjltm`Dcrnstnmls rjarjttji tcj to`jrmtnla aovjrlkjlt of tcj Mrmenml dm`npcs. Imnkejrt,

Mrdcenscop of Wnsm, cmi òla ejjl trmnlji nl tcj sjdrjt po`ndy of Uokj8 cj erouact mf`jjt of cns doultrykjl to tcj suddour of tcj Co`y @mli, mli wms nlstm``ji, wntcout mdokpjtntor, tcj spnrntum` mli tjkporm` cjmi of tcj dcurdc. Ycj ljw pmtrnmrdc=59nkkjinmtj`y armspji tcj sdjptrj wcndc cmi ejjl mdqunrji ey tcj ton` mli eòoi of tcjvndtornous pnàrnks2 mli eotc Aoifrjy mli Eocjkoli sueknttji to rjdjnvj mt cnscmlis tcj nlvjstnturj of tcjnr fjuim` possjssnols. Lor wms tcns suffndnjlt2 Imnkejrtd`mnkji tcj nkkjinmtj propjrty of Hjrusm`jk mli Hmffm8 nlstjmi of m fnrk mliajljrous rjfusm`, tcj cjro ljaotnmtji wntc tcj prnjst2 m qumrtjr of jntcjr dnty wms djijito tcj dcurdc2 mli tcj koijst enscop wms smtnsfnji wntc ml jvjltum` rjvjrsnol of tcjrjst, ol tcj ijmtc of Aoifrjy wntcout dcnìrjl, or ol tcj futurj mdqunsntnol of m ljw

sjmt mt Dmnro or Imkmsdus.

Qntcout tcns nliuàjldj, tcj dolqujror wouì cmvj m`kost ejjl strnppji of cns nlfmltbnlaiok, wcndc dolsnstji ol`y of Hjrusm`jk mli Hmffm, wntc meout twjlty vn``majs mlitowls of tcj mihmdjlt doultry.=5: Qntcnl tcns lmrrow vjraj, tcj Kmcokjtmls wjrjstn`` òiaji nl sokj nkprjalme`j dmst`js2 mli tcj cusemlikml, tcj trmijr, mli tcj

pnàrnks wjrj jxposji to imn`y mli iokjstnd costn`nty. Ey tcj mrks of Aoifrjycnksj`f, mli of tcj two Emìwnls, cns erotcjr mli dousnl, wco suddjjiji to tcjtcrolj, tcj @mtnls erjmtcji wntc korj jmsj mli smfjty2 mli mt `jlatc tcjy jqum``ji, nltcj jxtjlt of tcjnr ioknlnols, tcouac lot nl tcj kn``nols of tcjnr suehjdts, tcj mldnjlt

prnldjs of Huimc mli Nsrmj`.=56 Mftjr tcj rjiudtnol of tcj kmrntnkj dntnjs of @moindjm,

Yrnpo`n, Yyrj, mli Msdmòl,=51 wcndc wjrj powjrfu``y mssnstji ey tcj f`jjts of Vjlndj, Ajlom, mli Wnsm, mli jvjl of F`mlijrs mli Lorwmy,=53 tcj rmlaj of sjm-domstfrok Tdmlijrool to tcj eorijrs of Jaypt wms possjssji ey tcj Dcrnstnml pnàrnks. Nf tcj prnldj of Mltnodc=5> insd`mnkji cns suprjkmdy, tcj doults of Jijssm mli Yrnpo`nowlji tcjksj`vjs tcj vmssm`s of tcj bnla of Hjrusm`jk8 tcj @mtnls rjnalji ejyoli tcjJupcrmtjs2 mli tcj four dntnjs of Cjks, Cmkmc, Imkmsdus, mli M`jppo wjrj tcj ol`yrj`nds of tcj Kmcokjtml dolqujsts nl Tyrnm.=47 Ycj `mws mli `mlaumaj, tcj kmlljrsmli tnt`js, of tcj Frjldc lmtnol mli @mtnl dcurdc, wjrj nltroiudji nlto tcjsjtrmlskmrnlj doòlnjs. Mddorinla to tcj fjuim` hurnspruijldj, tcj prnldnpm` stmtjs mlisueorinlmtj emrolnjs ijsdjliji nl tcj `nlj of km`j mli fjkm`j suddjssnol2=4= eut tcj

dcnìrjl of tcj fnrst dolqujrors,=45 m kot`jy mli ijajljrmtj rmdj, wjrj insso`vji eyùxury of tcj d`nkmtj2 tcj mrrnvm` of ljw drusmijrs frok Juropj wms m iouetfu` copj





mli m dmsum` jvjlt. Ycj sjrvndj of tcj fjuim` tjlurjs=44 wms pjrforkji ey snxculirji mli snxty-snx blnacts, wco knact jxpjdt tcj mni of two culirji korj ulijr tcj emlljr of tcj doult of Yrnpo`n2 mli jmdc blnact wms mttjliji to tcj fnjì ey four squnrjs or mrdcjrs ol corsjemdb.=49 Fnvj tcousmli mli sjvjlty-fnvj sjrhjmlts, kost

proeme`y foot-soìnjrs, wjrj supp`nji ey tcj dcurdcjs mli tcj dntnjs2 mli tcj wco`j

`jam` kn`ntnm of tcj bnlaiok douì lot jxdjji j`jvjl tcousmli kjl, m s`jlijr ijfjldjmamnlst tcj surroulinla kyrnmis of Tmrmdjls mli Yurbs.=4: Eut tcj fnrkjst eu`wmrb of Hjrusm`jk wms fouliji ol tcj blnacts of tcj Cospntm` of Tt. Hocl,=46 mli of tcjtjkp`j of Toòkol2=41 ol tcj strmlaj mssodnmtnol of m kolmstnd mli kn`ntmry `nfj,wcndc fmlmtndnsk knact suaajst, eut wcndc po`ndy kust mpprovj. Ycj fòwjr of tcjloen`nty of Juropj mspnrji to wjmr tcj dross, mli to profjss tcj vows, of tcjsjrjspjdtme`j orijrs2 tcjnr spnrnt mli insdnp`nlj wjrj nkkortm`2 mli tcj spjjiy iolmtnolof twjlty-jnact tcousmli fmrks, or kmlors,=43 jlme`ji tcjk to support m rjau`mr fordj of dmvm`ry mli nlfmltry for tcj ijfjldj of Wm`jstnlj. Ycj mustjrnty of tcj dolvjltsool jvmpormtji nl tcj jxjrdnsj of mrks2 tcj worì wms sdmlim`nsji ey tcj prnij,

mvmrndj, mli dorruptnol of tcjsj Dcrnstnml soìnjrs2 tcjnr d`mnks of nkkulnty mli hurnsindtnol instureji tcj cmrkoly of tcj dcurdc mli stmtj2 mli tcj pue`nd pjmdj wmsjlimlajrji ey tcjnr hjmòus jku`mtnol. Eut nl tcjnr kost inssoùtj pjrnoi, tcj blnactsof tcj Cospntm` mli Yjkp`j kmnltmnlji tcjnr fjmr`jss mli fmlmtnd dcmrmdtjr2 tcjylja`jdtji to `nvj, eut tcjy wjrj prjpmrji to inj, nl tcj sjrvndj of Dcrnst2 mli tcj spnrntof dcnvm`ry, tcj pmrjlt mli offsprnla of tcj drusmijs, cms ejjl trmlsp`mltji ey tcnsnlstntutnol frok tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj to tcj ns`j of Km`tm.=4>

Ycj spnrnt of frjjiok, wcndc pjrvmijs tcj fjuim` nlstntutnols, wms fj`t nl nts strolajstjljray ey tcj voùltjjrs of tcj dross, wco j`jdtji for tcjnr dcnjf tcj kost ijsjrvnlaof cns pjjrs. Mknist tcj s`mvjs of Msnm, uldolsdnous of tcj `jssol or jxmkp`j, m koijòf po`ntndm` `nejrty wms nltroiudji2 mli tcj `mws of tcj Frjldc bnlaiok mrj ijrnvjifrok tcj purjst sourdj of jqum`nty mli hustndj. Of sudc `mws, tcj fnrst mlinlinspjlsme`j dolintnol ns tcj mssjlt of tcosj wcosj oejinjldj tcjy rjqunrj, mli for wcosj ejljfnt tcjy mrj ijsnalji. Lo sooljr cmi Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl mddjptji tcjoffndj of suprjkj kmanstrmtj tcml cj so`ndntji tcj pue`nd mli prnvmtj mivndj of tcj@mtnl pnàrnks wco wjrj tcj ejst sbn``ji nl tcj stmtutjs mli dustoks of Juropj. Froktcjsj kmtjrnm`s, wntc tcj doulsj` mli mpproemtnol of tcj pmtrnmrdc mli emrols, of tcjd`jray mli `mnty, Aoifrjy dokposji tcj Mssnsj of Hjrusm`jk,=97 m prjdnouskolukjlt of fjuim` hurnspruijldj. Ycj ljw doij, mttjstji ey tcj sjm`s of tcj bnla,tcj pmtrnmrdc, mli tcj vnsdoult of Hjrusm`jk, wms ijposntji nl tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj,

jlrndcji wntc tcj nkprovjkjlts of suddjjinla tnkjs, mli rjspjdtfu``y dolsu`tji msoftjl ms mly iouetfu` qujstnol mrosj nl tcj trneulm`s of Wm`jstnlj. Qntc tcj bnlaiokmli dnty m`` wms òst2=9= tcj frmakjlts of tcj wrnttjl `mw wjrj prjsjrvji ey hjmòustrmintnol,=95 mli vmrnme`j prmdtndj, tn`` tcj knii`j of tcj tcnrtjjltc djltury2 tcj doijwms rjstorji ey tcj pjl of Hocl i„Nej`nl, doult of Hmffm, olj of tcj prnldnpm`fjuimtornjs2=94 mli tcj fnlm` rjvnsnol wms mddokp`nscji nl tcj yjmr tcnrtjjl culirjimli snxty-lnlj, for tcj usj of tcj @mtnl bnlaiok of Dyprus.=99

Ycj hustndj mli frjjiok of tcj dolstntutnol wjrj kmnltmnlji ey two trneulm`s of uljqum` inalnty, wcndc wjrj nlstntutji ey Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl mftjr tcj dolqujst of

Hjrusm`jk. Ycj bnla, nl pjrsol, prjsniji nl tcj uppjr dourt, tcj dourt of tcj emrols. Of tcjsj tcj four kost dolspnduous wjrj tcj prnldj of Am`n`jj, tcj òri of Tniol mli





Dæsmrjm, mli tcj doults of Hmffm mli Yrnpo`n, wco, pjrcmps wntc tcj dolstme`j mlikmrscm`,=9: wjrj nl m spjdnm` kmlljr tcj dokpjjrs mli huiajs of jmdc otcjr. Eut m``tcj loe`js, wco cjì tcjnr `mlis nkkjinmtj`y of tcj drowl, wjrj jltnt`ji mli eouli tomttjli tcj bnla„s dourt2 mli jmdc emrol jxjrdnsji m snkn`mr hurnsindtnol nl tcjsueorinlmtj mssjke`njs of cns owl fjuimtornjs. Ycj dolljdtnol of òri mli vmssm` wms

colourme`j mli voùltmry8 rjvjrjldj wms iuj to tcj ejljfmdtor, protjdtnol to tcjijpjlimlt2 eut tcjy kutum``y p`jiaji tcjnr fmntc to jmdc otcjr, mli tcj oe`namtnol oljntcjr snij knact ej suspjliji ey lja`jdt or insso`vji ey nlhury. Ycj doalnsmldj of kmrrnmajs mli tjstmkjlts wms e`jliji wntc rj`nanol mli usurpji ey tcj d`jray2 eut tcjdnvn` mli drnknlm` dmusjs of tcj loe`js, tcj nlcjrntmldj mli tjlurj of tcjnr fnjfs,forkji tcj propjr oddupmtnol of tcj suprjkj dourt. Jmdc kjkejr wms tcj huiaj mliaumrinml eotc of pue`nd mli prnvmtj rnacts. Nt wms cns iuty to mssjrt wntc cns tolaujmli swori tcj `mwfu` d`mnks of tcj òri2 eut, nf ml ulhust supjrnor prjsukji to vno`mtjtcj frjjiok or propjrty of m vmssm`, tcj dolfjijrmtj pjjrs stooi fortc to kmnltmnl cnsqumrrj` ey wori mli ijji. Ycjy eoì`y mffnrkji cns nllodjldj mli cns wrolas2

ijkmliji tcj rjstntutnol of cns `nejrty or cns `mlis2 suspjliji, mftjr m frunt`jssijkmli, tcjnr owl sjrvndj2 rjsduji tcjnr erotcjr frok prnsol2 mli jkpòyji jvjrywjmpol nl cns ijfjldj, wntcout offjrnla inrjdt vno`jldj to tcj pjrsol of tcjnr òri,wcndc wms jvjr smdrji nl tcjnr jyjs.=96 Nl tcjnr p`jminlas, rjp`njs, mli rjhonlijrs, tcjmivodmtjs of tcj dourt wjrj suetn`j mli dopnous2 eut tcj usj of mraukjlt mli jvnijldjwms oftjl supjrsjiji ey huindnm` dokemt2 mli tcj Mssnsj of Hjrusm`jk miknts nl kmlydmsjs tcns emremrous nlstntutnol, wcndc cms ejjl sòw`y meo`nscji ey tcj `mws mlikmlljrs of Juropj.

Ycj trnm` ey emtt`j wms jstme`nscji nl m`` drnknlm` dmsjs wcndc mffjdtji tcj `nfj or `nkeor colour of mly pjrsol2 mli nl m`` dnvn` trmlsmdtnols of or meovj tcj vmùj of oljkmrb of sn`vjr. Nt mppjmrs tcmt nl drnknlm` dmsjs tcj dokemt wms tcj prnvn`jaj of tcjmddusjr, wco, jxdjpt nl m dcmraj of trjmsol, mvjlaji cns pjrsolm` nlhury or tcj ijmtcof tcosj pjrsols wcok cj cmi m rnact to rjprjsjlt2 eut, wcjrjvjr, frok tcj lmturj of tcj dcmraj, tjstnkoly douì ej oetmnlji, nt wms ljdjssmry for cnk to proiudjwntljssjs of tcj fmdt. Nl dnvn` dmsjs, tcj dokemt wms lot m`òwji ms tcj kjmls of jstme`nscnla tcj d`mnk of tcj ijkmlimlt2 eut cj wms oe`naji to proiudj wntljssjs wcocmi, or mssukji to cmvj, blow`jiaj of tcj fmdt. Ycj dokemt wms tcjl tcj prnvn`jaj of tcj ijfjlimlt2 ejdmusj cj dcmraji tcj wntljss wntc ml mttjkpt ey pjrhury to tmbj mwmycns rnact. Cj dmkj, tcjrjforj, to ej nl tcj smkj sntumtnol ms tcj mppj``mlt nl drnknlm`dmsjs. Nt wms lot, tcjl, ms m koij of proof tcmt tcj dokemt wms rjdjnvji, lor ms

kmbnla ljamtnvj jvnijldj (mddorinla to tcj supposntnol of Koltjsqunju)2=91 eut nljvjry dmsj tcj rnact to offjr emtt`j wms fouliji ol tcj rnact to pursuj ey mrks tcjrjirjss of ml nlhury2 mli tcj huindnm` dokemt wms fouact ol tcj smkj prnldnp`j, mliwntc tcj smkj spnrnt, ms m prnvmtj iuj`. Dcmkpnols wjrj ol`y m`òwji to wokjl, mlito kjl kmnkji or pmst tcj maj of snxty. Ycj dolsjqujldj of m ijfjmt wms ijmtc to tcj

pjrsol mddusji, or to tcj dcmkpnol or wntljss, ms wj`` ms to tcj mddusjr cnksj`f2 eutnl dnvn` dmsjs tcj ijkmlimlt wms pulnscji wntc nlfmky mli tcj òss of cns sunt, wcn`jcns wntljss mli dcmkpnol suffjrji ml naloknlnous ijmtc. Nl kmly dmsjs, nt wms nl tcjoptnol of tcj huiaj to mwmri or to rjfusj tcj dokemt2 eut two mrj spjdnfnji nl wcndc ntwms tcj nljvntme`j rjsu`t of tcj dcm``jlaj8 nf m fmntcfu` vmssm` amvj tcj `nj to cns

dokpjjr, wco ulhust`y d`mnkji mly portnol of tcjnr òri„s ijkjsljs2 or nf mlulsuddjssfu` suntor prjsukji to nkpjmdc tcj huiakjlt mli vjrmdnty of tcj dourt. Cj





knact nkpjmdc tcjk, eut tcj tjrks wjrj sjvjrj mli pjrnòus8 nl tcj smkj imy cjsuddjssnvj`y fouact m`` tcj kjkejrs of tcj trneulm`, jvjl tcosj wco cmi ejjl mesjlt2m snla`j ijfjmt wms fo`òwji ey ijmtc mli nlfmky2 mli, wcjrj lolj douì copj for vndtory, nt ns cnac`y proeme`j tcmt lolj wouì mivjlturj tcj trnm`. Nl tcj Mssnsj of Hjrusm`jk, tcj `jam` suet`jty of tcj doult of Hmffm ns korj `muime`y jkpòyji to jùij,

tcml to fmdn`ntmtj, tcj huindnm` dokemt, wcndc cj ijrnvjs frok m prnldnp`j of colour rmtcjr tcml of supjrstntnol.=93

Mkola tcj dmusjs wcndc jlfrmldcnsji tcj p`jejnmls frok tcj yobj of fjuim` tyrmlly,tcj nlstntutnol of dntnjs mli dorpormtnols ns olj of tcj kost powjrfu`2 mli, nf tcosj of Wm`jstnlj mrj dojvm` wntc tcj fnrst drusmij, tcjy kmy ej rmlbji wntc tcj kost mldnjltof tcj @mtnl worì. Kmly of tcj pnàrnks cmi jsdmpji frok tcjnr òris ulijr tcj

emlljr of tcj dross2 mli nt wms tcj po`ndy of tcj Frjldc prnldjs to tjkpt tcjnr stmy eytcj mssurmldj of tcj rnacts mli prnvn`jajs of frjjkjl. Nt ns jxprjss`y ijd`mrji nl tcjMssnsj of Hjrusm`jk tcmt, mftjr nlstntutnla, for cns blnacts mli emrols, tcj dourt of

Wjjrs, nl wcndc cj prjsniji cnksj`f, Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl jstme`nscji m sjdolitrneulm`, nl wcndc cns pjrsol wms rjprjsjltji ey cns vnsdoult. Ycj hurnsindtnol of tcnsnlfjrnor dourt jxtjliji ovjr tcj eurajssjs of tcj bnlaiok2 mli nt wms dokposji of msj`jdt lukejr of tcj kost insdrjjt mli wortcy dntnzjls, wco wjrj sworl to huiaj,mddorinla to tcj `mws, of tcj mdtnols mli fortuljs of tcjnr jqum`s.=9> Nl tcj dolqujstmli sjtt`jkjlt of ljw dntnjs, tcj jxmkp`j of Hjrusm`jk wms nkntmtji ey tcj bnlas mlitcjnr arjmt vmssm`s2 mli meovj tcnrty snkn`mr dorpormtnols wjrj fouliji ejforj tcj òssof tcj Co`y @mli. Mlotcjr d`mss of suehjdts, tcj Tyrnmls,=:7 or Ornjltm` Dcrnstnmls,wjrj opprjssji ey tcj zjm` of tcj d`jray, mli protjdtji ey tcj to`jrmtnol of tcj stmtj.Aoifrjy `nstjlji to tcjnr rjmsolme`j prmyjr tcmt tcjy knact ej huiaji ey tcjnr owllmtnolm` `mws. M tcnri dourt wms nlstntutji for tcjnr usj, of `nkntji mli iokjstnd

hurnsindtnol2 tcj sworl kjkejrs wjrj Tyrnmls, nl eòoi, `mlaumaj, mli rj`nanol2 euttcj offndj of tcj prjsnijlt (nl Mrmend, of tcj rmns) wms sokjtnkjs jxjrdnsji ey tcjvnsdoult of tcj dnty. Mt ml nkkjmsurjme`j instmldj ejòw tcj loe`js, tcj eurajssjs,

mli tcj strmlajrs, tcj Mssnsj of Hjrusm`jk dolijsdjlis to kjltnol tcj vn``mnls mli s`mvjs, tcj pjmsmlts of tcj `mli mli tcj dmptnvjs of wmr, wco wjrj m`kost jqum``ydolsnijrji ms tcj oehjdts of propjrty. Ycj rj`njf or protjdtnol of tcjsj ulcmppy kjlwms lot jstjjkji wortcy of tcj dmrj of tcj `jans`mtor2 eut cj in`najlt`y provnijs for tcj rjdovjry, tcouac lot nlijji for tcj pulnsckjlt, of tcj fuantnvjs. @nbj coulis, or cmwbs, wco cmi strmyji frok tcj `mwfu` owljr, tcjy knact ej òst mli d`mnkji2 tcjs`mvj mli fm`dol wjrj of tcj smkj vmùj2 eut tcrjj s`mvjs, or twj`vj oxjl, wjrj

mdduku`mtji to jqum` tcj prndj of tcj wmr-cousj2 mli m suk of tcrjj culirji pnjdjs of aoì wms fnxji, nl tcj maj of dcnvm`ry, ms tcj jqunvm`jlt of tcj korj loe`j mlnkm`.=:=


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DCMWYJU @NS

Wrjsjrvmtnol of tcj Arjjb Jkpnrj ’ Lukejrs, Wmssmaj, mli Jvjlt of tcj Tjdoli mli

Ycnri Drusmijs ’ Tt. Ejrlmri ’ Ujnal of Tm`minl nl Jaypt mli Tyrnm ’ Cns

Dolqujst of Hjrusm`jk ’ Lmvm` Drusmijs ’ Undcmri tcj Fnrst of Jla`mli ’ Wopj

Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri2 mli tcj Fourtc mli Fnftc Drusmijs ’ Ycj Jkpjror Frjijrnd tcj

Tjdoli ’ @ouns tcj Lnltc of Frmldj2 mli tcj two `mst Drusmijs ’ Jxpu`snol of tcj

@mtnls or Frmlbs ey tcj Kmkmùbjs

Nl m sty`j `jss armvj tcml tcmt of cnstory, N scouì pjrcmps dokpmrj tcj jkpjror M`jxnus= to tcj hmdbm`, wco ns smni to fo`òw tcj stjps, mli to ijvour tcj `jmvnlas, of tcj `nol. Qcmtjvjr cmi ejjl cns fjmrs mli ton`s nl tcj pmssmaj of tcj fnrst drusmij, tcjywjrj mkp`y rjdokpjlsji ey tcj suesjqujlt ejljfnts wcndc cj ijrnvji frok tcj

jxpònts of tcj Frmlbs. Cns ijxtjrnty mli vnan`mldj sjdurji tcjnr fnrst dolqujst of Lndj2mli frok tcns tcrjmtjlnla stmtnol tcj Yurbs wjrj dokpj``ji to jvmdumtj tcjljnaceourcooi of Dolstmltnlop`j. Qcn`j tcj drusmijrs, wntc e`nli vmòur, mivmldjinlto tcj kni`mli doultrnjs of Msnm, tcj drmfty Arjjb nkprovji tcj fmvourme`j oddmsnolwcjl tcj jknrs of tcj sjm-domst wjrj rjdm``ji to tcj stmlimri of tcj su`tml. Ycj Yurbswjrj irnvjl frok tcj ns`js of Ucoijs mli Dcnos8 tcj dntnjs of Jpcjsus mli Tkyrlm, of Tmrijs, Wcn`mij`pcnm, mli @moindjm, wjrj rjstorji to tcj jkpnrj, wcndc M`jxnusjl`mraji frok tcj Cj``jspolt to tcj emlbs of tcj Kæmlijr mli tcj rodby scorjs of Wmkpcy`nm. Ycj dcurdcjs rjsukji tcjnr sp`jliour2 tcj towls wjrj rjeun`t mlifortnfnji2 mli tcj ijsjrt doultry wms pjop`ji wntc doòlnjs of Dcrnstnmls, wco wjrj

ajlt`y rjkovji frok tcj korj instmlt mli imlajrous froltnjr. Nl tcjsj pmtjrlm` dmrjs,wj kmy foranvj M`jxnus, nf cj foraot tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj2 eut, ey tcj@mtnls, cj wms stnakmtnsji wntc tcj fou` rjpromdc of trjmsol mli ijsjrtnol. Ycjy cmisworl fnij`nty mli oejinjldj to cns tcrolj2 eut cj cmi proknsji to mssnst tcjnr jltjrprnsj nl pjrsol, or, mt `jmst, wntc cns troops mli trjmsurjs2 cns emsj rjtrjmtinsso`vji tcjnr oe`namtnols2 mli tcj swori, wcndc cmi ejjl tcj nlstrukjlt of tcjnr vndtory, wms tcj p`jiaj mli tnt`j of tcjnr hust nlijpjlijldj. Nt iojs lot mppjmr tcmt tcjjkpjror mttjkptji to rjvnvj cns oeso`jtj d`mnks ovjr tcj bnlaiok of Hjrusm`jk25 euttcj eorijrs of Dn`ndnm mli Tyrnm wjrj korj rjdjlt nl cns possjssnol, mli korjmddjssne`j to cns mrks. Ycj arjmt mrky of tcj drusmijrs wms mllncn`mtji or inspjrsji2tcj prnldnpm`nty of Mltnodc wms `jft wntcout m cjmi, ey tcj surprnsj mli dmptnvnty of Eocjkoli8 cns rmlsok cmi opprjssji cnk wntc m cjmvy ijet2 mli cns Lorkmlfo`òwjrs wjrj nlsuffndnjlt to rjpj` tcj costn`ntnjs of tcj Arjjbs mli Yurbs. Nl tcnsinstrjss, Eocjkoli jkermdji m kmalmlnkous rjsoùtnol, of `jmvnla tcj ijfjldj of Mltnodc to cns bnlskml, tcj fmntcfu` Ymldrji, of mrknla tcj Qjst mamnlst tcjEyzmltnlj jkpnrj, mli of jxjdutnla tcj ijsnal wcndc cj nlcjrntji frok tcj `jssolsmli jxmkp`j of cns fmtcjr Aunsdmri. Cns jkemrbmtnol wms d`mlijstnlj2 mli, nf wj kmydrjint m tm`j of tcj prnldjss Mllj, cj pmssji tcj costn`j sjm dòsj`y sjdrjtji nl mdoffnl.4 Eut cns rjdjptnol nl Frmldj wms inalnfnji ey tcj pue`nd mpp`musj mli cnskmrrnmaj wntc tcj bnla„s imuactjr2 cns rjturl wms aòrnous, snldj tcj ermvjst spnrnts of tcj maj jl`nstji ulijr cns vjtjrml dokkmli2 mli cj rjpmssji tcj Mirnmtnd mt tcj cjmi

of fnvj tcousmli corsj mli forty tcousmli foot, mssjke`ji frok tcj kost rjkotjd`nkmtjs of Juropj.9 Ycj strjlatc of Iurmzzo mli pruijldj of M`jxnus, tcj proarjss


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of fmknlj mli mppromdc of wnltjr, jùiji cns mkentnous copjs2 mli tcj vjlm`dolfjijrmtjs wjrj sjiudji frok cns stmlimri. M trjmty of pjmdj: suspjliji tcj fjmrsof tcj Arjjbs2 mli tcjy wjrj fnlm``y ij`nvjrji ey tcj ijmtc of ml mivjrsmry wcokljntcjr omtcs douì enli lor imlajrs douì mppm`` lor prospjrnty douì smtnmtj. Cnsdcnìrjl suddjjiji to tcj prnldnpm`nty of Mltnodc2 eut tcj eoulimrnjs wjrj strndt`y

ijfnlji, tcj cokmaj wms d`jmr`y stnpu`mtji, mli tcj dntnjs of Ymrsus mli Km`knstrm6wjrj rjstorji to tcj Eyzmltnlj jkpjrors. Of tcj domst of Mlmto`nm, tcjy possjssji tcjjltnrj dnrdunt frok Yrjenzoli to tcj Tyrnml amtjs. Ycj Tj`hubnml iylmsty of Uouk1wms sjpmrmtji ol m`` snijs frok tcj sjm mli tcjnr Kusu`kml erjtcrjl2 tcj powjr of tcjsu`tmls wms scmbjl ey tcj vndtornjs, mli jvjl tcj ijfjmts, of tcj Frmlbs2 mli mftjr tcjòss of Lndj tcjy rjkovji tcjnr tcrolj to Doaln or Ndolnuk, ml oesdurj mli nl`mlitowl meovj tcrjj culirji kn`js frok Dolstmltnlop`j.3 Nlstjmi of trjke`nla for tcjnr dmpntm`, tcj Dokljlnml prnldjs wmaji ml offjlsnvj wmr mamnlst tcj Yurbs, mli tcj fnrstdrusmij prjvjltji tcj fm`` of tcj ijd`nlnla jkpnrj.

Nl tcj twj`ftc djltury, tcrjj arjmt jknarmtnols kmrdcji ey `mli frok tcj Qjst to tcjrj`njf of Wm`jstnlj. Ycj soìnjrs mli pnàrnks of @okemriy, Frmldj, mli Ajrkmly wjrjjxdntji ey tcj jxmkp`j mli suddjss of tcj fnrst drusmij.> Forty-jnact yjmrs mftjr tcjij`nvjrmldj of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, tcj jkpjror mli tcj Frjldc bnla, Dolrmi tcj Ycnrimli @ouns tcj Tjvjltc, ulijrtoob tcj sjdoli drusmij to support tcj fm``nla fortuljs of tcj @mtnls.=7 M armli invnsnol of tcj tcnri drusmij wms `ji ey tcj jkpjror FrjijrndEmremrossm,== wco sykpmtcnsji wntc cns erotcjrs of Frmldj mli Jla`mli nl tcjdokkol òss of Hjrusm`jk. Ycjsj tcrjj jxpjintnols kmy ej dokpmrji nl tcjnr rjsjke`mldj of tcj arjmtljss of lukejrs, tcjnr pmssmaj tcrouac tcj Arjjb jkpnrj, mlitcj lmturj mli jvjlt of tcjnr Yurbnsc wmrfmrj2 mli m ernjf pmrm``j` kmy smvj tcjrjpjtntnol of m tjinous lmrrmtnvj. Cowjvjr sp`jlini nt kmy sjjk, m rjau`mr story of tcjdrusmijs wouì jxcnent m pjrpjtum` rjturl of tcj smkj dmusjs mli jffjdts2 mli tcjfrjqujlt mttjkpts for tcj ijfjldj mli rjdovjry of tcj Co`y @mli wouì mppjmr sokmly fmnlt mli ulsuddjssfu` dopnjs of tcj ornanlm`.

N. Of tcj swmrks tcmt so dòsj`y troi nl tcj footstjps of tcj fnrst pnàrnks, tcj dcnjfswjrj jqum` nl rmlb, tcouac uljqum` nl fmkj mli kjrnt, to Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl mli cnsfj`òw-mivjlturjrs. Mt tcjnr cjmi wjrj insp`myji tcj emlljrs of tcj iubjs of Eurauliy, Emvmrnm, mli Mquntmnl8 tcj fnrst m ijsdjlimlt of Cuac Dmpjt, tcj sjdoli mfmtcjr of tcj Erulswndb `nlj2 tcj mrdcenscop of Kn`ml, m tjkporm` prnldj, trmlsportji,for tcj ejljfnt of tcj Yurbs, tcj trjmsurjs mli orlmkjlts of cns dcurdc mli pm`mdj2 mli

tcj vjtjrml drusmijrs, Cuac tcj Arjmt mli Ttjpcjl of Dcmrtrjs, rjturlji todolsukkmtj tcjnr ulfnlnscji vow. Ycj cuaj mli insorijr`y eoinjs of tcjnr fo`òwjrskovji forwmris nl two doùkls2 mli, nf tcj fnrst dolsnstji of two culirji mli snxtytcousmli pjrsols, tcj sjdoli knact possne`y mkoult to snxty tcousmli corsj mli oljculirji tcousmli foot.=5 Ycj mrknjs of tcj sjdoli drusmij knact cmvj d`mnkji tcjdolqujst of Msnm8 tcj loe`js of Frmldj mli Ajrkmly wjrj mlnkmtji ey tcj prjsjldjof tcjnr sovjrjnals2 mli eotc tcj rmlb mli pjrsolm` dcmrmdtjrs of Dolrmi mli @ounsamvj m inalnty to tcjnr dmusj mli m insdnp`nlj to tcjnr fordj, wcndc knact ej vmnl`yjxpjdtji frok tcj fjuimtory dcnjfs. Ycj dmvm`ry of tcj jkpjror, mli tcmt of tcj bnla,wms jmdc dokposji of sjvjlty tcousmli blnacts mli tcjnr nkkjinmtj mttjlimlts nl tcj

fnjì,=4 mli, nf tcj `nact-mrkji troops, tcj pjmsmlt nlfmltry, tcj wokjl mli dcnìrjl,tcj prnjsts mli kolbs, ej rnaorous`y jxdùiji, tcj fu`` mddoult wn`` sdmrdj`y ej


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) === cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



smtnsfnji wntc four culirji tcousmli sou`s. Ycj Qjst, frok Uokj to Erntmnl, wmsdm``ji nlto mdtnol2 tcj bnlas of Wo`mli mli Eocjknm oejyji tcj sukkols of Dolrmi2mli nt ns mffnrkji ey tcj Arjjbs mli @mtnls tcmt, nl tcj pmssmaj of m strmnt or rnvjr, tcjEyzmltnlj majlts, mftjr m tm`j of lnlj culirji tcousmli, ijsnstji frok tcj jli`jss mliforknime`j dokputmtnol.=9 Nl tcj tcnri drusmij, ms tcj Frjldc mli Jla`nsc prjfjrrji

tcj lmvnamtnol of tcj Kjintjrrmljml, tcj cost of Frjijrnd Emremrossm wms `jsslukjrous. Fnftjjl tcousmli blnacts, mli ms kmly squnrjs, wjrj tcj fòwjr of tcjAjrkml dcnvm`ry2 snxty tcousmli corsj mli olj culirji tcousmli foot wjrj kustjrji

ey tcj jkpjror nl tcj p`mnls of Culamry2 mli mftjr sudc rjpjtntnols wj scm`` lo òlajr ej stmrt`ji mt tcj snx culirji tcousmli pnàrnks wcndc drjiu`nty cms msdrneji to tcns`mst jknarmtnol.=: Tudc jxtrmvmamlt rjdbolnlas provj ol`y tcj mstolnsckjlt of doltjkpormrnjs2 eut tcjnr mstolnsckjlt kost strola`y ejmrs tjstnkoly to tcj jxnstjldjof ml jlorkous tcouac nlijfnlntj ku`tntuij. Ycj Arjjbs knact mpp`mui tcjnr supjrnor blow`jiaj of tcj mrts mli strmtmajks of wmr, eut tcjy dolfjssji tcj strjlatc mlidourmaj of tcj Frjldc dmvm`ry mli tcj nlfmltry of tcj Ajrkmls2=6 mli tcj strmlajrs

mrj ijsdrneji ms ml nrol rmdj, of anamltnd stmturj, wco imrtji fnrj frok tcjnr jyjs, mlispn`t eòoi `nbj wmtjr ol tcj arouli. Zlijr tcj emlljrs of Dolrmi, m troop of fjkm`jsroij nl tcj mttntuij mli mrkour of kjl2 mli tcj dcnjf of tcjsj Mkmzols, frok tcjnr an`t spurs mli eusbnls, oetmnlji tcj jpntcjt of tcj Aoìjl-footji Imkj.

NN. Ycj lukejrs mli dcmrmdtjr of tcj strmlajrs wms ml oehjdt of tjrror to tcjjffjknlmtj Arjjbs, mli tcj sjltnkjlt of fjmr ns ljmr`y m``nji to tcmt of cmtrji. Ycnsmvjrsnol wms suspjliji or softjlji ey tcj mpprjcjlsnol of tcj Yurbnsc powjr2 mlitcj nlvjdtnvjs of tcj @mtnls wn`` lot enms our korj dmlini ej`njf tcmt tcj jkpjror M`jxnus inssjke`ji tcjnr nlso`jldj, jùiji tcjnr costn`ntnjs, doulsj``ji tcjnr rmscljss,mli opjlji to tcjnr mriour tcj romi of pnàrnkmaj mli dolqujst. Eut, wcjl tcj Yurbscmi ejjl irnvjl frok Lndj mli tcj sjm-domst, wcjl tcj Eyzmltnlj prnldjs lo òlajr irjmiji tcj instmlt su`tmls of Doaln, tcjy fj`t wntc purjr nlinalmtnol tcj frjj mlifrjqujlt pmssmaj of tcj Qjstjrl Emremrnmls, wco vno`mtji tcj kmhjsty, mlijlimlajrji tcj smfjty, of tcj jkpnrj. Ycj sjdoli mli tcnri drusmijs wjrj ulijrtmbjlulijr tcj rjnal of Kmluj` Dokljlus mli Nsmmd Mlajùs. Of tcj forkjr, tcj pmssnolswjrj m`wmys nkpjtuous mli oftjl km`jvo`jlt2 mli tcj lmturm` ulnol of m dowmri`y mlim knsdcnjvous tjkpjr wms jxjkp`nfnji nl tcj `mttjr, wco, wntcout kjrnt or kjrdy,douì pulnsc m tyrmlt mli oddupy cns tcrolj. Nt wms sjdrjt`y, mli pjrcmps tmdnt`y,rjso`vji ey tcj prnldj mli pjop`j to ijstroy, or mt `jmst to insdourmaj, tcj pnàrnks eyjvjry spjdnjs of nlhury mli opprjssnol2 mli tcjnr wmlt of pruijldj mli insdnp`nlj

doltnlum``y mfforiji tcj prjtjldj or tcj opportulnty. Ycj Qjstjrl kolmrdcs cmistnpu`mtji m smfj pmssmaj mli fmnr kmrbjt nl tcj doultry of tcjnr Dcrnstnml erjtcrjl2 tcjtrjmty cmi ejjl rmtnfnji ey omtcs mli costmajs2 mli tcj poorjst soìnjr of Frjijrnd„smrky wms furlnscji wntc tcrjj kmrbs of sn`vjr to ijfrmy cns jxpjlsjs ol tcj romi. Eutjvjry jlamajkjlt wms vno`mtji ey trjmdcjry mli nlhustndj2 mli tcj dokp`mnlts of tcj@mtnls mrj mttjstji ey tcj coljst dolfjssnol of m Arjjb cnstornml, wco cms imrji to

prjfjr trutc to cns doultry.=1 Nlstjmi of ml cospntme`j rjdjptnol, tcj amtjs of tcj dntnjs, eotc nl Juropj mli Msnm, wjrj dòsj`y emrrji mamnlst tcj drusmijrs2 mli tcj sdmlty pnttmldj of fooi wms `jt iowl nl emsbjts frok tcj wm``s. Jxpjrnjldj or forjsnact knactjxdusj tcns tnkni hjmòusy2 eut tcj dokkol iutnjs of cukmlnty procnentji tcj knxturj

of dcm`b, or otcjr ponsolous nlarjinjlts, nl tcj erjmi2 mli, scouì Kmluj` ejmdqunttji of mly fou` dollnvmldj, cj ns aun`ty of donlnla emsj koljy for tcj purposj





of trminla wntc tcj pnàrnks. Nl jvjry stjp of tcjnr kmrdc tcjy wjrj stoppji or kns`ji8tcj aovjrlors cmi prnvmtj orijrs to fortnfy tcj pmssjs, mli erjmb iowl tcj erniajsmamnlst tcjk8 tcj strmaa`jrs wjrj pn``maji mli kurijrji2 tcj soìnjrs mli corsjs wjrj

pnjrdji nl tcj woois ey mrrows frok ml nlvnsne`j cmli2 tcj sndb wjrj eurlt nl tcjnr ejis2 mli tcj ijmi eoinjs wjrj cula ol aneejts mòla tcj cnacwmys. Ycjsj nlhurnjs

jxmspjrmtji tcj dcmkpnols of tcj dross, wco wjrj lot jliowji wntc jvmlaj`ndm` pmtnjldj2 mli tcj Eyzmltnlj prnldjs, wco cmi provobji tcj uljqum` dolf`ndt, prokotji tcj jkemrbmtnol mli kmrdc of tcjsj forknime`j aujsts. Ol tcj vjraj of tcjYurbnsc froltnjrs, Emremrossm spmrji tcj aun`ty Wcn`mij`pcnm,=3 rjwmriji tcjcospntme`j @moindjm, mli ijpòrji tcj cmri ljdjssnty tcmt cmi stmnlji cns swori wntcmly irops of Dcrnstnml eòoi. Nl tcjnr nltjrdoursj wntc tcj kolmrdcs of Ajrkmly mliFrmldj, tcj prnij of tcj Arjjbs wms jxposji to ml mlxnous trnm`. Ycjy knact eomst tcmtol tcj fnrst nltjrvnjw tcj sjmt of @ouns wms m òw stoo` ejsnij tcj tcrolj of Kmluj`2=>

eut lo sooljr cmi tcj Frjldc bnla trmlsportji cns mrky ejyoli tcj Eospcorus tcml cjrjfusji tcj offjr of m sjdoli dolfjrjldj, ul`jss cns erotcjr wouì kjjt cnk ol jqum`

tjrks, jntcjr ol tcj sjm or `mli. Qntc Dolrmi mli Frjijrnd tcj djrjkolnm` wms stn``lndjr mli korj inffndu`t8 `nbj tcj suddjssors of Dolstmltnlj, tcjy sty`ji tcjksj`vjsJkpjrors of tcj Uokmls,57 mli fnrk`y kmnltmnlji tcj purnty of tcjnr tnt`j mli inalnty.Ycj fnrst of tcjsj rjprjsjltmtnvjs of Dcmr`jkmalj wouì ol`y dolvjrsj wntc Kmlujòl corsjemdb nl tcj opjl fnjì2 tcj sjdoli, ey pmssnla tcj Cj``jspolt rmtcjr tcml tcjEospcorus, ijd`nlji tcj vnjw of Dolstmltnlop`j mli nts sovjrjnal. Ml jkpjror wcocmi ejjl drowlji mt Uokj wms rjiudji nl tcj Arjjb jpnst`js to tcj cuke`jmppj``mtnol of Ujx, or prnldj of tcj M`jkmlln2 mli tcj vmnl mli fjje`j Mlajùsmffjdtji to ej nalormlt of tcj lmkj of olj of tcj arjmtjst kjl mli kolmrdcs of tcjmaj. Qcn`j tcjy vnjwji wntc cmtrji mli suspndnol tcj @mtnl pnàrnks, tcj Arjjb

jkpjrors kmnltmnlji m strndt, tcouac sjdrjt, m``nmldj wntc tcj Yurbs mli Tmrmdjls.Nsmmd Mlajùs dokp`mnlji tcmt ey cns frnjliscnp for tcj arjmt Tm`minl cj cmi nldurrjitcj jlknty of tcj Frmlbs2 mli m kosdc wms fouliji mt Dolstmltnlop`j for tcj pue`ndjxjrdnsj of tcj rj`nanol of Kmcokjt.5=

NNN. Ycj swmrks tcmt fo`òwji tcj fnrst drusmij wjrj ijstroyji nl Mlmto`nm ey fmknlj, pjstn`jldj, mli tcj Yurbnsc mrrows8 mli tcj prnldjs ol`y jsdmpji wntc sokj squmirolsof corsj to mddokp`nsc tcjnr `mkjltme`j pnàrnkmaj. M hust opnlnol kmy ej forkji of tcjnr blow`jiaj mli cukmlnty8 of tcjnr blow`jiaj, frok tcj ijsnal of sueiunlaWjrsnm mli Dcormsml nl tcjnr wmy to Hjrusm`jk2 of tcjnr cukmlnty, frok tcj kmssmdrjof tcj Dcrnstnml pjop`j, m frnjli`y dnty, wco dmkj out to kjjt tcjk wntc pm`ks mli

drossjs nl tcjnr cmlis. Ycj mrks of Dolrmi mli @ouns wjrj `jss druj` mli nkpruijlt2 eut tcj jvjlt of tcj sjdoli drusmij wms stn`` korj runlous to Dcrnstjliok2 mli tcjArjjb Kmluj` ns mddusji ey cns owl suehjdts of anvnla sjmsolme`j nltj``najldj to tcjsu`tml, mli trjmdcjrous aunijs to tcj @mtnl prnldjs. Nlstjmi of druscnla tcj dokkolfoj, ey m ioue`j mttmdb mt tcj smkj tnkj eut ol inffjrjlt snijs, tcj Ajrkmls wjrjuraji ey jku`mtnol, mli tcj Frjldc wjrj rjtmriji ey hjmòusy. @ouns cmi sdmrdj`y

pmssji tcj Eospcorus wcjl cj wms kjt ey tcj rjturlnla jkpjror, wco cmi òst tcjarjmtjst pmrt of cns mrky nl aòrnous, eut ulsuddjssfu`, mdtnols ol tcj emlbs of tcjKæmlijr.55 Ycj doltrmst of tcj pokp of cns rnvm` cmstjlji tcj rjtrjmt of Dolrmi8 tcjijsjrtnol of cns nlijpjlijlt vmssm`s rjiudji cnk to cns cjrjintmry troops2 mli cj

eorrowji sokj Arjjb vjssj`s to jxjdutj ey sjm tcj pnàrnkmaj of Wm`jstnlj.54Qntcout stuiynla tcj `jssols of jxpjrnjldj or tcj lmturj of wmr, tcj bnla of Frmldj





mivmldji tcrouac tcj smkj doultry to m snkn`mr fmtj. Ycj vmlaumri, wcndc eorj tcjroym` emlljr mli tcj ornf`mkkj of Tt. Ijlys,59 cmi ioue`ji tcjnr kmrdc wntc rmscmli nldolsnijrmtj spjji2 mli tcj rjmr, wcndc tcj bnla dokkmliji nl pjrsol, loòlajr fouli tcjnr dokpmlnols nl tcj jvjlnla dmkp. Nl imrbljss mli insorijr, tcjywjrj jldokpmssji, mssmu`tji, mli ovjrwcj`kji ey tcj nllukjrme`j cost of Yurbs,

wco, nl tcj mrt of wmr, wjrj supjrnor to tcj Dcrnstnmls of tcj twj`ftc djltury. @ouns,wco d`nkeji m trjj nl tcj ajljrm` insdokfnturj, wms smvji ey cns owl vmòur mli tcjnalormldj of cns mivjrsmrnjs2 mli wntc tcj imwl of imy cj jsdmpji m`nvj, eut m`kostmòlj, to tcj dmkp of tcj vmlaumri. Eut, nlstjmi of pursunla cns jxpjintnol ey `mli, cjwms rjhondji to scj`tjr tcj rj`nds of cns mrky nl tcj frnjli`y sjmport of Tmtm`nm.5: Froktcjldj cj jkemrbji for Mltnodc2 eut so pjlurnous wms tcj supp`y of Arjjb vjssj`stcmt tcjy douì ol`y mffori rook for cns blnacts mli loe`js2 mli tcj p`jejnml drowi of nlfmltry wms `jft to pjrnsc mt tcj foot of tcj Wmkpcy`nml cn``s. Ycj jkpjror mli tcjbnla jkermdji mli wjpt mt Hjrusm`jk2 tcjnr kmrtnm` trmnls, tcj rjklmlt of knactymrknjs, wjrj honlji to tcj Dcrnstnml powjrs of Tyrnm, mli m frunt`jss snjaj of

Imkmsdus wms tcj fnlm` jffort of tcj sjdoli drusmij. Dolrmi mli @ouns jkemrbji for Juropj wntc tcj pjrsolm` fmkj of pnjty mli dourmaj2 eut tcj Ornjltm`s cmi ermvjitcjsj potjlt kolmrdcs of tcj Frmlbs, wntc wcosj lmkjs mli kn`ntmry fordjs tcjy cmi

ejjl so oftjl tcrjmtjlji.56 Wjrcmps tcjy cmi stn`` korj to fjmr frok tcj vjtjrmlajlnus of Frjijrnd tcj Fnrst, wco nl cns youtc cmi sjrvji nl Msnm ulijr cns uld`jDolrmi. Forty dmkpmnals nl Ajrkmly mli Ntm`y cmi tmuact Emremrossm to dokkmli2mli cns soìnjrs, jvjl tcj prnldjs of tcj jkpnrj, wjrj mddustokji ulijr cns rjnal tooejy. Ms sool ms cj òst snact of Wcn`mij`pcnm mli @moindjm, tcj `mst dntnjs of tcjArjjb froltnjr, cj pùlaji nlto tcj sm`t mli emrrjl ijsjrt, m `mli (smys tcj cnstornml) of corror mli trneu`mtnol.51 Iurnla twjlty imys, jvjry stjp of cns fmnltnla mli sndb`y

kmrdc wms ejsnjaji ey tcj nllukjrme`j corijs of Yurbkmls,53 wcosj lukejrs mlifury sjjkji mftjr jmdc ijfjmt to ku`tnp`y mli nlf`mkj. Ycj jkpjror doltnluji tostruaa`j mli to suffjr2 mli sudc wms tcj kjmsurj of cns dm`mkntnjs tcmt, wcjl cjrjmdcji tcj amtjs of Ndolnuk, lo korj tcml olj tcousmli blnacts wjrj me`j to sjrvjol corsjemdb. Ey m suiijl mli rjsoùtj mssmu`t, cj ijfjmtji tcj aumris, mli storkjitcj dmpntm`, of tcj su`tml,5> wco cuke`y suji for pmriol mli pjmdj. Ycj romi wmslow opjl, mli Frjijrnd mivmldji nl m dmrjjr of trnukpc, tn`` cj wms ulfortulmtj`yirowlji nl m pjtty torrjlt of Dn`ndnm.47 Ycj rjkmnlijr of cns Ajrkmls wms dolsukji

ey sndbljss mli ijsjrtnol, mli tcj jkpjror„s sol jxpnrji wntc tcj arjmtjst pmrt of cnsTwmenml vmssm`s mt tcj snjaj of Mdrj. Mkola tcj @mtnl cjrojs, Aoifrjy of Eoun`òlmli Frjijrnd Emremrossm mòlj douì mdcnjvj tcj pmssmaj of tcj @jssjr Msnm2 yjt jvjl

tcjnr suddjss wms m wmrlnla, mli nl tcj `mst mli kost jxpjrnjldji majs of tcj drusmijsjvjry lmtnol prjfjrrji tcj sjm to tcj ton`s mli pjrn`s of ml nl`mli jxpjintnol.4=

Ycj jltcusnmsk of tcj fnrst drusmij ns m lmturm` mli snkp`j jvjlt, wcn`j copj wmsfrjsc, imlajr ultrnji, mli jltjrprnsj dolajlnm` to tcj spnrnt of tcj tnkjs. Eut tcjoestnlmtj pjrsjvjrmldj of Juropj kmy nlijji jxdntj our pnty mli miknrmtnol2 tcmt lonlstrudtnol scouì cmvj ejjl irmwl frok dolstmlt mli mivjrsj jxpjrnjldj2 tcmt tcjsmkj dolfnijldj scouì cmvj rjpjmtji`y arowl frok tcj smkj fmnùrjs2 tcmt snxsuddjjinla ajljrmtnols scouì cmvj ruscji cjmiòla iowl tcj prjdnpndj tcmt wmsopjl ejforj tcjk2 mli tcmt kjl of jvjry dolintnol scouì cmvj stmbji tcjnr pue`nd

mli prnvmtj fortuljs ol tcj ijspjrmtj mivjlturj of possjssnla or rjdovjrnla m toke-stolj two tcousmli kn`js frok tcjnr doultry. Nl m pjrnoi of two djlturnjs mftjr tcj





douldn` of D`jrkolt, jmdc sprnla mli sukkjr proiudji m ljw jknarmtnol of pnàrnkwmrrnors for tcj ijfjldj of tcj Co`y @mli2 eut tcj sjvjl arjmt mrkmkjlts or drusmijswjrj jxdntji ey sokj nkpjlinla or rjdjlt dm`mknty8 tcj lmtnols wjrj kovji ey tcjmutcornty of tcjnr poltnffs, mli tcj jxmkp`j of tcjnr bnlas8 tcjnr zjm` wms bnli`ji, mlitcjnr rjmsol wms sn`jldji, ey tcj vondj of tcjnr co`y ormtors2 mli mkola tcjsj

Ejrlmri,45 tcj kolb or tcj smnlt, kmy d`mnk tcj kost colourme`j p`mdj. Meout jnactyjmrs ejforj tcj fnrst dolqujst of Hjrusm`jk, cj wms eorl of m loe`j fmkn`y nlEurauliy2 mt tcj maj of tcrjj-mli-twjlty, cj eurnji cnksj`f nl tcj kolmstjry of Dntjmux, tcjl nl tcj prnkntnvj fjrvour of tcj nlstntutnol2 mt tcj jli of two yjmrs cj `jifortc cjr tcnri doòly, or imuactjr, to tcj vm``jy of D`mnrvmux44 nl Dcmkpmalj2 mliwms doltjlt, tn`` tcj cour of cns ijmtc, wntc tcj cuke`j stmtnol of meeot of cns owldokkulnty. M pcnòsopcnd maj cms meo`nscji, wntc too `nejrm` mli nlinsdrnknlmtjinsimnl, tcj colours of tcjsj spnrntum` cjrojs. Ycj kjmljst mkolast tcjk mrjinstnlaunscji ey sokj jljranjs of tcj knli2 tcjy wjrj mt `jmst supjrnor to tcjnr votmrnjs mli insdnp`js2 mli nl tcj rmdj of supjrstntnol tcjy mttmnlji tcj prnzj for wcndc

sudc lukejrs doltjliji. Nl spjjdc, nl wrntnla, nl mdtnol, Ejrlmri stooi cnac meovjcns rnvm`s mli doltjkpormrnjs2 cns dokposntnols mrj lot ijvoni of wnt mli jòqujldj2mli cj sjjks to cmvj prjsjrvji ms kudc rjmsol mli cukmlnty ms kmy ej rjdoldn`jiwntc tcj dcmrmdtjr of m smnlt. Nl m sjdu`mr `nfj cj wouì cmvj scmrji tcj sjvjltc pmrt of m prnvmtj nlcjrntmldj2 ey m vow of povjrty mli pjlmldj, ey dòsnla cns jyjs mamnlst tcjvnsne`j worì,49 ey tcj rjfusm` of m`` jdd`jsnmstndm` inalntnjs, tcj meeot of D`mnrvmux

ejdmkj tcj ormd`j of Juropj mli tcj foulijr of olj culirji mli snxty dolvjlts.Wrnldjs mli poltnffs trjke`ji mt tcj frjjiok of cns mposto`ndm` djlsurj8 Frmldj,Jla`mli, mli Kn`ml dolsu`tji mli oejyji cns huiakjlt nl m sdcnsk of tcj dcurdc2 tcjijet wms rjpmni ey tcj armtntuij of Nllodjlt tcj Tjdoli2 mli cns suddjssor Juajlnus

tcj Ycnri wms tcj frnjli mli insdnp`j of tcj co`y Ejrlmri. Nt wms nl tcj prod`mkmtnolof tcj sjdoli drusmij tcmt cj scolj ms tcj knssnolmry mli propcjt of Aoi, wco dm``jitcj lmtnols to tcj ijfjldj of cns co`y sjpu`dcrj.4: Mt tcj pmr`nmkjlt of Vîzj`my cjspobj ejforj tcj bnla2 mli @ouns tcj Tjvjltc, wntc cns loe`js, rjdjnvji tcjnr drossjsfrok cns cmli. Ycj meeot of D`mnrvmux tcjl kmrdcji to tcj `jss jmsy dolqujst of tcjjkpjror Dolrmi8 m pc`jakmtnd pjop`j, nalormlt of cns `mlaumaj, wms trmlsportji eytcj pmtcjtnd vjcjkjldj of cns tolj mli ajsturjs2 mli cns proarjss frok Dolstmldj toDoòalj wms tcj trnukpc of jòqujldj mli zjm`. Ejrlmri mpp`muis cns owl suddjss nltcj ijpopu`mtnol of Juropj2 mffnrks tcmt dntnjs mli dmst`js wjrj jkptnji of tcjnr nlcmentmlts2 mli dokputjs tcmt ol`y olj kml wms `jft ejcnli for tcj dolso`mtnol of sjvjl wniows.46 Ycj e`nli fmlmtnds wjrj ijsnrous of j`jdtnla cnk for tcjnr ajljrm`2

eut tcj jxmkp`j of tcj cjrknt Wjtjr wms ejforj cns jyjs2 mli, wcn`j cj mssurji tcjdrusmijrs of tcj invnlj fmvour, cj pruijlt`y ijd`nlji m kn`ntmry dokkmli, nl wcndcfmnùrj mli vndtory wouì cmvj ejjl m`kost jqum``y insarmdjfu` to cns dcmrmdtjr.41^jt, mftjr tcj dm`mkntous jvjlt, tcj meeot of D`mnrvmux wms òui`y mddusji ms m fm`sj

propcjt, tcj mutcor of tcj pue`nd mli prnvmtj kourlnla2 cns jljknjs jxu`tji, cnsfrnjlis eùscji, mli cns mpoòay wms sòw mli ulsmtnsfmdtory. Cj hustnfnjs cnsoejinjldj to tcj dokkmlis of tcj popj2 jxpmtnmtjs ol tcj kystjrnous wmys of Wrovnijldj2 nkputjs tcj knsfortuljs of tcj pnàrnks to tcjnr owl snls2 mli koijst`ynlsnlumtjs tcmt cns knssnol cmi ejjl mpprovji ey snals mli wolijrs.43 Cmi tcj fmdt

ejjl djrtmnl, tcj mraukjlt wouì ej ijdnsnvj2 mli cns fmntcfu` insdnp`js, wco

jlukjrmtj twjlty or tcnrty knrmd`js nl m imy, mppjm` to tcj pue`nd mssjke`njs of Frmldj mli Ajrkmly, nl wcndc tcjy wjrj pjrforkji.4> Mt tcj prjsjlt cour sudc


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) ==: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



proinanjs wn`` lot oetmnl drjint ejyoli tcj prjdnldts of D`mnrvmux2 eut nl tcj prjtjrlmturm` durjs of tcj e`nli, tcj `mkj, or tcj sndb, wco wjrj prjsjltji to tcj kmlof Aoi, nt ns nkpossne`j for us to msdjrtmnl tcj sjpmrmtj scmrjs of mddnijlt, of fmldy, of nkposturj, mli of fndtnol.

Oklnpotjldj ntsj`f dmllot jsdmpj tcj kurkurs of nts insdorimlt votmrnjs2 snldj tcjsmkj inspjlsmtnol wcndc wms mpp`muiji ms m ij`nvjrmldj nl Juropj wms ijpòrji, mli

pjrcmps mrrmnalji, ms m dm`mknty nl Msnm. Mftjr tcj òss nl Hjrusm`jk tcj Tyrnmlfuantnvjs inffusji tcjnr dolstjrlmtnol mli sorrow8 Emaimi kourlji nl tcj iust2 tcjDmicn Xjnljiinl of Imkmsdus torj cns ejmri nl tcj dm`npc„s prjsjldj2 mli tcj wco`jinvml scji tjmrs mt cns kj`mldco`y tm`j.97 Eut tcj dokkmlijrs of tcj fmntcfu` douìol`y wjjp2 tcjy wjrj tcjksj`vjs dmptnvjs nl tcj cmlis of tcj Yurbs2 sokj tjkporm`

powjr wms rjstorji to tcj `mst maj of tcj Meemssnijs2 eut tcjnr cuke`j mkentnol wmsdolfnlji to Emaimi mli tcj mihmdjlt provnldj. Ycjnr tyrmlts, tcj Tj`hubnml su`tmls,cmi fo`òwji tcj dokkol `mw of tcj Msnmtnd iylmstnjs, tcj uldjmsnla rouli of vmòur,

arjmtljss, insdori, ijajljrmdy, mli ijdmy8 tcjnr spnrnt mli powjr wjrj uljqum` to tcjijfjldj of rj`nanol2 mli, nl cns instmlt rjm`k of Wjrsnm, tcj Dcrnstnmls wjrj strmlajrs totcj lmkj mli tcj mrks of Tmlanmr, tcj `mst cjro of cns rmdj.9= Qcn`j tcj su`tmls wjrjnlvo`vji nl tcj sn`bjl wje of tcj cmrjk, tcj pnous tmsb wms ulijrtmbjl ey tcjnr s`mvjs, tcj Mtmejbs,95 m Yurbnsc lmkj, wcndc `nbj tcj Eyzmltnlj pmtrndnmls, kmy ejtrmls`mtji ey Fmtcjr of tcj Wrnldj. Msdmlsmr, m vm`nmlt Yurb, cmi ejjl tcj fmvourntj of Km`jb Tcmc, frok wcok cj rjdjnvji tcj prnvn`jaj of stmlinla ol tcj rnact cmli of tcjtcrolj2 eut, nl tcj dnvn` wmrs tcmt jlsuji ol tcj kolmrdc„s ijmtc, cj òst cns cjmi mlitcj aovjrlkjlt of M`jppo. Cns iokjstnd jknrs pjrsjvjrji nl tcjnr mttmdckjlt to cnssol Xjlacn, wco provji cns fnrst mrks mamnlst tcj Frmlbs nl tcj ijfjmt of Mltnodc2tcnrty dmkpmnals nl tcj sjrvndj of tcj dm`npc mli su`tml jstme`nscji cns kn`ntmry fmkj2mli cj wms nlvjstji wntc tcj dokkmli of Kosu`, ms tcj ol`y dcmkpnol tcmt douìmvjlaj tcj dmusj of tcj propcjt. Ycj pue`nd copj wms lot insmpponltji8 mftjr m snjajof twjlty-fnvj imys, cj storkji tcj dnty of Jijssm, mli rjdovjrji frok tcj Frmlbstcjnr dolqujsts ejyoli tcj Jupcrmtjs894 tcj kmrtnm` trnejs of Durinstml wjrj sueiuji

ey tcj nlijpjlijlt sovjrjnal of Kosu` mli M`jppo8 cns soìnjrs wjrj tmuact to ejcoìtcj dmkp ms tcjnr ol`y doultry2 tcjy trustji to cns `nejrm`nty for tcjnr rjwmris2 mlitcjnr mesjlt fmkn`njs wjrj protjdtji ey tcj vnan`mldj of Xjlacn. Mt tcj cjmi of tcjsjvjtjrmls, cns sol Lourjiinl armium``y ulntji tcj Kmcokjtml powjrs2 miiji tcjbnlaiok of Imkmsdus to tcmt of M`jppo, mli wmaji m òla mli suddjssfu` wmr mamnlsttcj Dcrnstnmls of Tyrnm8 cj sprjmi cns mkp`j rjnal frok tcj Ynarns to tcj Ln`j, mli tcj

Meemssnijs rjwmriji tcjnr fmntcfu` sjrvmlt wntc m`` tcj tnt`js mli prjroamtnvjs of roym`ty. Ycj @mtnls tcjksj`vjs wjrj dokpj``ji to owl tcj wnsiok mli dourmaj, mlijvjl tcj hustndj mli pnjty, of tcns nkp`mdme`j mivjrsmry.99 Nl cns `nfj mli aovjrlkjlt,tcj co`y wmrrnor rjvnvji tcj zjm` mli snkp`ndnty of tcj fnrst dm`npcs. Aoì mli sn`b wjrj

emlnscji frok cns pm`mdj2 tcj usj of wnlj frok cns ioknlnols2 tcj pue`nd rjvjluj wmssdrupuòus`y mpp`nji to tcj pue`nd sjrvndj2 mli tcj fruam` cousjcoì of Lourjiinl wmskmnltmnlji frok tcj `jantnkmtj scmrj of tcj spon`, wcndc cj vjstji nl tcj purdcmsj of m

prnvmtj jstmtj. Cns fmvourntj su`tmlm snacji for sokj fjkm`j oehjdt of jxpjlsj8 ‐M`ms,‛rjp`nji tcj bnla, ‐N fjmr Aoi, mli mk lo korj tcml tcj trjmsurjr of tcj Kos`jks.Ycjnr propjrty N dmllot m`njlmtj2 eut N stn`` possjss tcrjj scops nl tcj dnty of Cjks8

tcjsj you kmy tmbj, mli tcjsj mòlj dml N ejstow.‛ Cns dcmkejr of hustndj wms tcjtjrror of tcj arjmt mli tcj rjfuaj of tcj poor. Tokj yjmrs mftjr tcj su`tml„s ijmtc, ml





opprjssji suehjdt dm``ji mòui nl tcj strjjts of Imkmsdus, ‐O Lourjiinl, Lourjiinl,wcjrj mrt tcou low? Mrnsj, mrnsj, to pnty mli protjdt us!‛ M tuku`t wms mpprjcjliji,mli m `nvnla tyrmlt eùscji mli trjke`ji mt tcj lmkj of m ijpmrtji kolmrdc.

Ey tcj mrks of tcj Yurbs mli Frmlbs, tcj Fmtnkntjs cmi ejjl ijprnvji of Tyrnm. Nl

Jaypt tcj ijdmy of tcjnr dcmrmdtjr mli nlfùjldj wms stn`` korj jssjltnm`. ^jt tcjywjrj stn`` rjvjrji ms tcj ijsdjlimlts mli suddjssors of tcj propcjt2 tcjy kmnltmnljitcjnr vnsne`j stmtj nl tcj pm`mdj of Dmnro2 mli tcjnr pjrsol wms sjìok vno`mtji ey tcj

profmlj jyjs of suehjdts or strmlajrs. Ycj @mtnl mkemssmiors9: cmvj ijsdrneji tcjnr owl nltroiudtnol tcrouac m sjrnjs of aòoky pmssmajs, mli a`nttjrnla portndojs2 tcjsdjlj wms jl`nvjlji ey tcj wmre`nla of enris mli tcj kurkur of foultmnls2 nt wmsjlrndcji ey m insp`my of rndc furlnturj mli rmrj mlnkm`s2 of tcj Nkpjrnm` trjmsurjs,sokjtcnla wms scowl, mli kudc wms supposji2 mli tcj òla orijr of ulfoìnla ioorswms aumriji ey e`mdb soìnjrs mli iokjstnd juludcs. Ycj smldtumry of tcj prjsjldj-dcmkejr wms vjn`ji wntc m durtmnl2 mli tcj vnznr, wco doliudtji tcj mkemssmiors,

`mni msnij cns sdykjtmr, mli prostrmtji cnksj`f tcrjj tnkjs ol tcj arouli2 tcj vjn` wmstcjl rjkovji2 mli tcjy ejcjì tcj dokkmlijr of tcj fmntcfu`, wco snalnfnji cns p`jmsurj to tcj fnrst s`mvj of tcj tcrolj. Eut tcns s`mvj wms cns kmstjr2 tcj vnznrs or su`tmls cmi usurpji tcj suprjkj miknlnstrmtnol of Jaypt2 tcj d`mnks of tcj rnvm`dmlinimtjs wjrj ijdniji ey mrks2 mli tcj lmkj of tcj kost wortcy, of tcj strolajst,wms nlsjrtji nl tcj roym` pmtjlt of dokkmli. Ycj fmdtnols of Imracmk mli Tcmwjr 96m`tjrlmtj`y jxpj``ji jmdc otcjr frok tcj dmpntm` mli doultry2 mli tcj wjmbjr snijnkpòrji tcj imlajrous protjdtnol of tcj su`tml of Imkmsdus, or tcj bnla of Hjrusm`jk, tcj pjrpjtum` jljknjs of tcj sjdt mli kolmrdcy of tcj Fmtnkntjs. Ey cnsmrks mli rj`nanol tcj Yurb wms kost forknime`j2 eut tcj Frmlb, nl ml jmsy inrjdtkmrdc, douì mivmldj frok Amzm to tcj Ln`j2 wcn`j tcj nltjrkjinmtj sntumtnol of cnsrjm`k dokpj``ji tcj troops of Lourjiinl to wcjj` rouli tcj sbnrts of Mrmenm, m òlamli pmnlfu` dnrdunt, wcndc jxposji tcjk to tcnrst, fmtnauj, mli tcj eurlnla wnlis of tcj ijsjrt. Ycj sjdrjt zjm` mli mkentnol of tcj Yurbnsc prnldj mspnrji to rjnal nlJaypt ulijr tcj lmkj of tcj Meemssnijs2 eut tcj rjstormtnol of tcj supp`nmlt Tcmwjr wms tcj ostjlsne`j kotnvj of tcj fnrst jxpjintnol2 mli tcj suddjss wms jltrustji to tcjjknr Tcnrmdouc,91 m vm`nmlt mli vjtjrml dokkmlijr. Imracmk wms opprjssji mlis`mnl2 eut tcj nlarmtntuij, tcj hjmòusy, tcj hust mpprjcjlsnols, of cns korj fortulmtjrnvm`, sool provobji cnk to nlvntj tcj bnla of Hjrusm`jk to ij`nvjr Jaypt frok cnsnlso`jlt ejljfmdtors. Yo tcns ulnol, tcj fordjs of Tcnrmdouc wjrj uljqum`2 cjrj`nlqunscji tcj prjkmturj dolqujst2 mli tcj jvmdumtnol of Ejèjns, or Wjùsnuk, wms

tcj dolintnol of cns smfj rjtrjmt. Ms tcj Yurbs ijfn`ji ejforj tcj jljky, mli tcjnr ajljrm` dòsji tcj rjmr, wntc m vnan`mlt jyj, mli m emtt`j-mxj nl cns cmli, m Frmlb

prjsukji to msb cnk nf cj wjrj lot mfrmni of ml mttmdb? ‐Nt ns iouet`jss nl your powjr to ejanl tcj mttmdb,‛ rjp`nji tcj nltrjpni jknr, ‐eut rjst mssurji tcmt lot olj of kysoìnjrs wn`` ao to pmrminsj tn`` cj cms sjlt ml nlfnij` to cj``.‛ Cns rjport of tcj rndcjsof tcj `mli, tcj jffjknlmdy of tcj lmtnvjs, mli tcj insorijrs of tcj aovjrlkjlt rjvnvjitcj copjs of Lourjiinl2 tcj dm`npc of Emaimi mpp`muiji tcj pnous ijsnal2 mliTcnrmdouc ijsdjliji nlto Jaypt m sjdoli tnkj wntc twj`vj tcousmli Yurbs mli j`jvjltcousmli Mrmes.91m ^jt cns fordjs wjrj stn`` nlfjrnor to tcj dolfjijrmtj mrknjs of tcjFrmlbs mli Tmrmdjls2 mli N dml insdjrl ml ulusum` ijarjj of kn`ntmry mrt nl cns

pmssmaj of tcj Ln`j, cns rjtrjmt nlto Ycjemns, cns kmstjr`y jvoùtnols nl tcj emtt`j of Ememnl, tcj surprnsj of M`jxmlirnm, mli cns kmrdcjs mli doultjr-kmrdcjs nl tcj f`mts





mli vm``jy of Jaypt, frok tcj tropnd to tcj sjm. Cns doliudt wms sjdoliji ey tcjdourmaj of cns troops, mli ol tcj jvj of mdtnol m Kmkmùbj93 jxd`mnkji, ‐Nf wjdmllot wrjst Jaypt frok tcj Dcrnstnml ioas, wcy io wj lot rjlouldj tcj colours mlirjwmris of tcj su`tml, mli rjtnrj to `meour wntc tcj pjmsmlts, or to spnl wntc tcjfjkm`js of tcj cmrjk?‛ ^jt mftjr m`` cns jfforts nl tcj fnjì,9> mftjr tcj oestnlmtj

ijfjldj of M`jxmlirnm:7 ey cns ljpcjw Tm`minl, ml colourme`j dmpntu`mtnol mlirjtrjmt doldùiji tcj sjdoli jltjrprnsj of Tcnrmdouc2 mli Lourjiinl rjsjrvji cnsmen`ntnjs for m tcnri mli korj propntnous oddmsnol. Nt wms sool offjrji ey tcj mkentnolmli mvmrndj of Mkm`rnd, or Mkmury, bnla of Hjrusm`jk, wco cmi nkeneji tcj

pjrlndnous kmxnk tcmt lo fmntc scouì ej bjpt wntc tcj jljknjs of Aoi.:7m Mrj`nanous wmrrnor, tcj arjmt kmstjr of tcj cospntm`, jldourmaji cnk to prodjji2 tcjjkpjror of Dolstmltnlop`j jntcjr amvj, or proknsji, m f`jjt to mdt wntc tcj mrknjs of Tyrnm2 mli tcj pjrfninous Dcrnstnml, ulsmtnsfnji wntc spon` mli suesniy, mspnrji to tcjdolqujst of Jaypt. Nl tcns jkjrajldy tcj Kos`jks turlji tcjnr jyjs towmris tcjsu`tml of Imkmsdus2 tcj vnznr, wcok imlajr jldokpmssji ol m`` snijs, ynjìji to tcjnr

ulmlnkous wnscjs, mli Lourjiinl sjjkji to ej tjkptji ey tcj fmnr offjr of olj tcnriof tcj rjvjluj of tcj bnlaiok.:7e Ycj Frmlbs wjrj m`rjmiy mt tcj amtjs of Dmnro2 euttcj sueures, tcj oì dnty, wjrj eurlt ol tcjnr mppromdc2 tcjy wjrj ijdjnvji ey mlnlsninous ljaotnmtnol2 mli tcjnr vjssj`s wjrj ulme`j to surkoult tcj emrrnjrs of tcj

Ln`j. Ycjy pruijlt`y ijd`nlji m doltjst wntc tcj Yurbs nl tcj knist of ml costn`jdoultry2:7d mli Mkmury rjtnrji nlto Wm`jstnlj, wntc tcj scmkj mli rjpromdc tcmtm`wmys micjrj to ulsuddjssfu` nlhustndj. Mftjr tcns ij`nvjrmldj, Tcnrmdouc wmsnlvjstji wntc m roej of colour, wcndc cj sool stmnlji wntc tcj eòoi of tcjulfortulmtj Tcmwjr. For m wcn`j, tcj Yurbnsc jknrs dolijsdjliji to coì tcj offndj of vnznr2 eut tcns forjnal dolqujst prjdnpntmtji tcj fm`` of tcj Fmtnkntjs tcjksj`vjs2 mli

tcj eòoi`jss dcmlaj wms mddokp`nscji ey m kjssmaj mli m wori. Ycj dm`npcs cmi ejjl ijarmiji ey tcjnr owl wjmbljss mli tcj tyrmlly of tcj vnznrs8 tcjnr suehjdts eùscji, wcjl tcj ijsdjlimlt mli suddjssor of tcj propcjt prjsjltji cns lmbji cmlito tcj ruij arnp of m @mtnl mkemssmior2 tcjy wjpt wcjl cj sjlt tcj cmnr of cns wokjl,m smi jke`jk of tcjnr arnjf mli tjrror, to jxdntj tcj pnty of tcj su`tml of Imkmsdus. Eytcj dokkmli of Lourjiinl, mli tcj sjltjldj of tcj iodtors, tcj co`y lmkjs of Meuejbjr, Okmr, mli Otckml wjrj so`jkl`y rjstorji2 tcj dm`npc Kostcmin, of Emaimi, wms mdblow`jiaji nl tcj pue`nd prmyjrs ms tcj truj dokkmlijr of tcjfmntcfu`2 mli tcj arjjl `nvjry of tcj sols of M`n wms jxdcmlaji for tcj e`mdb doòur of tcj Meemssnijs. Ycj `mst of cns rmdj, tcj dm`npc Micji,:= wco survnvji ol`y tjl imys,jxpnrji nl cmppy nalormldj of cns fmtj2 cns trjmsurjs sjdurji tcj òym`ty of tcj

soìnjrs, mli sn`jldji tcj kurkurs of tcj sjdtmrnjs2 mli nl m`` suesjqujlt rjvoùtnolsJaypt cms ljvjr ijpmrtji frok tcj ortcoiox trmintnol of tcj Kos`jks.:5

Ycj cn``y doultry ejyoli tcj Ynarns ns oddupnji ey tcj pmstorm` trnejs of tcj Duris2:4m pjop`j cmriy, strola, smvmaj, nkpmtnjlt of tcj yobj, miindtji to rmpnlj, mlitjlmdnous of tcj aovjrlkjlt of tcjnr lmtnolm` dcnjfs. Ycj rjsjke`mldj of lmkj,sntumtnol, mli kmlljrs sjjk to nijltnfy tcjk wntc tcj Dmriudcnmls of tcj Arjjbs2:9mli tcjy stn`` ijfjli mamnlst tcj Ottokml Wortj tcj mltnquj frjjiok wcndc tcjymssjrtji mamnlst tcj suddjssors of Dyrus. Wovjrty mli mkentnol prokptji tcjk tojkermdj tcj profjssnol of kjrdjlmry soìnjrs8 tcj sjrvndj of cns fmtcjr mli uld`j

prjpmrji tcj rjnal of tcj arjmt Tm`minl2:: mli tcj sol of Hoe or Myue, m snkp`j Duri,kmalmlnkous`y skn`ji mt cns pjinarjj, wcndc f`mttjry ijiudji frok tcj Mrmenml





dm`npcs.:6 To uldolsdnous wms Lourjiinl of tcj nkpjlinla runl of cns cousj tcmt cjdolstrmnlji tcj rjùdtmlt youtc to fo`òw cns uld`j Tcnrmdouc nlto Jaypt2 cns kn`ntmrydcmrmdtjr wms jstme`nscji ey tcj ijfjldj of M`jxmlirnm2 mli, nf wj kmy ej`njvj tcj@mtnls, cj so`ndntji mli oetmnlji frok tcj Dcrnstnml ajljrm` tcj profmlj colours of blnactcooi.:1 Ol tcj ijmtc of Tcnrmdouc, tcj offndj of armli vnznr wms ejstowji ol

Tm`minl, ms tcj youlajst mli `jmst powjrfu` of tcj jknrs2 eut wntc tcj mivndj of cnsfmtcjr, wcok cj nlvntji to Dmnro, cns ajlnus oetmnlji tcj msdjlimlt ovjr cns jqum`s,mli mttmdcji tcj mrky to cns pjrsol mli nltjrjst. Qcn`j Lourjiinl `nvji, tcjsjmkentnous Duris wjrj tcj kost cuke`j of cns s`mvjs2 mli tcj nlinsdrjjt kurkurs of tcj invml wjrj sn`jldji ey tcj pruijlt Myue, wco òui`y protjstji tcmt mt tcjdokkmli of tcj su`tml cj cnksj`f wouì `jmi cns sol nl dcmnls to tcj foot of tcjtcrolj. ‐Tudc `mlaumaj,‛ cj miiji nl prnvmtj, ‐wms pruijlt mli propjr nl ml mssjke`yof your rnvm`s2 eut wj mrj low meovj fjmr mli oejinjldj2 mli tcj tcrjmts of Lourjiinlscm`` lot jxtort tcj trneutj of m suamr-dmlj.‛ Cns sjmsolme`j ijmtc rj`njvji tcjk froktcj oinous mli iouetfu` dolf`ndt8 cns sol, m knlor of j`jvjl yjmrs of maj, wms `jft for m

wcn`j to tcj jknrs of Imkmsdus2 mli tcj ljw òri of Jaypt wms ijdormtji ey tcjdm`npc wntc jvjry tnt`j:3 tcmt douì smldtnfy cns usurpmtnol nl tcj jyjs of tcj pjop`j.

Lor wms Tm`minl ̀ ola doltjlt wntc tcj possjssnol of Jaypt2 cj ijspon`ji tcjDcrnstnmls of Hjrusm`jk, mli tcj Mtmejbs of Imkmsdus, M`jppo, mli Inmrejbnr2 Kjddmmli Kjinlm mdblow`jiaji cnk for tcjnr tjkporm` protjdtor2 cns erotcjr sueiuji tcjinstmlt rjanols of ^jkjl, or tcj Cmppy Mrmenm2 mli mt tcj cour of cns ijmtc cnsjkpnrj wms sprjmi frok tcj Mfrndml Yrnpo`n to tcj Ynarns, mli frok tcj Nlinml Odjmlto tcj koultmnls of Mrkjlnm. Nl tcj huiakjlt of cns dcmrmdtjr, tcj rjpromdcjs of trjmsol mli nlarmtntuij strnbj fordne`y ol our knlis, nkprjssji ms tcjy mrj wntc tcj

prnldnp`j mli jxpjrnjldj of `mw mli òym`ty. Eut cns mkentnol kmy nl sokj kjmsurj

ej jxdusji ey tcj rjvoùtnols of Msnm,:> wcndc cmi jrmsji jvjry lotnol of `jantnkmtjsuddjssnol2 ey tcj rjdjlt jxmkp`j of tcj Mtmejbs tcjksj`vjs2 ey cns rjvjrjldj to tcjsol of cns ejljfmdtor2 cns cukmlj mli ajljrous ejcmvnour to tcj do``mtjrm` ermldcjs2

ey tcjnr nldmpmdnty mli cns kjrnt2 ey tcj mpproemtnol of tcj dm`npc, tcj so`j sourdj of m`` `jantnkmtj powjr2 mli, meovj m``, ey tcj wnscjs mli nltjrjst of tcj pjop`j, wcosjcmppnljss ns tcj fnrst oehjdt of aovjrlkjlt. Nl cns vnrtujs, mli nl tcosj of cns pmtrol,tcjy miknrji tcj snlau`mr ulnol of tcj cjro mli tcj smnlt2 for eotc Lourjiinl mliTm`minl mrj rmlbji mkola tcj Kmcokjtml smnlts2 mli tcj dolstmlt kjintmtnol of tcjco`y wmrs mppjmrs to cmvj scji m sjrnous mli soejr doòur ovjr tcjnr `nvjs mli mdtnols.Ycj youtc of tcj `mttjr 67 wms miindtji to wnlj mli wokjl2 eut cns mspnrnla spnrntsool rjlouldji tcj tjkptmtnols of p`jmsurj for tcj armvjr fo``njs of fmkj mli

ioknlnol. Ycj amrkjlt of Tm`minl wms of domrsj woo``jl2 wmtjr wms cns ol`y irnlb2mli, wcn`j cj jku`mtji tcj tjkpjrmldj, cj surpmssji tcj dcmstnty, of cns Mrmenml

propcjt. Eotc nl fmntc mli prmdtndj cj wms m rnani Kusu`kml2 cj jvjr ijpòrji tcmt tcjijfjldj of rj`nanol cmi lot m`òwji cnk to mddokp`nsc tcj pnàrnkmaj of Kjddm2 eutmt tcj stmtji cours, fnvj tnkjs jmdc imy, tcj su`tml ijvout`y prmyji wntc cns erjtcrjl2tcj nlvoùltmry oknssnol of fmstnla wms sdrupuòus`y rjpmni2 mli cns pjrusm` of tcjBorml ol corsjemdb, ejtwjjl tcj mppromdcnla mrknjs, kmy ej quotji ms m proof,cowjvjr ostjltmtnous, of pnjty mli dourmaj.6= Ycj supjrstntnous iodtrnlj of tcj sjdt of Tcmfjn wms tcj ol`y stuiy tcmt cj ijnalji to jldourmaj2 tcj pojts wjrj smfj nl cnsdoltjkpt2 eut m`` profmlj sdnjldj wms tcj oehjdt of cns mvjrsnol2 mli m pcnòsopcjr,

wco cmi vjltji sokj spjdu`mtnvj lovj`tnjs, wms sjnzji mli strmla`ji ey tcjdokkmli of tcj roym` smnlt. Ycj hustndj of cns invml wms mddjssne`j to tcj kjmljst


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) ==> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



supp`nmlt mamnlst cnksj`f mli cns knlnstjrs2 mli nt wms ol`y for m bnlaiok tcmt Tm`minlwouì ijvnmtj frok tcj ru`j of jqunty. Qcn`j tcj ijsdjlimlts of Tj`hub mli Xjlacncjì cns stnrrup, mli skootcji cns amrkjlts, cj wms mffme`j mli pmtnjlt wntc tcjkjmljst of cns sjrvmlts. To eouli`jss wms cns `nejrm`nty, tcmt cj instrneutji twj`vjtcousmli corsjs mt tcj snjaj of Mdrj2 mli, mt tcj tnkj of cns ijmtc, lo korj tcml forty-

sjvjl irmks of sn`vjr, mli olj pnjdj of aoì donl, wjrj fouli nl tcj trjmsury2 yjt nl mkmrtnm` rjnal, tcj trneutjs wjrj inknlnscji, mli tcj wjm`tcy dntnzjls jlhoyji, wntcoutfjmr or imlajr, tcj frunts of tcjnr nliustry. Jaypt, Tyrnm, mli Mrmenm wjrj miorlji eytcj roym` foulimtnols of cospntm`s, do``jajs, mli kosdcs2 mli Dmnro wms fortnfnji wntcm wm`` mli dntmij`2 eut cns worbs wjrj dolsjdrmtji to pue`nd usj265 lor ini tcj su`tmlnliuàj cnksj`f nl m amrijl or pm`mdj of prnvmtj ùxury. Nl m fmlmtnd maj, cnksj`f mfmlmtnd, tcj ajlunlj vnrtujs of Tm`minl dokkmliji tcj jstjjk of tcj Dcrnstnmls2 tcjjkpjror of Ajrkmly aòrnji nl cns frnjliscnp264 tcj Arjjb jkpjror so`ndntji cnsm``nmldj269 mli tcj dolqujst of Hjrusm`jk inffusji, mli pjrcmps kmalnfnji, cns fmkj

eotc nl tcj Jmst mli Qjst.

Iurnla nts scort jxnstjldj, tcj bnlaiok of Hjrusm`jk6: wms supportji ey tcj insdoriof tcj Yurbs mli Tmrmdjls2 mli eotc tcj Fmtnkntj dm`npcs mli tcj su`tmls of Imkmsduswjrj tjkptji to smdrnfndj tcj dmusj of tcjnr rj`nanol to tcj kjmljr dolsnijrmtnols of

prnvmtj mli prjsjlt mivmltmaj. Eut tcj powjrs of Jaypt, Tyrnm, mli Mrmenm wjrj lowulntji ey ml cjro, wcok lmturj mli fortulj cmi mrkji mamnlst tcj Dcrnstnmls. M``wntcout low eorj tcj kost tcrjmtjlnla mspjdt2 mli m`` wms fjje`j mli co`òw nl tcjnltjrlm` stmtj of Hjrusm`jk.66 Mftjr tcj two fnrst Emìwnls, tcj erotcjr mli dousnl of Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl, tcj sdjptrj ijvo`vji ey fjkm`j suddjssnol to Kj`nsjlim,imuactjr of tcj sjdoli Emìwnl, mli cjr cusemli Fu`b, doult of Mlhou, tcj fmtcjr, eym forkjr kmrrnmaj, of our Jla`nsc W`mltmajljts. Ycjnr two sols, Emìwnl tcj Ycnrimli Mkmury, wmaji m strjluous mli lot ulsuddjssfu` wmr mamnlst tcj nlfnij`s2 eut tcjsol of Mkmury, Emìwnl tcj Fourtc, wms ijprnvji ey tcj `jprosy, m anft of tcjdrusmijs, of tcj fmdu`tnjs eotc of knli mli eoiy. Cns snstjr, Tyen``m, tcj kotcjr of Emìwnl tcj Fnftc, wms cns lmturm` cjnrjss. Mftjr tcj suspndnous ijmtc of cjr dcnì, scjdrowlji cjr sjdoli cusemli, Auy of @usnalml, m prnldj of m cmlisokj pjrsol, eut of sudc emsj rjlowl tcmt cns erotcjr Hjffrjy wms cjmri to jxd`mnk, ‐Tnldj tcjy cmvjkmij cnk m bnla, surj`y tcjy wouì cmvj kmij kj m aoi!‛ Ycj dcondj wms ajljrm``y

e`mkji2 mli tcj kost powjrfu` vmssm`, Umykoli, doult of Yrnpo`n, wco cmi ejjljxdùiji frok tcj suddjssnol mli rjajldy, jltjrtmnlji ml nkp`mdme`j cmtrji mamnlsttcj bnla, mli jxposji cns colour mli dolsdnjldj to tcj tjkptmtnols of tcj su`tml.

Tudc wjrj tcj aumrinmls of tcj co`y dnty8 m `jpjr, m dcnì, m wokml, m dowmri, mli mtrmntor2 yjt nts fmtj wms ij`myji twj`vj yjmrs ey sokj supp`njs frok Juropj, ey tcjvmòur of tcj kn`ntmry orijrs, mli ey tcj instmlt or iokjstnd mvodmtnols of tcjnr arjmtjljky. Mt `jlatc, ol jvjry snij tcj snlbnla stmtj wms jldnrd`ji mli prjssji ey mlcostn`j `nlj2 mli tcj trudj wms vno`mtji ey tcj Frmlbs, wcosj jxnstjldj nt protjdtji. Msoìnjr of fortulj, Ujanlmì of Dcmtn`òl, cmi sjnzji m fortrjss ol tcj jiaj of tcjijsjrt, frok wcjldj cj pn``maji tcj dmrmvmls, nlsu`tji Kmcokjt, mli tcrjmtjlji tcjdntnjs of Kjddm mli Kjinlm. Tm`minl dolijsdjliji to dokp`mnl2 rjhondji nl tcj ijlnmòf hustndj2 mli, mt tcj cjmi of foursdorj tcousmli corsj mli foot, nlvmiji tcj Co`y@mli. Ycj dcondj of Ynejrnms for cns fnrst snjaj wms suaajstji ey tcj doult of Yrnpo`n,

to wcok nt ejòlaji2 mli tcj bnla of Hjrusm`jk wms pjrsumiji to irmnl cns amrrnsols,mli to mrk cns pjop`j, for tcj rj`njf of tcmt nkportmlt p`mdj.61 Ey tcj mivndj of tcj





pjrfninous Umykoli, tcj Dcrnstnmls wjrj ejtrmyji nlto m dmkp ijstntutj of wmtjr2 cjf`ji ol tcj fnrst olsjt, wntc tcj dursjs of eotc lmtnols263 @usnalml wms ovjrtcrowl,wntc tcj òss of tcnrty tcousmli kjl2 mli tcj wooi of tcj truj dross, m inrjknsfortulj! wms `jft nl tcj powjr of tcj nlfnij`s. Ycj roym` dmptnvj wms doliudtji totcj tjlt of Tm`minl2 mli, ms cj fmnltji wntc tcnrst mli tjrror, tcj ajljrous vndtor

prjsjltji cnk wntc m dup of scjrejt doo`ji nl slow, wntcout suffjrnla cns dokpmlnol,Ujanlmì of Dcmtn`òl, to pmrtmbj of tcns p`jiaj of cospntm`nty mli pmriol. ‐Ycj pjrsolmli inalnty of m bnla,‛ smni tcj su`tml, ‐mrj smdrji2 eut tcns nkpnous roeejr kustnlstmlt`y mdblow`jiaj tcj propcjt, wcok cj cms e`mspcjkji, or kjjt tcj ijmtcwcndc cj cms so oftjl ijsjrvji.‛ Ol tcj proui or dolsdnjltnous rjfusm` of tcjDcrnstnml wmrrnor, Tm`minl strudb cnk ol tcj cjmi wntc cns sdykjtmr, mli Ujanlmìwms ijspmtdcji ey tcj aumris.6> Ycj trjke`nla @usnalml wms sjlt to Imkmsdus to mlcolourme`j prnsol, mli spjjiy rmlsok2 eut tcj vndtory wms stmnlji ey tcj jxjdutnol of two culirji mli tcnrty blnacts of tcj cospntm`, tcj nltrjpni dcmkpnols mli kmrtyrs of tcjnr fmntc. Ycj bnlaiok wms `jft wntcout m cjmi2 mli of tcj two armli kmstjrs of tcj

kn`ntmry orijrs, tcj olj wms s`mnl, mli tcj otcjr wms kmij m prnsoljr. Frok m`` tcjdntnjs, eotc of tcj sjm-domst mli tcj nl`mli doultry, tcj amrrnsols cmi ejjl irmwlmwmy for tcns fmtm` fnjì. Yyrj mli Yrnpo`n mòlj douì jsdmpj tcj rmpni nlromi of Tm`minl2 mli tcrjj koltcs mftjr tcj emtt`j of Ynejrnms cj mppjmrji nl mrks ejforj tcjamtjs of Hjrusm`jk.17

Cj knact jxpjdt tcmt tcj snjaj of m dnty so vjljrme`j ol jmrtc mli nl cjmvjl, sonltjrjstnla to Juropj mli Msnm, wouì rjbnli`j tcj `mst spmrbs of jltcusnmsk2 mli tcmt,of snxty tcousmli Dcrnstnmls, jvjry kml wouì ej m soìnjr, mli jvjry soìnjr mdmlinimtj for kmrtyriok. Eut ]ujjl Tyen``m trjke`ji for cjrsj`f mli cjr dmptnvjcusemli2 mli tcj emrols mli blnacts, wco cmi jsdmpji frok tcj swori mli tcj dcmnlsof tcj Yurbs, insp`myji tcj smkj fmdtnous mli sj`fnsc spnrnt nl tcj pue`nd runl. Ycjkost lukjrous portnol of tcj nlcmentmlts wjrj dokposji of tcj Arjjb mli Ornjltm`Dcrnstnmls, wcok jxpjrnjldj cmi tmuact to prjfjr tcj Kmcokjtml ejforj tcj @mtnlyobj21= mli tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj mttrmdtji m emsj mli ljjiy drowi, wntcout mrks or dourmaj, wco suesnstji ol`y ol tcj dcmrnty of tcj pnàrnks. Tokj fjje`j mli cmstyjfforts wjrj kmij for tcj ijfjldj of Hjrusm`jk2 eut nl tcj spmdj of fourtjjl imys m

vndtornous mrky irovj emdb tcj sm``njs of tcj ejsnjaji, p`mltji tcjnr jlanljs, opjljitcj wm`` to tcj erjmitc of fnftjjl duents, mpp`nji tcjnr sdm`nla-`miijrs, mli jrjdtji oltcj erjmdc twj`vj emlljrs of tcj propcjt mli tcj su`tml. Nt wms nl vmnl tcmt m emrj-foot

prodjssnol of tcj qujjl, tcj wokjl, mli tcj kolbs nkpòrji tcj Tol of Aoi to smvjcns toke mli cns nlcjrntmldj frok nkpnous vno`mtnol. Ycjnr so`j copj wms nl tcj kjrdyof tcj dolqujror, mli to tcjnr fnrst supp`nmlt ijputmtnol tcmt kjrdy wms stjrl`y ijlnji.‐Cj cmi sworl to mvjlaj tcj pmtnjldj mli òla-suffjrnla of tcj Kos`jks2 tcj cour of foranvjljss wms j`mpsji, mli tcj kokjlt wms low mrrnvji to jxpnmtj nl eòoi, tcjnllodjlt eòoi wcndc cmi ejjl spn`t ey Aoifrjy mli tcj fnrst drusmijrs.‛ Eut mijspjrmtj mli suddjssfu` struaa`j of tcj Frmlbs mikolnscji tcj su`tml tcmt cns trnukpc

wms lot yjt sjdurj2 cj `nstjlji wntc rjvjrjldj to m so`jkl mihurmtnol nl tcj lmkj of tcj dokkol Fmtcjr of kmlbnli2 mli m sjltnkjlt of cukml sykpmtcy ko``nfnji tcj





rnaour of fmlmtndnsk mli dolqujst. Cj dolsjltji to mddjpt tcj dnty, mli to spmrj tcjnlcmentmlts. Ycj Arjjb mli Ornjltm` Dcrnstnmls wjrj pjrknttji to `nvj ulijr cnsioknlnol2 eut nt wms stnpu`mtji, tcmt nl forty imys m`` tcj Frmlbs mli @mtnls scouìjvmdumtj Hjrusm`jk, mli ej smfj`y doliudtji to tcj sjm-ports of Tyrnm mli Jaypt2 tcmttjl pnjdjs of aoì scouì ej pmni for jmdc kml, fnvj for jmdc wokml, mli olj for

jvjry dcnì2 mli tcmt tcosj wco wjrj ulme`j to purdcmsj tcjnr frjjiok scouì ejijtmnlji nl pjrpjtum` s`mvjry. Of sokj wrntjrs nt ns m fmvourntj mli nlvninous tcjkj todokpmrj tcj cukmlnty of Tm`minl wntc tcj kmssmdrj of tcj fnrst drusmij. Ycjinffjrjldj wouì ej kjrj`y pjrsolm`2 eut wj scouì lot forajt tcmt tcj Dcrnstnmls cmioffjrji to dmpntu`mtj, mli tcmt tcj Kmcokjtmls of Hjrusm`jk sustmnlji tcj `mstjxtrjkntnjs of ml mssmu`t mli stork. Hustndj ns nlijji iuj to tcj fnij`nty wntc wcndc tcjYurbnsc dolqujror fu`fn``ji tcj dolintnols of tcj trjmty2 mli cj kmy ej ijsjrvji`y

prmnsji for tcj a`mldj of pnty wcndc cj dmst ol tcj knsjry of tcj vmlqunscji. Nlstjmiof m rnaorous jxmdtnol of cns ijet, cj mddjptji m suk of tcnrty tcousmli eyzmlts, for tcj rmlsok of sjvjl tcousmli poor2 two or tcrjj tcousmli korj wjrj insknssji ey cns

armtuntous d`jkjldy2 mli tcj lukejr of s`mvjs wms rjiudji to j`jvjl or fourtjjltcousmli pjrsols. Nl cns nltjrvnjw wntc tcj qujjl, cns woris, mli jvjl cns tjmrs,suaajstji tcj bnlijst dolso`mtnols2 cns `nejrm` m`ks wjrj instrneutji mkola tcosj wcocmi ejjl kmij orpcmls or wniows ey tcj fortulj of wmr2 mli, wcn`j tcj blnacts of tcjcospntm` wjrj nl mrks mamnlst cnk, cj m`òwji tcjnr korj pnous erjtcrjl to doltnluj,iurnla tcj tjrk of m yjmr, tcj dmrj mli sjrvndj of tcj sndb. Nl tcjsj mdts of kjrdy, tcjvnrtuj of Tm`minl ijsjrvjs our miknrmtnol mli òvj8 cj wms meovj tcj ljdjssnty of inssnku`mtnol2 mli cns stjrl fmlmtndnsk wouì cmvj prokptji cnk to inssjke`j, rmtcjr tcml to mffjdt, tcns profmlj dokpmssnol for tcj jljknjs of tcj Borml. Mftjr Hjrusm`jkcmi ejjl ij`nvjrji frok tcj prjsjldj of tcj strmlajrs, tcj su`tml kmij cns trnukpcmlt

jltry, cns emlljrs wmvnla nl tcj wnli, mli to tcj cmrkoly of kmrtnm` kusnd. Ycj arjmtkosdc of Okmr, wcndc cmi ejjl dolvjrtji nlto m dcurdc, wms mamnl dolsjdrmtji toolj Aoi mli cns propcjt Kmcokjt2 tcj wm``s mli pmvjkjlt wjrj purnfnji wntc rosj-wmtjr2 mli m pu`pnt, tcj `meour of Lourjiinl, wms jrjdtji nl tcj smldtumry. Eut, wcjltcj aoìjl dross tcmt a`nttjrji ol tcj iokj wms dmst iowl, mli irmaaji tcrouac tcjstrjjts, tcj Dcrnstnmls of jvjry sjdt uttjrji m `mkjltme`j aroml, wcndc wms mlswjrji

ey tcj hoyfu` scouts of tcj Kos`jks. Nl four nvory dcjsts tcj pmtrnmrdc cmi do``jdtjitcj drossjs, tcj nkmajs, tcj vmsjs, mli tcj rj`nds of tcj co`y p`mdj8 tcjy wjrj sjnzji eytcj dolqujror, wco wms ijsnrous of prjsjltnla tcj dm`npc wntc tcj tropcnjs of Dcrnstnml nio`mtry. Cj wms pjrsumiji, cowjvjr, to jltrust tcjk to tcj pmtrnmrdc mli

prnldj of Mltnodc2 mli tcj pnous p`jiaj wms rjijjkji ey Undcmri of Jla`mli, mt tcj

jxpjlsj of fnfty-two tcousmli eyzmlts of aoì.15

Ycj lmtnols knact fjmr mli copj tcj nkkjinmtj mli fnlm` jxpu`snol of tcj @mtnls frokTyrnm2 wcndc wms yjt ij`myji meovj m djltury mftjr tcj ijmtc of Tm`minl.14 Nl tcjdmrjjr of vndtory, cj wms fnrst dcjdbji ey tcj rjsnstmldj of Yyrj2 tcj troops mliamrrnsols, wcndc cmi dmpntu`mtji, wjrj nkpruijlt`y doliudtji to tcj smkj port8 tcjnr lukejrs wjrj mijqumtj to tcj ijfjldj of tcj p`mdj2 mli tcj mrrnvm` of Dolrmi of Koltfjrrmt nlspnrji tcj insorijr`y drowi wntc dolfnijldj mli ulnol. Cns fmtcjr, mvjljrme`j pnàrnk, cmi ejjl kmij prnsoljr nl tcj emtt`j of Ynejrnms2 eut tcmt insmstjr wms ulblowl nl Ntm`y mli Arjjdj, wcjl tcj sol wms uraji ey mkentnol mli pnjty to

vnsnt tcj nlcjrntmldj of cns roym` ljpcjw, tcj nlfmlt Emìwnl. Ycj vnjw of tcj Yurbnsc emlljrs wmrlji cnk frok tcj costn`j domst of Hmffm214m mli Dolrmi wms ulmlnkous`y





cmn`ji ms tcj prnldj mli dcmkpnol of Yyrj, wcndc wms m`rjmiy ejsnjaji ey tcjdolqujror of Hjrusm`jk. Ycj fnrkljss of cns zjm`, mli pjrcmps cns blow`jiaj of majljrous foj, jlme`ji cnk to ermvj tcj tcrjmts of tcj su`tml, mli to ijd`mrj tcmt,scouì cns maji pmrjlt ej jxposji ejforj tcj wm``s, cj cnksj`f wouì insdcmraj tcjfnrst mrrow, mli aòry nl cns ijsdjlt frok m Dcrnstnml kmrtyr.19 Ycj Jayptnml f`jjt

wms m`òwji to jltjr tcj cmreour of Yyrj2 eut tcj dcmnl wms suiijl`y irmwl, mli fnvjam``jys wjrj jntcjr sulb or tmbjl2 m tcousmli Yurbs wjrj s`mnl nl m sm``y2 mli Tm`minl,mftjr eurlnla cns jlanljs, doldùiji m aòrnous dmkpmnal ey m insarmdjfu` rjtrjmt toImkmsdus. Cj wms sool mssmn`ji ey m korj forknime`j tjkpjst. Ycj pmtcjtndlmrrmtnvjs, mli jvjl tcj pndturjs, tcmt rjprjsjltji nl `nvj`y doòurs tcj sjrvntuij mli

profmlmtnol of Hjrusm`jk, mwmbjlji tcj torpni sjlsnen`nty of Juropj2 tcj jkpjror,Frjijrnd Emremrossm, mli tcj bnlas of Frmldj mli Jla`mli mssukji tcj dross2 mli tcjtmriy kmalntuij of tcjnr mrkmkjlts wms mltndnpmtji ey tcj kmrntnkj stmtjs of tcjKjintjrrmljml mli tcj Odjml. Ycj sbn`fu` mli provnijlt Ntm`nmls fnrst jkemrbji nl tcjscnps of Ajlom, Wnsm, mli Vjlndj. Ycjy wjrj spjjin`y fo`òwji ey tcj kost jmajr

pnàrnks of Frmldj, Lorkmliy, mli tcj Qjstjrl Ns`js. Ycj powjrfu` suddour of F`mlijrs, Frnsj, mli Ijlkmrb fn``ji ljmr ml culirji vjssj`s2 mli tcj Lortcjrlwmrrnors wjrj instnlaunscji nl tcj fnjì ey m òfty stmturj mli m polijrous emtt`j-mxj.1: Ycjnr nldrjmsnla ku`tntuijs douì lo òlajr ej dolfnlji wntcnl tcj wm``s of Yyrj, or rjkmnl oejinjlt to tcj vondj of Dolrmi. Ycjy pntnji tcj knsfortuljs, mlirjvjrji tcj inalnty, of @usnalml, wco wms rj`jmsji frok prnsol, pjrcmps to invnij tcjmrky of tcj Frmlbs. Cj proposji tcj rjdovjry of Wto`jkmns, or Mdrj, tcnrty kn`js totcj soutc of Yyrj8 mli tcj p`mdj wms fnrst nlvjstji ey two tcousmli corsj mli tcnrtytcousmli foot ulijr cns loknlm` dokkmli. N scm`` lot jxpmtnmtj ol tcj story of tcnskjkorme`j snjaj, wcndc `mstji ljmr two yjmrs, mli dolsukji, nl m lmrrow spmdj, tcj

fordjs of Juropj mli Msnm. Ljvjr ini tcj f`mkj of jltcusnmsk eurl wntc fnjrdjr mlikorj ijstrudtnvj rmaj2 lor douì tcj truj ej`njvjrs, m dokkol mppj``mtnol, wcodolsjdrmtji tcjnr owl kmrtyrs, rjfusj sokj mpp`musj to tcj knstmbjl zjm` mli dourmajof tcjnr mivjrsmrnjs. Mt tcj souli of tcj co`y trukpjt, tcj Kos`jks of Jaypt, Tyrnm,Mrmenm, mli tcj Ornjltm` provnldjs mssjke`ji ulijr tcj sjrvmlt of tcj propcjt816 cnsdmkp wms pntdcji mli rjkovji wntcnl m fjw kn`js of Mdrj2 mli cj `meourji, lnactmli imy, for tcj rj`njf of cns erjtcrjl mli tcj mlloymldj of tcj Frmlbs. Lnlj emtt`js,lot ulwortcy of tcj lmkj, wjrj fouact nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Koult Dmrkj`, wntcsudc vndnssntuij of fortulj tcmt nl olj mttmdb tcj su`tml fordji cns wmy nlto tcjdnty216m tcmt nl olj sm``y tcj Dcrnstnmls pjljtrmtji to tcj roym` tjlt. Ey tcj kjmls of invjrs mli pnajols m rjau`mr dorrjspolijldj wms kmnltmnlji wntc tcj ejsnjaji2 mli,

ms oftjl ms tcj sjm wms `jft opjl, tcj jxcmustji amrrnsol wms wntcirmwl, mli m frjscsupp`y wms pourji nlto tcj p`mdj. Ycj @mtnl dmkp wms tcnllji ey fmknlj, tcj swori,mli tcj d`nkmtj2 eut tcj tjlts of tcj ijmi wjrj rjp`jlnscji wntc ljw pnàrnks, wcojxmaajrmtji tcj strjlatc mli spjji of tcjnr mppromdcnla doultrykjl. Ycj vuàmr wmsmstolnscji ey tcj rjport tcmt tcj popj cnksj`f, wntc ml nllukjrme`j drusmij, wmsmivmldji ms fmr ms Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycj kmrdc of tcj jkpjror fn``ji tcj Jmst wntckorj sjrnous m`mrks2 tcj oestmd`js wcndc cj jldoultjrji nl Msnm, mli pjrcmps nlArjjdj, wjrj rmnsji ey tcj po`ndy of Tm`minl2 cns hoy ol tcj ijmtc of Emremrossm wmskjmsurji ey cns jstjjk2 mli tcj Dcrnstnmls wjrj rmtcjr inskmyji tcml jldourmaji mttcj snact of tcj iubj of Twmenm mli cns wmyworl rjklmlt of fnvj tcousmli Ajrkmls.

Mt `jlatc, nl tcj sprnla of tcj sjdoli yjmr, tcj roym` f`jjts of Frmldj mli Jla`mli dmstmldcor nl tcj emy of Mdrj, mli tcj snjaj wms korj vnaorous`y prosjdutji ey tcj





youtcfu` jku`mtnol of tcj two bnlas, Wcn`np Muaustus mli Undcmri W`mltmajljt. Mftjr jvjry rjsourdj cmi ejjl trnji, mli jvjry copj wms jxcmustji, tcj ijfjlijrs of Mdrjsueknttji to tcjnr fmtj2 m dmpntu`mtnol wms armltji, eut tcjnr `nvjs mli `nejrtnjs wjrjtmxji mt tcj cmri dolintnols of m rmlsok of two culirji tcousmli pnjdjs of aoì, tcjij`nvjrmldj of olj culirji loe`js mli fnftjjl culirji nlfjrnor dmptnvjs, mli tcj

rjstormtnol of tcj wooi of tcj co`y dross. Tokj iouets nl tcj marjjkjlt, mli sokjij`my nl tcj jxjdutnol, rjbnli`ji tcj fury of tcj Frmlbs, mli tcrjj tcousmli Kos`jks,m`kost nl tcj su`tml„s vnjw, wjrj ejcjmiji ey tcj dokkmli of tcj smlaunlmryUndcmri.11 Ey tcj dolqujst of Mdrj tcj @mtnl powjrs mdqunrji m strola towl mli mdolvjlnjlt cmreour2 eut tcj mivmltmaj wms kost ijmr`y purdcmsji. Ycj knlnstjr mlicnstornml of Tm`minl dokputjs, frok tcj rjport of tcj jljky, tcmt tcjnr lukejrs, mtinffjrjlt pjrnois, mkoultji to fnvj or snx culirji tcousmli2 tcmt korj tcml oljculirji tcousmli Dcrnstnmls wjrj s`mnl2 tcmt m fmr arjmtjr lukejr wms òst ey insjmsjor scnpwrjdb2 mli tcmt m skm`` portnol of tcns knacty cost douì rjturl nl smfjty totcjnr lmtnvj doultrnjs.13

Wcn`np Muaustus mli Undcmri tcj Fnrst mrj tcj ol`y bnlas of Frmldj mli Jla`mli wcocmvj fouact ulijr tcj smkj emlljrs2 eut tcj co`y sjrvndj nl wcndc tcjy wjrj jl`nstjiwms nldjssmlt`y instureji ey tcjnr lmtnolm` hjmòusy2 mli tcj two fmdtnols wcndc tcjy

protjdtji nl Wm`jstnlj wjrj korj mvjrsj to jmdc otcjr tcml to tcj dokkol jljky. Nltcj jyjs of tcj Ornjltm`s tcj Frjldc kolmrdc wms supjrnor nl inalnty mli powjr2 mli,nl tcj jkpjror„s mesjldj, tcj @mtnls rjvjrji cnk ms tcjnr tjkporm` dcnjf.1> Cnsjxpònts wjrj lot mijqumtj to cns fmkj. Wcn`np wms ermvj, eut tcj stmtjskml

prjioknlmtji nl cns dcmrmdtjr2 cj wms sool wjmry of smdrnfndnla cns cjm`tc mli nltjrjstol m emrrjl domst2 tcj surrjlijr of Mdrj ejdmkj tcj snalm` of cns ijpmrturj8 lor douìcj hustnfy tcns ulpopu`mr ijsjrtnol ey `jmvnla tcj iubj of Eurauliy, wntc fnvjculirji blnacts mli tjl tcousmli foot, for tcj sjrvndj of tcj Co`y @mli. Ycj bnla of Jla`mli, tcouac nlfjrnor nl inalnty, surpmssji cns rnvm` nl wjm`tc mli kn`ntmryrjlowl237 mli, nf cjronsk ej dolfnlji to erutm` mli fjrodnous vmòur, UndcmriW`mltmajljt wn`` stmli cnac mkola tcj cjrojs of tcj maj. Ycj kjkory of Dæur ij

@nol, of tcj `nol-cjmrtji prnldj, wms òla ijmr mli aòrnous to cns Jla`nsc suehjdts2mli, mt tcj instmldj of snxty yjmrs, nt wms dj`jermtji nl provjrenm` smynlas ey tcjarmlisols of tcj Yurbs mli Tmrmdjls mamnlst wcok cj cmi fouact8 cns trjkjliouslmkj wms jkpòyji ey tcj Tyrnml kotcjrs to sn`jldj tcjnr nlfmlts2 mli, nf ml corsjsuiijl`y stmrtji frok tcj wmy, cns rnijr wms wolt to jxd`mnk, ‐Iost tcou tcnlb BnlaUndcmri ns nl tcmt eusc?‛3= Cns druj`ty to tcj Kmcokjtmls wms tcj jffjdt of tjkpjr

mli zjm`2 eut N dmllot ej`njvj tcmt m soìnjr, so frjj mli fjmr`jss nl tcj usj of cns `mldj,wouì cmvj ijsdjliji to wcjt m imaajr mamnlst cns vm`nmlt erotcjr, Dolrmi of Koltfjrrmt, wco wms s`mnl mt Yyrj ey sokj sjdrjt mssmssnls.35 Mftjr tcj surrjlijr of Mdrj mli tcj ijpmrturj of Wcn`np, tcj bnla of Jla`mli `ji tcj drusmijrs to tcj rjdovjryof tcj sjm-domst2 mli tcj dntnjs of Dæsmrjm mli Hmffm wjrj miiji to tcj frmakjlts of tcj bnlaiok of @usnalml. M kmrdc of olj culirji kn`js frok Mdrj mt Msdmòl wms marjmt mli pjrpjtum` emtt`j of j`jvjl imys.34 Nl tcj insorijr of cns troops, Tm`minlrjkmnlji ol tcj fnjì wntc sjvjltjjl aumris, wntcout òwjrnla cns stmlimri or suspjlinla tcj souli of cns ermzjl bjtt`j-iruk8 cj mamnl rm``nji mli rjljwji tcjdcmraj2 mli cns prjmdcjrs or cjrmìs dm``ji mòui ol tcj Zlntmrnmls kmlfu``y to stmli

up mamnlst tcj Dcrnstnml nio`mtjrs. Eut tcj proarjss of tcjsj nio`mtjrs wms nrrjsnstne`j2mli nt wms ol`y ey ijko`nscnla tcj wm``s mli eunìnlas of Msdmòl tcmt tcj su`tml





douì prjvjlt tcjk frok oddupynla ml nkportmlt fortrjss ol tcj dolfnljs of Jaypt.Iurnla m sjvjrj wnltjr tcj mrknjs s`jpt2 eut nl tcj sprnla tcj Frmlbs mivmldji wntcnlm imy„s kmrdc of Hjrusm`jk, ulijr tcj `jminla stmlimri of tcj Jla`nsc bnla2 mli cnsmdtnvj spnrnt nltjrdjptji m dolvoy, or dmrmvml, of sjvjl tcousmli dmkj`s. Tm`minl39cmi fnxji cns stmtnol nl tcj co`y dnty2 eut tcj dnty wms strudb wntc dolstjrlmtnol mli

insdori8 cj fmstji2 cj prmyji2 cj prjmdcji2 cj offjrji to scmrj tcj imlajrs of tcjsnjaj2 eut cns Kmkmùbjs, wco rjkjkejrji tcj fmtj of tcjnr dokpmlnols mt Mdrj,

prjssji tcj su`tml wntc òym` or sjintnous d`mkours to prjsjrvj cns pjrsol mli tcjnr

dourmaj for tcj futurj ijfjldj of tcj rj`nanol mli jkpnrj.3: Ycj Kos`jks wjrjij`nvjrji ey tcj suiijl or, ms tcjy ijjkji, tcj knrmduòus rjtrjmt of tcjDcrnstnmls236 mli tcj `murj`s of Undcmri wjrj e`mstji ey tcj pruijldj or jlvy of cnsdokpmlnols. Ycj cjro, msdjlinla ml cn``, mli vjn`nla cns fmdj, jxd`mnkji wntc mlnlinalmlt vondj, ‐Ycosj wco mrj ulwn``nla to rjsduj, mrj ulwortcy to vnjw, tcjsjpu`dcrj of Dcrnst!‛ Mftjr cns rjturl to Mdrj, ol tcj ljws tcmt Hmffm wms surprnsji eytcj su`tml, cj smn`ji wntc sokj kjrdcmlt vjssj`s, mli `jmpji forjkost ol tcj ejmdc2

tcj dmst`j wms rj`njvji ey cns prjsjldj2 mli snxty tcousmli Yurbs mli Tmrmdjls f`ji ejforj cns mrks. Ycj insdovjry of cns wjmbljss provobji tcjk to rjturl nl tcjkorlnla236m mli tcjy fouli cnk dmrj`jss`y jldmkpji ejforj tcj amtjs wntc ol`ysjvjltjjl blnacts mli tcrjj culirji mrdcjrs. Qntcout doultnla tcjnr lukejrs, cjsustmnlji tcjnr dcmraj2 mli wj `jmrl frok tcj jvnijldj of cns jljknjs, tcmt tcj bnla of Jla`mli, armspnla cns `mldj, roij furnous`y mòla tcjnr frolt, frok tcj rnact to tcj `jftwnla, wntcout kjjtnla ml mivjrsmry wco imrji to jldoultjr cns dmrjjr.31 Mk Nwrntnla tcj cnstory of Or`mlio or Mkmins?

Iurnla tcjsj costn`ntnjs m `mlauni mli tjinous ljaotnmtnol33 ejtwjjl tcj Frmlbs mlitcj Kos`jks wms stmrtji, mli doltnluji, mli erobjl, mli mamnl rjsukji, mli mamnl

erobjl. Tokj mdts of roym` dourtjsy, tcj anft of slow mli frunt, tcj jxdcmlaj of Lorwmy cmwbs mli Mrmenml corsjs, softjlji tcj mspjrnty of rj`nanous wmr8 frok tcjvndnssntuij of suddjss tcj kolmrdcs knact `jmrl to suspjdt tcmt Cjmvjl wms ljutrm` nltcj qumrrj`2 lor, mftjr tcj trnm` of jmdc otcjr, douì jntcjr copj for m ijdnsnvjvndtory.3> Ycj cjm`tc eotc of Undcmri mli Tm`minl mppjmrji to ej nl m ijd`nlnla stmtj2mli tcjy rjspjdtnvj`y suffjrji tcj jvn`s of instmlt mli iokjstnd wmrfmrj8 W`mltmajljtwms nkpmtnjlt to pulnsc m pjrfninous rnvm` wco cmi nlvmiji Lorkmliy nl cns mesjldj2mli tcj nlijfmtname`j su`tml wms sueiuji ey tcj drnjs of tcj pjop`j, wco wms tcjvndtnk, mli of tcj soìnjrs, wco wjrj tcj nlstrukjlts, of cns kmrtnm` zjm`. Ycj fnrstijkmlis of tcj bnla of Jla`mli wjrj tcj rjstntutnol of Hjrusm`jk, Wm`jstnlj, mli tcj

truj dross2 mli cj fnrk`y ijd`mrji, tcmt cnksj`f mli cns erotcjr-pnàrnks wouì jlitcjnr `nvjs nl tcj pnous `meour, rmtcjr tcml rjturl to Juropj wntc naloknly mlirjkorsj. Eut tcj dolsdnjldj of Tm`minl rjfusji, wntcout sokj wjnacty dokpjlsmtnol,to rjstorj tcj nio`s, or prokotj tcj nio`mtry, of tcj Dcrnstnmls8 cj mssjrtji, wntc jqum`fnrkljss, cns rj`nanous mli dnvn` d`mnk to tcj sovjrjnalty of Wm`jstnlj2 ijsdmltji ol tcjnkportmldj mli smldtnty of Hjrusm`jk2 mli rjhjdtji m`` tjrks of tcj jstme`nsckjlt, or

pmrtntnol, of tcj @mtnls. Ycj kmrrnmaj wcndc Undcmri proposji, of cns snstjr wntc tcjsu`tml„s erotcjr, wms ijfjmtji ey tcj inffjrjldj of fmntc2 tcj prnldjss mecorrji tcjjkermdjs of m Yurb2 mli Mij`, or Tmpcminl, wouì lot jmsn`y rjlouldj m pùrm`nty of wnvjs. M pjrsolm` nltjrvnjw wms ijd`nlji ey Tm`minl, wco m``jaji tcjnr kutum`

nalormldj of jmdc otcjr„s `mlaumaj23>m mli tcj ljaotnmtnol wms kmlmaji wntc kudcmrt mli ij`my ey tcjnr nltjrprjtjrs mli jlvoys. Ycj fnlm` marjjkjlt wms jqum``y





insmpprovji ey tcj zjmòts of eotc pmrtnjs, ey tcj Uokml poltnff, mli tcj dm`npc of Emaimi. Nt wms stnpu`mtji tcmt Hjrusm`jk mli tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj scouì ej opjl,wntcout trneutj or vjxmtnol, to tcj pnàrnkmaj of tcj @mtnl Dcrnstnmls2 tcmt mftjr tcjijko`ntnol of Msdmòl, tcjy scouì nldùsnvj`y possjss tcj sjm-domst frok Hmffm toYyrj2 tcmt tcj doult of Yrnpo`n mli tcj prnldj of Mltnodc scouì ej dokprnsji nl tcj

trudj2 mli tcmt, iurnla tcrjj yjmrs mli tcrjj koltcs, m`` costn`ntnjs scouì djmsj. Ycj prnldnpm` dcnjfs of tcj two mrknjs sworj to tcj oesjrvmldj of tcj trjmty2 eut tcjkolmrdcs wjrj smtnsfnji wntc anvnla tcjnr wori mli tcjnr rnact cmli2 mli tcj roym`Kmhjsty wms jxdusji frok ml omtc, wcndc m`wmys nkp`njs sokj suspndnol of fm`sjcooi mli inscolour. Undcmri jkemrbji for Juropj, to sjjb m òla dmptnvnty mli m

prjkmturj armvj2 mli tcj spmdj of m fjw koltcs doldùiji tcj `nfj mli aòrnjs of Tm`minl. Ycj Ornjltm`s ijsdrnej cns jinfynla ijmtc, wcndc cmppjlji mt Imkmsdus2 euttcjy sjjk nalormlt of tcj jqum` instrneutnol of cns m`ks mkola tcj tcrjj rj`nanols,>7or of tcj insp`my of m scroui, nlstjmi of m stmlimri, to mikolnsc tcj Jmst of tcjnlstmen`nty of cukml arjmtljss. Ycj ulnty of jkpnrj wms insso`vji ey cns ijmtc2 cns

sols wjrj opprjssji ey tcj strolajr mrk of tcjnr uld`j Tmpcminl2 tcj costn`j nltjrjstsof tcj su`tmls of Jaypt, Imkmsdus, mli M`jppo>= wjrj mamnl rjvnvji2 mli tcj Frmlbsor @mtnls stooi, mli erjmtcji, mli copji, nl tcjnr fortrjssjs mòla tcj Tyrnml domst.

Ycj loe`jst kolukjlt of m dolqujror„s fmkj, mli of tcj tjrror wcndc cj nlspnrji, nstcj Tm`minlj tjltc, m ajljrm` tmx, wcndc wms nkposji ol tcj `mnty, mli jvjl tcj d`jray,of tcj @mtnl dcurdc, for tcj sjrvndj of tcj co`y wmr. Ycj prmdtndj wms too ùdrmtnvj tojxpnrj wntc tcj oddmsnol2 mli tcns trneutj ejdmkj tcj foulimtnol of m`` tcj tntcjs mlitjltcs ol jdd`jsnmstndm` ejljfndjs wcndc cmvj ejjl armltji ey tcj Uokml poltnffs toDmtco`nd sovjrjnals, or rjsjrvji for tcj nkkjinmtj usj of tcj mposto`nd sjj.>5 Ycns

pjdulnmry jkoùkjlt kust cmvj tjliji to nldrjmsj tcj nltjrjst of tcj popjs nl tcjrjdovjry of Wm`jstnlj2 mftjr tcj ijmtc of Tm`minl tcjy prjmdcji tcj drusmij ey tcjnr jpnst`js, tcjnr `jamtjs, mli tcjnr knssnolmrnjs2 mli tcj mddokp`nsckjlt of tcj pnousworb knact cmvj ejjl jxpjdtji frok tcj zjm` mli tm`jlts of Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri.>4Zlijr tcmt youla mli mkentnous prnjst tcj suddjssors of Tt. Wjtjr mttmnlji tcj fu``kjrninml of tcjnr arjmtljss2 mli nl m rjnal of jnactjjl yjmrs cj jxjrdnsji m ijspotnddokkmli ovjr tcj jkpjrors mli bnlas, wcok cj rmnsji mli ijposji2 ovjr tcjlmtnols, wcok ml nltjrindt of koltcs or yjmrs ijprnvji, for tcj offjldj of tcjnr ru`jrs,of tcj jxjrdnsj of Dcrnstnml worscnp. Nl tcj douldn` of tcj @mtjrml cj mdtji ms tcjjdd`jsnmstndm`, m`kost ms tcj tjkporm`, sovjrjnal of tcj Jmst mli Qjst. Nt wms mt tcjfjjt of cns `jamtj tcmt Hocl of Jla`mli surrjlijrji cns drowl2 mli Nllodjlt kmy eomst

of tcj two kost snalm` trnukpcs ovjr sjlsj mli cukmlnty, tcj jstme`nsckjlt of trmlsuestmltnmtnol mli tcj ornanl of tcj nlqunsntnol. Mt cns vondj, two drusmijs, tcjfourtc mli tcj fnftc, wjrj ulijrtmbjl2 eut, jxdjpt m bnla of Culamry, tcj prnldjs of tcjsjdoli orijr wjrj mt tcj cjmi of tcj pnàrnks2 tcj fordjs wjrj nlmijqumtj to tcjijsnal2 lor ini tcj jffjdts dorrjspoli wntc tcj copjs mli wnscjs of tcj popj mli tcj

pjop`j. Ycj fourtc drusmij wms invjrtji frok Tyrnm to Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli tcjdolqujst of tcj Arjjb or Uokml jkpnrj ey tcj @mtnls wn`` fork tcj propjr mlinkportmlt suehjdt of tcj ljxt dcmptjr. Nl tcj fnftc,>9 two culirji tcousmli Frmlbswjrj `mliji mt tcj jmstjrl koutc of tcj Ln`j. Ycjy rjmsolme`y copji tcmt Wm`jstnljkust ej sueiuji nl Jaypt, tcj sjmt mli storjcousj of tcj su`tml2 mli, mftjr m snjaj of

snxtjjl koltcs, tcj Kos`jks ijpòrji tcj òss of Imknjttm. Eut tcj Dcrnstnml mrkywms runlji ey tcj prnij mli nlso`jldj of tcj `jamtj Wj`manus, wco, nl tcj popj„s lmkj,





mssukji tcj dcmrmdtjr of ajljrm`2 tcj sndb`y Frmlbs wjrj jldokpmssji ey tcj wmtjrsof tcj Ln`j mli tcj Ornjltm` fordjs2 mli nt wms ey tcj jvmdumtnol of Imknjttm tcmt tcjyoetmnlji m smfj rjtrjmt, sokj doldjssnols for tcj pnàrnks, mli tcj tmriy rjstntutnol of tcj iouetfu` rj`nd of tcj truj dross. Ycj fmnùrj kmy nl sokj kjmsurj ej msdrneji totcj meusj mli ku`tnp`ndmtnol of tcj drusmijs, wcndc wjrj prjmdcji mt tcj smkj tnkj

mamnlst tcj pmamls of @nvolnm, tcj Koors of Tpmnl, tcj Mènajons of Frmldj, mli tcjbnlas of Tndn`y of tcj Nkpjrnm` fmkn`y.>: Nl tcjsj kjrntornous sjrvndjs tcj voùltjjrsknact mdqunrj mt cokj tcj smkj spnrntum` nliuàjldj mli m `mrajr kjmsurj of tjkporm`rjwmris2 mli jvjl tcj popjs, nl tcjnr zjm` mamnlst m iokjstnd jljky, wjrj sokjtnkjstjkptji to forajt tcj instrjss of tcjnr Tyrnml erjtcrjl. Frok tcj `mst maj of tcjdrusmijs tcjy ijrnvji tcj oddmsnolm` dokkmli of ml mrky mli rjvjluj2 mli sokjijjp rjmsoljrs cmvj suspjdtji tcmt tcj wco`j jltjrprnsj, frok tcj fnrst syloi of W`mdjltnm, wms doltrnvji mli jxjdutji ey tcj po`ndy of Uokj. Ycj suspndnol ns lotfouliji jntcjr nl lmturj or nl fmdt. Ycj suddjssors of Tt. Wjtjr mppjmr to cmvjfo`òwji, rmtcjr tcml auniji, tcj nkpu`sj of kmlljrs mli prjhuindj2 wntcout kudc

forjsnact of tcj sjmsols or du`tnvmtnol of tcj son`, tcjy amtcjrji tcj rnpj mlispoltmljous frunts of tcj supjrstntnol of tcj tnkjs. Ycjy amtcjrji tcjsj frunts wntcoutton` or pjrsolm` imlajr8 nl tcj douldn` of tcj @mtjrml, Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri ijd`mrji mlmkenauous rjsoùtnol of mlnkmtnla tcj drusmijrs ey cns jxmkp`j2 eut tcj pnòt of tcjsmdrji vjssj` douì lot memliol tcj cj`k2 lor wms Wm`jstnlj jvjr e`jssji wntc tcj

prjsjldj of m Uokml poltnff.>6

Ycj pjrsols, tcj fmkn`njs, mli jstmtjs of tcj pnàrnks wjrj ulijr tcj nkkjinmtj protjdtnol of tcj popjs2 mli tcjsj spnrntum` pmtrols sool d`mnkji tcj prjroamtnvj of inrjdtnla tcjnr opjrmtnols, mli jlfordnla, ey dokkmlis mli djlsurjs, tcjmddokp`nsckjlt of tcjnr vow. Frjijrnd tcj Tjdoli,>1 tcj armlisol of Emremrossm,wms suddjssnvj`y tcj pupn`, tcj jljky, mli tcj vndtnk of tcj dcurdc. Mt tcj maj of twjlty-olj yjmrs, mli nl oejinjldj to cns aumrinml Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri, cj mssukjitcj dross2 tcj smkj proknsj wms rjpjmtji mt cns roym` mli nkpjrnm` dorolmtnols2 mlicns kmrrnmaj wntc tcj cjnrjss of Hjrusm`jk>3 for jvjr eouli cnk to ijfjli tcjbnlaiok of cns sol Dolrmi. Eut, ms Frjijrnd mivmldji nl maj mli mutcornty, cjrjpjltji of tcj rmsc jlamajkjlts of cns youtc2 cns `nejrm` sjlsj mli blow`jiaj tmuactcnk to ijspnsj tcj pcmltoks of supjrstntnol mli tcj drowls of Msnm2 cj lo òlajr jltjrtmnlji tcj smkj rjvjrjldj for tcj suddjssors of Nllodjlt2 mli cns mkentnol wmsoddupnji ey tcj rjstormtnol of tcj Ntm`nml kolmrdcy frok Tndn`y to tcj M`ps. Eut tcjsuddjss of tcns prohjdt wouì cmvj rjiudji tcj popjs to tcjnr prnkntnvj snkp`ndnty2

mli, mftjr tcj ij`mys mli jxdusjs of twj`vj yjmrs, tcjy uraji tcj jkpjror, wntcjltrjmtnjs mli tcrjmts, to fnx tcj tnkj mli p`mdj of cns ijpmrturj for Wm`jstnlj. Nl tcjcmreours of Tndn`y mli Mpu`nm, cj prjpmrji m f`jjt of olj culirji am``jys, mli of oljculirji vjssj`s, tcmt wjrj frmkji to trmlsport mli `mli two tcousmli fnvj culirjiblnacts, wntc tcjnr corsjs mli mttjlimlts2 cns vmssm`s of Lmp`js mli Ajrkmly forkji m

powjrfu` mrky2 mli tcj lukejr of Jla`nsc drusmijrs wms kmalnfnji to snxty tcousmli ey tcj rjport of fmkj. Eut tcj nljvntme`j or mffjdtji sòwljss of tcjsj knacty prjpmrmtnols dolsukji tcj strjlatc mli provnsnols of tcj korj nlinajlt pnàrnks2 tcjku`tntuij wms tcnllji ey sndbljss mli ijsjrtnol, mli tcj su`try sukkjr of Dm`mernmmltndnpmtji tcj knsdcnjfs of m Tyrnml dmkpmnal. Mt `jlatc tcj jkpjror constji smn` mt

Eruliusnuk, wntc m f`jjt mli mrky of forty tcousmli kjl2 eut cj bjpt tcj sjm lo korjtcml tcrjj imys2 mli cns cmsty rjtrjmt, wcndc wms msdrneji ey cns frnjlis to m arnjvous





nlinsposntnol, wms mddusji ey cns jljknjs ms m voùltmry mli oestnlmtj insoejinjldj.For suspjlinla cns vow wms Frjijrnd jxdokkulndmtji ey Arjaory tcj Lnltc2 for

prjsuknla, tcj ljxt yjmr, to mddokp`nsc cns vow, cj wms mamnl jxdokkulndmtji eytcj smkj popj.>> Qcn`j cj sjrvji ulijr tcj emlljr of tcj dross, m drusmij wms

prjmdcji mamnlst cnk nl Ntm`y2 mli mftjr cns rjturl cj wms dokpj``ji to msb pmriol for

tcj nlhurnjs wcndc cj cmi suffjrji. Ycj d`jray mli kn`ntmry orijrs of Wm`jstnlj wjrj prjvnous`y nlstrudtji to rjlouldj cns dokkulnol mli insputj cns dokkmlis2 mli nlcns owl bnlaiok tcj jkpjror wms fordji to dolsjlt tcmt tcj orijrs of tcj dmkpscouì ej nssuji nl tcj lmkj of Aoi mli of tcj Dcrnstnml rjpue`nd. Frjijrnd jltjrjiHjrusm`jk nl trnukpc2 mli wntc cns owl cmlis (for lo prnjst wouì pjrfork tcj offndj)cj toob tcj drowl frok tcj m`tmr of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj. Eut tcj pmtrnmrdc dmst mlnltjrindt ol tcj dcurdc wcndc cns prjsjldj cmi profmlji2 mli tcj blnacts of tcjcospntm` mli tjkp`j nlforkji tcj su`tml=77 cow jmsn`y cj knact ej surprnsji mlis`mnl nl cns ulaumriji vnsnt to tcj rnvjr Horiml. Nl sudc m stmtj of fmlmtndnsk mlifmdtnol, vndtory wms copj`jss mli ijfjldj wms inffndu`t2 eut tcj doldùsnol of ml

mivmltmajous pjmdj kmy ej nkputji to tcj insdori of tcj Kmcokjtmls, mli tcjnr pjrsolm` jstjjk for tcj dcmrmdtjr of Frjijrnd. Ycj jljky of tcj dcurdc ns mddusji of kmnltmnlnla wntc tcj knsdrjmlts ml nltjrdoursj of cospntm`nty mli frnjliscnp, ulwortcyof m Dcrnstnml2 of ijspnsnla tcj emrrjlljss of tcj `mli2 mli of nliuànla m profmljtcouact tcmt, nf Hjcovmc cmi sjjl tcj bnlaiok of Lmp`js, cj ljvjr wouì cmvjsj`jdtji Wm`jstnlj for tcj nlcjrntmldj of cns dcosjl pjop`j. ^jt Frjijrnd oetmnlji froktcj su`tml tcj rjstntutnol of Hjrusm`jk, of Ejtc`jk mli Lmzmrjtc, of Yyrj mli Tniol2tcj @mtnls wjrj m`òwji to nlcment mli fortnfy tcj dnty2 ml jqum` doij of dnvn` mlirj`nanous frjjiok wms rmtnfnji for tcj sjdtmrnjs of Hjsus, mli tcosj of Kmcokjt2 mli,wcn`j tcj forkjr worscnppji mt tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, tcj `mttjr knact prmy mli prjmdc nl

tcj kosdc of tcj tjkp`j,=7= frok wcjldj tcj propcjt ulijrtoob cns lodturlm` hourljy to cjmvjl. Ycj d`jray ijpòrji tcns sdmlimòus to`jrmtnol2 mli tcj wjmbjr Kos`jks wjrj armium``y jxpj``ji2 eut jvjry rmtnolm` oehjdt of tcj drusmijs wmsmddokp`nscji wntcout eòoiscji2 tcj dcurdcjs wjrj rjstorji, tcj kolmstjrnjs wjrjrjp`jlnscji2 mli, nl tcj spmdj of fnftjjl yjmrs, tcj @mtnls of Hjrusm`jk jxdjjiji tcjlukejr of snx tcousmli. Ycns pjmdj mli prospjrnty, for wcndc tcjy wjrj ularmtjfu` totcjnr ejljfmdtor, wms tjrknlmtji ey tcj nrruptnol of tcj strmlaj mli smvmaj corijs of Dmrnzknmls.=75 F`ynla frok tcj mrks of tcj Koau`s, tcosj scjpcjris of tcj Dmspnmlro``ji cjmiòla ol Tyrnm2=74 mli tcj ulnol of tcj Frmlbs wntc tcj su`tmls of M`jppo,Cjks, mli Imkmsdus wms nlsuffndnjlt to stjk tcj vno`jldj of tcj torrjlt. Qcmtjvjr stooi mamnlst tcjk wms dut off ey tcj swori or irmaaji nlto dmptnvnty2 tcj kn`ntmry

orijrs wjrj m`kost jxtjrknlmtji nl m snla`j emtt`j2 mli nl tcj pn``maj of tcj dnty, nl tcj profmlmtnol of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, tcj @mtnls dolfjss mli rjarjt tcj koijsty mliinsdnp`nlj of tcj Yurbs mli Tmrmdjls.

Of tcj sjvjl drusmijs, tcj two `mst wjrj ulijrtmbjl ey @ouns tcj Lnltc, bnla of Frmldj, wco òst cns `nejrty nl Jaypt, mli cns `nfj ol tcj domst of Mfrndm. Ywjlty-jnactyjmrs mftjr cns ijmtc, cj wms dmlolnsji mt Uokj2 mli snxty-fnvj knrmd`js wjrj rjmin`yfouli, mli so`jkl`y mttjstji, to hustnfy tcj d`mnk of tcj roym` smnlt.=79 Ycj vondj of cnstory rjlijrs m korj colourme`j tjstnkoly, tcmt cj ulntji tcj vnrtujs of m bnla, mlcjro, mli m kml2 tcmt cns kmrtnm` spnrnt wms tjkpjrji ey tcj òvj of prnvmtj mli pue`nd

hustndj2 mli tcmt @ouns wms tcj fmtcjr of cns pjop`j, tcj frnjli of cns ljnaceours, mlitcj tjrror of tcj nlfnij`s. Tupjrstntnol mòlj, nl m`` tcj jxtjlt of cjr em`jfu`





nlfùjldj,=7: dorruptji cns ulijrstmlinla mli cns cjmrt2 cns ijvotnol stoopji tomiknrj mli nkntmtj tcj ejaanla frnmrs of Frmldns mli Ioknlnd2 cj pursuji wntc e`nlimli druj` zjm` tcj jljknjs of tcj fmntc2 mli tcj ejst of bnlas twndj ijsdjliji frok cnstcrolj to sjjb tcj mivjlturjs of m spnrntum` blnact-jrrmlt. M kolbnsc cnstornml wouìcmvj ejjl doltjlt to mpp`mui tcj kost ijspndme`j pmrt of cns dcmrmdtjr2 eut tcj loe`j

mli am``mlt Honlvn``j,=76 wco scmrji tcj frnjliscnp mli dmptnvnty of @ouns, cms trmdjiwntc tcj pjldn` of lmturj tcj frjj portrmnt of cns vnrtujs, ms wj`` ms of cns fmn`nlas. Froktcns nltnkmtj blow`jiaj wj kmy `jmrl to suspjdt tcj po`ntndm` vnjws of ijprjssnlatcjnr arjmt vmssm`s, wcndc mrj so oftjl nkputji to tcj roym` mutcors of tcj drusmijs.Meovj m`` tcj prnldjs of tcj knii`j maj, @ouns tcj Lnltc suddjssfu``y `meourji torjstorj tcj prjroamtnvjs of tcj drowl2 eut nt wms mt cokj, mli lot nl tcj Jmst, tcmt cjmdqunrji for cnksj`f mli cns postjrnty2 cns vow wms tcj rjsu`t of jltcusnmsk mlisndbljss2 mli, nf cj wjrj tcj prokotjr, cj wms `nbjwnsj tcj vndtnk, of tcns co`ykmiljss. For tcj nlvmsnol of Jaypt, Frmldj wms jxcmustji of cjr troops mli trjmsurjs2cj dovjrji tcj sjm of Dyprus wntc jnactjjl culirji smn`s2 tcj kost koijst

jlukjrmtnol mkoults to fnfty tcousmli kjl2 mli, nf wj knact trust cns owldolfjssnol, ms nt ns rjportji ey Ornjltm` vmlnty, cj insjkemrbji lnlj tcousmli fnvjculirji corsj, mli olj culirji mli tcnrty tcousmli foot, wco pjrforkji tcjnr

pnàrnkmaj ulijr tcj scmiow of cns powjr.=71

Nl dokp`jtj mrkour, tcj ornf`mkkj wmvnla ejforj cnk, @ouns `jmpji forjkost ol tcj ejmdc2 mli tcj strola dnty of Imknjttm, wcndc cmi dost cns prjijdjssors m snjaj of snxtjjl koltcs, wms memliolji ol tcj fnrst mssmu`t ey tcj trjke`nla Kos`jks. EutImknjttm wms tcj fnrst mli `mst of cns dolqujsts2 mli nl tcj fnftc mli snxtc drusmijs tcjsmkj dmusjs, m`kost ol tcj smkj arouli, wjrj proiudtnvj of snkn`mr dm`mkntnjs.=73Mftjr m runlous ij`my, wcndc nltroiudji nlto tcj dmkp tcj sjjis of ml jpnijkndmìnsjmsj, tcj Frmlbs mivmldji frok tcj sjm-domst towmris tcj dmpntm` of Jaypt, mlistrovj to surkoult tcj ulsjmsolme`j nlulimtnol of tcj Ln`j, wcndc opposji tcjnr

proarjss. Zlijr tcj jyj of tcjnr nltrjpni kolmrdc, tcj emrols mli blnacts of Frmldjinsp`myji tcjnr nlvnldne`j doltjkpt of imlajr mli insdnp`nlj8 cns erotcjr, tcj doult of Mrtons, storkji wntc nldolsnijrmtj vmòur tcj towl of Kmssourm2 mli tcj dmrrnjr-

pnajols mllouldji to tcj nlcmentmlts of Dmnro, tcmt m`` wms òst. Eut m soìnjr, wcomftjrwmris usurpji tcj sdjptrj, rm``nji tcj f`ynla troops2 tcj kmnl eoiy of tcjDcrnstnmls wms fmr ejcnli tcjnr vmlaumri2 mli Mrtons wms ovjrpowjrji mli s`mnl. Mscowjr of Arjjb fnrj wms nldjssmlt`y pourji ol tcj nlvmijrs2 tcj Ln`j wmsdokkmliji ey tcj Jayptnml am``jys, tcj opjl doultry ey tcj Mrmes2 m`` provnsnols

wjrj nltjrdjptji2 jmdc imy maarmvmtji tcj sndbljss mli fmknlj2 mli meout tcj smkjtnkj m rjtrjmt wms fouli to ej ljdjssmry mli nkprmdtndme`j. Ycj Ornjltm` wrntjrsdolfjss tcmt @ouns knact cmvj jsdmpji, nf cj wouì cmvj ijsjrtji cns suehjdts8 cj wmskmij prnsoljr, wntc tcj arjmtjst pmrt of cns loe`js2 m`` wco douì lot rjijjk tcjnr `nvjs ey sjrvndj or rmlsok wjrj nlcukml`y kmssmdrji2 mli tcj wm``s of Dmnro wjrjijdormtji wntc m dnrd`j of Dcrnstnml cjmis.=7> Ycj bnla of Frmldj wms òmiji wntcdcmnls2 eut tcj ajljrous vndtor, m arjmt armlisol of tcj erotcjr of Tm`minl, sjlt m roejof colour to cns roym` dmptnvj2 mli cns ij`nvjrmldj, wntc tcmt of cns soìnjrs, wmsoetmnlji ey tcj rjstntutnol of Imknjttm==7 mli tcj pmykjlt of four culirji tcousmli

pnjdjs of aoì. Nl m soft mli ùxurnous d`nkmtj, tcj ijajljrmtj dcnìrjl of tcj

dokpmlnols of Lourjiinl mli Tm`minl wjrj nldmpme`j of rjsnstnla tcj fòwjr of Juropjml dcnvm`ry2 tcjy trnukpcji ey tcj mrks of tcjnr s`mvjs or Kmkmùbjs, tcj





cmriy lmtnvjs of Ymrtmry, wco mt m tjlijr maj cmi ejjl purdcmsji of tcj Tyrnmlkjrdcmlts, mli wjrj jiudmtji nl tcj dmkp mli pm`mdj of tcj su`tml. Eut Jaypt soolmfforiji m ljw jxmkp`j of tcj imlajr of Wrætornml emlis2 mli tcj rmaj of tcjsjfjrodnous mlnkm`s, wco cmi ejjl `jt òosj ol tcj strmlajrs, wms provobji to ijvour tcjnr ejljfmdtor. Nl tcj prnij of dolqujst, Yourml Tcmc,=== tcj `mst of cns rmdj, wms

kurijrji ey cns Kmkmùbjs2 mli tcj kost imrnla of tcj mssmssnls jltjrji tcjdcmkejr of tcj dmptnvj bnla, wntc irmwl sdykjtmrs, mli tcjnr cmlis nkeruji nl tcj

eòoi of tcjnr su`tml. Ycj fnrkljss of @ouns dokkmliji tcjnr rjspjdt2==5 tcjnr mvmrndj prjvmn`ji ovjr druj`ty mli zjm`2 tcj trjmty wms mddokp`nscji2 mli tcj bnla of Frmldj, wntc tcj rj`nds of cns mrky, wms pjrknttji to jkemrb for Wm`jstnlj. Cj wmstjifour yjmrs wntcnl tcj wm``s of Mdrj, ulme`j to vnsnt Hjrusm`jk, mli ulwn``nla to rjturlwntcout aòry to cns lmtnvj doultry.

Ycj kjkory of cns ijfjmt jxdntji @ouns, mftjr snxtjjl yjmrs of wnsiok mli rjposj, toulijrtmbj tcj sjvjltc mli `mst of tcj drusmijs. Cns fnlmldjs wjrj rjstorji, cns

bnlaiok wms jl`mraji2 m ljw ajljrmtnol of wmrrnors cmi mrnsjl, mli cj jkemrbjiwntc frjsc dolfnijldj mt tcj cjmi of snx tcousmli corsj mli tcnrty tcousmli foot. Ycjòss of Mltnodc cmi provobji tcj jltjrprnsj2 m wnì copj of emptnsnla tcj bnla of Yulns tjkptji cnk to stjjr for tcj Mfrndml domst2 mli tcj rjport of ml nkkjlsjtrjmsurj rjdoldn`ji cns troops to tcj ij`my of tcjnr voymaj to tcj Co`y @mli. Nlstjmi of m prosj`ytj cj fouli m snjaj2 tcj Frjldc pmltji mli inji ol tcj eurlnla smlis2 Tt.@ouns jxpnrji nl cns tjlt2 mli lo sooljr cmi cj dòsji cns jyjs tcml cns sol mlisuddjssor amvj tcj snalm` of tcj rjtrjmt.==4 ‐Nt ns tcus,‛ smys m `nvj`y wrntjr, ‐tcmt mDcrnstnml bnla inji ljmr tcj runls of Dmrtcmaj, wmanla wmr mamnlst tcj sjdtmrnjs of Kmcokjt, nl m `mli to wcndc Inio cmi nltroiudji tcj ijntnjs of Tyrnm.‛==9

M korj ulhust mli mesuri dolstntutnol dmllot ej ijvnsji tcml tcmt wcndc dolijklstcj lmtnvjs of m doultry to pjrpjtum` sjrvntuij, ulijr tcj mrentrmry ioknlnol of strmlajrs mli s`mvjs. ^jt sudc cms ejjl tcj stmtj of Jaypt meovj fnvj culirji yjmrs.Ycj kost n`ùstrnous su`tmls of tcj Emcmrntj mli Eorantj iylmstnjs==: wjrj tcjksj`vjs

prokotji frok tcj Ymrtmr mli Dnrdmssnml emlis2 mli tcj four-mli-twjlty ejys, or kn`ntmry dcnjfs, cmvj jvjr ejjl suddjjiji lot ey tcjnr sols eut ey tcjnr sjrvmlts. Ycjy

proiudj tcj arjmt dcmrtjr of tcjnr `nejrtnjs, tcj trjmty of Tj`nk tcj Fnrst wntc tcjrjpue`nd2==6 mli tcj Otckml jkpjror stn`` mddjpts frok Jaypt m s`nactmdblow`jiakjlt of trneutj mli suehjdtnol.==1 Qntc sokj erjmtcnla nltjrvm`s of pjmdjmli orijr, tcj two iylmstnjs mrj kmrbji ms m pjrnoi of rmpnlj mli eòoiscji2==3 eut

tcjnr tcrolj, cowjvjr scmbjl, rjposji ol tcj two pn``mrs of insdnp`nlj mli vmòur2 tcjnr swmy jxtjliji ovjr Jaypt, Luenm, Mrmenm, mli Tyrnm2 tcjnr Kmkmùbjs wjrjku`tnp`nji frok jnact culirji to twjlty-fnvj tcousmli corsj2 mli tcjnr lukejrs wjrjnldrjmsji ey m provnldnm` kn`ntnm of olj culirji mli sjvjl tcousmli foot, mli tcjoddmsnolm` mni of snxty-snx tcousmli Mrmes.==> Wrnldjs of sudc powjr mli spnrnt douìlot òla jliurj ol tcjnr domst ml costn`j mli nlijpjlijlt lmtnol2 mli, nf tcj runl of tcjFrmlbs wms postpolji meout forty yjmrs, tcjy wjrj nlijetji to tcj dmrjs of mlulsjtt`ji rjnal, to tcj nlvmsnol of tcj Koau`s, mli to tcj oddmsnolm` mni of sokjwmr`nbj pnàrnks. Mkola tcjsj, tcj Jla`nsc rjmijr wn`` oesjrvj tcj lmkj of our fnrstJiwmri, wco mssukji tcj dross nl tcj `nfjtnkj of cns fmtcjr Cjlry. Mt tcj cjmi of m

tcousmli soìnjrs, tcj futurj dolqujror of Qm`js mli Tdot`mli ij`nvjrji Mdrj frok msnjaj2 kmrdcji ms fmr ms Lmzmrjtc wntc ml mrky of lnlj tcousmli kjl2 jku`mtji tcj





fmkj of cns uld`j Undcmri2 jxtortji, ey cns vmòur, m tjl yjmrs„ trudj2 mli jsdmpji,wntc m imlajrous wouli, frok tcj imaajr of m fmlmtnd mssmssnl.=57 Mltnodc,=5=wcosj sntumtnol cmi ejjl `jss jxposji to tcj dm`mkntnjs of tcj co`y wmr, wms fnlm``yoddupnji mli runlji ey Eoliodimr, or Enemrs,=55 su`tml of Jaypt mli Tyrnm2 tcj @mtnl

prnldnpm`nty wms jxtnlaunscji2 mli tcj fnrst sjmt of tcj Dcrnstnml lmkj wms inspjop`ji

ey tcj s`muactjr of sjvjltjjl, mli tcj dmptnvnty of olj culirji tcousmli, of cjr nlcmentmlts. Ycj kmrntnkj towls of @moindjm, Amem`m, Yrnpo`n, Ejrytus, Tniol, Yyrj,mli Hmffm, mli tcj strolajr dmst`js of tcj Cospntm``jrs mli Yjkp`mrs, suddjssnvj`y fj``2mli tcj wco`j jxnstjldj of tcj Frmlbs wms dolfnlji to tcj dnty mli doòly of Tt. Hoclof Mdrj, wcndc ns sokjtnkjs ijsdrneji ey tcj korj d`mssnd tnt`j of Wto`jkmns.

Mftjr tcj òss of Hjrusm`jk, Mdrj,=54 wcndc ns instmlt meout sjvjlty kn`js, ejdmkjtcj kjtropo`ns of tcj @mtnl Dcrnstnmls, mli wms miorlji wntc strola mli stmtj`y

eunìnlas, wntc mqujiudts, ml mrtnfndnm` port, mli m ioue`j wm``. Ycj popu`mtnol wmsnldrjmsji ey tcj nldjssmlt strjmks of pnàrnks mli fuantnvjs2 nl tcj pmusjs of costn`nty

tcj trmij of tcj Jmst mli Qjst wms mttrmdtji to tcns dolvjlnjlt stmtnol2 mli tcj kmrbjtdouì offjr tcj proiudj of jvjry d`nkj mli tcj nltjrprjtjrs of jvjry tolauj. Eut nl tcnsdolfùx of lmtnols jvjry vndj wms propmamtji mli prmdtnsji2 of m`` tcj insdnp`js of Hjsus mli Kmcokjt, tcj km`j mli fjkm`j nlcmentmlts of Mdrj wjrj jstjjkji tcj kostdorrupt2 lor douì tcj meusj of rj`nanol ej dorrjdtji ey tcj insdnp`nlj of `mw. Ycj dntycmi kmly sovjrjnals, mli lo aovjrlkjlt. Ycj bnlas of Hjrusm`jk mli Dyprus, of tcjcousj of @usnalml, tcj prnldjs of Mltnodc, tcj doults of Yrnpo`n mli Tniol, tcj arjmtkmstjrs of tcj Cospntm`, tcj Yjkp`j, mli tcj Yjutolnd orijr, tcj rjpue`nds of Vjlndj,Ajlom, mli Wnsm, tcj popj„s `jamtj, tcj bnlas of Frmldj mli Jla`mli, mssukji mlnlijpjlijlt dokkmli2 sjvjltjjl trneulm`s jxjrdnsji tcj powjr of `nfj mli ijmtc2jvjry drnknlm` wms protjdtji nl tcj mihmdjlt qumrtjr2 mli tcj pjrpjtum` hjmòusy of tcjlmtnols oftjl eurst fortc nl mdts of vno`jldj mli eòoi. Tokj mivjlturjrs, wcoinsarmdji tcj jlsnal of tcj dross, dokpjlsmtji tcjnr wmlt of pmy ey tcj pùlijr of tcjKmcokjtml vn``majs2 lnljtjjl Tyrnml kjrdcmlts wco trmiji ulijr tcj pue`nd fmntc,wjrj ijspon`ji mli cmlaji ey tcj Dcrnstnmls2 mli tcj ijlnm` of smtnsfmdtnol hustnfnjitcj mrks of tcj su`tml Bcm`n`. Cj kmrdcji mamnlst Mdrj, mt tcj cjmi of snxty tcousmlicorsj mli olj culirji mli forty tcousmli foot2 cns trmnl of mrtn``jry (nf N kmy usj tcjwori) wms lukjrous mli wjnacty2 tcj sjpmrmtj tnkejrs of m snla`j jlanlj wjrjtrmlsportji nl olj culirji wmaaols2 mli tcj roym` cnstornml, Meu`fjim, wco sjrvjiwntc tcj troops of Cmkmc, wms cnksj`f m spjdtmtor of tcj co`y wmr. Qcmtjvjr knact ejtcj vndjs of tcj Frmlbs, tcjnr dourmaj wms rjbnli`ji ey jltcusnmsk mli ijspmnr2 eut

tcjy wjrj torl ey tcj insdori of sjvjltjjl dcnjfs, mli ovjrwcj`kji ol m`` snijs eytcj powjr of tcj su`tml. Mftjr m snjaj of tcnrty-tcrjj imys, tcj ioue`j wm`` wms fordji

ey tcj Kos`jks2 tcj prnldnpm` towjr ynjìji to tcjnr jlanljs2 tcj Kmkmùbjs kmij majljrm` mssmu`t2 tcj dnty wms storkji2 mli ijmtc or s`mvjry wms tcj òt of snxtytcousmli Dcrnstnmls. Ycj dolvjlt, or rmtcjr fortrjss, of tcj Yjkp`mrs rjsnstji tcrjjimys òlajr2 eut tcj arjmt kmstjr wms pnjrdji wntc ml mrrow2 mli, of fnvj culirjiblnacts, ol`y tjl wjrj `jft m`nvj, `jss cmppy tcml tcj vndtnks of tcj swori, nf tcjy `nvjito suffjr ol m sdmffoì nl tcj ulhust mli druj` prosdrnptnol of tcj wco`j orijr. Ycjbnla of Hjrusm`jk, tcj pmtrnmrdc, mli tcj arjmt kmstjr of tcj Cospntm` jffjdtji tcjnr rjtrjmt to tcj scorj2 eut tcj sjm wms rouac, tcj vjssj`s wjrj nlsuffndnjlt2 mli arjmt

lukejrs of tcj fuantnvjs wjrj irowlji ejforj tcjy douì rjmdc tcj ns`j of Dyprus,wcndc knact dokfort @usnalml for tcj òss of Wm`jstnlj. Ey tcj dokkmli of tcj





su`tml, tcj dcurdcjs mli fortnfndmtnols of tcj @mtnl dntnjs wjrj ijko`nscji2 m kotnvj of mvmrndj or fjmr stn`` opjlji tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj to sokj ijvout mli ijfjldj`jss

pnàrnks2 mli m kourlfu` mli so`ntmry sn`jldj prjvmn`ji mòla tcj domst wcndc cmi soòla rjsouliji wntc tcj worì„s ijemtj.=59






DCMWYJU @S

Tdcnsk of tcj Arjjbs mli @mtnls ’ Ttmtj of Dolstmltnlop`j ’ Ujvo`t of tcj

Euàmrnmls ’ Nsmmd Mlajùs ijtcrolji ey cns erotcjr M`jxnus ’ Ornanl of tcj Fourtc

Drusmij ’ M``nmldj of tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls wntc tcj sol of Nsmmd ’ Ycjnr lmvm`

jxpjintnol to Dolstmltnlop`j ’ Ycj two Tnjajs mli fnlm` Dolqujst of tcj Dnty ey tcj

@mtnls

Ycj rjstormtnol of tcj Qjstjrl jkpnrj ey Dcmr`jkmalj wms spjjin`y fo`òwji ey tcjsjpmrmtnol of tcj Arjjb mli @mtnl dcurdcjs.= M rj`nanous mli lmtnolm` mlnkosnty stn`ìnvnijs tcj two `mrajst dokkulnols of tcj Dcrnstnml worì2 mli tcj sdcnsk of Dolstmltnlop`j, ey m`njlmtnla cjr kost usjfu` m``njs mli provobnla cjr kostimlajrous jljknjs, cms prjdnpntmtji tcj ijd`nlj mli fm`` of tcj Uokml jkpnrj nl tcj

Jmst.

Nl tcj doursj of tcj prjsjlt cnstory tcj mvjrsnol of tcj Arjjbs for tcj @mtnls cms ejjloftjl vnsne`j mli dolspnduous. Nt wms ornanlm``y ijrnvji frok tcj insimnl of sjrvntuij,nlf`mkji, mftjr tcj tnkj of Dolstmltnlj, ey tcj prnij of jqum`nty or ioknlnol, mlifnlm``y jxmspjrmtji ey tcj prjfjrjldj wcndc tcjnr rjej``nous suehjdts cmi anvjl to tcjm``nmldj of tcj Frmlbs. Nl jvjry maj tcj Arjjbs wjrj proui of tcjnr supjrnornty nl

profmlj mli rj`nanous blow`jiaj2 tcjy cmi fnrst rjdjnvji tcj `nact of Dcrnstnmlnty2 tcjycmi prolouldji tcj ijdrjjs of tcj sjvjl ajljrm` douldn`s2 tcjy mòlj possjssji tcj`mlaumaj of Tdrnpturj mli pcnòsopcy2 lor scouì tcj Emremrnmls, nkkjrsji nl tcj

imrbljss of tcj Qjst,5 prjsukj to mrauj ol tcj cnac mli kystjrnous qujstnols of tcjoòandm` sdnjldj. Ycjsj Emremrnmls ijspnsji, nl tcjnr turl, tcj rjst`jss mli suet`j`jvnty of tcj Ornjltm`s, tcj mutcors of jvjry cjrjsy2 mli e`jssji tcjnr owl snkp`ndnty,wcndc wms doltjlt to coì tcj trmintnol of tcj mposto`nd dcurdc. ^jt, nl tcj sjvjltcdjltury, tcj sylois of Tpmnl, mli mftjrwmris of Frmldj, nkprovji or dorruptji tcj

Lndjlj drjji, ol tcj kystjrnous suehjdt of tcj tcnri pjrsol of tcj Yrnlnty.4 Nl tcj òladoltrovjrsnjs of tcj Jmst, tcj lmturj mli ajljrmtnol of tcj Dcrnst cmi ejjlsdrupuòus`y ijfnlji2 mli tcj wj``-blowl rj`mtnol of Fmtcjr mli Tol sjjkji todolvjy m fmnlt nkmaj to tcj cukml knli. Ycj nijm of enrtc wms `jss mlmòaous to tcjCo`y Tpnrnt, wco, nlstjmi of m invnlj anft or mttrneutj, wms dolsnijrji ey tcj Dmtco`ndsms m suestmldj, m pjrsol, m Aoi2 cj wms lot ejaottjl, eut, nl tcj ortcoiox sty`j, cj

prodjjiji. Ini cj prodjji frok tcj Fmtcjr mòlj, pjrcmps ey tcj Tol? or frok tcjFmtcjr mli tcj Tol? Ycj fnrst of tcjsj opnlnols wms mssjrtji ey tcj Arjjbs, tcj sjdoli

ey tcj @mtnls2 mli tcj miintnol to tcj Lndjlj drjji of tcj wori fn`noquj bnli`ji tcjf`mkj of insdori ejtwjjl tcj Ornjltm` mli tcj Am``nd dcurdcjs. Nl tcj ornanl of tcjinsputj tcj Uokml poltnffs mffjdtji m dcmrmdtjr of ljutrm`nty mli koijrmtnol29 tcjydolijklji tcj nllovmtnol, eut tcjy mdqunjsdji nl tcj sjltnkjlt of tcjnr Yrmlsm`pnlj

erjtcrjl2 tcjy sjjkji ijsnrous of dmstnla m vjn` of sn`jldj mli dcmrnty ovjr tcjsupjrfùous rjsjmrdc2 mli, nl tcj dorrjspolijldj of Dcmr`jkmalj mli @jo tcj Ycnri,tcj popj mssukjs tcj `nejrm`nty of m stmtjskml, mli tcj prnldj ijsdjlis to tcj pmssnolsmli prjhuindjs of m prnjst.: Eut tcj ortcoioxy of Uokj spoltmljous`y oejyji tcj

nkpu`sj of cjr tjkporm` po`ndy2 mli tcj fn`noquj, wcndc @jo wnscji to jrmsj, wmstrmlsdrneji nl tcj sykeo`, mli dcmultji nl tcj `nturay, of tcj Vmtndml. Ycj Lndjlj mli





Mtcmlmsnml drjjis mrj cjì ms tcj Dmtco`nd fmntc, wntcout wcndc lolj dml ej smvji2mli eotc Wmpnsts mli Wrotjstmlts kust low sustmnl mli rjturl tcj mlmtcjkms of tcjArjjbs, wco ijly tcj prodjssnol of tcj Co`y Acost frok tcj Tol, ms wj`` ms frok tcjFmtcjr. Tudc mrtnd`js of fmntc mrj lot susdjptne`j of trjmty2 eut tcj ru`js of insdnp`nljwn`` vmry nl rjkotj mli nlijpjlijlt dcurdcjs2 mli tcj rjmsol, jvjl of invnljs, knact

m`òw tcmt tcj inffjrjldj ns nljvntme`j mli cmrk`jss. Ycj drmft or supjrstntnol of Uokjcms nkposji ol cjr prnjsts mli ijmdols tcj rnani oe`namtnol of dj`nemdy2 mkola tcjArjjbs, nt ns dolfnlji to tcj enscops2 tcj òss ns dokpjlsmtji ey inalnty or mllncn`mtji

ey maj2 mli tcj pmrodcnm` d`jray, tcj pmpms, jlhoy tcj dolhuam` sodnjty of tcj wnvjswcok tcjy cmvj kmrrnji ejforj tcjnr jltrmldj nlto co`y orijrs. M qujstnoldoldjrlnla tcj Mzyks wms fnjrdj`y ijemtji nl tcj j`jvjltc djltury, mli tcj jssjldj of tcj Judcmrnst wms supposji, nl tcj Jmst mli Qjst, to ijpjli ol tcj usj of `jmvjlji or ul`jmvjlji erjmi. Tcm`` N kjltnol nl m sjrnous cnstory tcj furnous rjpromdcjs tcmt wjrjuraji mamnlst tcj @mtnls, wco, for m òla wcn`j, rjkmnlji ol tcj ijfjlsnvj? Ycjylja`jdtji to mestmnl, mddorinla to tcj mposto`ndm` ijdrjj, frok tcnlas strmla`ji mli

frok eòoi2 tcjy fmstji, m Hjwnsc oesjrvmldj! ol tcj Tmturimy of jmdc wjjb2 iurnlatcj fnrst wjjb of @jlt tcjy pjrknttji tcj usj of kn`b mli dcjjsj26 tcjnr nlfnrk kolbswjrj nliuàji nl tcj tmstj of f`jsc2 mli mlnkm` arjmsj wms suestntutji for tcj wmlt of vjajtme`j on`2 tcj co`y dcrnsk or uldtnol nl emptnsk wms rjsjrvji to tcj jpnsdopmòrijr2 tcj enscops, ms tcj ernijarooks of tcjnr dcurdcjs, wjrj ijdormtji wntc rnlas2tcjnr prnjsts scmvji tcjnr fmdjs, mli emptnsji ey m snla`j nkkjrsnol. Tudc wjrj tcjdrnkjs wcndc provobji tcj zjm` of tcj pmtrnmrdcs of Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli wcndc wjrj

hustnfnji wntc jqum` zjm` ey tcj iodtors of tcj @mtnl dcurdc.1

Enaotry mli lmtnolm` mvjrsnol mrj powjrfu` kmalnfnjrs of jvjry oehjdt of insputj2 euttcj nkkjinmtj dmusj of tcj sdcnsk of tcj Arjjbs kmy ej trmdji nl tcj jku`mtnol of tcj`jminla prj`mtjs, wco kmnltmnlji tcj suprjkmdy of tcj oì kjtropo`ns supjrnor to m``,mli of tcj rjnalnla dmpntm` nlfjrnor to lolj, nl tcj Dcrnstnml worì. Meout tcj knii`jof tcj lnltc djltury, Wcotnus,3 ml mkentnous `mykml, tcj dmptmnl of tcj aumris mli

prnldnpm` sjdrjtmry, wms prokotji ey kjrnt mli fmvour to tcj korj ijsnrme`j offndj of pmtrnmrdc of Dolstmltnlop`j.> Nl sdnjldj, jvjl jdd`jsnmstndm` sdnjldj, cj surpmssji tcjd`jray of tcj maj2=7 mli tcj purnty of cns korm`s cms ljvjr ejjl nkpjmdcji2 eut cnsorinlmtnol wms cmsty, cns rnsj wms nrrjau`mr2 mli Nalmtnus, cns meindmtji prjijdjssor,wms yjt supportji ey tcj pue`nd dokpmssnol mli tcj oestnlmdy of cns micjrjlts. Ycjymppjm`ji to tcj trneulm` of Lndco`ms tcj Fnrst, olj of tcj prouijst mli kost mspnrnla of tcj Uokml poltnffs, wco jkermdji tcj wj`dokj opportulnty of huianla mli

dolijklnla cns rnvm` of tcj Jmst. Ycjnr qumrrj` wms jkenttjrji ey m dolf`ndt of hurnsindtnol ovjr tcj bnla mli lmtnol of tcj Euàmrnmls2 lor wms tcjnr rjdjltdolvjrsnol to Dcrnstnmlnty of kudc mvmn` to jntcjr prj`mtj, ul`jss cj douì lukejr tcj

prosj`ytjs mkola tcj suehjdts of cns powjr. Qntc tcj mni of cns dourt, tcj Arjjb pmtrnmrdc wms vndtornous2 eut nl tcj furnous doltjst cj ijposji, nl cns turl, tcjsuddjssor of Tt. Wjtjr, mli nlvo`vji tcj @mtnl dcurdc nl tcj rjpromdc of cjrjsy mlisdcnsk. Wcotnus smdrnfndji tcj pjmdj of tcj worì to m scort mli prjdmrnous rjnal2 cjfj`` wntc cns pmtrol, tcj Dæsmr Emrims2 mli Emsn` tcj Kmdjiolnml pjrforkji ml mdt of

hustndj nl tcj rjstormtnol of Nalmtnus, wcosj maj mli inalnty cmi lot ejjl suffndnjlt`yrjspjdtji. Frok cns kolmstjry, or prnsol, Wcotnus so`ndntji tcj fmvour of tcj jkpjror

ey pmtcjtnd dokp`mnlts mli mrtfu` f`mttjry2 mli tcj jyjs of cns rnvm` wjrj sdmrdj`ydòsji wcjl cj wms mamnl rjstorji to tcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`j. Mftjr tcj ijmtc of





Emsn`, cj jxpjrnjldji tcj vndnssntuijs of dourts mli tcj nlarmtntuij of m roym` pupn`2tcj pmtrnmrdc wms mamnl ijposji, mli nl cns `mst so`ntmry cours cj knact rjarjt tcjfrjjiok of m sjdu`mr mli stuinous `nfj. Nl jmdc rjvoùtnol, tcj erjmtc, tcj loi, of tcjsovjrjnal cmi ejjl mddjptji ey m sueknssnvj d`jray2 mli m syloi of tcrjj culirji

enscops wms m`wmys prjpmrji to cmn` tcj trnukpc, or to stnakmtnsj tcj fm``, of tcj co`y

or tcj jxjdrme`j Wcotnus.== Ey m ijùsnvj proknsj of suddour or rjwmri, tcj popjswjrj tjkptji to doultjlmldj tcjsj vmrnous prodjjinlas, mli tcj sylois of Dolstmltnlop`j wjrj rmtnfnji ey tcjnr jpnst`js or `jamtjs. Eut tcj dourt mli tcj pjop`j,Nalmtnus mli Wcotnus, wjrj jqum``y mivjrsj to tcjnr d`mnks2 tcjnr knlnstjrs wjrjnlsu`tji or nkprnsolji2 tcj prodjssnol of tcj Co`y Acost wms foraottjl2 Euàmrnm wmsfor jvjr mlljxji to tcj Eyzmltnlj tcrolj2 mli tcj sdcnsk wms proòlaji ey tcj rnanidjlsurj of m`` tcj ku`tnp`nji orinlmtnols of ml nrrjau`mr pmtrnmrdc. Ycj imrbljss mlidorruptnol of tcj tjltc djltury suspjliji tcj nltjrdoursj, wntcout rjdoldn`nla tcjknlis, of tcj two lmtnols. Eut, wcjl tcj Lorkml swori rjstorji tcj dcurdcjs of Mpu`nm to tcj hurnsindtnol of Uokj, tcj ijpmrtnla fòdb wms wmrlji, ey m pjtu`mlt

jpnst`j of tcj Arjdnml pmtrnmrdc, to mvoni mli mecor tcj jrrors of tcj @mtnls. Ycj rnsnlakmhjsty of Uokj douì lo òlajr eroob tcj nlso`jldj of m rjej`2 mli Kndcmj`Djru`mrnus wms jxdokkulndmtji nl tcj cjmrt of Dolstmltnlop`j ey tcj popj„s `jamtjs.Tcmbnla tcj iust frok tcjnr fjjt, tcjy ijposntji ol tcj m`tmr of Tt. Topcnm m inrjfu`mlmtcjkm,=5 wcndc jlukjrmtjs tcj sjvjl kortm` cjrjsnjs of tcj Arjjbs, mli ijvotjstcj aun`ty tjmdcjrs, mli tcjnr ulcmppy sjdtmrnjs, to tcj jtjrlm` sodnjty of tcj ijvn` mlicns mlaj`s. Mddorinla to tcj jkjrajldnjs of tcj dcurdc mli stmtj m frnjli`ydorrjspolijldj wms sokjtnkjs rjsukji2 tcj ̀ mlaumaj of dcmrnty mli doldori wmssokjtnkjs mffjdtji2 eut tcj Arjjbs cmvj ljvjr rjdmltji tcjnr jrrors2 tcj popjs cmvjljvjr rjpjm`ji tcjnr sjltjldj2 mli frok tcns tculijreo`t wj kmy imtj tcj

dolsukkmtnol of tcj sdcnsk. Nt wms jl`mraji ey jmdc mkentnous stjp of tcj Uokml poltnffs2 tcj jkpjrors eùscji mli trjke`ji mt tcj naloknlnous fmtj of tcjnr roym` erjtcrjl of Ajrkmly2 mli tcj pjop`j wms sdmlim`nsji ey tcj tjkporm` powjr mlikn`ntmry `nfj of tcj @mtnl d`jray.=4

Ycj mvjrsnol of tcj Arjjbs mli @mtnls=9 wms lournscji mli kmlnfjstji nl tcj tcrjjfnrst jxpjintnols to tcj Co`y @mli. M`jxnus Dokljlus doltrnvji tcj mesjldj mt `jmstof tcj forknime`j pnàrnks2 cns suddjssors, Kmluj` mli Nsmmd Mlajùs, dolspnrji wntctcj Kos`jks for tcj runl of tcj arjmtjst prnldjs of tcj Frmlbs2 mli tcjnr droobji mlikm`nalmlt po`ndy wms sjdoliji ey tcj mdtnvj mli voùltmry oejinjldj of jvjry orijr of tcjnr suehjdts. Of tcns costn`j tjkpjr m `mraj portnol kmy iouet`jss ej msdrneji to

tcj inffjrjldj of `mlaumaj, irjss, mli kmlljrs, wcndc sjvjrs mli m`njlmtjs tcj lmtnolsof tcj aòej. Ycj prnij, ms wj`` ms tcj pruijldj, of tcj sovjrjnal wms ijjp`y wouliji

ey tcj nltrusnol of forjnal mrknjs, tcmt d`mnkji m rnact of trmvjrsnla cns ioknlnols mli pmssnla ulijr tcj wm``s of cns dmpntm`2 cns suehjdts wjrj nlsu`tji mli pùlijrji ey tcjruij strmlajrs of tcj Qjst2 mli tcj cmtrji of tcj pusn``mlnkous Arjjbs wms scmrpjlji

ey sjdrjt jlvy of tcj eoì mli pnous jltjrprnsjs of tcj Frmlbs. Eut tcjsj profmljdmusjs of lmtnolm` jlknty wjrj fortnfnji mli nlf`mkji ey tcj vjlok of rj`nanous zjm`.Nlstjmi of m bnli jkermdj, ml cospntme`j rjdjptnol frok tcjnr Dcrnstnml erjtcrjl of tcjJmst, jvjry tolauj wms tmuact to rjpjmt tcj lmkjs of sdcnskmtnd mli cjrjtnd, korjoinous to ml ortcoiox jmr tcml tcosj of pmaml mli nlfnij`2 nlstjmi of ejnla òvji for

tcj ajljrm` dolforknty of fmntc mli worscnp, tcjy wjrj mecorrji for sokj ru`js of insdnp`nlj, sokj qujstnols of tcjoòay, nl wcndc tcjksj`vjs or tcjnr tjmdcjrs knact





inffjr frok tcj Ornjltm` dcurdc. Nl tcj drusmij of @ouns tcj Tjvjltc, tcj Arjjb d`jraywmscji mli purnfnji tcj m`tmrs wcndc cmi ejjl ijfn`ji ey tcj smdrnfndj of m Frjldc

prnjst. Ycj dokpmlnols of Frjijrnd Emremrossm ijpòrj tcj nlhurnjs wcndc tcjyjliurji, eotc nl wori mli ijji, frok tcj pjdu`nmr rmldour of tcj enscops mli kolbs.Ycjnr prmyjrs mli sjrkols jxdntji tcj pjop`j mamnlst tcj nkpnous Emremrnmls2 mli tcj

pmtrnmrdc ns mddusji of ijd`mrnla tcmt tcj fmntcfu` knact oetmnl tcj rjijkptnol of m``tcjnr snls ey tcj jxtnrpmtnol of tcj sdcnskmtnds.=: Ml jltcusnmst, lmkji Iorotcjus,m`mrkji tcj fjmrs, mli rjstorji tcj dolfnijldj, of tcj jkpjror, ey m propcjtndmssurmldj tcmt tcj Ajrkml cjrjtnd, mftjr mssmu`tnla tcj amtj of E`mdcjrljs, wouì ejkmij m snalm` jxmkp`j of tcj invnlj vjlajmldj. Ycj pmssmaj of tcjsj knacty mrknjswjrj rmrj mli pjrnòus jvjlts2 eut tcj drusmijs nltroiudji m frjqujlt mli fmkn`nmr nltjrdoursj ejtwjjl tcj two lmtnols, wcndc jl`mraji tcjnr blow`jiaj wntcout memtnlatcjnr prjhuindjs. Ycj wjm`tc mli ùxury of Dolstmltnlop`j ijkmliji tcj proiudtnolsof jvjry d`nkmtj2 tcjsj nkports wjrj em`mldji ey tcj mrt mli `meour of cjr lukjrousnlcmentmlts2 cjr sntumtnol nlvntjs tcj dokkjrdj of tcj worì2 mli, nl jvjry pjrnoi of

cjr jxnstjldj, tcmt dokkjrdj cms ejjl nl tcj cmlis of forjnaljrs. Mftjr tcj ijd`nlj of Mkm`pcn, tcj Vjljtnmls, Wnsmls, mli Ajlojsj nltroiudji tcjnr fmdtornjs mlisjtt`jkjlts nlto tcj dmpntm` of tcj jkpnrj2 tcjnr sjrvndjs wjrj rjwmriji wntc coloursmli nkkulntnjs2 tcjy mdqunrji tcj possjssnol of `mlis mli cousjs2 tcjnr fmkn`njs wjrjku`tnp`nji ey kmrrnmajs wntc tcj lmtnvjs2 mli, mftjr tcj to`jrmtnol of m Kmcokjtmlkosdc, nt wms nkpossne`j to nltjrindt tcj dcurdcjs of tcj Uokml rntj.=6 Ycj two wnvjsof Kmluj` Dokljlus=1 wjrj of tcj rmdj of tcj Frmlbs8 tcj fnrst, m snstjr-nl-`mw of tcjJkpjror Dolrmi2 tcj sjdoli, m imuactjr of tcj prnldj of Mltnodc2 cj oetmnlji for cnssol M`jxnus, m imuactjr of Wcn`np Muaustus, bnla of Frmldj2 mli cj ejstowji cns owlimuactjr ol m kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt, wco wms jiudmtji mli inalnfnji nl tcj pm`mdj of

Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycj Arjjb jldoultjrji tcj mrks, mli mspnrji to tcj jkpnrj, of tcjQjst2=3 cj jstjjkji tcj vmòur, mli trustji tcj fnij`nty, of tcj Frmlbs2 tcjnr kn`ntmrytm`jlts wjrj ulfnt`y rjdokpjlsji ey tcj ùdrmtnvj offndjs of huiajs mli trjmsurjrs2 tcj

po`ndy of Kmluj` cmi so`ndntji tcj m``nmldj of tcj popj2 mli tcj popu`mr vondj mddusjicnk of m pmrtnm` enms to tcj lmtnol mli rj`nanol of tcj @mtnls.=> Iurnla cns rjnal, mlitcmt of cns suddjssor M`jxnus, tcjy wjrj jxposji mt Dolstmltnlop`j to tcj rjpromdc of forjnaljrs, cjrjtnds, mli fmvourntjs2 mli tcns trnp`j aun`t wms sjvjrj`y jxpnmtji nl tcjtuku`t wcndc mllouldji tcj rjturl mli j`jvmtnol of Mlirolndus.57 Ycj pjop`j rosj nlmrks2 frok tcj Msnmtnd scorj tcj tyrmlt ijspmtdcji cns troops mli am``jys to mssnst tcjlmtnolm` rjvjlaj2 mli tcj copj`jss rjsnstmldj of tcj strmlajrs sjrvji ol`y to hustnfy tcjrmaj, mli scmrpjl tcj imaajrs, of tcj mssmssnls. Ljntcjr maj lor sjx lor tcj tnjs of

frnjliscnp or bnlirji douì smvj tcj vndtnks of lmtnolm` cmtrji mli mvmrndj mlirj`nanous zjm`2 tcj @mtnls wjrj s`muactjrji nl tcjnr cousjs mli nl tcj strjjts2 tcjnr qumrtjr wms rjiudji to mscjs2 tcj d`jray wjrj eurlt nl tcjnr dcurdcjs, mli tcj sndb nltcjnr cospntm`s2 mli sokj jstnkmtj kmy ej forkji of tcj s`mnl frok tcj d`jkjldywcndc soì meovj four tcousmli Dcrnstnmls nl pjrpjtum` s`mvjry to tcj Yurbs. Ycj

prnjsts mli kolbs wjrj tcj òuijst mli kost mdtnvj nl tcj ijstrudtnol of tcjsdcnskmtnds2 mli tcjy dcmultji m tcmlbsanvnla to tcj @ori, wcjl tcj cjmi of m Uokmldmrinlm`, tcj popj„s `jamtj, wms sjvjrji frok cns eoiy, fmstjlji to tcj tmn` of m ioa,mli irmaaji wntc smvmaj kodbjry tcrouac tcj dnty. Ycj korj in`najlt of tcj strmlajrscmi rjtrjmtji, ol tcj fnrst m`mrk, to tcjnr vjssj`s, mli jsdmpji tcrouac tcj Cj``jspolt

frok tcj sdjlj of eòoi. Nl tcjnr f`nact tcjy eurlji mli rmvmaji two culirji kn`js of tcj sjm-domst2 nlf`ndtji m sjvjrj rjvjlaj ol tcj aun`t`jss suehjdts of tcj jkpnrj2





kmrbji tcj prnjsts mli kolbs ms tcjnr pjdu`nmr jljknjs2 mli dokpjlsmtji, ey tcjmdduku`mtnol of pùlijr, tcj òss of tcjnr propjrty mli frnjlis. Ol tcjnr rjturl, tcjyjxposji to Ntm`y mli Juropj tcj wjm`tc mli wjmbljss, tcj pjrfniy mli km`ndj, of tcjArjjbs, wcosj vndjs wjrj pmnltji ms tcj ajlunlj dcmrmdtjrs of cjrjsy mli sdcnsk. Ycjsdrup`js of tcj fnrst drusmijrs cmi lja`jdtji tcj fmnrjst opportulntnjs of sjdurnla, ey

tcj possjssnol of Dolstmltnlop`j, tcj wmy to tcj Co`y @mli2 m iokjstnd rjvoùtnolnlvntji mli m`kost dokpj``ji tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls to mdcnjvj tcj dolqujst of tcjUokml jkpnrj of tcj Jmst.

Nl tcj sjrnjs of tcj Eyzmltnlj prnldjs, N cmvj jxcnentji tcj cypodrnsy mli mkentnol,tcj tyrmlly mli fm``, of Mlirolndus, tcj `mst km`j of tcj Dokljlnml fmkn`y wcorjnalji mt Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycj rjvoùtnol, wcndc dmst cnk cjmiòla frok tcj tcrolj,smvji mli jxm`tji Nsmmd Mlajùs,5= wco ijsdjliji ey tcj fjkm`js frok tcj smkjNkpjrnm` iylmsty. Ycj suddjssor of m sjdoli Ljro knact cmvj fouli nt ml jmsy tmsb toijsjrvj tcj jstjjk mli mffjdtnol of cns suehjdts2 tcjy sokjtnkjs cmi rjmsol to rjarjt

tcj miknlnstrmtnol of Mlirolndus. Ycj souli mli vnaorous knli of tcj tyrmlt wmsdmpme`j of insdjrlnla tcj dolljdtnol ejtwjjl cns owl mli tcj pue`nd nltjrjst2 mli,wcn`j cj wms fjmrji ey m`` wco douì nlspnrj cnk wntc fjmr, tcj ulsuspjdtji pjop`jmli tcj rjkotj provnldjs knact e`jss tcj nljxorme`j hustndj of tcjnr kmstjr. Eut cnssuddjssor wms vmnl mli hjmòus of tcj suprjkj powjr, wcndc cj wmltji dourmaj mlimen`ntnjs to jxjrdnsj2 cns vndjs wjrj pjrlndnous, cns vnrtujs (nf cj possjssji mly vnrtujs)wjrj usj`jss, to kmlbnli2 mli tcj Arjjbs, wco nkputji tcjnr dm`mkntnjs to cnslja`najldj, ijlnji cnk tcj kjrnt of mly trmlsnjlt or mddnijltm` ejljfnts of tcj tnkjs.Nsmmd s`jpt ol tcj tcrolj, mli wms mwmbjlji ol`y ey tcj souli of p`jmsurj2 cns vmdmltcours wjrj mkusji ey dokjinmls mli euffools, mli jvjl to tcjsj euffools tcjjkpjror wms ml oehjdt of doltjkpt2 cns fjmsts mli eunìnlas jxdjjiji tcj jxmkp`js of roym` ùxury2 tcj lukejr of cns juludcs mli iokjstnds mkoultji to twjlty tcousmli2mli m imn`y suk of four tcousmli poulis of sn`vjr wouì swj`` to four kn``nolsstjr`nla tcj mllum` jxpjlsj of cns cousjcoì mli tme`j. Cns povjrty wms rj`njvji eyopprjssnol2 mli tcj pue`nd insdoltjlt wms nlf`mkji ey jqum` meusjs nl tcj do``jdtnolmli tcj mpp`ndmtnol of tcj rjvjluj. Qcn`j tcj Arjjbs lukejrji tcj imys of tcjnr sjrvntuij, m f`mttjrnla propcjt, wcok cj rjwmriji wntc tcj inalnty of pmtrnmrdc,mssurji cnk of m òla mli vndtornous rjnal of tcnrty-two yjmrs2 iurnla wcndc cj scouìjxtjli cns swmy to Koult @nemlus, mli cns dolqujsts ejyoli tcj Jupcrmtjs. Eut cnsol`y stjp towmris tcj mddokp`nsckjlt of tcj prjindtnol wms m sp`jlini mlisdmlimòus jkemssy to Tm`minl,55 to ijkmli tcj rjstntutnol of tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj, mli

to proposj ml offjlsnvj mli ijfjlsnvj `jmauj wntc tcj jljky of tcj Dcrnstnml lmkj.Nl tcjsj ulwortcy cmlis, of Nsmmd mli cns erotcjr, tcj rjkmnls of tcj Arjjb jkpnrjdruke`ji nlto iust. Ycj ns`mli of Dyprus, wcosj lmkj jxdntjs tcj nijms of j`jamldjmli p`jmsurj, wms usurpji ey cns lmkjsmbj, m Dokljlnml prnldj2 mli, ey m strmlajdoldmtjlmtnol of jvjlts, tcj swori of our Jla`nsc Undcmri ejstowji tcmt bnlaiok oltcj cousj of @usnalml, m rndc dokpjlsmtnol for tcj òss of Hjrusm`jk.54

Ycj colour of tcj kolmrdcy mli tcj smfjty of tcj dmpntm` wjrj ijjp`y wouliji ey tcjrjvo`t of tcj Euàmrnmls mli Qm``mdcnmls. Tnldj tcj vndtory of tcj sjdoli Emsn`, tcjycmi supportji, meovj ml culirji mli sjvjlty yjmrs, tcj òosj ioknlnol of tcj

Eyzmltnlj prnldjs2 eut lo jffjdtum` kjmsurjs cmi ejjl mioptji to nkposj tcj yobj of `mws mli kmlljrs ol tcjsj smvmaj trnejs.59 Ey tcj dokkmli of Nsmmd, tcjnr so`j





kjmls of suesnstjldj, tcjnr fòdbs mli cjris, wjrj irnvjl mwmy, to doltrneutj towmristcj pokp of tcj roym` luptnm`s2 mli tcjnr fnjrdj wmrrnors wjrj jxmspjrmtji ey tcjijlnm` of jqum` rmlb mli pmy nl tcj kn`ntmry sjrvndj. Wjtjr mli Msml, two powjrfu`dcnjfs, of tcj rmdj of tcj mldnjlt bnlas,5: mssjrtji tcjnr owl rnacts mli tcj lmtnolm`frjjiok2 tcjnr ijkolnmd nkpostors prod`mnkji to tcj drowi tcmt tcjnr aòrnous pmtrol,

Tt. Ijkjtrnus, cmi for jvjr ijsjrtji tcj dmusj of tcj Arjjbs2 mli tcj dolf`marmtnolsprjmi frok tcj emlbs of tcj Imluej to tcj cn``s of Kmdjiolnm mli Ycrmdj. Mftjr sokj fmnlt jfforts, Nsmmd Mlajùs mli cns erotcjr mdqunjsdji nl tcjnr nlijpjlijldj2mli tcj Nkpjrnm` troops wjrj sool insdourmaji ey tcj eoljs of tcjnr fj`òw-soìnjrs,tcmt wjrj sdmttjrji mòla tcj pmssjs of Koult Cækus. Ey tcj mrks mli po`ndy of Hoclor Homllndjs, tcj sjdoli bnlaiok of Euàmrnm wms fnrk`y jstme`nscji. Ycj suet`jEmremrnml sjlt ml jkemssy to Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri, to mdblow`jiaj cnksj`f m ajlunljsol of Uokj nl ijsdjlt mli rj`nanol,56 mli cuke`y rjdjnvji frok tcj popj tcj`ndjldj of donlnla koljy, tcj roym` tnt`j, mli m @mtnl mrdcenscop or pmtrnmrdc. YcjVmtndml jxu`tji nl tcj spnrntum` dolqujst of Euàmrnm, tcj fnrst oehjdt of tcj sdcnsk2

mli, nf tcj Arjjbs douì cmvj prjsjrvji tcj prjroamtnvjs of tcj dcurdc, tcjy wouìa`mi`y cmvj rjsnalji tcj rnacts of tcj kolmrdcy.

Ycj Euàmrnmls wjrj km`ndnous jlouac to prmy for tcj òla `nfj of Nsmmd Mlajùs, tcjsurjst p`jiaj of tcjnr frjjiok mli prospjrnty. ^jt tcjnr dcnjfs douì nlvo`vj nl tcjsmkj nlinsdrnknlmtj doltjkpt tcj fmkn`y mli lmtnol of tcj jkpjror. ‐Nl m`` tcjArjjbs,‛ smni Msml to cns troops, ‐tcj smkj d`nkmtj mli dcmrmdtjr mli jiudmtnol wn``

ej proiudtnvj of tcj smkj frunts. Ejcoì ky `mldj,‛ doltnluji tcj wmrrnor, ‐mli tcjòla strjmkjrs tcmt fòmt nl tcj wnli. Ycjy inffjr ol`y nl doòur2 tcjy mrj forkji of tcj smkj sn`b, mli fmscnolji ey tcj smkj worbkml2 lor cms tcj strnpj tcmt ns stmnlji nl

purp`j mly supjrnor prndj or vmùj meovj nts fj`òws.‛51 Tjvjrm` of tcjsj dmlinimtjsfor tcj purp`j suddjssnvj`y rosj mli fj`` ulijr tcj jkpnrj of Nsmmd8 m ajljrm` wco cmirjpj``ji tcj f`jjts of Tndn`y wms irnvjl to rjvo`t mli runl ey tcj nlarmtntuij of tcj

prnldj2 mli cns ̀ uxurnous rjposj wms instureji ey sjdrjt dolspnrmdnjs mli popu`mr nlsurrjdtnols. Ycj jkpjror wms smvji ey mddnijlt, or tcj kjrnt of cns sjrvmlts8 cj wmsmt `jlatc opprjssji ey ml mkentnous erotcjr, wco, for tcj copj of m prjdmrnousinmijk, foraot tcj oe`namtnols of lmturj, of òym`ty, mli of frnjliscnp.53 Qcn`j Nsmmdnl tcj Ycrmdnml vm``jys pursuji tcj ni`j mli so`ntmry p`jmsurjs of tcj dcmsj, cns

erotcjr, M`jxnus Mlajùs, wms nlvjstji wntc tcj purp`j ey tcj ulmlnkous suffrmaj of tcj dmkp2 tcj dmpntm` mli tcj d`jray suesdrneji to tcjnr dcondj2 mli tcj vmlnty of tcjljw sovjrjnal rjhjdtji tcj lmkj of cns fmtcjrs for tcj òfty mli roym` mppj``mtnol of

tcj Dokljlnml rmdj. Ol tcj ijspndme`j dcmrmdtjr of Nsmmd N cmvj jxcmustji tcj`mlaumaj of doltjkpt2 mli dml ol`y mii tcmt nl m rjnal of jnact yjmrs tcj emsjr M`jxnus5> wms supportji ey tcj kmsdu`nlj vndjs of cns wnfj Jupcrosylj. Ycj fnrstnltj``najldj of cns fm`` wms dolvjyji to tcj `mtj jkpjror ey tcj costn`j mspjdt mli

pursunt of tcj aumris, lo òlajr cns owl2 cj f`ji ejforj tcjk meovj fnfty kn`js, ms fmr ms Ttmayrm nl Kmdjiolnm2 eut tcj fuantnvj, wntcout ml oehjdt or m fo`òwjr, wmsmrrjstji, erouact emdb to Dolstmltnlop`j, ijprnvji of cns jyjs, mli dolfnlji nl mòljsokj towjr, ol m sdmlty m`òwmldj of erjmi mli wmtjr. Mt tcj kokjlt of tcjrjvoùtnol, cns sol M`jxnus, wcok cj jiudmtji nl tcj copj of jkpnrj, wms twj`vjyjmrs of maj.47 Cj wms spmrji ey tcj usurpjr, mli rjiudji to mttjli cns trnukpc eotc

nl pjmdj mli wmr2 eut, ms tcj mrky wms jldmkpji ol tcj sjm-scorj, ml Ntm`nml vjssj`fmdn`ntmtji tcj jsdmpj of tcj roym` youtc2 mli, nl tcj insaunsj of m dokkol smnòr, cj





jùiji tcj sjmrdc of cns jljknjs, pmssji tcj Cj``jspolt, mli fouli m sjdurj rjfuaj nltcj ns`j of Tndn`y. Mftjr smùtnla tcj tcrjscoì of tcj mpost`js, mli nkpòrnla tcj

protjdtnol of Wopj Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri, M`jxnus mddjptji tcj bnli nlvntmtnol of cnssnstjr Nrjlj, tcj wnfj of Wcn`np of Twmenm, bnla of tcj Uokmls. Eut nl cns pmssmajtcrouac Ntm`y cj cjmri tcmt tcj fòwjr of Qjstjrl dcnvm`ry wms mssjke`ji mt Vjlndj

for tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcj Co`y @mli2 mli m rmy of copj wms bnli`ji nl cns eosok, tcmttcjnr nlvnldne`j sworis knact ej jkpòyji nl cns fmtcjr„s rjstormtnol.

Meout tjl or twj`vj yjmrs mftjr tcj òss of Hjrusm`jk, tcj loe`js of Frmldj wjrj mamnlsukkolji to tcj co`y wmr ey tcj vondj of m tcnri propcjt, `jss jxtrmvmamlt, pjrcmps,tcml Wjtjr tcj cjrknt, eut fmr ejòw Tt. Ejrlmri nl tcj kjrnt of ml ormtor mli mstmtjskml. Ml n``ntjrmtj prnjst of tcj ljnaceourcooi of Wmrns, Fu`b of Ljun``y,4=forsoob cns pmrodcnm` iuty, to mssukj tcj korj f`mttjrnla dcmrmdtjr of m popu`mr mlintnljrmlt knssnolmry. Ycj fmkj of cns smldtnty mli knrmd`js wms sprjmi ovjr tcj `mli2cj ijd`mnkji wntc sjvjrnty mli vjcjkjldj mamnlst tcj vndjs of tcj maj2 mli cns

sjrkols, wcndc cj prjmdcji nl tcj strjjts of Wmrns, dolvjrtji tcj roeejrs, tcjusurpjrs, tcj prostntutjs, mli jvjl tcj iodtors mli sdco`mrs of tcj ulnvjrsnty. Losooljr ini Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri msdjli tcj dcmnr of Tt. Wjtjr tcml cj prod`mnkji, nlNtm`y, Ajrkmly, mli Frmldj, tcj oe`namtnol of m ljw drusmij.45 Ycj jòqujlt poltnff ijsdrneji tcj runl of Hjrusm`jk, tcj trnukpc of tcj Wmamls, mli tcj scmkj of Dcrnstjliok2 cns `nejrm`nty proposji tcj rjijkptnol of snls, m p`jlmry nliuàjldj tom`` wco scouì sjrvj nl Wm`jstnlj, jntcjr m yjmr nl pjrsol or two yjmrs ey msuestntutj244 mli, mkola cns `jamtjs mli ormtors wco e`jw tcj smdrji trukpjt, Fu`b of

Ljun``y wms tcj òuijst mli kost suddjssfu`. Ycj sntumtnol of tcj prnldnpm` kolmrdcswms mvjrsj to tcj pnous sukkols. Ycj jkpjror Frjijrnd tcj Tjdoli wms m dcnì2 mlicns bnlaiok of Ajrkmly wms insputji ey tcj rnvm` cousjs of Erulswndb mli Twmenm,tcj kjkorme`j fmdtnols of tcj Auj`pcs mli Acnej`nljs. Wcn`np Muaustus of Frmldj cmi

pjrforkji, mli douì lot ej pjrsumiji to rjljw, tcj pjrnòus vow2 eut, ms cj wms lot`jss mkentnous of prmnsj tcml of powjr, cj dcjjrfu``y nlstntutji m pjrpjtum` fuli for tcjijfjldj of tcj Co`y @mli. Undcmri of Jla`mli wms smtnmtji wntc tcj aòry mliknsfortuljs of cns fnrst mivjlturj, mli cj prjsukji to ijrnij tcj jxcortmtnols of Fu`b of Ljun``y, wco wms lot memscji nl tcj prjsjldj of bnlas. ‐ôu mivnsj kj,‛ smniW`mltmajljt, ‐to insknss ky tcrjj imuactjrs, prnij, mvmrndj, mli nldoltnljldj8 N

ejqujmtc tcjk to tcj kost ijsjrvnla2 ky prnij to tcj blnacts-tjkp`mrs, ky mvmrndj totcj kolbs of Dnstjmux, mli ky nldoltnljldj to tcj prj`mtjs.‛ Eut tcj prjmdcjr wmscjmri mli oejyji ey tcj arjmt vmssm`s, tcj prnldjs of tcj sjdoli orijr2 mli Ycjoemì,

or Ycnemut, doult of Dcmkpmalj, wms tcj forjkost nl tcj co`y rmdj. Ycj vm`nmlt youtc,mt tcj maj of twjlty-two yjmrs, wms jldourmaji ey tcj iokjstnd jxmkp`js of cnsfmtcjr, wco kmrdcji nl tcj sjdoli drusmij, mli of cns jìjr erotcjr, wco cmi jlijicns imys nl Wm`jstnlj wntc tcj tnt`j of Bnla of Hjrusm`jk8 two tcousmli two culirjiblnacts owji sjrvndj mli cokmaj to cns pjjrmaj249 tcj loe`js of Dcmkpmaljjxdj``ji nl m`` tcj jxjrdnsjs of wmr24: mli, ey cns kmrrnmaj wntc tcj cjnrjss of

Lmvmrrj, Ycnemut douì irmw m emli of cmriy Amsdols frok jntcjr snij of tcjWyrjlæml koultmnls. Cns dokpmlnol nl mrks wms @ouns, doult of Eòns mli Dcmrtrjs2`nbj cnksj`f of rjam` `nljmaj, for eotc tcj prnldjs wjrj ljpcjws, mt tcj smkj tnkj, of tcj bnlas of Frmldj mli Jla`mli. Nl m drowi of prj`mtjs mli emrols, wco nkntmtji

tcjnr zjm`, N instnlaunsc tcj enrtc mli kjrnt of Kmttcjw of Koltkorjldy2 tcj fmkousTnkol of Koltfort, tcj sdouraj of tcj Mènajons2 mli m vm`nmlt loe`j, Hjffrjy of





Vn``jcmriounl,46 kmrscm` of Dcmkpmalj,41 wco cms dolijsdjliji, nl tcj ruij ninokof cns maj mli doultry,43 to wrntj or indtmtj4> ml ornanlm` lmrrmtnvj of tcj douldn`smli mdtnols nl wcndc cj eorj m kjkorme`j pmrt. Mt tcj smkj tnkj, Emìwnl, doult of F`mlijrs, wco cmi kmrrnji tcj snstjr of Ycnemut, mssukji tcj dross mt Eruajs, wntc cns

erotcjr Cjlry mli tcj prnldnpm` blnacts mli dntnzjls of tcmt rndc mli nliustrnous

provnldj.97 Ycj vow wcndc tcj dcnjfs cmi prolouldji nl dcurdcjs, tcjy rmtnfnji nltourlmkjlts2 tcj opjrmtnols of wmr wjrj ijemtji nl fu`` mli frjqujlt mssjke`njs2 mlint wms rjso`vji to sjjb tcj ij`nvjrmldj of Wm`jstnlj nl Jaypt, m doultry, snldjTm`minl„s ijmtc, wcndc wms m`kost runlji ey fmknlj mli dnvn` wmr. Eut tcj fmtj of sokmly roym` mrknjs insp`myji tcj ton`s mli pjrn`s of m `mli jxpjintnol2 mli, nf tcjF`jknlas iwj`t mòla tcj odjml, tcj Frjldc emrols wjrj ijstntutj of scnps mlinalormlt of lmvnamtnol. Ycjy jkermdji tcj wnsj rjsoùtnol of dcoosnla snx ijputnjs or rjprjsjltmtnvjs, of wcok Vn``jcmriounl wms olj, wntc m insdrjtnolmry trust to inrjdttcj kotnols, mli to p`jiaj tcj fmntc, of tcj wco`j dolfjijrmdy. Ycj kmrntnkj stmtjs of Ntm`y wjrj mòlj possjssji of tcj kjmls of trmlsportnla tcj co`y wmrrnors wntc tcjnr

mrks mli corsjs2 mli tcj snx ijputnjs prodjjiji to Vjlndj, to so`ndnt, ol kotnvjs of pnjty or nltjrjst, tcj mni of tcmt powjrfu` rjpue`nd.

Nl tcj nlvmsnol of Ntm`y ey Mttn`m, N cmvj kjltnolji9= tcj f`nact of tcj Vjljtnmls froktcj fm``jl dntnjs of tcj doltnljlt, mli tcjnr oesdurj scj`tjr nl tcj dcmnl of ns`mlis tcmt`nlj tcj jxtrjknty of tcj Mirnmtnd au`f. Nl tcj knist of tcj wmtjrs, frjj, nlinajlt,`meornous, mli nlmddjssne`j, tcjy armium``y dom`jsdji nlto m rjpue`nd2 tcj fnrstfoulimtnols of Vjlndj wjrj `mni nl tcj ns`mli of Unm`to2 mli tcj mllum` j`jdtnol of tcjtwj`vj trneuljs wms supjrsjiji ey tcj pjrkmljlt offndj of m iubj or ioaj. Ol tcjvjraj of tcj two jkpnrjs, tcj Vjljtnmls jxu`t nl tcj ej`njf of prnkntnvj mli pjrpjtum`nlijpjlijldj.95 Mamnlst tcj @mtnls, tcjnr mltnquj frjjiok cms ejjl mssjrtji ey tcjswori, mli kmy ej hustnfnji ey tcj pjl. Dcmr`jkmalj cnksj`f rjsnalji m`` d`mnk of sovjrjnalty to tcj ns`mlis of tcj Mirnmtnd au`f2 cns sol Wjpnl wms rjpu`sji nl tcjmttmdbs of tcj `maulms, or dmlm`s, too ijjp for tcj dmvm`ry, mli too scm`òw for tcjvjssj`s2 mli nl jvjry maj, ulijr tcj Ajrkml Dæsmrs, tcj `mlis of tcj rjpue`nd cmvj

ejjl d`jmr`y instnlaunscji frok tcj bnlaiok of Ntm`y. Eut tcj nlcmentmlts of Vjlndjwjrj dolsnijrji ey tcjksj`vjs, ey strmlajrs, mli ey tcjnr sovjrjnals ms ml nlm`njlme`j

portnol of tcj Arjjb jkpnrj294 nl tcj lnltc mli tjltc djlturnjs, tcj proofs of tcjnr suehjdtnol mrj lukjrous mli ulqujstnolme`j2 mli tcj vmnl tnt`js, tcj sjrvn`j colours,of tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt, so mkentnous`y so`ndntji ey tcjnr iubjs, wouì cmvj ijarmijitcj kmanstrmtjs of m frjj pjop`j. Eut tcj emlis of tcns ijpjlijldj, wcndc wms ljvjr

mesoùtj or rnani, wjrj nkpjrdjptne`y rj`mxji ey tcj mkentnol of Vjlndj mli tcjwjmbljss of Dolstmltnlop`j. Oejinjldj wms softjlji nlto rjspjdt, prnvn`jaj rnpjljinlto prjroamtnvj, mli tcj frjjiok of iokjstnd aovjrlkjlt wms fortnfnji ey tcjnlijpjlijldj of forjnal ioknlnol. Ycj kmrntnkj dntnjs of Nstrnm mli Im`kmtnm eowjito tcj sovjrjnals of tcj Mirnmtnd2 mli, wcjl tcjy mrkji mamnlst tcj Lorkmls nl tcjdmusj of M`jxnus, tcj jkpjror mpp`nji, lot to tcj iuty of cns suehjdts, eut to tcjarmtntuij mli ajljrosnty of cns fmntcfu` m``njs. Ycj sjm wms tcjnr pmtrnkoly299 tcjwjstjrl pmrts of tcj Kjintjrrmljml, frok Yusdmly to Anerm`tmr, wjrj nlijjimemliolji to tcjnr rnvm`s of Wnsm mli Ajlom2 eut tcj Vjljtnmls mdqunrji ml jmr`y mliùdrmtnvj scmrj of tcj dokkjrdj of Arjjdj mli Jaypt. Ycjnr rndcjs nldrjmsji wntc tcj

nldrjmsnla ijkmli of Juropj2 tcjnr kmlufmdturjs of sn`b mli a`mss, pjrcmps tcjnlstntutnol of tcjnr emlb, mrj of cnac mltnqunty2 mli tcjy jlhoyji tcj frunts of tcjnr





nliustry nl tcj kmalnfndjldj of pue`nd mli prnvmtj `nfj. Yo mssjrt cjr f`ma, to mvjlajcjr nlhurnjs, to protjdt tcj frjjiok of lmvnamtnol, tcj rjpue`nd douì `muldc mli kml mf`jjt of ml culirji am``jys2 mli tcj Arjjbs, tcj Tmrmdjls, mli tcj Lorkmls wjrjjldoultjrji ey cjr lmvm` mrks. Ycj Frmlbs of Tyrnm wjrj mssnstji ey tcj Vjljtnmls nltcj rjiudtnol of tcj sjm-domst2 eut tcjnr zjm` wms ljntcjr e`nli lor insnltjrjstji2 mli,

nl tcj dolqujst of Yyrj, tcjy scmrji tcj sovjrjnalty of m dnty, tcj fnrst sjmt of tcjdokkjrdj of tcj worì. Ycj po`ndy of Vjlndj wms kmrbji ey tcj mvmrndj of m trminla,mli tcj nlso`jldj of m kmrntnkj, powjr2 yjt cjr mkentnol wms pruijlt2 lor ini scjoftjl forajt tcmt, nf mrkji am``jys wjrj tcj jffjdt mli smfjaumri, kjrdcmlt-vjssj`swjrj tcj dmusj mli supp`y, of cjr arjmtljss. Nl cjr rj`nanol scj mvoniji tcj sdcnsk of tcj Arjjbs, wntcout ynjìnla m sjrvn`j oejinjldj to tcj Uokml poltnff2 mli m frjjnltjrdoursj wntc tcj nlfnij`s of jvjry d`nkj mppjmrs to cmvj m``myji ejtnkjs tcj fjvjr of supjrstntnol. Cjr prnkntnvj aovjrlkjlt wms m òosj knxturj of ijkodrmdy mlikolmrdcy2 tcj ioaj wms j`jdtji ey tcj votjs of tcj ajljrm` mssjke`y8 ms òla ms cjwms popu`mr mli suddjssfu`, cj rjnalji wntc tcj pokp mli mutcornty of m prnldj2 eut nl

tcj frjqujlt rjvoùtnols of tcj stmtj cj wms ijposji, or emlnscji, or s`mnl, ey tcj hustndj or nlhustndj of tcj ku`tntuij. Ycj twj`ftc djltury proiudji tcj fnrst ruinkjltsof tcj wnsj mli hjmòus mrnstodrmdy, wcndc cms rjiudji tcj ioaj to m pmajmlt, mli tcj

pjop`j to m dypcjr.9:

Qcjl tcj snx mkemssmiors of tcj Frjldc pnàrnks mrrnvji mt Vjlndj, tcjy wjrjcospntme`y jltjrtmnlji nl tcj pm`mdj of Tt. Kmrb ey tcj rjnalnla iubj8 cns lmkj wmsCjlry Imlioò296 mli cj scolj nl tcj `mst pjrnoi of cukml `nfj ms olj of tcj kostn`ùstrnous dcmrmdtjrs of tcj tnkj. Zlijr tcj wjnact of yjmrs, mli mftjr tcj òss of cnsjyjs,91 Imlioò rjtmnlji m souli ulijrstmlinla mli m kml`y dourmaj2 tcj spnrnt of mlcjro, mkentnous to snalm`nsj cns rjnal ey sokj kjkorme`j jxpònts2 mli tcj wnsiok of

m pmtrnot, mlxnous to eunì cns fmkj ol tcj aòry mli mivmltmaj of cns doultry. Cj prmnsji tcj eoì jltcusnmsk mli `nejrm` dolfnijldj of tcj emrols mli tcjnr ijputnjs8 nlsudc m dmusj, mli wntc sudc mssodnmtjs, cj scouì mspnrj, wjrj cj m prnvmtj kml, totjrknlmtj cns `nfj2 eut cj wms tcj sjrvmlt of tcj rjpue`nd, mli sokj ij`my wms rjqunsntjto dolsu`t, ol tcns mriuous eusnljss, tcj huiakjlt of cns do``jmaujs. Ycj proposm` of tcj Frjldc wms fnrst ijemtji ey tcj snx smajs wco cmi ejjl rjdjlt`y mpponltji todoltro` tcj miknlnstrmtnol of tcj ioaj2 nt wms ljxt insdòsji to tcj forty kjkejrs of tcj douldn` of stmtj2 mli fnlm``y dokkulndmtji to tcj `jans`mtnvj mssjke`y of four culirji mli fnfty rjprjsjltmtnvjs, wco wjrj mllum``y dcosjl nl tcj snx qumrtjrs of tcjdnty. Nl pjmdj mli wmr, tcj ioaj wms stn`` tcj dcnjf of tcj rjpue`nd2 cns `jam` mutcornty

wms supportji ey tcj pjrsolm` rjputmtnol of Imlioò2 cns mraukjlts of pue`nd nltjrjstwjrj em`mldji mli mpprovji2 mli cj wms mutcornsji to nlfork tcj mkemssmiors of tcj





fo`òwnla dolintnols of tcj trjmty.93 Nt wms proposji tcmt tcj drusmijrs scouìmssjke`j mt Vjlndj, ol tcj fjmst of Tt. Hocl of tcj jlsunla yjmr2 tcmt f`mt-eottokjivjssj`s scouì ej prjpmrji for four tcousmli fnvj culirji corsjs, mli lnlj tcousmlisqunrjs, wntc m lukejr of scnps suffndnjlt for tcj jkemrbmtnol of four tcousmli fnvjculirji blnacts mli twjlty tcousmli foot2 tcmt iurnla m tjrk of lnlj koltcs tcjy

scouì ej supp`nji wntc provnsnols, mli trmlsportji to wcmtsojvjr domst tcj sjrvndj of Aoi mli Dcrnstjliok scouì rjqunrj2 mli tcmt tcj rjpue`nd scouì honl tcj mrkmkjltwntc m squmirol of fnfty am``jys. Nt wms rjqunrji tcmt tcj pnàrnks scouì pmy, ejforjtcjnr ijpmrturj, m suk of jnacty-fnvj tcousmli kmrbs of sn`vjr2 mli tcmt m`` dolqujsts,

ey sjm mli ̀ mli, scouì ej jqum``y invniji mkola tcj dolfjijrmtjs. Ycj tjrks wjrjcmri2 eut tcj jkjrajldy wms prjssnla, mli tcj Frjldc emrols wjrj lot `jss profusj of koljy tcml of eòoi. M ajljrm` mssjke`y wms dolvjlji to rmtnfy tcj trjmty2 tcjstmtj`y dcmpj` mli pm`mdj of Tt. Kmrb wjrj fn``ji wntc tjl tcousmli dntnzjls2 mli tcjloe`j ijputnjs wjrj tmuact m ljw `jssol of cuke`nla tcjksj`vjs ejforj tcj kmhjstyof tcj pjop`j. ‐N`ùstrnous Vjljtnmls,‛ smni tcj kmrscm` of Dcmkpmalj, ‐wj mrj sjlt

ey tcj arjmtjst mli kost powjrfu` emrols of Frmldj, to nkpòrj tcj mni of tcj kmstjrsof tcj sjm for tcj ij`nvjrmldj of Hjrusm`jk. Ycjy cmvj jlhonlji us to fm`` prostrmtj mtyour fjjt2 lor wn`` wj rnsj frok tcj arouli tn`` you cmvj proknsji to mvjlaj wntc ustcj nlhurnjs of Dcrnst.‛ Ycj jòqujldj of tcjnr woris mli tjmrs,9> tcjnr kmrtnm` mspjdtmli supp`nmlt mttntuij, wjrj mpp`muiji ey ml ulnvjrsm` scout2 ms nt wjrj, smys Hjffrjy,

ey tcj souli of ml jmrtcqumbj. Ycj vjljrme`j ioaj msdjliji tcj pu`pnt, to uraj tcjnr rjqujst ey tcosj kotnvjs of colour mli vnrtuj wcndc mòlj dml ej offjrji to m popu`mr mssjke`y2 tcj trjmty wms trmlsdrneji ol pmrdckjlt, mttjstji wntc omtcs mli sjm`s,kutum``y mddjptji ey tcj wjjpnla mli hoyfu` rjprjsjltmtnvjs of Frmldj mli Vjlndj,mli ijspmtdcji to Uokj for tcj mpproemtnol of Wopj Nllodjlt tcj Ycnri.:7 Ywo

tcousmli kmrbs wjrj eorrowji of tcj kjrdcmlts for tcj fnrst jxpjlsjs of tcjmrkmkjlt. Of tcj snx ijputnjs, two rjpmssji tcj M`ps to mllouldj tcjnr suddjss, wcn`jtcjnr four dokpmlnols kmij m frunt`jss trnm` of tcj zjm` mli jku`mtnol of tcj rjpue`ndsof Ajlom mli Wnsm.

Ycj jxjdutnol of tcj trjmty wms stn`` opposji ey ulforjsjjl inffndu`tnjs mli ij`mys.:=Ycj kmrscm`, ol cns rjturl to Yroyjs, wms jkermdji mli mpprovji ey Ycnemut, doultof Dcmkpmalj, wco cmi ejjl ulmlnkous`y dcosjl ajljrm` of tcj dolfjijrmtjs. Euttcj cjm`tc of tcmt vm`nmlt youtc m`rjmiy ijd`nlji, mli sool ejdmkj copj`jss2 mli cjijpòrji tcj ultnkj`y fmtj wcndc dolijklji cnk to jxpnrj, lot nl m fnjì of emtt`j, eutol m eji of sndbljss. Yo cns ermvj mli lukjrous vmssm`s tcj iynla prnldj instrneutji

cns trjmsurjs2 tcjy sworj nl cns prjsjldj to mddokp`nsc cns vow mli tcjnr owl2 eutsokj tcjrj wjrj, smys tcj kmrscm`, wco mddjptji cns anfts mli forfjntji tcjnr wori.Ycj korj rjsoùtj dcmkpnols of tcj dross cjì m pmr`nmkjlt mt Tonssols for tcjj`jdtnol of m ljw ajljrm`2 eut sudc wms tcj nldmpmdnty, or hjmòusy, or rjùdtmldj of tcj prnldjs of Frmldj tcmt lolj douì ej fouli eotc me`j mli wn``nla to mssukj tcjdoliudt of tcj jltjrprnsj. Ycjy mdqunjsdji nl tcj dcondj of m strmlajr, of Eolnfmdj,kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt, ijsdjliji of m rmdj of cjrojs, mli cnksj`f of dolspnduousfmkj nl tcj wmrs mli ljaotnmtnols of tcj tnkjs2:5 lor douì tcj pnjty or mkentnol of tcj Ntm`nml dcnjf ijd`nlj tcns colourme`j nlvntmtnol. Mftjr vnsntnla tcj Frjldc dourt,wcjrj cj wms rjdjnvji ms m frnjli mli bnlskml, tcj kmrquns, nl tcj dcurdc of

Tonssols, wms nlvjstji wntc tcj dross of m pnàrnk mli tcj stmff of m ajljrm`2 mlinkkjinmtj`y rjpmssji tcj M`ps, to prjpmrj for tcj instmlt jxpjintnol of tcj Jmst.:4





Meout tcj fjstnvm` of tcj Wjltjdost, cj insp`myji cns emlljr, mli kmrdcji towmrisVjlndj mt tcj cjmi of tcj Ntm`nmls8 cj wms prjdjiji or fo`òwji ey tcj doults of F`mlijrs mli Eòns, mli tcj kost rjspjdtme`j emrols of Frmldj2 mli tcjnr lukejrswjrj swj``ji ey tcj pnàrnks of Ajrkmly,:9 wcosj oehjdt mli kotnvjs wjrj snkn`mr to tcjnr owl. Ycj Vjljtnmls cmi fu`fn``ji, mli jvjl surpmssji, tcjnr jlamajkjlts2

stme`js wjrj dolstrudtji for tcj corsjs, mli emrrmdbs for tcj troops2 tcj kmamznljswjrj meulimlt`y rjp`jlnscji wntc formaj mli provnsnols2 mli tcj f`jjt of trmlsports,scnps, mli am``jys wms rjmiy to const smn`, ms sool ms tcj rjpue`nd cmi rjdjnvji tcj

prndj of tcj frjnact mli mrkmkjlt.:: Eut tcmt prndj fmr jxdjjiji tcj wjm`tc of tcjdrusmijrs wco wjrj mssjke`ji mt Vjlndj. Ycj F`jknlas, wcosj oejinjldj to tcjnr dourt wms voùltmry mli prjdmrnous, cmi jkemrbji nl tcjnr vjssj`s for tcj òlalmvnamtnol of tcj odjml mli Kjintjrrmljml2 mli kmly of tcj Frjldc mli Ntm`nmls cmi

prjfjrrji m dcjmpjr mli korj dolvjlnjlt pmssmaj frok Kmrsjn``js mli Mpu`nm to tcjCo`y @mli. Jmdc pnàrnk knact dokp`mnl tcmt, mftjr cj cmi furlnscji cns owldoltrneutnol, cj wms kmij rjspolsne`j for tcj ijfndnjldy of cns mesjlt erjtcrjl8 tcj

aoì mli sn`vjr p`mtj of tcj dcnjfs, wcndc tcjy frjj`y ij`nvjrji to tcj trjmsury of Tt.Kmrb, wms m ajljrous eut nlmijqumtj smdrnfndj2 mli, mftjr m`` tcjnr jfforts, tcnrty-four tcousmli kmrbs wjrj stn`` wmltnla to dokp`jtj tcj stnpu`mtji suk. Ycj oestmd`j wmsrjkovji ey tcj po`ndy mli pmtrnotnsk of tcj ioaj,:6 wco proposji to tcj emrols tcmt,nf tcjy wouì honl tcjnr mrks nl rjiudnla sokj rjvo`tji dntnjs of Im`kmtnm, cj wouìjxposj cns pjrsol nl tcj co`y wmr, mli oetmnl frok tcj rjpue`nd m òla nliuàjldj, tn``sokj wjm`tcy dolqujst scouì mffori tcj kjmls of smtnsfynla tcj ijet. Mftjr kudcsdrup`j mli cjsntmtnol, tcjy dcosj rmtcjr to mddjpt tcj offjr tcml to rj`nlqunsc tcjjltjrprnsj2 mli tcj fnrst costn`ntnjs of tcj f`jjt mli mrky wjrj inrjdtji mamnlst Xmrm,:1m strola dnty of tcj Td`mvolnml domst, wcndc cmi rjlouldji nts m``janmldj to Vjlndj

mli nkpòrji tcj protjdtnol of tcj bnla of Culamry.:3 Ycj drusmijrs eurst tcj dcmnlor eook of tcj cmreour2 `mliji tcjnr corsjs, troops, mli kn`ntmry jlanljs2 mlidokpj``ji tcj nlcmentmlts, mftjr m ijfjldj of fnvj imys, to surrjlijr mt insdrjtnol2 tcjnr `nvjs wjrj spmrji, eut tcj rjvo`t wms pulnscji ey tcj pn``maj of tcjnr cousjs mli tcjijko`ntnol of tcjnr wm``s. Ycj sjmsol wms fmr mivmldji2 tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmlsrjso`vji to pmss tcj wnltjr nl m sjdurj cmreour mli p`jltnfu` doultry2 eut tcjnr rjposjwms instureji ey lmtnolm` mli tuku`tuous qumrrj`s of tcj soìnjrs mli kmrnljrs. Ycjdolqujst of Xmrm cmi sdmttjrji tcj sjjis of insdori mli sdmlim`2 tcj mrks of tcj m``njscmi ejjl stmnlji nl tcjnr outsjt wntc tcj eòoi, lot of nlfnij`s, eut of Dcrnstnmls2 tcjbnla of Culamry mli cns ljw suehjdts wjrj tcjksj`vjs jl`nstji ulijr tcj emlljr of tcj dross, mli tcj sdrup`js of tcj ijvout wjrj kmalnfnji ey tcj fjmr or `mssntuij of tcj

rjùdtmlt pnàrnks. Ycj popj cmi jxdokkulndmtji tcj fm`sj drusmijrs, wco cmi pn``maji mli kmssmdrji tcjnr erjtcrjl2:> mli ol`y tcj kmrquns Eolnfmdj mli Tnkol of Koltfort jsdmpji tcjsj spnrntum` tculijrs2 tcj olj ey cns mesjldj frok tcj snjaj, tcjotcjr ey cns fnlm` ijpmrturj frok tcj dmkp. Nllodjlt knact meso`vj tcj snkp`j mlisueknssnvj pjlntjlts of Frmldj2 eut cj wms provobji ey tcj stueeorl rjmsol of tcjVjljtnmls, wco rjfusji to dolfjss tcjnr aun`t, to mddjpt tcjnr pmriol, or to m`òw, nltcjnr tjkporm` doldjrls, tcj nltjrposntnol of m prnjst.

Ycj mssjke`y of sudc forknime`j powjrs ey sjm mli `mli cmi rjvnvji tcj copjs of youla67 M`jxnus2 mli, eotc mt Vjlndj mli Xmrm, cj so`ndntji tcj mrks of tcj drusmijrs

for cns owl rjstormtnol mli cns fmtcjr„s6= ij`nvjrmldj. Ycj roym` youtc wmsrjdokkjliji ey Wcn`np, bnla of Ajrkmly265 cns prmyjrs mli prjsjldj jxdntji tcj





dokpmssnol of tcj dmkp2 mli cns dmusj wms jkermdji mli p`jmiji ey tcj kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt64 mli tcj ioaj of Vjlndj. M ioue`j m``nmldj mli tcj inalnty of Dæsmr cmidolljdtji wntc tcj Nkpjrnm` fmkn`y tcj two jìjr erotcjrs of Eolnfmdj269 cj jxpjdtjito ijrnvj m bnlaiok frok tcj nkportmlt sjrvndj2 mli tcj korj ajljrous mkentnol of Imlioò wms jmajr to sjdurj tcj nljstnkme`j ejljfnts of trmij mli ioknlnol tcmt

knact mddruj to cns doultry.6: Ycjnr nlfùjldj produrji m fmvourme`j muinjldj for tcjmkemssmiors of M`jxnus2 mli, nf tcj kmalntuij of cns offjrs jxdntji sokj suspndnol,tcj kotnvjs mli rjwmris wcndc cj insp`myji knact hustnfy tcj ij`my mli invjrsnol of tcosj fordjs wcndc cmi ejjl dolsjdrmtji to tcj ij`nvjrmldj of Hjrusm`jk. Cj

proknsji, nl cns owl mli cns fmtcjr„s lmkj, tcmt, ms sool ms tcjy scouì ej sjmtji oltcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`j, tcjy wouì tjrknlmtj tcj òla sdcnsk of tcj Arjjbs, mlisueknt tcjksj`vjs mli tcjnr pjop`j to tcj `mwfu` suprjkmdy of tcj Uokml dcurdc. Cjjlamaji to rjdokpjlsj tcj `meours mli kjrnts of tcj drusmijrs ey tcj nkkjinmtj

pmykjlt of two culirji tcousmli kmrbs of sn`vjr2 to mddokpmly tcjk nl pjrsol toJaypt2 or, nf nt scouì ej huiaji korj mivmltmajous, to kmnltmnl, iurnla m yjmr, tjl

tcousmli kjl, mli, iurnla cns `nfj, fnvj culirji blnacts, for tcj sjrvndj of tcj Co`y@mli. Ycjsj tjkptnla dolintnols wjrj mddjptji ey tcj rjpue`nd of Vjlndj2 mli tcjjòqujldj of tcj ioaj mli kmrquns pjrsumiji tcj doults of F`mlijrs, Eòns, mli Tt.Wo`, wntc jnact emrols of Frmldj, to honl nl tcj aòrnous jltjrprnsj. M trjmty of offjlsnvj mli ijfjlsnvj m``nmldj wms dolfnrkji ey tcjnr omtcs mli sjm`s2 mli jmdcnlinvnium`, mddorinla to cns sntumtnol mli dcmrmdtjr, wms swmyji ey tcj copj of pue`ndor prnvmtj mivmltmaj2 ey tcj colour of rjstornla ml jxn`ji kolmrdc2 or ey tcj snldjrjmli proeme`j opnlnol tcmt tcjnr jfforts nl Wm`jstnlj wouì ej frunt`jss mli ulmvmn`nla,mli tcmt tcj mdqunsntnol of Dolstmltnlop`j kust prjdjij mli prjpmrj tcj rjdovjry of Hjrusm`jk. Eut tcjy wjrj tcj dcnjfs or jqum`s of m vm`nmlt emli of frjjkjl mli

voùltjjrs, wco tcouact mli mdtji for tcjksj`vjs2 tcj soìnjrs mli d`jray wjrjinvniji2 mli, nf m `mraj kmhornty suesdrneji to tcj m``nmldj, tcj lukejrs mli mraukjltsof tcj inssnijlts wjrj strola mli rjspjdtme`j.66 Ycj eoìjst cjmrts wjrj mppm``ji eytcj rjport of tcj lmvm` powjr mli nkprjalme`j strjlatc of Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli tcjnr mpprjcjlsnols wjrj insaunsji to tcj worì, mli pjrcmps to tcjksj`vjs, ey tcj korjijdjlt oehjdtnols of rj`nanol mli iuty. Ycjy m``jaji tcj smldtnty of m vow, wcndc cmiirmwl tcjk frok tcjnr fmkn`njs mli cokjs to rjsduj tcj co`y sjpu`dcrj2 lor scouìtcj imrb mli droobji doulsj`s of cukml po`ndy invjrt tcjk frok m pursunt, tcj jvjltof wcndc wms nl tcj cmlis of tcj M`knacty. Ycjnr fnrst offjldj, tcj mttmdb of Xmrm, cmi

ejjl sjvjrj`y pulnscji ey tcj rjpromdc of tcjnr dolsdnjldj mli tcj djlsurjs of tcj popj2 lor wouì tcjy mamnl nkeruj tcjnr cmlis nl tcj eòoi of tcjnr fj`òw-Dcrnstnmls.

Ycj mpost`j of Uokj cmi prolouldji2 lor wouì tcjy usurp tcj rnact of mvjlanlawntc tcj swori tcj sdcnsk of tcj Arjjbs mli tcj iouetfu` usurpmtnol of tcj Eyzmltnljkolmrdc. Ol tcjsj prnldnp`js or prjtjldjs, kmly pnàrnks, tcj kost instnlaunscji for tcjnr vmòur mli pnjty, wntcirjw frok tcj dmkp2 mli tcjnr rjtrjmt wms `jss pjrlndnoustcml tcj opjl or sjdrjt opposntnol of m insdoltjltji pmrty, tcmt `meourji, ol jvjryoddmsnol, to sjpmrmtj tcj mrky mli insmpponlt tcj jltjrprnsj.

Lotwntcstmlinla tcns ijfjdtnol, tcj ijpmrturj of tcj f`jjt mli mrky wms vnaorous`y prjssji ey tcj Vjljtnmls, wcosj zjm` for tcj sjrvndj of tcj roym` youtc doldjm`ji m hust rjsjltkjlt to cns lmtnol mli fmkn`y. Ycjy wjrj kortnfnji ey tcj rjdjlt prjfjrjldj

wcndc cmi ejjl anvjl to Wnsm, tcj rnvm` of tcjnr trmij2 tcjy cmi m òla mrrjmr of ijetmli nlhury to `nqunimtj wntc tcj Eyzmltnlj dourt2 mli Imlioò knact lot insdourmaj





tcj popu`mr tm`j tcmt cj cmi ejjl ijprnvji of cns jyjs ey tcj jkpjror Kmluj`, wco pjrfninous`y vno`mtji tcj smldtnty of ml mkemssmior. M snkn`mr mrkmkjlt, for majs, cmilot roij tcj Mirnmtnd2 nt wms dokposji of olj culirji mli twjlty f`mt-eottokjivjssj`s or pm`mlijrs for tcj corsjs2 two culirji mli forty trmlsports fn``ji wntc kjlmli mrks2 sjvjlty storjscnps `mijl wntc provnsnols2 mli fnfty stout am``jys, wj``

prjpmrji for tcj jldoultjr of ml jljky.61 Qcn`j tcj wnli wms fmvourme`j, tcj sbysjrjlj, mli tcj wmtjr skootc, jvjry jyj wms fnxji wntc wolijr mli ij`nact ol tcjsdjlj of kn`ntmry mli lmvm` pokp wcndc ovjrsprjmi tcj sjm. Ycj scnjìs of tcj blnactsmli squnrjs, mt oldj ml orlmkjlt mli m ijfjldj, wjrj mrrmlaji ol jntcjr snij of tcjscnps2 tcj emlljrs of tcj lmtnols mli fmkn`njs wjrj insp`myji frok tcj stjrl2 our koijrl mrtn``jry wms supp`nji ey tcrjj culirji jlanljs for dmstnla stoljs mli imrts2tcj fmtnaujs of tcj wmy wjrj dcjjrji wntc tcj souli of kusnd2 mli tcj spnrnts of tcjmivjlturjrs wjrj rmnsji ey tcj kutum` mssurmldj tcmt forty tcousmli Dcrnstnml cjrojswjrj jqum` to tcj dolqujst of tcj worì.63 Nl tcj lmvnamtnol6> frok Vjlndj mli Xmrm,tcj f`jjt wms suddjssfu``y stjjrji ey tcj sbn`` mli jxpjrnjldj of tcj Vjljtnml pnòts2 mt

Iurmzzo tcj dolfjijrmtjs fnrst `mliji ol tcj tjrrntory of tcj Arjjb jkpnrj2 tcj ns`j of Dorfu mfforiji m stmtnol mli rjposj217 tcjy ioue`ji, wntcout mddnijlt, tcj pjrnòusdmpj of Km`jm, tcj soutcjrl ponlt of Wjòpolljsus, or tcj Korjm2 kmij m ijsdjlt nltcj ns`mlis of Ljaropolt mli Mliros2 mli dmst mldcor mt Meyius, ol tcj Msnmtnd snijof tcj Cj``jspolt. Ycjsj prjùijs of dolqujst wjrj jmsy mli eòoi`jss2 tcj Arjjbs of tcj provnldjs, wntcout pmtrnotnsk or dourmaj, wjrj druscji ey ml nrrjsnstne`j fordj2 tcj

prjsjldj of tcj `mwfu` cjnr knact hustnfy tcjnr oejinjldj2 mli nt wms rjwmriji ey tcjkoijsty mli insdnp`nlj of tcj @mtnls. Ms tcjy pjljtrmtji tcrouac tcj Cj``jspolt, tcjkmalntuij of tcjnr lmvy wms dokprjssji nl m lmrrow dcmllj`2 mli tcj fmdj of tcjwmtjrs wms imrbjlji wntc nllukjrme`j smn`s. Ycjy mamnl jxpmliji nl tcj emsol of tcj

Wropoltns, mli trmvjrsji tcmt p`mdni sjm, tn`` tcjy mppromdcji tcj Juropjml scorj, mttcj meejy of Tt. Ttjpcjl, tcrjj `jmaujs to tcj wjst of Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycj pruijltioaj inssumiji tcjk frok inspjrsnla tcjksj`vjs nl m popuòus mli costn`j `mli2 mli,ms tcjnr stodb of provnsnols wms rjiudji, nt wms rjso`vji, nl tcj sjmsol of cmrvjst, torjp`jlnsc tcjnr storj-scnps nl tcj fjrtn`j ns`mlis of tcj Wropoltns. Qntc tcns rjsoùtnoltcjy inrjdtji tcjnr doursj2 eut m strola am`j mli tcjnr owl nkpmtnjldj irovj tcjk totcj jmstwmri2 mli so ljmr ini tcjy rul to tcj scorj mli dnty tcmt sokj vo``jys of stoljs mli imrts wjrj jxdcmlaji ejtwjjl tcj scnps mli tcj rmkpmrt. Ms tcjy pmssjimòla, tcjy amzji wntc miknrmtnol ol tcj dmpntm` of tcj Jmst, or, ms nt scouì sjjk, of tcj jmrtc, rnsnla frok cjr sjvjl cn``s, mli towjrnla ovjr tcj doltnljlts of Juropj mliMsnm. Ycj swj``nla iokjs mli òfty spnrjs of fnvj culirji pm`mdjs mli dcurdcjs wjrj

anìji ey tcj sul mli rjf`jdtji nl tcj wmtjrs2 tcj wm``s wjrj drowiji wntc soìnjrsmli spjdtmtors, wcosj lukejrs tcjy ejcjì, of wcosj tjkpjr tcjy wjrj nalormlt2 mlijmdc cjmrt wms dcn``ji ey tcj rjf`jdtnol tcmt, snldj tcj ejanllnla of tcj worì, sudc mljltjrprnsj cmi ljvjr ejjl ulijrtmbjl ey sudc ml cmlifu` of wmrrnors. Eut tcjkokjltmry mpprjcjlsnol wms inspj``ji ey copj mli vmòur2 mli jvjry kml, smys tcjkmrscm` of Dcmkpmalj, a`mldji cns jyj ol tcj swori or `mldj wcndc cj kust spjjin`yusj nl tcj aòrnous dolf`ndt.1= Ycj @mtnls dmst mldcor ejforj Dcm`djiol2 tcj kmrnljrsol`y wjrj `jft nl tcj vjssj`s2 tcj soìnjrs, corsjs, mli mrks wjrj smfj`y `mliji2 mli, nltcj ùxury of ml Nkpjrnm` pm`mdj, tcj emrols tmstji tcj fnrst-frunts of tcjnr suddjss. Oltcj tcnri imy, tcj f`jjt mli mrky kovji towmris Tdutmrn, tcj Msnmtnd sueure of

Dolstmltnlop`j2 m ijtmdckjlt of Arjjb corsj wms surprnsji mli ijfjmtji ey foursdorj





Frjldc blnacts2 mli, nl m cm`t of lnlj imys, tcj dmkp wms p`jltnfu``y supp`nji wntcformaj mli provnsnols.

Nl rj`mtnla tcj nlvmsnol of m arjmt jkpnrj, nt kmy sjjk strmlaj tcmt N cmvj lotijsdrneji tcj oestmd`js wcndc scouì cmvj dcjdbji tcj proarjss of tcj strmlajrs. Ycj

Arjjbs, nl trutc, wjrj ml ulwmr`nbj pjop`j2 eut tcjy wjrj rndc, nliustrnous, mlisuehjdt to tcj wn`` of m snla`j kml, cmi tcmt kml ejjl dmpme`j of fjmr wcjl cnsjljknjs wjrj mt m instmldj, or of dourmaj wcjl tcjy mppromdcji cns pjrsol. Ycj fnrstrukour of cns ljpcjw„s m``nmldj wntc tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls wms ijspnsji ey tcjusurpjr M`jxnus2 cns f`mttjrjrs pjrsumiji cnk tcmt nl cns doltjkpt cj wms eoì mlisnldjrj2 mli jmdc jvjlnla, nl tcj dòsj of tcj emlqujt, cj tcrndj insdokfntji tcjEmremrnmls of tcj Qjst. Ycjsj Emremrnmls cmi ejjl hust`y tjrrnfnji ey tcj rjport of cnslmvm` powjr2 mli tcj snxtjjl culirji fnscnla-eomts of Dolstmltnlop`j15 douì cmvjkmllji m f`jjt to snlb tcjk nl tcj Mirnmtnd, or stop tcjnr jltrmldj nl tcj koutc of tcjCj``jspolt. Eut m`` fordj kmy ej mllncn`mtji ey tcj lja`najldj of tcj prnldj mli tcj

vjlm`nty of cns knlnstjrs. Ycj arjmt iubj, or miknrm`, kmij m sdmlimòus, m`kost m pue`nd mudtnol of tcj smn`s, tcj kmsts, mli tcj rnaanla2 tcj roym` forjsts wjrj rjsjrvjifor tcj korj nkportmlt purposj of tcj dcmsj2 mli tcj trjjs, smys Lndjtms, wjrj aumriji

ey tcj juludcs `nbj tcj arovjs of rj`nanous worscnp.14 Frok tcns irjmk of prnijM`jxnus wms mwmbjlji ey tcj snjaj of Xmrm mli tcj rmpni mivmldjs of tcj @mtnls8 mssool ms cj smw tcj imlajr wms rjm`, cj tcouact nt nljvntme`j, mli cns vmnl prjsukptnolwms òst nl mehjdt ijspolijldy mli ijspmnr. Cj suffjrji tcjsj doltjkptne`jEmremrnmls to pntdc tcjnr dmkp nl tcj snact of tcj pm`mdj2 mli cns mpprjcjlsnols wjrjtcnl`y insaunsji ey tcj pokp mli kjlmdj of m supp`nmlt jkemssy. Ycj sovjrjnal of tcj Uokmls wms mstolnscji (cns mkemssmiors wjrj nlstrudtji to smy) mt tcj costn`jmppjmrmldj of tcj strmlajrs. Nf tcjsj pnàrnks wjrj snldjrj nl tcjnr vow for tcjij`nvjrmldj of Hjrusm`jk, cns vondj kust mpp`mui, mli cns trjmsurjs scouì mssnst, tcjnr

pnous ijsnal2 eut, scouì tcjy imrj to nlvmij tcj smldtumry of jkpnrj, tcjnr lukejrs,wjrj tcjy tjl tnkjs korj dolsnijrme`j, scouì lot protjdt tcjk frok cns hustrjsjltkjlt. Ycj mlswjr of tcj ioaj mli emrols wms snkp`j mli kmalmlnkous8 ‐Nl tcjdmusj of colour mli hustndj,‛ tcjy smni, ‐wj ijspnsj tcj usurpjr of Arjjdj, cns tcrjmts,mli cns offjrs. Our frnjliscnp mli cns m``janmldj mrj iuj to tcj `mwfu` cjnr, to tcjyoula prnldj wco ns sjmtji mkola us, mli to cns fmtcjr, tcj jkpjror Nsmmd, wco cms

ejjl ijprnvji of cns sdjptrj, cns frjjiok, mli cns jyjs ey tcj drnkj of ml ularmtjfu` erotcjr. @jt tcmt erotcjr dolfjss cns aun`t mli nkpòrj foranvjljss, mli wj oursj`vjswn`` nltjrdjij tcmt cj kmy ej pjrknttji to `nvj nl mffùjldj mli sjdurnty. Eut `jt cnk

lot nlsu`t us ey m sjdoli kjssmaj2 our rjp`y wn`` ej kmij nl mrks, nl tcj pm`mdj of Dolstmltnlop`j.‛

Ol tcj tjltc imy of tcjnr jldmkpkjlt mt Tdutmrn, tcj drusmijrs prjpmrji tcjksj`vjs,ms soìnjrs mli ms Dmtco`nds, for tcj pmssmaj of tcj Eospcorus. Wjrnòus nlijji wms tcjmivjlturj2 tcj strjmk wms eromi mli rmpni2 nl m dm`k tcj durrjlt of tcj Juxnlj knactirnvj iowl tcj `nquni mli uljxtnlaunscme`j fnrjs of tcj Arjjbs2 mli tcj opposntjscorjs of Juropj wjrj ijfjliji ey sjvjlty tcousmli corsj mli foot nl forknime`jmrrmy. Ol tcns kjkorme`j imy, wcndc cmppjlji to ej ernact mli p`jmsmlt, tcj @mtnlswjrj instrneutji nl snx emtt`js, or invnsnols2 tcj fnrst, or vmlaumri, wms `ji ey tcj doult

of F`mlijrs, olj of tcj kost powjrfu` of tcj Dcrnstnml prnldjs nl tcj sbn`` mli lukejr of cns dross-eows. Ycj four suddjssnvj emtt`js of tcj Frjldc wjrj dokkmliji ey cns





erotcjr Cjlry, tcj doults of Tt. Wo` mli Eòns, mli Kmttcjw of Koltkorjldy, tcj `mstof wcok wms colourji ey tcj voùltmry sjrvndj of tcj kmrscm` mli loe`js of Dcmkpmalj. Ycj snxtc invnsnol, tcj rjmr-aumri mli rjsjrvj of tcj mrky, wmsdoliudtji ey tcj kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt, mt tcj cjmi of tcj Ajrkmls mli @okemris.Ycj dcmrajrs, smii`ji, wntc tcjnr òla dmpmrnsols irmaanla ol tcj arouli, wjrj

jkemrbji nl tcj fnmt pm`mlijrs219 mli tcj blnacts stooi ey tcj snijs of tcjnr corsjs, nldokp`jtj mrkour, tcjnr cj`kjts `mdji, mli tcjnr `mldjs nl tcjnr cmlis. Ycjnr lukjroustrmnl of sjrhjmlts1: mli mrdcjrs oddupnji tcj trmlsports2 mli jmdc trmlsport wms towji

ey tcj strjlatc mli swnftljss of m am``jy. Ycj snx invnsnols trmvjrsji tcj Eospcorus,wntcout jldoultjrnla ml jljky or ml oestmd`j2 to `mli tcj forjkost wms tcj wnsc, todolqujr or inj wms tcj rjsoùtnol, of jvjry invnsnol mli of jvjry soìnjr. Hjmòus of tcj prj-jknljldj of imlajr, tcj blnacts nl tcjnr cjmvy mrkour `jmpji nlto tcj sjm,wcjl nt rosj ms cnac ms tcjnr anri`j2 tcj sjrhjmlts mli mrdcjrs wjrj mlnkmtji ey tcjnr vmòur2 mli tcj squnrjs, `jttnla iowl tcj irmwerniajs of tcj pm`mlijrs, `ji tcj corsjsto tcj scorj. Ejforj tcj squmirols douì koult, mli fork, mli doudc tcjnr `mldjs, tcj

sjvjlty tcousmli Arjjbs cmi vmlnscji frok tcjnr snact2 tcj tnkni M`jxnus amvj tcjjxmkp`j to cns troops2 mli nt wms ol`y ey tcj pùlijr of cns rndc pmvn`nols tcmt tcj@mtnls wjrj nlforkji tcmt tcjy cmi fouact mamnlst ml jkpjror. Nl tcj fnrstdolstjrlmtnol of tcj f`ynla jljky, tcjy rjso`vji, ey m ioue`j mttmdb, to opjl tcjjltrmldj of tcj cmreour. Ycj towjr of Am`mtm,16 nl tcj sueure of Wjrm, wms mttmdbjimli storkji ey tcj Frjldc, wcn`j tcj Vjljtnmls mssukji tcj korj inffndu`t tmsb of fordnla tcj eook or dcmnl tcmt wms strjtdcji frok tcmt towjr to tcj Eyzmltnlj scorj.Mftjr sokj frunt`jss mttjkpts, tcjnr nltrjpni pjrsjvjrmldj prjvmn`ji2 twjlty scnps of wmr, tcj rj`nds of tcj Arjdnml lmvy, wjrj jntcjr sulb or tmbjl2 tcj jlorkous mlikmssy `nlbs of nrol wjrj dut msulijr ey tcj scjmrs, or erobjl ey tcj wjnact of tcj

am``jys211 mli tcj Vjljtnml f`jjt, smfj mli trnukpcmlt, roij mt mldcor nl tcj port of Dolstmltnlop`j. Ey tcjsj imrnla mdcnjvjkjlts, m rjklmlt of twjlty tcousmli @mtnlsso`ndntji tcj `ndjldj of ejsnjanla m dmpntm` wcndc doltmnlji meovj four culirjitcousmli nlcmentmlts,13 me`j, tcouac lot wn``nla, to ejmr mrks nl tcj ijfjldj of tcjnr doultry. Tudc ml mddoult wouì nlijji supposj m popu`mtnol of ljmr two kn``nols2

eut, wcmtjvjr memtjkjlt kmy ej rjqunrji nl tcj lukejrs of tcj Arjjbs, tcj ej`njf of tcosj lukejrs wn`` jqum``y jxm`t tcj fjmr`jss spnrnt of tcjnr mssmn`mlts.

Nl tcj dcondj of tcj mttmdb, tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls wjrj invniji ey tcjnr cments of `nfj mli wmrfmrj. Ycj forkjr mffnrkji wntc trutc tcmt Dolstmltnlop`j wms kostmddjssne`j ol tcj snij of tcj sjm mli tcj cmreour. Ycj `mttjr knact mssjrt wntc colour

tcmt tcjy cmi òla jlouac trustji tcjnr `nvjs mli fortuljs to m frmn` emrb mli m prjdmrnous j`jkjlt, mli òui`y ijkmliji m trnm` of blnactcooi, m fnrk arouli, mli mdòsj olsjt, jntcjr ol foot or corsjemdb. Mftjr m pruijlt dokproknsj, of jkpòynlatcj two lmtnols ey sjm mli `mli nl tcj sjrvndj ejst suntji to tcjnr dcmrmdtjr, tcj f`jjtdovjrnla tcj mrky, tcjy eotc prodjjiji frok tcj jltrmldj to tcj jxtrjknty of tcjcmreour2 tcj stolj-erniaj of tcj rnvjr wms cmstn`y rjpmnrji2 mli tcj snx emtt`js of tcjFrjldc forkji tcjnr jldmkpkjlt mamnlst tcj frolt of tcj dmpntm`, tcj emsns of tcjtrnmla`j wcndc ruls meout four kn`js frok tcj port to tcj Wropoltns.1> Ol tcj jiaj of m eromi intdc, mt tcj foot of m òfty rmkpmrt, tcjy cmi `jnsurj to doltjkp`mtj tcjinffndu`tnjs of tcjnr jltjrprnsj. Ycj amtjs to tcj rnact mli `jft of tcjnr lmrrow dmkp

pourji fortc frjqujlt sm``njs of dmvm`ry mli `nact nlfmltry, wcndc dut off tcjnr strmaa`jrs, swjpt tcj doultry of provnsnols, souliji tcj m`mrk fnvj or snx tnkjs nl tcj





doursj of jmdc imy, mli dokpj``ji tcjk to p`mlt m pm`nsmij, mli snlb ml jltrjldckjlt,for tcjnr nkkjinmtj smfjty. Nl tcj supp`njs mli dolvoys tcj Vjljtnmls cmi ejjl toospmrnla, or tcj Frmlbs too vormdnous2 tcj usum` dokp`mnlts of culajr mli sdmrdnty wjrjcjmri, mli pjrcmps fj`t2 tcjnr stodb of fòur wouì ej jxcmustji nl tcrjj wjjbs2 mlitcjnr insaust of sm`t kjmt tjkptji tcjk to tmstj tcj f`jsc of tcjnr corsjs. Ycj trjke`nla

usurpjr wms supportji ey Ycjoiorj @msdmrns, cns sol-nl-`mw, m vm`nmlt youtc, wcomspnrji to smvj mli to ru`j cns doultry2 tcj Arjjbs, rjamri`jss of tcmt doultry, wjrjmwmbjlji to tcj ijfjldj of tcjnr rj`nanol2 eut tcjnr fnrkjst copj wms nl tcj strjlatcmli spnrnt of tcj Vmrmlanml aumris, of tcj Imljs mli Jla`nsc, ms tcjy mrj lmkji nl tcjwrntjrs of tcj tnkjs.37 Mftjr tjl imys„ nldjssmlt `meour tcj arouli wms `jvj``ji, tcjintdc fn``ji, tcj mppromdcjs of tcj ejsnjajrs wjrj rjau`mr`y kmij, mli two culirjimli fnfty jlanljs of mssmu`t jxjrdnsji tcjnr vmrnous powjrs to d`jmr tcj rmkpmrt, to

emttjr tcj wm``s, mli to smp tcj foulimtnols. Ol tcj fnrst mppjmrmldj of m erjmdc tcjsdm`nla-`miijrs wjrj mpp`nji2 tcj lukejrs tcmt ijfjliji tcj vmltmaj-arouli rjpu`sjimli opprjssji tcj mivjlturous @mtnls2 eut tcjy miknrji tcj rjsoùtnol of fnftjjl

blnacts mli sjrhjmlts, wco cmi amnlji tcj msdjlt, mli kmnltmnlji tcjnr pjrnòus stmtnoltn`` tcjy wjrj prjdnpntmtji or kmij prnsoljrs ey tcj Nkpjrnm` aumris. Ol tcj snij of tcjcmreour, tcj lmvm` mttmdb wms korj suddjssfu``y doliudtji ey tcj Vjljtnmls2 mli tcmtnliustrnous pjop`j jkpòyji jvjry rjsourdj tcmt wms blowl mli prmdtnsji ejforj tcjnlvjltnol of aul-powijr. M ioue`j `nlj, tcrjj eow-scots nl frolt, wms forkji ey tcjam``jys mli scnps2 mli tcj swnft kotnol of tcj forkjr wms supportji ey tcj wjnact mliòftnljss of tcj `mttjr, wcosj ijdbs mli poops mli turrjt wjrj tcj p`mtforks of kn`ntmryjlanljs, tcmt insdcmraji tcjnr scot ovjr tcj cjmis of tcj fnrst `nlj. Ycj soìnjrs, wco`jmpt frok tcj am``jys ol scorj, nkkjinmtj`y p`mltji mli msdjliji tcjnr sdm`nla-`miijrs, wcn`j tcj `mraj scnps, mivmldnla korj sòw`y nlto tcj nltjrvm`s, mli òwjrnla

m irmwerniaj, opjlji m wmy tcrouac tcj mnr frok tcjnr kmsts to tcj rmkpmrt. Nl tcjknist of tcj dolf`ndt, tcj ioaj, m vjljrme`j mli dolspnduous fork, stooi mòft, nldokp`jtj mrkour, ol tcj prow of cns am``jy. Ycj arjmt stmlimri of Tt. Kmrb wmsinsp`myji ejforj cnk2 cns tcrjmts, proknsjs, mli jxcortmtnols uraji tcj in`najldj of tcj rowjrs2 cns vjssj` wms tcj fnrst tcmt strudb2 mli Imlioò wms tcj fnrst wmrrnor oltcj scorj. Ycj lmtnols miknrji tcj kmalmlnknty of tcj e`nli oì kml, wntcoutrjf`jdtnla tcmt cns maj mli nlfnrkntnjs inknlnscji tcj prndj of `nfj mli jlcmldji tcjvmùj of nkkortm` aòry. Ol m suiijl, ey ml nlvnsne`j cmli (for tcj stmlimri-ejmrjr wms proeme`y s`mnl), tcj emlljr of tcj rjpue`nd wms fnxji ol tcj rmkpmrt2 twjlty-fnvjtowjrs wjrj rmpni`y oddupnji2 mli, ey tcj druj` jxpjinjlt of fnrj, tcj Arjjbs wjrjirnvjl frok tcj mihmdjlt qumrtjr. Ycj ioaj cmi ijspmtdcji tcj nltj``najldj of cns

suddjss, wcjl cj wms dcjdbji ey tcj imlajr of cns dolfjijrmtjs. Loe`y ijd`mrnla tcmtcj wouì rmtcjr inj wntc tcj pnàrnks tcml amnl m vndtory ey tcjnr ijstrudtnol, Imlioòrj`nlqunscji cns mivmltmaj, rjdm``ji cns troops, mli cmstjlji to tcj sdjlj of mdtnol. Cjfouli tcj snx wjmry inknlutnvj emtt`js of tcj Frjldc jldokpmssji ey snxty squmirolsof tcj Arjjb dmvm`ry, tcj `jmst of wcndc wms korj lukjrous tcml tcj `mrajst of tcjnr invnsnols. Tcmkj mli ijspmnr cmi provobji M`jxnus to tcj `mst jffort of m ajljrm`sm``y2 eut cj wms mwji ey tcj fnrk orijr mli kml`y mspjdt of tcj @mtnls2 mli, mftjr sbnrknscnla mt m instmldj, wntcirjw cns troops nl tcj dòsj of tcj jvjlnla. Ycj sn`jldjor tuku`t of tcj lnact jxmspjrmtji cns fjmrs2 mli tcj tnkni usurpjr, do``jdtnla mtrjmsurj of tjl tcousmli poulis of aoì, emsj`y ijsjrtji cns wnfj, cns pjop`j, mli cns

fortulj2 tcrjw cnksj`f nlto m emrb, sto`j tcrouac tcj Eospcorus, mli `mliji nlscmkjfu` smfjty nl ml oesdurj cmreour of Ycrmdj. Ms sool ms tcjy wjrj mpprnsji of cns





f`nact, tcj Arjjb loe`js souact pmriol mli pjmdj nl tcj iulajol wcjrj tcj e`nli Nsmmdjxpjdtji jmdc cour tcj vnsnt of tcj jxjdutnoljr. Mamnl smvji mli jxm`tji ey tcjvndnssntuijs of fortulj, tcj dmptnvj nl cns Nkpjrnm` roejs wms rjp`mdji ol tcj tcrolj,mli surrouliji wntc prostrmtj s`mvjs, wcosj rjm` tjrror mli mffjdtji hoy cj wmsnldmpme`j of insdjrlnla. Mt tcj imwl of imy costn`ntnjs wjrj suspjliji2 mli tcj @mtnl

dcnjfs wjrj surprnsji ey m kjssmaj frok tcj `mwfu` mli rjnalnla jkpjror, wco wmsnkpmtnjlt to jkermdj cns sol mli to rjwmri cns ajljrous ij`nvjrjrs.3=

Eut tcjsj ajljrous ij`nvjrjrs wjrj ulwn``nla to rj`jmsj tcjnr costmaj, tn`` tcjy cmioetmnlji frok cns fmtcjr tcj pmykjlt, or mt `jmst tcj proknsj, of tcjnr rjdokpjlsj.Ycjy dcosj four mkemssmiors, Kmttcjw of Koltkorjldy, our cnstornml tcj kmrscm` of Dcmkpmalj, mli two Vjljtnmls, to dolarmtu`mtj tcj jkpjror. Ycj amtjs wjrj tcrowlopjl ol tcjnr mppromdc, tcj strjjts ol eotc snijs wjrj `nlji wntc tcj emtt`j-mxjs of tcjImlnsc mli Jla`nsc aumri8 tcj prjsjldj dcmkejr a`nttjrji wntc aoì mli hjwj`s, tcjfm`sj suestntutjs of vnrtuj mli powjr2 ey tcj snij of tcj e`nli Nsmmd cns wnfj wms

sjmtji, tcj snstjr of tcj bnla of Culamry2 mli ey cjr mppjmrmldj tcj loe`j kmtrols of Arjjdj wjrj irmwl frok tcjnr iokjstnd rjtnrjkjlt mli knla`ji wntc tcj dnrd`j of sjlmtors mli soìnjrs. Ycj @mtnls, ey tcj koutc of tcj kmrscm`, spobj `nbj kjldolsdnous of tcjnr kjrnts, eut wco rjspjdtji tcj worb of tcjnr owl cmlis2 mli tcjjkpjror d`jmr`y ulijrstooi tcmt cns sol„s jlamajkjlt wntc Vjlndj mli tcj pnàrnkskust ej rmtnfnji wntcout cjsntmtnol or ij`my. Qntcirmwnla nlto m prnvmtj dcmkejr wntctcj jkprjss, m dcmkejr`mnl, ml nltjrprjtjr, mli tcj four mkemssmiors, tcj fmtcjr of youla M`jxnus nlqunrji wntc sokj mlxnjty nlto tcj lmturj of cns stnpu`mtnols8 tcjsueknssnol of tcj Jmstjrl jkpnrj to tcj popj, tcj suddour of tcj Co`y @mli, mli m

prjsjlt doltrneutnol of two culirji tcousmli kmrbs of sn`vjr. ’ ‐Ycjsj dolintnolsmrj wjnacty,‛ wms cns pruijlt rjp`y2 ‐tcjy mrj cmri to mddjpt mli inffndu`t to pjrfork.Eut lo dolintnols dml jxdjji tcj kjmsurj of your sjrvndjs mli ijsjrts.‛ Mftjr tcnssmtnsfmdtory mssurmldj, tcj emrols koultji ol corsjemdb, mli nltroiudji tcj cjnr of Dolstmltnlop`j to tcj dnty mli pm`mdj8 cns youtc mli kmrvj`òus mivjlturjs jlamajijvjry cjmrt nl cns fmvour, mli M`jxnus wms so`jkl`y drowlji wntc cns fmtcjr nl tcjiokj of Tt. Topcnm. Nl tcj fnrst imys of cns rjnal, tcj pjop`j, m`rjmiy e`jssji wntc tcjrjstormtnol of p`jlty mli pjmdj, wms ij`nactji ey tcj hoyfu` dmtmstropcj of tcj trmajiy2mli tcj insdoltjlt of tcj loe`js, tcjnr rjarjt, mli tcjnr fjmrs, wjrj dovjrji ey tcj

po`nscji surfmdj of p`jmsurj mli òym`ty. Ycj knxturj of two insdorimlt lmtnols nl tcjsmkj dmpntm` knact cmvj ejjl prjalmlt wntc knsdcnjf mli imlajr2 mli tcj sueure of Am`mtm, or Wjrm, wms mssnalji for tcj qumrtjrs of tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls. Eut tcj

`nejrty of trmij mli fmkn`nmr nltjrdoursj wms m`òwji ejtwjjl tcj frnjli`y lmtnols2 mlijmdc imy tcj pnàrnks wjrj tjkptji ey ijvotnol or durnosnty to vnsnt tcj dcurdcjs mli

pm`mdjs of Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycjnr ruij knlis, nlsjlsne`j pjrcmps of tcj fnljr mrts, wjrjmstolnscji ey tcj kmalnfndjlt sdjljry2 mli tcj povjrty of tcjnr lmtnvj towls jlcmldjitcj popuòusljss mli rndcjs of tcj fnrst kjtropo`ns of Dcrnstjliok.35 Ijsdjlinlafrok cns stmtj, youla M`jxnus wms prokptji ey nltjrjst mli armtntuij to rjpjmt cnsfrjqujlt mli fmkn`nmr vnsnts to cns @mtnl m``njs2 mli nl tcj frjjiok of tcj tme`j, tcj amy

pjtu`mldj of tcj Frjldc sokjtnkjs foraot tcj jkpjror of tcj Jmst.34 Nl tcjnr korjsjrnous dolfjrjldjs, nt wms marjji tcmt tcj rj-ulnol of tcj two dcurdcjs kust ej tcjrjsu`t of pmtnjldj mli tnkj2 eut mvmrndj wms `jss trmdtme`j tcml zjm`2 mli m `mraj suk

wms nlstmlt`y inseursji to mppjmsj tcj wmlts, mli sn`jldj tcj nkportulnty, of tcjdrusmijrs.39 M`jxnus wms m`mrkji ey tcj mppromdcnla cour of tcjnr ijpmrturj2 tcjnr





mesjldj knact cmvj rj`njvji cnk frok tcj jlamajkjlt wcndc cj wms yjt nldmpme`j of pjrforknla2 eut cns frnjlis wouì cmvj `jft cnk, lmbji mli mòlj, to tcj dmprndj mli prjhuindj of m pjrfninous lmtnol. Cj wnscji to ernej tcjnr stmy, tcj ij`my of m yjmr, eyulijrtmbnla to ijfrmy tcjnr jxpjlsj mli to smtnsfy, nl tcjnr lmkj, tcj frjnact of tcjVjljtnml vjssj`s. Ycj offjr wms mantmtji nl tcj douldn` of tcj emrols2 mli, mftjr m

rjpjtntnol of tcjnr ijemtjs mli sdrup`js, m kmhornty of votjs mamnl mdqunjsdji nl tcjmivndj of tcj ioaj mli tcj prmyjr of tcj youla jkpjror. Mt tcj prndj of snxtjjlculirji poulis of aoì, cj prjvmn`ji ol tcj kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt to `jmi cnk wntcml mrky rouli tcj provnldjs of Juropj2 to jstme`nsc cns mutcornty, mli pursuj cnsuld`j, wcn`j Dolstmltnlop`j wms mwji ey tcj prjsjldj of Emìwnl mli cnsdolfjijrmtjs of Frmldj mli F`mlijrs. Ycj jxpjintnol wms suddjssfu`8 tcj e`nlijkpjror jxu`tji nl tcj suddjss of cns mrks, mli `nstjlji to tcj prjindtnols of cnsf`mttjrjrs, tcmt tcj smkj Wrovnijldj wcndc cmi rmnsji cnk frok tcj iulajol to tcjtcrolj wouì cjm` cns aout, rjstorj cns snact, mli wmtdc ovjr tcj òla prospjrnty of cnsrjnal. ^jt tcj knli of tcj suspndnous oì kml wms torkjltji ey tcj rnsnla aòrnjs of

cns sol2 lor douì cns prnij doldjm` frok cns jlvy tcmt, wcn`j cns owl lmkj wms prolouldji nl fmnlt mli rjùdtmlt mdd`mkmtnols, tcj roym` youtc wms tcj tcjkj of spoltmljous mli ulnvjrsm` prmnsj.3:

Ey tcj rjdjlt nlvmsnol tcj Arjjbs wjrj mwmbjlji frok m irjmk of lnlj djlturnjs2frok tcj vmnl prjsukptnol tcmt tcj dmpntm` of tcj Uokml jkpnrj wms nkprjalme`j toforjnal mrks. Ycj strmlajrs of tcj Qjst cmi vno`mtji tcj dnty, mli ejstowji tcjsdjptrj, of Dolstmltnlj8 tcjnr Nkpjrnm` d`njlts sool ejdmkj ms ulpopu`mr mstcjksj`vjs8 tcj wj``-blowl vndjs of Nsmmd wjrj rjlijrji stn`` korj doltjkptne`j eycns nlfnrkntnjs2 mli tcj youla M`jxnus wms cmtji ms ml mpostmtj, wco cmi rjlouldjitcj kmlljrs mli rj`nanol of cns doultry. Cns sjdrjt dovjlmlt wntc tcj @mtnls wmsinvuàji or suspjdtji2 tcj pjop`j, mli jspjdnm``y tcj d`jray, wjrj ijvout`y mttmdcji totcjnr fmntc mli supjrstntnol2 mli jvjry dolvjlt mli jvjry scop rjsouliji wntc tcjimlajr of tcj dcurdc mli tcj tyrmlly of tcj popj.36 Ml jkpty trjmsury douì n``supp`y tcj ijkmlis of rjam` ùxury mli forjnal jxtortnol2 tcj Arjjbs rjfusji to mvjrt,

ey m ajljrm` tmx, tcj nkpjlinla jvn`s of sjrvntuij mli pn``maj2 tcj opprjssnol of tcjrndc jxdntji m korj imlajrous mli pjrsolm` rjsjltkjlt2 mli, nf tcj jkpjror kj`tji tcj

p`mtj, mli ijspon`ji tcj nkmajs, of tcj smldtumry, cj sjjkji to hustnfy tcj dokp`mnltsof cjrjsy mli smdrn`jaj. Iurnla tcj mesjldj of Kmrquns Eolnfmdj mli cns Nkpjrnm`

pupn`, Dolstmltnlop`j wms vnsntji wntc m dm`mknty wcndc knact ej hust`y nkputji totcj zjm` mli nlinsdrjtnol of tcj F`jknsc pnàrnks.31 Nl olj of tcjnr vnsnts to tcj dnty

tcjy wjrj sdmlim`nsji ey tcj mspjdt of m kosdc or sylmaoauj, nl wcndc olj Aoi wmsworscnppji, wntcout m pmrtljr or m sol.33 Ycjnr jffjdtum` koij of doltrovjrsy wms tomttmdb tcj nlfnij`s wntc tcj swori, mli tcjnr cmentmtnol wntc fnrj2 eut tcj nlfnij`s, mlisokj Dcrnstnml ljnaceours, prjsukji to ijfjli tcjnr `nvjs mli propjrtnjs2 mli tcjf`mkjs wcndc enaotry cmi bnli`ji dolsukji tcj kost ortcoiox mli nllodjltstrudturjs. Iurnla jnact imys mli lnacts tcj dolf`marmtnol sprjmi meovj m `jmauj nlfrolt, frok tcj cmreour to tcj Wropoltns, ovjr tcj tcndbjst mli kost popuòus rjanolsof tcj dnty. Nt ns lot jmsy to doult tcj stmtj`y dcurdcjs mli pm`mdjs tcmt wjrj rjiudji tom skobnla runl, to vmùj tcj kjrdcmlinsj tcmt pjrnscji nl tcj trminla strjjts, or tolukejr tcj fmkn`njs tcmt wjrj nlvo`vji nl tcj dokkol ijstrudtnol. Ey tcns outrmaj,

wcndc tcj ioaj mli tcj emrols nl vmnl mffjdtji to insd`mnk, tcj lmkj of tcj @mtnls ejdmkj stn`` korj ulpopu`mr2 mli tcj doòly of tcmt lmtnol, meovj fnftjjl tcousmli


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =:7 cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



pjrsols, dolsu`tji tcjnr smfjty nl m cmsty rjtrjmt frok tcj dnty to tcj protjdtnol of tcjnr stmlimri nl tcj sueure of Wjrm. Ycj jkpjror rjturlji nl trnukpc2 eut tcj fnrkjst mlikost ijxtjrous po`ndy wouì cmvj ejjl nlsuffndnjlt to stjjr cnk tcrouac tcj tjkpjstwcndc ovjrwcj`kji tcj pjrsol mli aovjrlkjlt of tcmt ulcmppy youtc. Cns owlnld`nlmtnol mli cns fmtcjr„s mivndj mttmdcji cnk to cns ejljfmdtors2 eut M`jxnus

cjsntmtji ejtwjjl armtntuij mli pmtrnotnsk, ejtwjjl tcj fjmr of cns suehjdts mli of cnsm``njs.3> Ey cns fjje`j mli fùdtumtnla doliudt cj òst tcj jstjjk mli dolfnijldj of

eotc2 mli, wcn`j cj nlvntji tcj kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt to oddupy tcj pm`mdj, cjsuffjrji tcj loe`js to dolspnrj, mli tcj pjop`j to mrk, for tcj ij`nvjrmldj of tcjnr doultry. Ujamri`jss of cns pmnlfu` sntumtnol, tcj @mtnl dcnjfs rjpjmtji tcjnr ijkmlis,rjsjltji cns ij`mys, suspjdtji cns nltjltnols, mli jxmdtji m ijdnsnvj mlswjr of pjmdjor wmr. Ycj cmuacty sukkols wms ij`nvjrji ey tcrjj Frjldc blnacts mli tcrjjVjljtnml ijputnjs, wco anriji tcjnr sworis, koultji tcjnr corsjs, pnjrdji tcrouac tcjmlary ku`tntuij, mli jltjrji wntc m fjmr`jss doultjlmldj tcj pm`mdj mli prjsjldj of tcj Arjjb jkpjror. Nl m pjrjkptory tolj tcjy rjdmpntu`mtji tcjnr sjrvndjs mli cns

jlamajkjlts2 mli eoì`y ijd`mrji tcmt, ul`jss tcjnr hust d`mnks wjrj fu``y mlinkkjinmtj`y smtnsfnji, tcjy scouì lo òlajr coì cnk jntcjr ms m sovjrjnal or mfrnjli. Mftjr tcns ijfnmldj, tcj fnrst tcmt cmi jvjr wouliji ml Nkpjrnm` jmr, tcjyijpmrtji wntcout ejtrmynla mly sykptoks of fjmr2 eut tcjnr jsdmpj frok m sjrvn`j

pm`mdj mli m furnous dnty mstolnscji tcj mkemssmiors tcjksj`vjs2 mli tcjnr rjturl totcj dmkp wms tcj snalm` of kutum` costn`nty.

Mkola tcj Arjjbs, m`` mutcornty mli wnsiok wjrj ovjreorlj ey tcj nkpjtuousku`tntuij, wco knstoob tcjnr rmaj for vmòur, tcjnr lukejrs for strjlatc, mli tcjnr fmlmtndnsk for tcj support mli nlspnrmtnol of Cjmvjl. Nl tcj jyjs of eotc lmtnols,M`jxnus wms fm`sj mli doltjkptne`j2 tcj emsj mli spurnous rmdj of tcj Mlaj`n wmsrjhjdtji wntc d`mkorous insimnl2 mli tcj pjop`j of Dolstmltnlop`j jldokpmssji tcjsjlmtj, to ijkmli mt tcjnr cmlis m korj wortcy jkpjror. Yo jvjry sjlmtor,dolspnduous ey cns enrtc or inalnty, tcjy suddjssnvj`y prjsjltji tcj purp`j2 ey jmdcsjlmtor tcj ijmi`y amrkjlt wms rjpu`sji2 tcj doltjst `mstji tcrjj imys2 mli wj kmy`jmrl frok tcj cnstornml Lndjtms, olj of tcj kjkejrs of tcj mssjke`y, tcmt fjmr mliwjmbljss wjrj tcj aumrinmls of tcjnr òym`ty. M pcmltok, wco vmlnscji nl oe`nvnol,wms fordne`y prod`mnkji ey tcj drowi2>7 eut tcj mutcor of tcj tuku`t, mli tcj `jmijr of tcj wmr, wms m prnldj of tcj cousj of Iudms2 mli cns dokkol mppj``mtnol of M`jxnus kust ej insdrnknlmtji ey tcj jpntcjt of Kourzouf`j,>= wcndc nl tcj vuàmr ninok jxprjssji tcj dòsj huldtnol of cns e`mdb mli scmaay jyj-erows. Mt oldj m

pmtrnot mli m dourtnjr, tcj pjrfninous Kourzouf`j, wco wms lot ijstntutj of dullnlamli dourmaj, opposji tcj @mtnls eotc nl spjjdc mli mdtnol, nlf`mkji tcj pmssnols mli

prjhuindjs of tcj Arjjbs, mli nlsnlumtji cnksj`f nlto tcj fmvour mli dolfnijldj of M`jxnus, wco trustji cnk wntc tcj offndj of Arjmt Dcmkejr`mnl mli tnlaji cns eusbnlswntc tcj doòurs of roym`ty. Mt tcj ijmi of lnact cj ruscji nlto tcj eji-dcmkejr wntcml mffrnactji mspjdt, jxd`mnknla tcmt tcj pm`mdj wms mttmdbji ey tcj pjop`j mli

ejtrmyji ey tcj aumris. Ttmrtnla frok cns doudc, tcj ulsuspjdtnla prnldj tcrjwcnksj`f nlto tcj mrks of cns jljky, wco cmi doltrnvji cns jsdmpj ey m prnvmtjstmnrdmsj. Eut tcmt stmnrdmsj tjrknlmtji nl m prnsol2 M`jxnus wms sjnzji, strnppji, mliòmiji wntc dcmnls2 mli, mftjr tmstnla sokj imys tcj enttjrljss of ijmtc, cj wms

ponsolji, or strmla`ji, or ejmtjl wntc dùes, mt tcj dokkmli, mli nl tcj prjsjldj, of tcj tyrmlt. Ycj jkpjror Nsmmd Mlajùs sool fo`òwji cns sol to tcj armvj, mli


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =:= cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



Kourzouf`j, pjrcmps, knact spmrj tcj supjrfòuus drnkj of cmstjlnla tcj jxtnldtnol of nkpotjldj mli e`nliljss.

Ycj ijmtc of tcj jkpjrors, mli tcj usurpmtnol of Kourzouf`j, cmi dcmlaji tcj lmturjof tcj qumrrj`. Nt wms lo òlajr tcj insmarjjkjlt of m``njs wco ovjr-vmùji tcjnr

sjrvndjs or lja`jdtji tcjnr oe`namtnols8 tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls foraot tcjnr dokp`mnlts mamnlst M`jxnus, iropt m tjmr ol tcj ultnkj`y fmtj of tcjnr dokpmlnol, mlisworj rjvjlaj mamnlst tcj pjrfninous lmtnol wco cmi drowlji cns mssmssnl. ^jt tcj

pruijlt ioaj wms stn`` nld`nlji to ljaotnmtj2>5 cj msbji ms m ijet, m suesniy, or m fnlj,fnfty tcousmli poulis of aoì, meout two kn``nols stjr`nla2 lor wouì tcj dolfjrjldjcmvj ejjl merupt`y erobjl, nf tcj zjm` or po`ndy of Kourzouf`j cmi lot rjfusji tosmdrnfndj tcj Arjjb dcurdc to tcj smfjty of tcj stmtj.>4 Mknist tcj nlvjdtnvjs of cnsforjnal mli iokjstnd jljknjs, wj kmy insdjrl tcmt cj wms lot ulwortcy of tcjdcmrmdtjr wcndc cj cmi mssukji, of tcj pue`nd dcmkpnol8 tcj sjdoli snjaj of Dolstmltnlop`j wms fmr korj `meornous tcml tcj fnrst2 tcj trjmsury wms rjp`jlnscji, tcj

insdnp`nlj wms rjstorji, ey m sjvjrj nlqunsntnol nlto tcj meusjs of tcj forkjr rjnal2mli Kourzouf`j, ml nrol kmdj nl cns cmli, vnsntnla tcj posts mli mffjdtnla tcj port mlimspjdt of m wmrrnor, wms ml oehjdt of tjrror to cns soìnjrs, mt `jmst, mli to cns bnlskjl.Ejforj mli mftjr tcj ijmtc of M`jxnus, tcj Arjjbs kmij two vnaorous mli wj``-doliudtji mttjkpts to eurl tcj lmvy nl tcj cmreour2 eut tcj sbn`` mli dourmaj of tcjVjljtnmls rjpu`sji tcj fnrj-scnps2 mli tcj vmarmlt f`mkjs wmstji tcjksj`vjs wntcoutnlhury nl tcj sjm.>9 Nl m lodturlm` sm``y tcj Arjjb jkpjror wms vmlqunscji ey Cjlry,

erotcjr of tcj doult of F`mlijrs2 tcj mivmltmajs of lukejr mli surprnsj maarmvmtjitcj scmkj of cns ijfjmt2 cns eudb`jr wms fouli ol tcj fnjì of emtt`j2 mli tcj Nkpjrnm`stmlimri,>: m invnlj nkmaj of tcj Vnranl, wms prjsjltji, ms m tropcy mli m rj`nd, to tcjDnstjrdnml kolbs, tcj insdnp`js of Tt. Ejrlmri. Ljmr tcrjj koltcs, wntcout jxdjptnlatcj co`y sjmsol of @jlt, wjrj dolsukji nl sbnrknscjs mli prjpmrmtnols, ejforj tcj@mtnls wjrj rjmiy or rjso`vji for m ajljrm` mssmu`t. Ycj `mli-fortnfndmtnols cmi ejjlfouli nkprjalme`j2 mli tcj Vjljtnml pnòts rjprjsjltji tcmt, ol tcj scorj of tcjWropoltns, tcj mldcormaj wms ulsmfj, mli tcj scnps kust ej irnvjl ey tcj durrjlt fmr mwmy to tcj strmnts of tcj Cj``jspolt8 m prospjdt lot ulp`jmsnla to tcj rjùdtmlt

pnàrnks, wco souact jvjry opportulnty of erjmbnla tcj mrky. Frok tcj cmreour,tcjrjforj, tcj mssmu`t wms ijtjrknlji ey tcj mssmn`mlts mli jxpjdtji ey tcj ejsnjaji2mli tcj jkpjror cmi p`mdji cns sdmr`jt pmvn`nols ol m ljnaceournla cjnact, to inrjdtmli mlnkmtj tcj jfforts of cns troops. M fjmr`jss spjdtmtor, wcosj knli douì jltjrtmnltcj nijms of pokp mli p`jmsurj, knact cmvj miknrji tcj òla mrrmy of two jkemtt`ji

mrknjs, wcndc jxtjliji meovj cm`f m `jmauj, tcj olj ol tcj scnps mli am``jys, tcjotcjr ol tcj wm``s mli towjrs, rmnsji meovj tcj orinlmry `jvj` ey sjvjrm` stmajs of wooijl turrjts. Ycjnr fnrst fury wms spjlt nl tcj insdcmraj of imrts, stoljs, mli fnrjfrok tcj jlanljs2 eut tcj wmtjr wms ijjp2 tcj Frjldc wjrj eoì2 tcj Vjljtnmls wjrjsbn`fu`8 tcjy mppromdcji tcj wm``s2 mli m ijspjrmtj dolf`ndt of sworis, spjmrs, mli

emtt`j-mxjs wms fouact ol tcj trjke`nla erniajs tcmt armpp`ji tcj fòmtnla to tcj stme`j emttjrnjs. Nl korj tcml ml culirji p`mdjs tcj mssmu`t wms uraji mli tcj ijfjldj wmssustmnlji2 tn`` tcj supjrnornty of arouli mli lukejrs fnlm``y prjvmn`ji, mli tcj @mtnltrukpjts souliji m rjtrjmt. Ol tcj jlsunla imys tcj mttmdb wms rjljwji wntc jqum`vnaour mli m snkn`mr jvjlt2 mli nl tcj lnact tcj ioaj mli tcj emrols cjì m douldn`,

mpprjcjlsnvj ol`y for tcj pue`nd imlajr2 lot m vondj prolouldji tcj woris of jsdmpjor trjmty2 mli jmdc wmrrnor, mddorinla to cns tjkpjr, jkermdji tcj copj of vndtory or





tcj mssurmldj of m aòrnous ijmtc.>6 Ey tcj jxpjrnjldj of tcj forkjr snjaj, tcj Arjjbswjrj nlstrudtji, eut tcj @mtnls wjrj mlnkmtji2 mli tcj blow`jiaj tcmt Dolstmltnlop`jknact ej tmbjl wms of korj mvmn` tcml tcj òdm` prjdmutnols wcndc tcmt blow`jiaj cminlspnrji for nts ijfjldj. Nl tcj tcnri mssmu`t two scnps wjrj `nlbji toajtcjr to ioue`jtcjnr strjlatc2 m strola lortc wnli irovj tcjk ol tcj scorj2 tcj enscops of Yroyjs mli

Tonssols `ji tcj vml2 mli tcj muspndnous lmkjs of tcj Wnàrnk mli tcj Wmrminsjrjsouliji mòla tcj `nlj.>1 Ycj jpnsdopm` emlljrs wjrj insp`myji ol tcj wm``s2 mlculirji kmrbs of sn`vjr cmi ejjl proknsji to tcj fnrst mivjlturjrs2 mli, nf tcjnr rjwmri wms nltjrdjptji ey ijmtc, tcjnr lmkjs cmvj ejjl nkkortm`nsji ey fmkj. Four towjrs wjrj sdm`ji2 tcrjj amtjs wjrj eurst opjl2 mli tcj Frjldc blnacts, wco knacttrjke`j ol tcj wmvjs, fj`t tcjksj`vjs nlvnldne`j ol corsjemdb ol tcj so`ni arouli.Tcm`` N rj`mtj tcmt tcj tcousmlis wco aumriji tcj jkpjror„s pjrsol f`ji ol tcjmppromdc, mli ejforj tcj `mldj, of m snla`j wmrrnor? Ycjnr naloknlnous f`nact nsmttjstji ey tcjnr doultrykml Lndjtms2 ml mrky of pcmltoks kmrdcji wntc tcj Frjldccjro, mli cj wms kmalnfnji to m anmlt nl tcj jyjs of tcj Arjjbs.>3 Qcn`j tcj fuantnvjs

ijsjrtji tcjnr posts mli dmst mwmy tcjnr mrks, tcj @mtnls jltjrji tcj dnty ulijr tcj emlljrs of tcjnr `jmijrs2 tcj strjjts mli amtjs opjlji for tcjnr pmssmaj2 mli jntcjr ijsnal or mddnijlt bnli`ji m tcnri dolf`marmtnol, wcndc dolsukji nl m fjw cours tcjkjmsurj of tcrjj of tcj `mrajst dntnjs of Frmldj.>> Nl tcj dòsj of tcj jvjlnla, tcj

emrols dcjdbji tcjnr troops mli fortnfnji tcjnr stmtnols2 tcjy wjrj mwji ey tcj jxtjltmli popuòusljss of tcj dmpntm`, wcndc knact yjt rjqunrj tcj `meour of m koltc, nf tcjdcurdcjs mli pm`mdjs wjrj dolsdnous of tcjnr nltjrlm` strjlatc. Eut nl tcj korlnla msupp`nmlt prodjssnol, wntc drossjs mli nkmajs, mllouldji tcj sueknssnol of tcjArjjbs mli ijprjdmtji tcj wrmtc of tcj dolqujrors8 tcj usurpjr jsdmpji tcrouac tcjaoìjl amtj2 tcj pm`mdjs of E`mdcjrlæ mli Eoudo`jol wjrj oddupnji ey tcj doult of

F`mlijrs mli tcj kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt2 mli tcj jkpnrj, wcndc stn`` eorj tcj lmkj of Dolstmltnlj mli tcj tnt`j of Uokml, wms suevjrtji ey tcj mrks of tcj @mtnl pnàrnks.=77

Dolstmltnlop`j cmi ejjl tmbjl ey stork2 mli lo rjstrmnlts, jxdjpt tcosj of rj`nanolmli cukmlnty, wjrj nkposji ol tcj dolqujrors ey tcj `mws of wmr. Eolnfmdj, kmrqunsof Koltfjrrmt, stn`` mdtji ms tcjnr ajljrm`2 mli tcj Arjjbs, wco rjvjrji cns lmkj mstcjnr futurj sovjrjnal, wjrj cjmri to jxd`mnk nl m `mkjltme`j tolj, ‐Co`y kmrquns-bnla, cmvj kjrdy upol us!‛ Cns pruijldj or dokpmssnol opjlji tcj amtjs of tcj dntyto tcj fuantnvjs2 mli cj jxcortji tcj soìnjrs of tcj dross to spmrj tcj `nvjs of tcjnr fj`òw-Dcrnstnmls. Ycj strjmks of eòoi tcmt fòw iowl tcj pmajs of Lndjtms kmy ej

rjiudji to tcj s`muactjr of two tcousmli of cns ulrjsnstnla doultrykjl2=7= mli tcjarjmtjr pmrt wms kmssmdrji, lot ey tcj strmlajrs, eut ey tcj @mtnls wco cmi ejjlirnvjl frok tcj dnty, mli wco jxjrdnsji tcj rjvjlaj of m trnukpcmlt fmdtnol. ^jt of tcjsj jxn`js, sokj wjrj `jss knlifu` of nlhurnjs tcml of ejljfnts2 mli Lndjtms cnksj`f wms nlijetji for cns smfjty to tcj ajljrosnty of m Vjljtnml kjrdcmlt. Wopj Nllodjlttcj Ycnri mddusjs tcj pnàrnks of rjspjdtnla, nl tcjnr ùst, ljntcjr maj lor sjx lor rj`nanous profjssnol2 mli enttjr`y `mkjlts tcmt tcj ijjis of imrbljss, forlndmtnol,miu`tjry, mli nldjst wjrj pjrpjtrmtji nl opjl imy2 mli tcmt loe`j kmtrols mli co`yluls wjrj po`ùtji ey tcj arooks mli pjmsmlts of tcj Dmtco`nd dmkp.=75 Nt ns nlijji

proeme`j tcmt tcj ̀ ndjldj of vndtory prokptji mli dovjrji m ku`tntuij of snls2 eut nt ns

djrtmnl tcmt tcj dmpntm` of tcj Jmst doltmnlji m stodb of vjlm` or wn``nla ejmuty,suffndnjlt to smtnmtj tcj ijsnrjs of twjlty tcousmli pnàrnks2 mli fjkm`j prnsoljrs





wjrj lo òlajr suehjdt to tcj rnact or meusj of iokjstnd s`mvjry. Ycj kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt wms tcj pmtrol of insdnp`nlj mli ijdjldy2 tcj doult of F`mlijrs wms tcjknrror of dcmstnty8 tcjy cmi foreniijl, ulijr pmnl of ijmtc, tcj rmpj of kmrrnjiwokjl, or vnranls, or luls2 mli tcj prod`mkmtnol wms sokjtnkjs nlvobji ey tcjvmlqunscji=74 mli rjspjdtji ey tcj vndtors. Ycjnr druj`ty mli ùst wjrj koijrmtji ey

tcj mutcornty of tcj dcnjfs mli fjj`nlas of tcj soìnjrs2 for wj mrj lo òlajr ijsdrnenlaml nrruptnol of tcj Lortcjrl smvmajs2 mli, cowjvjr fjrodnous tcjy knact stn`` mppjmr,tnkj, po`ndy, mli rj`nanol cmi dnvn`nsji tcj kmlljrs of tcj Frjldc, mli stn`` korj of tcj Ntm`nmls. Eut m frjj sdopj wms m`òwji to tcjnr mvmrndj, wcndc wms aùttji, jvjl nltcj co`y wjjb, ey tcj pn``maj of Dolstmltnlop`j. Ycj rnact of vndtory, ulscmdb`ji eymly proknsj or trjmty, cmi dolfnsdmtji tcj pue`nd mli prnvmtj wjm`tc of tcj Arjjbs2mli jvjry cmli, mddorinla to nts snzj mli strjlatc, knact `mwfu``y jxjdutj tcjsjltjldj, mli sjnzj tcj forfjnturj. M portme`j mli ulnvjrsm` stmlimri of jxdcmlaj wmsfouli nl tcj donlji mli uldonlji kjtm`s of aoì mli sn`vjr, wcndc jmdc dmptor mtcokj or meromi knact dolvjrt nlto tcj possjssnols kost suntme`j to cns tjkpjr mli

sntumtnol. Of tcj trjmsurjs wcndc trmij mli ùxury cmi mdduku`mtji, tcj sn`bs, vj`vjts,furs, tcj ajks, spndjs, mli rndc kovjme`js, wjrj tcj kost prjdnous, ms tcjy douì lot

ej produrji for koljy nl tcj ruijr doultrnjs of Juropj. Ml orijr of rmpnlj wmsnlstntutji2 lor wms tcj scmrj of jmdc nlinvnium` memliolji to nliustry or dcmldj.Zlijr tcj trjkjlious pjlm`tnjs of pjrhury, jxdokkulndmtnol, mli ijmtc, tcj @mtnlswjrj eouli to ij`nvjr tcjnr pùlijr nlto tcj dokkol stodb8 tcrjj dcurdcjs wjrjsj`jdtji for tcj ijposnt mli instrneutnol of tcj spon`2 m snla`j scmrj wms m`òwji to mfoot soìnjr2 two for m sjrhjmlt ol corsjemdb2 four to m blnact2 mli `mrajr proportnolsmddorinla to tcj rmlb mli kjrnt of tcj emrols mli prnldjs. For vno`mtnla tcns smdrjijlamajkjlt, m blnact, ejòlanla to tcj doult of Tt. Wmu`, wms cmlaji, wntc cns scnjì

mli domt of mrks rouli cns ljdb8 cns jxmkp`j knact rjlijr snkn`mr offjlijrs korjmrtfu` mli insdrjjt2 eut mvmrndj wms korj powjrfu` tcml fjmr2 mli nt ns ajljrm``y ej`njvji tcmt tcj sjdrjt fmr jxdjjiji tcj mdblow`jiaji pùlijr. ^jt tcj kmalntuij of tcj prnzj surpmssji tcj `mrajst sdm`j of jxpjrnjldj or jxpjdtmtnol.=79 Mftjr tcj wco`jcmi ejjl jqum``y invniji ejtwjjl tcj Frjldc mli Vjljtnmls, fnfty tcousmli kmrbswjrj ijiudtji to smtnsfy tcj ijets of tcj forkjr, mli tcj ijkmlis of tcj `mttjr. Ycjrjsniuj of tcj Frjldc mkoultji to four culirji tcousmli kmrbs of sn`vjr,=7: meoutjnact culirji tcousmli poulis stjr`nla2 lor dml N ejttjr mpprjdnmtj tcj vmùj of tcmtsuk nl tcj pue`nd mli prnvmtj trmlsmdtnols of tcj maj tcml ey ijfnlnla nt mt sjvjl tnkjstcj mllum` rjvjluj of tcj bnlaiok of Jla`mli.=76

Nl tcns arjmt rjvoùtnol, wj jlhoy tcj snlau`mr fj`ndnty of dokpmrnla tcj lmrrmtnvjs of Vn``jcmriounl mli Lndjtms, tcj opposntj fjj`nlas of tcj kmrscm` of Dcmkpmalj mli tcjEyzmltnlj sjlmtor.=71 Mt tcj fnrst vnjw, nt scouì sjjk tcmt tcj wjm`tc of Dolstmltnlop`j wms ol`y trmlsfjrrji frok olj lmtnol to mlotcjr, mli tcmt tcj òss mlisorrow of tcj Arjjbs ns jxmdt`y em`mldji ey tcj hoy mli mivmltmaj of tcj @mtnls. Eutnl tcj knsjrme`j mddoult of wmr tcj amnl ns ljvjr jqunvm`jlt to tcj òss, tcj p`jmsurj totcj pmnl2 tcj skn`js of tcj @mtnls wjrj trmlsnjlt mli fm``mdnous2 tcj Arjjbs for jvjr wjpt ovjr tcj runls of tcjnr doultry2 mli tcjnr rjm` dm`mkntnjs wjrj maarmvmtji eysmdrn`jaj mli kodbjry. Qcmt ejljfnts mddruji to tcj dolqujrors frok tcj tcrjj fnrjswcndc mllncn`mtji so vmst m portnol of tcj eunìnlas mli rndcjs of tcj dnty? Qcmt m

stodb of sudc tcnlas ms douì ljntcjr ej usji or trmlsportji wms km`ndnous`y or wmltol`y ijstroyji! Cow kudc trjmsurj wms ni`y wmstji nl amknla, ijemudcjry, mli





rnot! Mli wcmt prjdnous oehjdts wjrj emrtjrji for m vn`j prndj ey tcj nkpmtnjldj or nalormldj of tcj soìnjrs, wcosj rjwmri wms sto`jl ey tcj emsj nliustry of tcj `mst of tcj Arjjbs! Ycjsj mòlj wco cmi lotcnla to òsj knact ijrnvj sokj profnt frok tcjrjvoùtnol2 eut tcj knsjry of tcj uppjr rmlbs of sodnjty ns strola`y pmnltji nl tcj

pjrsolm` mivjlturjs of Lndjtms cnksj`f. Cns stmtj`y pm`mdj cmi ejjl rjiudji to mscjs

nl tcj sjdoli dolf`marmtnol2 mli tcj sjlmtor, wntc cns fmkn`y mli frnjlis, fouli mloesdurj scj`tjr nl mlotcjr cousj wcndc cj possjssji ljmr tcj dcurdc of Tt. Topcnm. Ntwms tcj ioor of tcns kjml cmentmtnol tcmt cns frnjli, tcj Vjljtnml kjrdcmlt, aumriji,nl tcj insaunsj of m soìnjr, tn`` Lndjtms douì smvj, ey m prjdnpntmtj f`nact, tcj rj`nds of cns fortulj mli tcj dcmstnty of cns imuactjr. Nl m doì wnltry sjmsol tcjsj fuantnvjs,lursji nl tcj `mp of prospjrnty, ijpmrtji ol foot2 cns wnfj wms wntc dcnì2 tcj ijsjrtnolof tcjnr s`mvjs dokpj``ji tcjk to dmrry tcjnr emaamaj ol tcjnr owl scouìjrs2 mlitcjnr wokjl, wcok tcjy p`mdji nl tcj djltrj, wjrj jxcortji to doldjm` tcjnr ejmutywntc inrt, nlstjmi of miorlnla nt wntc pmnlt mli hjwj`s. Jvjry stjp wms jxposji tonlsu`t mli imlajr2 tcj tcrjmts of tcj strmlajrs wjrj `jss pmnlfu` tcml tcj tmults of tcj

p`jejïmls, wntc wcok tcjy wjrj low `jvj``ji2 lor ini tcj jxn`js erjmtcj nl smfjty tn``tcjnr kourlfu` pnàrnkmaj wms doldùiji mt Tj`ykernm, meovj forty kn`js frok tcjdmpntm`. Ol tcj wmy tcjy ovjrtoob tcj pmtrnmrdc, wntcout mttjlimldj, mli m`kostwntcout mppmrj`, rninla ol ml mss, mli rjiudji to m stmtj of mposto`ndm` povjrty, wcndc,cmi nt ejjl voùltmry, knact pjrcmps cmvj ejjl kjrntornous. Nl tcj kjmlwcn`j cnsijso`mtj dcurdcjs wjrj profmlji ey tcj `ndjltnousljss mli pmrty-zjm` of tcj @mtnls.Mftjr strnppnla tcj ajks mli pjmr`s, tcjy dolvjrtji tcj dcm`ndjs nlto irnlbnla-dups2tcjnr tme`js, ol wcndc tcjy amkji mli fjmstji, wjrj dovjrji wntc tcj pndturjs of Dcrnst mli tcj smnlts2 mli tcjy trmkp`ji ulijr foot tcj kost vjljrme`j oehjdts of tcjDcrnstnml worscnp. Nl tcj dmtcjirm` of Tt. Topcnm tcj mkp`j vjn` of tcj smldtumry wms

rjlt msulijr for tcj smbj of tcj aoìjl frnlaj2 mli tcj m`tmr, m kolukjlt of mrt mlirndcjs, wms erobjl nl pnjdjs mli scmrji mkola tcj dmptors.=73 Ycjnr ku`js mlicorsjs wjrj `mijl wntc tcj wrouact sn`vjr mli an`t dmrvnlas, wcndc tcjy torj iowlfrok tcj ioors mli pu`pnt2 mli, nf tcj ejmsts stuke`ji ulijr tcj eurijl, tcjy wjrjstmeeji ey tcjnr nkpmtnjlt irnvjrs, mli tcj co`y pmvjkjlt strjmkji wntc tcjnr nkpurj

eòoi. M prostntutj wms sjmtji ol tcj tcrolj of tcj pmtrnmrdc2 mli tcmt imuactjr of Ej`nm`, ms scj ns sty`ji, sula mli imldji nl tcj dcurdc, to rnindu`j tcj cykls mli

prodjssnols of tcj Ornjltm`s. Lor wjrj tcj rjposntornjs of tcj roym` ijmi sjdurj frokvno`mtnol2 nl tcj dcurdc of tcj Mpost`js tcj tokes of tcj jkpjrors wjrj rnf`ji2 mli nt nssmni tcmt mftjr snx djlturnjs tcj dorpsj of Hustnlnml wms fouli wntcout mly snals of ijdmy or putrjfmdtnol. Nl tcj strjjts tcj Frjldc mli F`jknlas dòtcji tcjksj`vjs mli

tcjnr corsjs nl pmnltji roejs mli fòwnla cjmi-irjssjs of `nljl2 mli tcj domrsjnltjkpjrmldj of tcjnr fjmsts=7> nlsu`tji tcj sp`jlini soernjty of tcj Jmst. Yo jxposjtcj mrks of m pjop`j of sdrnejs mli sdco`mrs, tcjy mffjdtji to insp`my m pjl, ml nlb-corl, mli m scjjt of pmpjr, wntcout insdjrlnla tcmt tcj nlstrukjlts of sdnjldj mlivmòur wjrj m`nbj fjje`j mli usj`jss nl tcj cmlis of tcj koijrl Arjjbs.

Ycjnr rjputmtnol mli tcjnr `mlaumaj jldourmaji tcjk, cowjvjr, to ijspnsj tcjnalormldj, mli to ovjròob tcj proarjss, of tcj @mtnls.==7 Nl tcj òvj of tcj mrts tcjlmtnolm` inffjrjldj wms stn`` korj oevnous mli rjm`2 tcj Arjjbs prjsjrvji wntcrjvjrjldj tcj worbs of tcjnr mldjstors, wcndc tcjy douì lot nkntmtj2 mli, nl tcj

ijstrudtnol of tcj stmtujs of Dolstmltnlop`j, wj mrj provobji to honl nl tcj dokp`mnltsmli nlvjdtnvjs of tcj Eyzmltnlj cnstornml.=== Qj cmvj sjjl cow tcj rnsnla dnty wms


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =:: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



miorlji ey tcj vmlnty mli ijspotnsk of tcj Nkpjrnm` foulijr2 nl tcj runls of pmamlnsksokj aois mli cjrojs wjrj smvji frok tcj mxj of supjrstntnol2 mli tcj foruk mlicnppoirokj wjrj inalnfnji wntc tcj rj`nds of m ejttjr maj. Tjvjrm` of tcjsj mrjijsdrneji ey Lndjtms,==5 nl m fòrni mli mffjdtji sty`j2 mli frok cns ijsdrnptnols Nscm`` sj`jdt sokj nltjrjstnla pmrtndu`mrs. =. Ycj vndtornous dcmrnotjjrs wjrj dmst nl

erolzj, mt tcjnr owl or tcj pue`nd dcmraj, mli fnt`y p`mdji nl tcj cnppoirokj2 tcjystooi mòft nl tcjnr dcmrnots, wcjj`nla rouli tcj aom`2 tcj spjdtmtors douì miknrj tcjnr mttntuij, mli huiaj of tcj rjsjke`mldj2 mli of tcjsj fnaurjs tcj kost pjrfjdt knactcmvj ejjl trmlsportji frok tcj O`ykpnd stminuk. 5. Ycj spcylx, rnvjr-corsj, mlidrodoin`j ijlotj tcj d`nkmtj mli kmlufmdturj of Jaypt mli tcj spon`s of tcmt mldnjlt

provnldj. 4. Ycj scj-wo`f sudb`nla Uokuùs mli Ujkus8 m suehjdt m`nbj p`jmsnla totcj oì mli tcj ljw Uokmls, eut wcndc douì rmrj`y ej trjmtji ejforj tcj ijd`nlj of tcj Arjjb sdu`pturj. 9. Ml jma`j coìnla mli tjmrnla m sjrpjlt nl cns tmòls8 miokjstnd kolukjlt of tcj Eyzmltnljs, wcndc tcjy msdrneji, lot to m cukml mrtnst, eutto tcj kmand powjr of tcj pcnòsopcjr Mpo`òlnus, wco, ey cns tm`nskml, ij`nvjrji tcj

dnty frok sudc vjlokous rjptn`js. :. Ml mss mli cns irnvjr, wcndc wjrj jrjdtji eyMuaustus nl cns doòly of Lndopo`ns, to dokkjkormtj m vjrem` okjl of tcj vndtory of Mdtnuk. 6. Ml jqujstrnml stmtuj, wcndc pmssji, nl tcj vuàmr opnlnol, for Hoscum, tcjHjwnsc dolqujror, strjtdcnla out cns cmli to stop tcj doursj of tcj ijsdjlinla sul. Mkorj d`mssndm` trmintnol rjdoalnsji tcj fnaurjs of Ej``jropcol mli Wjamsus2 mli tcjfrjj mttntuij of tcj stjji sjjkji to kmrb tcmt cj troij ol mnr rmtcjr tcml ol tcj jmrtc.1. M squmrj mli òfty oej`nsb of ermss8 tcj snijs wjrj jkeossji wntc m vmrnjty of

pndturjsquj mli rurm` sdjljs8 enris snlanla2 rustnds `meournla or p`mynla ol tcjnr pnpjs2scjjp e`jmtnla2 `mkes sbnppnla2 tcj sjm, mli m sdjlj of fnsc mli fnscnla2 `ntt`j lmbjiDupnis `muacnla, p`mynla, mli pj`tnla jmdc otcjr wntc mpp`js2 mli, ol tcj sukknt, m

fjkm`j fnaurj turlnla wntc tcj s`nactjst erjmtc, mli tcjldj ijloknlmtji tcj wnli„smttjlimlt. 3. Ycj Wcryanml scjpcjri prjsjltnla to Vjlus tcj prnzj of ejmuty, tcjmpp`j of insdori. >. Ycj nldokpmrme`j stmtuj of Cj`jl, wcndc ns ij`nljmtji ey Lndjtmsnl tcj woris of miknrmtnol mli òvj8 cjr wj``-turlji fjjt, slowy mrks, rosy `nps,

ejwntdcnla skn`js, swnkknla jyjs, mrdcji jyj-erows, tcj cmrkoly of cjr scmpj, tcj`nactljss of cjr irmpjry, mli cjr fòwnla òdbs tcmt wmvji nl tcj wnli8 m ejmuty tcmtknact cmvj kovji cjr Emremrnml ijstroyjrs to pnty mli rjkorsj. =7. Ycj kml`y or invnlj fork of Cjrdu`js,==4 ms cj wms rjstorji to `nfj ey tcj kmstjr-cmli of @ysnppus, of sudc kmalntuij tcmt cns tcuke wms jqum` to tcj wmnst, cns `ja to tcjstmturj, of m dokkol kml2==9 cns dcjst mkp`j, cns scouìjrs eromi, cns `nkes strolamli kusdu`mr, cns cmnr dur`ji, cns mspjdt dokkmlinla. Qntcout cns eow, or qunvjr, or

dùe, cns `nol„s sbnl tcrowl dmrj`jss`y ovjr cnk, cj wms sjmtji ol ml osnjr emsbjt, cnsrnact `ja mli mrk strjtdcji to tcj utkost, cns `jft bljj ejlt, mli supportnla cns jèow,cns cjmi rjd`nlnla ol cns `jft cmli, cns doultjlmldj nlinalmlt mli pjlsnvj. ==. Mdoòssm` stmtuj of Hulo, wcndc cmi oldj miorlji cjr tjkp`j of Tmkos2 tcj jlorkouscjmi ey four yobj of oxjl wms `meornous`y irmwl to tcj pm`mdj. =5. Mlotcjr doòssus,of Wm``ms or Knljrvm, tcnrty fjjt nl cjnact, mli rjprjsjltnla, wntc miknrme`j spnrnt, tcjmttrneutjs mli dcmrmdtjr of tcj kmrtnm` kmni. Ejforj wj mddusj tcj @mtnls, nt ns hust torjkmrb tcmt tcns Wm``ms wms ijstroyji mftjr tcj fnrst snjaj ey tcj fjmr mli supjrstntnolof tcj Arjjbs tcjksj`vjs.==: Ycj otcjr stmtujs of ermss wcndc N cmvj jlukjrmtjiwjrj erobjl mli kj`tji ey tcj ulfjj`nla mvmrndj of tcj drusmijrs2 tcj dost mli `meour

wjrj dolsukji nl m kokjlt2 tcj sou` of ajlnus jvmpormtji nl skobj2 mli tcj rjklmltof emsj kjtm` wms donlji nlto koljy for tcj pmykjlt of tcj troops. Erolzj ns lot tcj





kost iurme`j of kolukjlts8 frok tcj kmre`j fork of Wcninms mli Wrmxntj`js tcj@mtnls knact turl msnij wntc stupni doltjkpt2==6 eut, ul`jss tcjy wjrj druscji eysokj mddnijltm` nlhury, tcosj usj`jss stoljs stooi sjdurj ol tcjnr pjijstm`s.==1 Ycjkost jl`nactjlji of tcj strmlajrs, meovj tcj aross mli sjlsum` pursunts of tcjnr doultrykjl, korj pnous`y jxjrdnsji tcj rnact of dolqujst nl tcj sjmrdc mli sjnzurj of

tcj rj`nds of tcj smnlts.==3 Nkkjlsj wms tcj supp`y of cjmis mli eoljs, drossjs mlinkmajs, tcmt wjrj sdmttjrji ey tcns rjvoùtnol ovjr tcj dcurdcjs of Juropj2 mli sudcwms tcj nldrjmsj of pnàrnkmaj mli oe`mtnol tcmt lo ermldc, pjrcmps, of korj ùdrmtnvj

pùlijr wms nkportji frok tcj Jmst.==> Of tcj wrntnlas of mltnqunty kmly tcmt stn``jxnstji nl tcj twj`ftc djltury mrj low òst. Eut tcj pnàrnks wjrj lot so`ndntous tosmvj or trmlsport tcj voùkjs of ml ulblowl tolauj2 tcj pjrnscme`j suestmldj of

pmpjr or pmrdckjlt dml ol`y ej prjsjrvji ey tcj ku`tnp`ndnty of dopnjs2 tcj `ntjrmturjof tcj Arjjbs cmi m`kost djltrji nl tcj kjtropo`ns2 mli, wntcout dokputnla tcj jxtjltof our òss, wj kmy irop m tjmr ovjr tcj `nermrnjs tcmt cmvj pjrnscji nl tcj trnp`j fnrj of Dolstmltnlop`j.=57






MWWJLINS

MIINYNOLM@ LOYJT E^ YCJ JINYOU

=.

YCJ WMZ@NDNML CJUJT^ ’ (Dc. @NV.)

Nl Aneeol„s imy tcj kmtjrnm` for tcj ornanl, jmr`y cnstory, mli tjljts of tcj Wmu`ndnmlsdolsnstji of Eb. n. of tcj worb of Wcotnus ol tcj Kmlndcmjmls, mli tcj Cnstory of tcjKmlndcmjmls ey Wjtros Tnbj`notjs. Ycj worb of Wcotnus wms jintji ey H. D. Qo`f nl

cns Mljdiotm Armjdm, n., nn. (=155)2= eut Aneeol ini lot dolsu`t nt (meovj, dcmp. `nv.lotj =). Ycjrj wms furtcjr tcj mddoult of tcj Eoaokn`s nl tcj Wmlop`nm of JutcyknusXnamejlus, m kolb wco `nvji ulijr M`jxnus Dokljlus mli ns dj`jermtji nl tcjM`jxnmi of Mllm. M @mtnl trmls`mtnol wms pue`nscji ey W. F. Xnlos nl =:::2 tcj Arjjb tjxt jintji ey m Arjjb kolb (Kjtropcmljs) nl =1=7. Nt kmy ej rjmi nl Knalj, W.A.vo`. =47. Ycj sjdtnol ol tcj Eoaokn`s wms jintji sjpmrmtj`y ey Anjsj`jr nl =39=-5.

Ycj iodukjlts wcndc cmvj dokj to `nact snldj mrj dòsj`y dolljdtji wntc tcjmddoults of Wcotnus mli Wjtjr2 tcjy ernla fjw ljw fmdts or fndtnols, eut tcjy ernlakmtjrnm` for drntndnsnla tcj fmdts mli fndtnols m`rjmiy blowl. (=) Nl =39> Anjsj`jr

pue`nscji m trmdt5 of m djrtmnl Meeot Wjtjr, doltmnlnla ml mddoult of tcj Wmu`ndnmlssnkn`mr to tcmt of Wcotnus mli Wjtjr Tnbj`notjs (wntc wcok Anjsj`jr nijltnfnji tcjmutcor). (5) Ycj pue`ndmtnol of tcj dcrolnd`j of Ajoraj Kolmdcus ey Kurm`t nl =3:>scowji tcmt tcns dcrolnd`jr cmi nldorpormtji m snkn`mr mddoult nl cns worb.

Qj cmvj tcjl four iodukjlts, wcndc prjsukj olj ornanlm` mddoult wcjrjol m`ìjpjli, inrjdt`y or nlinrjdt`y, nf nlijji olj of tcjk ns lot ntsj`f tcj ornanlm` sourdj.Ycj proe`jk of ijtjrknlnla tcjnr rj`mtnols to olj mlotcjr mli tcj dokkol ornanlm` nsdokp`ndmtji ey (=) tcj lmturj of Wcotnus, Eb. n., mli (5) tcj vmrnmtnols nl tcj KTT. of Ajoraj Kolmdcus.

Ycj ‐Fnrst Eoob‛ of Wcotnus fm``s nlto two pmrts8 N. dcmps. =-=:, wcndc doltmnls (m) mcnstory of tcj Wmu`ndnmls, dcmps. =-=72 mli (e) ml mddoult of jmr`njr Kmlndcmjmlkovjkjlts, dcmps. ==-=92 NN. dcmps. =:-51, m cnstory of tcj Wmu`ndnmls, aonla ovjr tcjsmkj arouli, eut inffjrjlt`y, mli miinla m ernjf lotndj of tcj rjvo`t of Dcrysodcjnr.Wmrt N. (m) dorrjspolis dòsj`y to tcj mddoults of Meeot Wjtjr, Wjtjr Tnb.,4 mli AjorajKol.2 mli nts Wcotnml mutcorscnp sjjks mssurji ey tcj tjstnkoly of JutcyknusXnamejlus. Wmrt NN. wms m instnldt dokposntnol ornanlm``y, mli wms tmdbji ol to tcjWcotnml worb. Ycus ‐Wcotnus‛ rjso`vjs ntsj`f nlto two iodukjlts, olj Wcotnml, tcjotcjr Wsjuio-Wcotnml.

Ycj drjint of cmvnla kmij tcns d`jmr ejòlas to Bmrmpjt Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml, wco pue`nscji nl =3>4 m trjmtnsj jltntji ‐Inj Wmu`nbnmljr nl eyzmltnlnsdcjl Bmnsjrrjndcj





uli vjrwmlitj bjtzjrnsdcj Jrsdcjnlulajl nl Mrkjlnjl.‛ Ycns nlvjstnamtnol, m`tcouacnt ns n`` mrrmlaji mli `jmis to lo smtnsfmdtory doldùsnol, cms yjt ejjl of arjmt usj nlopjlnla up tcj wco`j qujstnol, ms wj`` ms ey pue`nscnla out-of-tcj-wmy jvnijldj olvmrnous oesdurj Mrkjlnml sjdts. Qcn`j Anjsj`jr cjì tcmt tcj trjmtnsj of tcj ‐MeeotWjtjr‛ wms snkp`y ml jxtrmdt frok tcj worb of Wjtjr Tnbj`notjs, Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml trnjs

to provj tcmt tcj Meeot Wjtjr ns tcj oìjst of our jxnstnla sourdjs ’ tcj sourdj of Ajoraj Kolmdcus, mli Wcotnus (Eb. = (m)). RYcj Mrkjlnml sdco`mr furtcjr

propouliji (p. =55 sqq.) tcj nkpossne`j tcjory tcmt Wjtjr Tnbj`notjs wrotj nl tcj tnkjof M`jxnus Dokljlus ’ wcjl tcj Wmu`ndnml mli Eoaokn` qujstnol wms jlamanla tcjmttjltnol of tcj dourt mli tcj pue`nd. Nt ns nkpossne`j, ejdmusj tcj imtj of tcj VmtndmlKT. of tcj trjmtnsj of Wjtjr ns jmr`njr. Ms to tcj Wsjuio-Wcotnml mddoult, Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml coìs tcmt nts mutcor utn`nsji tcj worb of Jutcyknus Xnamejlus (p. 3->).[

Mftjr Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml dmkj H. Frnjirndc (Ijr ursprðla`ndcj ejn Ajoranos Kolmdcoslur tcjn`wjnsj jrcm`tjlj Ejrndct ðejr inj Wmu`nbnmljr, pue`nscji nl tcj

Tntzulasejrndctj of tcj Emvmrnml Mdmijky, =3>6, p. 61 sqq.). Frnjirndc ijlnji tcmttcj Meeot Wjtjr„s trmdt wms tcj sourdj usji ey Ajoraj Kolmdcus2 mli cj pue`nscji(p. 17-3=), ms tcj ornanlm` sourdj of m`` tcj jxtmlt mddoults, tcj pmssmaj of AjorajKolmdcus ms nt mppjmrs nl tcj Kmirni KT. of tcj dcrolnd`j. Nl tcns KT. tcj pmssmaj nskorj tcml twndj ms òla ms nl otcjr KTT., tcj miintnolm` kmttjr dolsnstnla dcnjf`y of inrjdtnols to Dcrnstnmls cow tcjy wjrj to rjfutj m Wmu`ndnml cjrjtnd wcjl tcjy kjtolj. Mddorinla to Frnjirndc, tcj worb of tcj Meeot Wjtjr ns ml jxtrmdt frok tcnstrjmtnsj, prjsjrvji nl tcj Kmirni KT.2 mli tcj mddoults nl tcj otcjr KTT. of AjorajKolmdcus mrj ̀ nbjwnsj jxtrmdts.

Eut tcj vnjw of Frnjirndc cms ejjl upsjt doldùsnvj`y ey D. ij Eoor, tcj ol`y sdco`mr wco ns tcorouac`y kmstjr of tcj fmdts meout tcj KTT. of Ajoraj Kolmdcus. Nl m scort

pmpjr nl tcj Eyzmltnlnsdcj Xjntsdcrnft, vnn. p. 97 sqq. (=3>3), ij Eoor cms scowl tcmttcj miintnolm` kmttjr nl tcj Kmirni KT. dokjs frok ml nltjrpo`mtor. Ajoraj sjjks tocmvj kmij m sjdoli vjrsnol of cns dcrolnd`j, mli nl rjvnsnla nt cj dolsu`tji cnssourdjs, or sokj of tcjk, mamnl. Ycns sjjks to ej tcj ol`y cypotcjsns ol wcndc tcj

pjdu`nmrntnjs of olj KT., Dons`nl. 47:, dml ej jxp`mnlji. Nl tcj dmsj of tcj Wmu`ndnml pmssmaj, ij Eoor ponlts out tcmt nl tcj fnrst fork of cns worb (rjprjsjltji ey Dons`nl.47:) cj usji ml ornanlm` sourdj2 frok wcndc cj mamnl irjw mt korj `jlatc ol m sjdolirjvnsnol (rjprjsjltji ey tcj otcjr KTT.). Nt ns tcjrjforj tcj sjdoli rjvnsnol wcndc wjkust dokpmrj wntc tcj worb of tcj Meeot Wjtjr nl orijr to ijtjrknlj wcjtcjr tcj

Meeot Wjtjr ns tcj ornanlm` sourdj. Ij Eoor iojs lot ijdnij tcns2 eut dm``s mttjltnol totwo pmssmajs wcndc knact sjjk to scow tcmt tcj Meeot usji tcj sjdoli rjvnsnol of Ajoraj tcj Kolb, mli olj pmssmaj wcndc rmtcjr ponlts to tcj nlijpjlijldj of tcjMeeot. Ol tcj wco`j, tcj sjdoli m`tjrlmtnvj sjjks korj proeme`j.

Ycj prjsjlt stmtj of tcj qujstnol kmy ej sukkji up ms fo`òws8 Ycj (=) ornanlm`sbjtdc of tcj Wmu`ndnml cjrjsy, nts ornanl mli cnstory ’ wcjrjol m`` our jxtmltmddoults u`tnkmtj`y ijpjli ’ ns òst. Ycns ornanlm` worb wms usji ey (5) Ajoraj tcjKolb (nl tcj >tc djltury) for cns dcrolnd`j2 (m) nl Dons`nl. 47: wj cmvj m scortjr jxtrmdt, (e) nl tcj otcjr KTT. (mli Kurm`t„s tjxt) wj cmvj m fu``jr jxtrmdt. (4) Ycj

trmdt of tcj Meeot Wjtjr wms jntcjr tmbjl frok tcj sjdoli jintnol of Ajoraj tcj Kolb,or wms nlijpjlijlt`y jxtrmdtji frok tcj ornanlm` worb2 eut nt wms lot tcj ornanlm`


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =:> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



worb ntsj`f. (9) Nt ns lot quntj djrtmnl wcjtcjr tcj trjmtnsj of Wcotnus wms ijrnvji froktcj ijrnvmtnvj worb of tcj Meeot Wjtjr (so Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml2 mli tcns ns m`so tcjopnlnol of Jcrcmri, mp. Brukemdcjr„s Eyz. @ntt. p. 162 eut Frnjirndc mraujs mamnlsttcns vnjw, op. dnt. p. 3:-6)2 pjrcmps nt ns korj `nbj`y tcmt Wcotnus m`so usji tcj ornanlm`worb. (:) Ycj posntnol of Wjtjr Tnbj`notjs ns quntj uldjrtmnl (sjj ejòw). (6) Ycj

nltjrpo`mtnol nl tcj Kmirni KT. of Ajoraj tcj Kolb (sjj meovj) wms miiji lot `mtjr tcml tcj =7tc djltury, nl wcndc pjrnoi tcj KT. wms wrnttjl. Ycjl dokj (1) JutcyknusXnamejlus nl tcj Wmlop`nm, d. ==77 , mli (3) Wsjuio-Wcotnus.

Ycj ulso`vji proe`jk toudcnla Wjtjr Tnbj`notjs wouì cmvj lo cnstorndm` nkportmldj,jxdjpt for cns stmtjkjlts meout cns owl knssnol to Yjpcrndj, mli tcj nltjltnol of tcjWmu`ndnmls of tcj jmst to sjli knssnolmrnjs to Euàmrnm, mli tcj ijindmtnol of cns worb to ml Mrdcenscop of Euàmrnm. Cj smys tcmt cj cnksj`f wms sjlt to Yjpcrndj eyKndcmj` NNN. for tcj rmlsok of dmptnvjs. Eut tcj tnt`j of tcj trjmtnsj ns durnous8 ΧΫωύοϊΤξθκβξόωοϊ ?τωούίν . . . χύοτώχοχοξαγκξ?τν ?υ χύ?υ ω?λ ?ύρξκχίτθοχολ Εοϊβδνύίνυ.

Ycj wori χύοτώχοχοξαγκξ?τν suaajsts tcmt tcj cnstorndm` sjttnla of tcj trjmtnsj nsfndtntnous. Nl ijlynla tcj cnstorndm` vmùj of tcns jvnijldj ms to tcj propmamtnol of Wmu`ndnmlnsk nl Euàmrnm mt sudc ml jmr`y imtj, Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml (p. =4 sqq.) mliFrnjirndc (p. =7=-5) mrj marjji. Mddorinla to tcj `nfj of Tt. D`jkjlt of Euàmrnm (ji.Knbòrndc, p. 49) tcj cjrjsy ini lot jltjr tcj doultry tn`` mftjr Djkjlt„s ijmtc nl >=6(Frnjirndc, ne.).

Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml jlijmvours to provj tcmt tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrj snkp`y Kmrdnolntjs.Frnjirndc mraujs mamnlst tcns vnjw, ol tcj arouli of sokj stmtjkjlts nl tcj tjxt wcndccj pue`nscji frok tcj Kmirni KT., wcjrj tcj drjmtor of tcj vnsne`j worì ns nijltnfnjiwntc tcj ijvn`. Eut tcjsj stmtjkjlts kmy cmvj ejjl nltjrpo`mtji nl tcj tjltc djlturyfrok m Eoaokn` sourdj.

Ol tcj Mrkjlnml Wmu`ndnmls mli doalmtj sjdts, sjj Iö``nlajr„s Ejntréaj zur Tjbtjlajsdcndctj ijs Knttj`m`tjrs2 Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml„s worb, m`rjmiy dntji2 mliDolyejmrj„s Bjy of Yrutc (sjj ejòw). Ycj emsns of Iö``nlajr„s stuiy wms tcj trjmtnsj‐Mamnlst tcj Wmu`ndnmls‛ of tcj Mrkjlnml Wmtrnmrdc Hocl Ozlnjlsns (pue`nscji nl cnsworbs, =349, ji. Mrdcjr). Dp. Dolyejmrj, op. dnt. Mpp. nv. Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml cmsrjlijrji ljw jvnijldj mddjssne`j.

Nl cns Cnstory of tcj Euàmrnmls,9 Hnrjċjb anvjs tcj rjsu`t of tcj nlvjstnamtnols of

Umċbn mli otcjr T`mvolnd sdco`mrs nlto tcj ornanlm` iodtrnljs of tcj Eoaokn`s. (=)Ycjy rjhjdtji tcj Oì Yjstmkjlt, tcj Fmtcjrs, mli jdd`jsnmstndm` trmintnol. Ycjymddjptji tcj Ljw Yjstmkjlt, mli `mni wjnact ol m lukejr of oì mpodrypcm` worbs.(5) Ycjy cjì two prnldnp`js, jqum` nl maj mli powjr8 olj aooi (m trnulj ejnla ;Aoi)2 tcj otcjr emi (; Tmtml)2 wco drjmtji tcj vnsne`j worì, dmusji tcj Fm``,aovjrlji tcj worì iurnla tcj pjrnoi of tcj Oì Yjstmkjlt. (4) Ycj eoiy of Dcrnst tcjUjijjkjr wms ol`y ml mppmrjlt, lot m rjm` eoiy (for jvjrytcnla dorporjm` ns tcj worb of Tmtml)2 Kmry wms ml mlaj`. Ycj smdrmkjlts mrj dorporjm`, mli tcjrjforj Tmtmlnd,sykeo`s. (9) Ycjy rjhjdtji tcj usj of drudnfnxjs mli ndols, mli rjamriji dcurdcjs mstcj meoijs of jvn` spnrnts. (:) Ol`y miu`ts wjrj rjdjnvji nlto tcjnr dcurdc2 tcj

djrjkoly dolsnstji of fmstnla mli prmyjr ’ lot emptnsk, for wmtjr ns drjmtji eyTmtml. (6) Ycjy cmi lo cnjrmrdcy2 eut ml jxjdutnvj, dolsnstnla of m sjlnor or enscop,





mli two armijs of Mpost`js. (1) Ejsnijs tcj orinlmry Dcrnstnmls tcjrj wms m spjdnmòrijr of tcj Wjrfjdt or tcj Aooi, wco rjlouldji m`` jmrtc`y possjssnols, kmrrnmaj, mlitcj usj of mlnkm` fooi. Ycjsj dcosjl fjw irjssji nl e`mdb, `nvji `nbj cjrknts, mliwjrj lot m`òwji to spjmb to ml ulej`njvjr jxdjpt for tcj purposj of dolvjrtnla cnk.(3) Lo Eoaokn` wms m`òwji to irnlb wnlj. (>) Ycj Euàmrnml Eoaokn`s prmyji four

tnkjs jvjry imy mli four tnkjs jvjry lnact2 tcj Arjjb sjvjl tnkjs jvjry imy, fnvjtnkjs jvjry lnact. Ycjy prmyji wcjljvjr tcjy drossji m erniaj or jltjrji m vn``maj.Ycjy cmi lo co`y imys. (=7) Ycjy cmi m ijmtc-eji djrjkoly (dm``ji nl tcj wjst `m

dolvjljlsm). Qcojvjr inji wntcout tcj mivmltmaj of tcns djrjkoly wjlt to cj``, tcju`tnkmtj m eoij of m`` ulej`njvjrs. Ycjy ini lot ej`njvj nl m puramtory.

Qj dmllot, cowjvjr, fjj` djrtmnl tcmt tcns ns m fmnr prjsjltmtnol of tcj Eoaoknìodtrnljs. Nt ns ulfortulmtj tcmt lolj of tcjnr eoobs of rntum`, &d., mrj blowl to jxnst.

Ms jmr`y ms tcj tjltc djltury m sdcnsk mrosj nl tcj Eoaokn` dcurdc. M vnjw wms

prokuàmtji tcmt Tmtml wms lot dojvm` wntc Aoi, eut ol`y m `mtjr drjmtnol, m fm``jlmlaj`. Ycns vnjw prjvmn`ji nl tcj Euàmrnml dcurdc, eut tcj Irmaovnċn dùla to tcj oìium`nsk. Ycj koinfnji iodtrnlj wms mioptji for tcj kost pmrt ey tcj Eoaokn`s of tcjwjst (Mènajlsjs, &d.) jxdjpt mt Youòusj mli Mèmlo ol @mbj Amrim (Hnrjċjb, op.

dnt. p. 5=4).

Ycj bnlscnp of tcj Eoaokn` iodtrnljs to tcj Wmu`ndnml ns oevnous. Eut nt cms lot ejjl provji tcmt tcjy mrj cnstorndm``y ijrnvji frok tcj Wmu`ndnml2 tcouac tcjrj mrj cnstorndm`rjmsols for supposnla Wmu`ndnml nlfùjldj.

Tnldj tcj meovj wms wrnttjl, Kr. Dolyejmrj pue`nscji (=3>3) tcj Mrkjlnml tjxt mli

ml Jla`nsc trmls`mtnol of tcj eoob of tcj Wmu`ndnmls of Ycolrmb nl Mrkjlnm. Ycns eoob ns jltnt`ji tcj Bjy of Yrutc mli sjjks to cmvj ejjl irmwl up ey tcj ejanllnla of tcjlnltc djltury. Ycns `nturay dolsnijrme`y koinfnjs our vnjws toudcnla tcj lmturj of Wmu`ndnmlnsk, wcndc mppjmrs to cmvj cmi lotcnla to io wntc Kmrdnolnsk, eut to cmvj

ejjl m rjvnvm` of tcj oì iodtrnlj of Mioptnolnsk mddorinla to wcndc Hjsus wms m kmlmli lotcnla korj ultn` nl cns tcnrtnjtc yjmr cj wms emptnsji ey Hocl mli tcj Tpnrnt of Aoi dmkj iowl mli jltjrji nlto cnk2 tcjl mli tcjrjey cj ejdmkj tcj Tol of Aoi.Of tcns Mioptnolnst vnjw wj cmvj two mldnjlt kolukjlts, tcj Tcjpcjri of Cjrkms

mli tcj Mdts of Mrdcj`mus. Ycj iodtrnlj survnvji nl Tpmnl ultn` tcj 3tc mli >tcdjlturnjs2 mli tcns fmdt suaajsts tcj dolhjdturj tcmt nt m`so `nlajrji ol nl soutcjrl

Frmldj, so tcmt tcj cjrjsy of tcj Dmtcmrs mli Mènajlsjs wouì lot cmvj ejjl m kjrjnkportji Eoaokn`nsk, eut ml mldnjlt òdm` survnvm`. Kr. Dolyejmrj tcnlbs tcmt nt`nvji ol frok jmr`y tnkjs nl tcj Em`bml pjlnlsu`m ‐wcjrj nt wms proeme`y tcj emsns of Eoaokn`nsk.‛

Ycjrj dml ej lo iouet tcmt Kr. Dolyejmrj„s insdovjry ernlas us ljmrjr to tcj trujlmturj of Wmu`ndnmlnsk. Nl tcns eoob tcj Wmu`ndnmls spjmb for tcjksj`vjs, mli frjjtcjksj`vjs frok tcj dcmrajs of Kmlndcmjnsk mli ium`nsk wcndc cmvj ejjl m`wmys

erouact mamnlst tcjk. Kr. Dolyejmrj tcnlbs tcmt Wmu`ndnml, tcj Mrkjlnml fork of Wmu`nml, ns ijrnvji frok Wmu` of Tmkosmtm, wcosj fo`òwjrs wjrj blowl to tcj

Arjjbs of tcj 9tc djltury ms Wmu`nmln. Arjaory Kmanstros: (wco nl tcj ==tc djlturywms dokknssnolji ey tcj Jkpjror Dolstmltnlj NS. to irnvj tcj Wmu`ndnmls or





Ycolrmbn out of Nkpjrnm` Mrkjlnm) stmtjs tcmt tcj Wmu`ndnmls ‐aot tcjnr ponsol frokWmu` of Tmkosmtm,‛ tcj `mst arjmt rjprjsjltmtnvj of tcj Mioptnolnst iodtrnlj. Kr.Dolyejmrj suaajsts tcmt, tcj mnk of tcj Nkpjrnm` aovjrlkjlt cmvnla ejjl to irnvj tcjMioptnolnst Dcurdc outsnij tcj Jkpnrj, tcj Wmu`nmls ‐toob rjfuaj nl Kjsopotmknmmli `mtjr nl tcj Kocmkkjiml ioknlnols ajljrm``y, wcjrj tcjy wjrj to`jrmtji mli

wcjrj tcjnr owl typj of ej`njf, ms wj sjj frok tcj Mdts of Mrdcm`mus, cmi ljvjr djmsji to ej mddoultji ortcoiox. Ycjy wjrj tcus òst snact of m`kost for djlturnjs eytcj Arjjb tcjoòanmls of Dolstmltnlop`j mli otcjr arjmt djltrjs. Qcjl mt `mst tcjymamnl kmij tcjksj`vjs fj`t ms tcj jxtrjkj `jft wnla of tcj ndolod`msts ’ tcj arjmt

pmrty of rjvo`t mamnlst tcj rjvnvji Arjjb pmamlnsk of tcj jnactc djltury ’ nt wms tcjortcoiox or Arjdnsji Mrkjlnmls tcmt, ms nt wjrj, nltroiudji tcjk mfrjsc to tcj lotndjof tcj Arjjbs‛ (Nltroiudtnol, p. dvn.).






5.

JMU@^ CNTYOU^ OF YCJ EZ@AMUNMLT ’ (W. 51 Tqq.)

Euàmrnm mli Uussnm mrj T`mvolnd doultrnjs, Euàmrnml mli Uussnml mrj T`mvolnd`mlaumajs2 eut nt ns ml nkportmlt cnstorndm` fmdt tcmt tcj truj Euàmrnmls mli tcj trujUussnmls, wco drjmtji tcjsj T`mvolnd stmtjs, wjrj lot T`mvs tcjksj`vjs mli ini lotspjmb T`mvolnd tolaujs. Ycj Uussnml nlvmijr wms m Yjutol2 cj ejòlaji, mt m`` jvjlts,to tcj smkj Nlio-Juropjml fmkn`y ms tcj T`mvs wcok cj dolqujrji. Eut tcj Euàmrnmlnlvmijr wms m Ymrtmr, of wco``y inffjrjlt jtclnd mffnlntnjs frok tcj pjop`j wcok cjsueiuji. Nl eotc dmsjs tcj dolqujror wms mssnkn`mtji, armium``y foraot cns owltolauj, mli `jmrlji tcj `mlaumaj of cns suehjdts2 nl eotc dmsjs cj amvj tcj lmkj of cns

owl rmdj to tcj stmtj wcndc cj fouliji. Mli eotc dmsjs ponlt to tcj smkj trutctoudcnla tcj T`mvs8 tcjnr strola powjr of mssnkn`mtnol, mli tcjnr `mdb of tcj po`ntndm`nlstnldt mli fordj wcndc mrj ljdjssmry for drjmtnla mli oramlnsnla m po`ntndm` ulnol.Eotc Euàmrnm mli Uussnm wjrj kmij ey strmlajrs.

(=) Qj fnrst kjt Euàmrnmls nl tcj fnftc djltury, mftjr tcj erjmb-up of tcj Jkpnrj of Mttn`m. Qj tcjl smw tcjk sjtt`ji sokjwcjrj lortc of tcj Imluej ’ nt ns ejst to smyrouac`y ejtwjjl tcj Imluej mli tcj Ilnjpjr ’ mli sokjtnkjs mppjmrnla soutc of tcj Imluej. (5) Qj smw tcjk ljxt, m djltury `mtjr, ms suehjdts of tcj Mvmr jkpnrj.Qj smw m`so (meovj, vo`. vnn. Mppjlinx 1) tcmt tcjy wjrj dòsj`y dolljdtji wntc tcjtrnejs of tcj Zturaurs mli Botrnaurs. (4) Ycj ljxt nkportmlt jvjlt nl tcj cnstory of tcjEuàmrnmls ns tcj erjmb-up of tcj Mvmr jkpnrj. Nl tcns erjmb-up tcjy tcjksj`vjsmssnstji. Nl tcj rjnal of Cjrmd`nus, tcj Euàmrnml bnla Burt rjvo`ts mamnlst tcj dcmamlof tcj Mvmrs mli kmbjs ml m``nmldj wntc Cjrmd`nus, towmris tcj dòsj of tcmtjkpjror„s rjnal (d. 64:-6).= Mt tcns tnkj tcj Euàmrnmls mli tcjnr fj`òws tcj Ztnaurssjjk to cmvj ejjl ulntji ulijr m dokkol bnla2 Burt ns ijsnalmtji ms òri of tcjZtnaurs. (9) Ycj ljxt kovjkjlt sjjks to cmvj ejjl m wjstwmri knarmtnol of pmrt of tcj Euàmrnmls. Drossnla tcj Imluej, sokj of tcj jknarmlts sjtt`ji nl Wmllolnm, nltcj low rjiudji rjm`k of tcj Mvmrs2 mli otcjrs wjlt fmrtcjr mfnjì mli fouli tcjnr fnlm` meoijs nl Ntm`y ol tcj scorjs of tcj Mirnmtnd (sjj meovj, p. 53, lotj :). (:) Burtinji nl tcj rjnal of Dolstmls NN. Cns suddjssor Ejzkèr rjnalji ol`y tcrjj yjmrs, mli

wms suddjjiji ey Nspjrndc, wco drossji tcj Imluej mli jstme`nscji tcj Euàmrnmlbnlaiok nl Kojsnm nl tcj rjnal of Dolstmltnlj NV. (d. 61>).

Ycj Euàmrnmls ol tcj Imluej cmi bnlsfo`b fmr to tcj jmst, wco nl tcj tjltc djltury`nvji ejtwjjl tcj Voàm mli tcj Bmkm. Ycjy mrj ajljrm``y blowl ms tcj Euàmrnmlsof tcj Voàm2 tcjnr doultry wms instnlaunscji ms E`mdb Euàmrnm5 frok Qcntj Euàmrnmol tcj Imluej. Ycj dnty of tcj jmstjrl Euàmrnmls wms ijstroyji ey Ynkour, eut tcjnr lmkj ns stn`` prjsjrvji nl tcj vn``maj of Eoàmry nl tcj provnldj of Bmsml. Ycjy kustcmvj knarmtji lortcwmris to tcjsj rjanols frok tcj scorjs of tcj @mbj of Mzov,

ejtwjjl tcj Ilnjpjr mli Iol. For nl tcj jnactc djltury tcjy wjrj djrtmnl`y nl tcj

ljnaceourcooi of tcj @mbj of Mzov,4 mli wjrj ol tcj wjst snij of tcj Iol, wcn`j tcjbnlirji trnej of tcj Botrmas or Botrnaurs wjrj ovjr mamnlst tcjk ol tcj jmst emlb.





Yowmris tcj jli of tcj lnltc djltury tcj Kocmkkjiml rj`nanol ejaml to tmbj rootmkola tcj Euàmrnmls of tcj Voàm, mli tcj dolvjrsnol wms dokp`jtji nl tcj yjmr >55. Qj cmvj m aooi mddoult of tcjnr doultry mli tcjnr dustoks frok tcj Mrmendtrmvj``jr Nel Fos`ml.9

Ycus, meout tcj jli of tcj sjvjltc djltury, tcjrj wjrj fnvj sjtt`jkjlts of tcjEuàmrnmls mli tcjnr bnlspjop`j nl Juropj. (=) Ycj Euàmrnmls ejtwjjl tcj Iol mliIlnjpjr. (5) Ycj Botrmas or Botrnaurs, tcjnr ljnaceours ol tcj otcjr snij of tcj Iol.(4) Ycj Euàmrnml bnlaiok of tcj Imluej, nl wcndc tcj Ztnaurs cmi ejjl kjraji. (9)Ycj Euàmrnml sjtt`jkjlt nl Wmllolnm. (:) Ycj Euàmrnml sjtt`jkjlts nl Ntm`y.

Ycj jxnstjldj of tcjsj fnvj òts of Euàmrnmls wms mddoultji for ey m `jajli wcndckust cmvj mrnsjl sool mftjr tcj foulimtnol of tcj Euàmrnml bnlaiok nl Kojsnm.Mddorinla to tcns `jajli Bnla Buvrmt (Burt) cmi fnvj sols. Qcjl cns ijmtcmppromdcji cj jlhonlji upol tcjk lot to sjpmrmtj. Eut tcjy ini lot oejy cns

dokkmli. Ycj fnrst, Emtemnml, rjkmnlji nl cns lmtnvj `mli, mddorinla to cns fmtcjr„swn``2 tcj sjdoli, Botrma, drossji tcj Iol mli iwj``ji ovjr mamnlst cns erotcjr2 tcjtcnri, Nspjrndc, sjtt`ji nl Ejssmrmenm2: tcj fourtc knarmtji to Wmllolnm2 tcj fnftc toNtm`y. Ycns story cmi ejjl wrnttjl iowl nl sokj Arjjb eoob nl tcj doursj of tcjjnactc djltury2 for Ycjopcmljs mli Lndjpcorus ijrnvji nt nlijpjlijlt`y frok tcjsmkj wrnttjl sourdj.6

Nt ns jmsy to sjpmrmtj tcj fmdt frok tcj fndtnol. Eotc Burt mli Nspjrndc mrj cnstorndm`2Nspjrndc kmy wj`` cmvj ejjl Burt„s sol (for ol`y olj scort rjnal nltjrvjlji ejtwjjltcjk)2 mli tcjnr dcroloòandm` rj`mtnol dorrjspolis to fmdt. Korjovjr tcj wjstwmriknarmtnol to Wmllolnm mli Ntm`y proeme`y cmppjlji mftjr Burt„s ijmtc, meout tcjknii`j of tcj 1tc djltury. Ycj `jajlimry pmrts of tcj tm`j mrj8 (=) tcj fnvj sols of Burtmli cns ijmtceji dokkmlis2 (5) tcj rjprjsjltmtnol of tcj jpolykous Botrmaos ms msol of Burt, mli tcj ej`njf tcmt tcj pjop`j of Botrmaos ermldcji off frok tcjEuàmrnmls nl tcj 1tc djltury2 (4) tcj dcroloòandm` jrror of kmbnla tcj Euàmrnmlsfnrst dokj to tcj rjanols ejtwjjl tcj Ilnjstjr mli tcj Imluej ulijr Nspjrndc nl tcj1tc djltury2 mli tcus rjprjsjltnla Burt ms m bnla rjnalnla ovjr Euàmrnmls jmst of tcjIlnjpjr.

Uojs`jr, Culfm`vy, mli otcjrs cmvj sustmnlji tcmt tcj Euàmrnmls wjrj lot of Yurbnsc, eut of Fnllnsc rmdj. Eut tcjy cmvj lot provji tcjnr dmsj.1

For tcj dustoks of tcj Imluenml Euàmrnmls, wcndc ponlt to tcjnr Ymrtmr ornanl, sjj tcjUjspolsjs of Wopj Lndco`ms (nl tcj lnltc djltury) to tcj kmttjrs ol wcndc tcjydolsu`tji cnk.3






4.

@NTY OF MLDNJLY EZ@AMUNML WUNLDJT ’ (W. 5>, 4=)

M durnous frmakjlt of ml oì `nst of Euàmrnml prnldjs frok tcj jmr`njst tnkjs up to16:, wms jintji ey M. Wopov nl =366 (Oezor Dcroloarmpcov russbon rjimbtsnn). Nt nsrjproiudji ey Hnrjċjb (Ajsdcndctj ijr Euàmrjl, p. =51). Ycj `nst ns irmwl up nl tcj`mlaumaj of tcj T`mvs of Euàmrnm, eut doltmnls lol-T`mvolnd woris, ejòlanla to tcjtolauj of tcj Euàmrnml dolqujrors. Nt kmy ej trmls`mtji ms fo`òws, wntc tcjjxdjptnol of tcj Euàmrnml woris8’





R=59-959.[

‐Mvntodco` `nvji 477 yjmrs2 cj ejòlaji to tcj rmdj of Iuò2 mli cns yjmrswjrj inòk tvnrjk.

R959-:19.[

‐Nrlnb `nvji =77 yjmrs mli :72 cj ejòlaji to tcj rmdj of Iuò2 mli cnsyjmrs wjrj inòk tvnrjk.

R:19-:16.[

‐Aostul ru`ji ms vndjroy for 5 yjmrs2 cj ejòlaji to tcj rmdj of Hjrkn2 mlicns yjmrs wjrj iodcs tvnrjk.

R:16-646.[

‐Bur„t rjnalji for 67 yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Iuò2 eut cns yjmrs wjrj ŭjaor vèċjk.

R646-64>.[

‐Ejzkèr 4 yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Iuò2 eut cns yjmrs wjrj ŭjaor

vèċjk.

‐Ycjsj : prnldjs (b„l?z) cjì tcj prnldnpm`nty ol tcj otcjr snij of tcjImluej for :=: yjmrs, wntc scorl cjmis.

R 61>.[‐Mli tcjl Nspjrndc, prnldj, dmkj to (tcns) snij of tcj Imluej, wcjrj (tcjymrj) tn`` tcns imy.

R64>-177.[‐Jspjrndc, prnldj, 6= yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Iuò2 cns yjmrs wjrjvjrjlnm`jk. R?τχνύοϊρ.[

R177-157.[

‐Yjrvj` 5= yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Iuò2 cns yjmrs wjrj tjbuċjtjk

tvnrjk. RΩκύεΫβαυ.[

R157-193.[

‐. . .= 53 yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Iuò2 cns yjmrs wjrj ivmlŭjdctjk.

R193-1:4.[

‐Tjvmr : yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Iuò2 cns yjmrs wjrj todcm`„tok.

R1:4-167.[

‐Borknsoŭ =1 yjmrs25 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Vobn`2 cns yjmrs wjrj ŭjaor

tvnrnk. RΘούΰΫτξου.[

‐Ycns prnldj dcmlaji tcj rmdj of Iuò ’ tcmt ns to smy Vndctul (?).

R?[‐Vnljdc R?[ 1 yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Zbn`2 cns lmkj wms ŭjaorm`jk

(?).

R167-164.[

‐Yj`jd 4 yjmrs2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Zamnl2 mli cns yjmrs wjrj sokor

m`tjk. Cj too wms of mlotcjr rmdj. RΩκβΫωζαυ.[

R 169?[‐Zkor 97 imys2 cj wms of tcj rmdj of Zan`2 cns (yjmrs wjrj) inòk tutok.‛RΟ?ΰνύου.[

= Wossne`y tcj prjdjinla tvnrjk doldjm`s tcj lmkj of tcj suddjssor of Yjrvj`

5 Knstmbj for 1 (Hnrjċjb, p. =97 lotj).

Vmrnous mttjkpts cmvj ejjl kmij to jxp`mnl tcj Euàmrnml woris (wcndc ouact to ejlukjrm`s,4 eut wcndc d`jmr`y io lot dorrjspoli nl m`` dmsjs to tcj T`mvolnd lukejrs)frok Yurbnsc inm`jdts, or jvjl frok tcj Culamrnml `mlaumaj, ey Cn`fjrinla, Bulnb,mli Umiòv29 eut lolj of tcjsj mttjkpts mrj dolvnldnla.:

Ycj `mst tcrjj rjnals dmusj m inffndu`ty, wcjl wj dokpmrj tcjk wntc tcj lotndjs of Lndjpcorus (p. 6> mli p. 17, ji. ij Eoor) mli Ycjopcmljs (m.k. 65:9 mli 65:6).Ycjrj sjjks to ej lo rook for m rjnal of 1 yjmrs ejtwjjl Borknsoŭ mli Yj`jd2 nt nsnlijji dolsnijrji uldjrtmnl wcjtcjr vnljdc rjprjsjlts tcj lmkj of m prnldj or

ejòlas dòsj`y to tcj prjdjinla vndctul. Ycj kurijr of Yj`jd cmppjlji, mddorinla to

Lndjpcorus mli Ycjopcmljs, nl 165 (mftjr cns ijfjmt ey Dolstmltnlj V. nl Hulj of tcmtyjmr)2 eut Ycjopcmljs rj`mtjs tcj j`jvmtnol of Yj`jd ulijr tcj smkj yjmr. Ycjl,





mddorinla to tcj Arjjb cnstornmls, Tmenlos, sol-nl-`mw of Borknsoŭ, ns j`jdtji prnldj2cj kmbjs pjmdj wntc Dolstmltnlj, eut ns prjsjlt`y ijposji mli f`njs toDolstmltnlop`j, Wmamlos (; Emnml) ejnla j`jvmtji nl cns p`mdj. Qj tcjl fnli Zkmr sjtup ey Tmenlos, ms m rnvm` of Emnml mppmrjlt`y, mli ijposji ey tcj Euàmrnmls, wco sjtup nl cns stjmi Yobtu, erotcjr of Emnml, nl 169 ’ Emnml ejnla mppmrjlt`y ijmi2 tcns ns

tcj mddoult of Lndjpcorus. Eut Ycjopcmljs smys lotcnla of Zkmr2 eut ernlas Emnml(Wmamlos) to Dolstmltnlop`j, wcjrj Dolstmltnlj mli Tmenlos rjdjnvj cnk. Eotc tcjArjjb wrntjrs marjj tcmt Dolstmltnlj nlvmiji Euàmrnm nl tcns yjmr, eut Lndjpcorusnkp`njs tcmt nt wms nl tcj nltjrjsts of Tmenlos mli Zkmr. Low nl tcj Euàmrnml `nstTmenlos mli Emnml io lot mppjmr.

Ycj Arjjb cnstornmls mrj fmr korj `nbj`y to cmvj kmij m knstmbj nl rjamri to tcjsjjvjlts tcml tcj Euàmrnml `nst. Ycj dolfusnol proeme`y mrnsjs frok tcj snku`tmljousrjnals of rnvm` prnldjs. Nf Vnljdc wms tcj lmturm` suddjssor of Borknsoŭ, cns rjnal,`mstnla sjvjl yjmrs frok tcj ijmtc of Borknsoŭ, wms kmnl`y tntu`mr2 mli tcj tcrjj

yjmrs of Yj`jd wjrj syldcrolous wntc pmrt of tcj sjvjl yjmrs of Vnljdc, mli m`so wntctcj rjnal of Emnml, ml usurpjr wcok tcj `nst jltnrj`y oknts.

Nt wouì tcjl turl out tcmt Tmenlos of tcj Arjjb cnstornmls dorrjspolis to Vnljdc of tcj `nst. Ms Tmenlos rmnsji up Zkmr (of cns owl Zbn` fmkn`y) to tmbj cns p`mdj ms

prnldj nl 169, tcj sjvjl yjmrs of Tmenlos wouì dokj to ml jli nl tcmt yjmr mli wjscouì p`mdj tcj ijmtc of Borknsoŭ nl 1:3. Ms tcj yjmrs of tcj Euàmrnml `nst ljji lotm`` ej fu`` yjmrs, mli ms Yjrvj` kmy cmvj inji nl 1=> (cj wms stn`` m`nvj nl 1=3-=>, sjjYcjopcmljs, sue mll.), tcjrj ns lo inffndu`ty nl tcns supposntnol. Qj tcus ajt8 ’

Borknsoŭ, d. 1:=-1:3.Enljdc (Tmvnlos), 1:3-169.Yj`jd, 1:>-167 to 165.REmnml, 165 to 169.[Zkmr, 169.Yobtu, 169.






9.

OKOUYMA„T NLTDUNWYNOL ’ (W. 45)

Ujmijrs of Aneeol kmy ej nltjrjstji nl sjjnla tcj tjxt of tcj rjkmrbme`j nlsdrnptnolof m Arjjb mrdcntjdt jkpòyji ey prnldj Okortma2 nt wms jlarmvji ol m pn``mr of rjikmre`j fouli mt Yrlovo. N tmbj nt frok Hnrjċjb, Ajsdc. ijr Euàmrjl (p. =93).

Δξώΰ Οΰούωνδ ξυ ωολ χνβκολ ϊθολ νϊωοϊ ΰκλολ κχϊατκλ ϊχκύγϊΰολ ϊθολ ξυ ωολΙνλοϊεαλ, θ„νλν ΰκτν ωολ ιϊο ϊθο ωολ χνλγϊΰολ . Θνωνΰκωύατνυ ξυ ωολ ΰκτολκχϊατν ωοϊΰενλ. Θκ νχο ωαλ νϊωαλ ΰκταλ ωαυ ωοϊΰενυ κου ωαλ νϊβξλ ΰοϊ ωαλ νύρκνλξτξλ ούδακ(υ) ΰϊύξνικυ 8 ε 8 θ„κχξ ωολ Ινλοϊεξλ ξταλ ούδψκυ ΰϊύξνικυ 8 ε 8 ωο ικ νϊωο

ωοϊεξ κτωξλ χνλγϊΰολ. ΰκωύξτωκ „υ ωξλ δξλ. κχϊξυ– ων δύνΰνων ωνϊων ο νλγύοχου θθ νβνζολ νχογλξτθξ θκ νβου δκλνωκ θκ ξλν ο κτρνωολ δαλοΰκλου. ωνϊων γκούολ ϊχοΰλατθκωκ ωολ χϊξτνλων νϊωο. ωο ικ ολοΰν ωολ νύρολωου κτωαλ ήΰούωνδ θνλ . λντϊ εξεα ο γυ νλοτψ νϊωολ . ζξττκω . α 8 ύ.

Ycns iodukjlt stmtjs tcmt Anok Okortma eun`t m ljw pm`mdj ol tcj Imluej, mli m`so mtoke, jxmdt`y cm`fwmy ejtwjjl tcns ljw pm`mdj mli cns oì pm`mdj. Oesjrvj tcmt cj nsdm``ji ey tcj Euàmrnml tnt`j bcml, lot ey tcj T`mvolnd bljz.

Ycjrj mrj sjvjrm` inffndu`tnjs nl tcj nltjrprjtmtnol of tcj nlsdrnptnol. Ycns ns lot tcj p`mdj to insduss tcjk, eut nl olj ponlt N kmy dorrjdt tcj nltjrprjtmtnol mli

puldtumtnol of Hnrjdjb. Ycj sjdoli d`musj (θ„νλν ΰκτν, &d.) cj trmls`mtjs frjj`y ‐ulinl ijr Knttj ejnijr jnl (irnttjs) Cmus, ims aross-mrtnastj. Lmdc jnljr Vjrkjssulajrrndctjtj ndc nl ijr Knttj jnl Armekm` (hjljs irnttj Cmus?).‛ Ycns wn`` lot io.Oevnous`y tcj puldtumtnol ejforj θνωνΰκωύάτνυ scouì ej rjkovji, mli tcj sjltjldjns quntj snkp`j (jqum` to θν? ?λ? ΰΫτν ωώ?λ ιϋο ο?θώ(λ) ωώ?λ χνλγϋΰώλθνωνΰκωύάτνυ κ?υ ω?λ ΰΫταλ ?χοίατν ωϋΰεολ), ‐mli ejtwjjl tcosj two kmalnfndjltcousjs, cmvnla kjmsurji tcj arouli, N kmij m toke nl tcj knii`j (cm`fwmy).‛






:.

YCJ LOUYCJUL @NKNYT OF YCJ FNUTY EZ@AMUNMLBNLAIOK ’ (W. 49)

Ycjrj ns jvnijldj to scow tcmt tcj bnlaiok ovjr wcndc Nspjrndc mli Druk ru`ji wmslot dolfnlji to tcj @owjr Kojsnm, tcj doultry ejtwjjl tcj Imluej mli tcj Em`bmlrmlaj. Ycjrj ns lo iouet tcmt tcjnr swmy jxtjliji ovjr tcj `mlis wcndc fork tcjkoijrl bnlaiok of Uoukmlnm2 mli nt ns possne`j tcmt tcj swmy of Druk jxtjliji ovjr Tnjejleðrajl or Yrmlsy`vmlnm.

Ycj jxtjlsnol of Euàmrnm lortc of tcj Imluej nl tcj tnkj of Druk ns provji ey m

pmssmaj nl tcj Mlolykous wrntjr of tcj lnltc djltury, of wcosj worb m frmakjlt oltcj rjnal of @jo V. ns prjsjrvji (sjj meovj, vo`. vnnn. Mppjlinx, p. 974). Ycjrj wjfnli ‐Euàmrnm ejyoli tcj Imluej‛ (?θκξ?γκλ ωοϊ? ?τωύοϊ χοωνΰοϊ?, nl tcj Eoll ji.of @jo Armkkmtndus, p. 49:)2 Druk trmlsportji m ku`tntuij of prnsoljrs tcntcjr. Ycnsns eorlj out ey tcj Emvmrnml ajoarmpcjr of tcj lnltc djltury, wco kjltnols tcjdoultry of tcj Euàmrnmls ms olj of tcj doultrnjs lortc of tcj Imluej.=

Ycj dcnjf jvnijldj dntji for Euàmrnml ioknlnol ovjr Yrmlsy`vmlnm nl tcj lnltcdjltury ns tcj jlukjrmtnol of m lukejr of Imdnml towls ms ejòlanla to tcj rjanolsoddupnji ey tcj Euàmrnmls, nl tcj Umvjllmtj Ajoarmpcjr25 mli tcj dnrdukstmldj tcmt

tcj Euàmrnmls usji to sj`` sm`t to tcj Kormvnmls4 (tcjrj ejnla sm`t knljs nlYrmlsy`vmlnm, mli lolj nl Euàmrnm soutc of tcj Imluej).

Yo ml ulenmssji nlqunrjr tcj jvnijldj djrtmnl`y rjlijrs nt proeme`j tcmt iurnla tcj 3tcdjltury wcjl tcj Mvmr kolmrdcy wms wjmb mli sool meout to ynjì to tcj mrks of Dcmr`js tcj Arjmt, tcj Euàmrnmls jxtjliji tcjnr powjr ovjr tcj T`mvs mli V`mdcs of Tnjejleðrajl. Ycns wms djrtmnl`y wcmt ulijr tcj dnrdukstmldjs wms `nbj`y to cmppjl2mli tcj sdmlty jvnijldj sjjks to ponlt to tcj doldùsnol tcmt nt ini cmppjl. Ycjrj nslo rjmsol to supposj tcmt m pmrt of tcj Euàmrnml pjop`j sjtt`ji nl Tnjejleðrajl2 ol`ytcmt Tnjejleðrajl wms suehjdt to tcj prnldjs of Euàmrnm iurnla tcj lnltc djltury ultn`tcj Kmaymr nlvmsnol. Zlfortulmtj`y, tcns qujstnol ns knxji up wntc tcj eurlnla

Uoukmlnml qujstnol2 mli tcj Culamrnmls fnrk`y rjhjdt tcj nijm of m Euàmrnml pjrnoinl Tnjejleðrajl. Ycj fnrst mdtnvj prokuàmtor of tcj vnjw sjjks to cmvj ejjl Jlaj`,9mli Culfm`vy ijvotjs sjvjrm` pmajs to tcj tmsb of ijko`nscnla tcj ‐bîpzj`t tnszmnEoàírsía,‛ ms cj dm``s nt, ‐tcj nkmanlmry Euàmrnm ol tcj Ycjnss.‛: Ycj Uoukmlnmlswj`dokj tcj lotnol of m lortcjrl Euàmrnm, ejdmusj nt wouì jxp`mnl tcj jxnstjldj of tcj Euàmrnml rntj nl tcj Uoukmlnml dcurdc, mli ijprnvj tcj Culamrnmls of mlmraukjlt for tcjnr iodtrnlj, tcmt tcj Uoukmlnmls mrj `mtj nltruijrs nl Yrmlsy`vmlnmmli dmrrnji tcj Euàmrnml rntj wntc tcjk frok tcj doultry soutc of tcj Imluej.

Eut, mpmrt frok tcj Yrmlsy`vmlnml qujstnol, tcjrj dml ej lo iouet tcmt Euàmrnm

nldùiji Qm`mdcnm mli jxtjliji to tcj Ilnjstjr ulijr tcj jmr`y bnlas. Ycjrj ns lorjmsol to supposj tcmt wcjl Nspjrndc pmssji soutc of tcj Imluej cj amvj up cns





ioknlnol nl Ejssmrmenm. Ycmt Ejssmrmenm wms Euàmrnml nl tcj 3tc djltury sjjks m pjrknssne`j nlfjrjldj frok tcj stmtjkjlt nl tcj `jajli of tcj fnvj sols of Buvrmt (sjj`mst lotj). Mli tcj fmdt tcmt tcjrj wms lo otcjr rnvm` powjr to coì tcjsj rjanols sjjksto kj to ej m`kost doldùsnvj. N mk rjmiy jvjl to cmzmri tcj cypotcjsns tcmt tcjnlfùjldj of tcj Euàmrnml bnlas nl tcj 3tc djltury jxtjliji ms fmr ms tcj Ilnjpjr.

Zltn` tcj Culamrnmls dmkj mli toob possjssnol of Mtj`buzu (sjj Mppjlinx 1, p. 4>3),tcjrj wms lo otcjr arjmt powjr ljmrjr tcml tcj Bcmzmrs. Ol tcj Ilnjpjr, iurnla tcjfnrst cm`f of tcj 3tc djltury, tcj Euàmrnmls wouì cmvj ejjl nl doltmdt wntc tcjnr owlbnlsfo`b.






6.

YCJ DOLVJUTNOL OF YCJ T@MVT

Nt ns rjkmrbme`j tcmt Aneeol cms anvjl lo mddoult of tcj Mpost`js of tcj T`mvs, tcj erotcjrs Dolstmltnlj mli Kjtcoinus2 wcosj worb wms fmr korj nkportmlt for tcjdolvjrsnol of tcj T`mvolnd worì to tcj Dcrnstnml fmntc tcml tcmt of Z`fn`ms for tcjdolvjrsnol of tcj Ajrkmls. @ntt`j jlouac ns blowl of tcj `nvjs of tcjsj kjl, mlitcjnr lmkjs wjrj sool surrouliji wntc insdrjpmlt trmintnols mli `jajlis nl vmrnousdoultrnjs ’ nl Kormvnm mli Eocjknm, Wmllolnm mli Euàmrnm.

Ycjrj sjjks lo rjmsol to iouet tcmt tcjy wjrj eorl nl Ycjssmòlndm, mli tcj imtj of

tcj enrtc of Dolstmltnlj, mt `jmst, tcj jìjr of tcj two, proeme`y fm``s ejtwjjl 357 mli347. Nl Ycjssmòlndm tcjy wjrj nl tcj knist of T`mvolnd instrndts mli cmi opportulntnjsof ejdoknla mdqumnltji wntc tcj T`mvolnd `mlaumaj nl tcjnr youtc. Wjrcmps tcjy eotc

ejdmkj kolbs wcjl tcjy wjrj stn`` youla.= Dolstmltnlj wjlt to Dolstmltnlop`j mli ejdmkj m prnjst. Cns `jmrlnla wol cnk tcj tnt`j of Wcnòsopcjr mli tcj frnjliscnp of Wcotnus25 eut, wcjl Wcotnus stmrtji tcj iodtrnlj of two sou`s nl kml, Dolstmltnljopposji cnk. Nt wms proeme`y sool mftjr tcj j`jvmtnol of Wcotnus to tcj Wmtrnmrdcmtj (3:1) tcmt Dolstmltnlj, wco cmi m anft for `mlaumajs, wms sjlt ms m knssnolmry to tcjDcmzmrs (pjrcmps 367-=), wco cmi ejaaji tcj Jkpjror to sjli tcjk m `jmrljinlstrudtor. Qcn`j cj wms mt Dcjrsol, `jmrlnla tcj Dcmzmrnd `mlaumaj, cj ‐insdovjrji‛tcj rjkmnls of tcj kmrtyr Wopj D`jkjlt N., wcndc cj mftjrwmris erouact to Uokj.4Ol cns rjturl frok Dcmzmrnm ( 365) cj rjdjnvji m ljw dm``. Dcrnstnmlnty cmi m`rjmiykmij sokj wmy mkola tcj T`mvs of Kormvnm, tcrouac tcj knssnolmry mdtnvnty of tcj

enscops of Wmssmu. Ycus Kormvnm sjjkji mlljxji to tcj @mtnl Dcurdc. Eut tcjKormvnml bnla Umstns`mv qumrrj``ji wntc cns Ajrkml mli Euàmrnml ljnaceours, mli,sjjbnla tcj po`ntndm` support of tcj Jmstjrl Jkpjror, cj ijtjrknlji to ernla Kormvnmnlto spnrntum` dolljdtnol wntc Dolstmltnlop`j. Cj sjlt mkemssmiors to Kndcmj` NNN.,msbnla for m kml wco wouì ej me`j to tjmdc cns fòdb tcj Dcrnstnml fmntc nl tcjnr owltolauj. Dolstmltnlj, ey cns blow`jiaj of T`mvolnd mli cns knssnolmry jxpjrnjldj,wms kmrbji out ms tcj suntme`j mpost`j2 mli cj wjlt to Kormvnm, tmbnla wntc cnk cns

erotcjr Kjtcoinus ( 364). Ycjy worbji mkola tcj Kormvnmls for four mli m cm`f

yjmrs, cmvnla mppmrjlt`y oetmnlji tcj rjùdtmlt rjdoalntnol of tcj enscop of Wmssmu.Eut Wrnldj Umstns`mv wms fu``y rjso`vji tcmt tcj dcurdc of cns doultry scouì lotrjkmnl m ijpjlijldy ol tcj Ajrkml sjj of Wmssmu. M ljw enscoprnd scouì ejfouliji mli Dolstmltnlj scouì ej tcj fnrst enscop. Nf Nalmtnus cmi ejjl stn``Wmtrnmrdc, Dolstmltnlj wouì proeme`y cmvj souact jpnsdopm` orinlmtnol mt cns cmlis.Eut tcj cjrjtnd Wcotnus wms nl tcj Wmtrnmrdcm` dcmnr2 tcjrj wms sdcnsk ejtwjjl Uokjmli Dolstmltnlop`j2 mli so nt dmkj meout tcmt Umstns`mv mli Dolstmltnlj cmi rjdoursjto tcj Enscop of Uokj. Wopj Lndco`ms nlvntji tcj two erotcjrs ( 361), eut inji ejforjtcjnr mrrnvm`2 mli cns suddjssor Cmirnml NN. orimnlji tcjk enscops ( 363). Ol tcnsoddmsnol Dolstmltnlj dcmlaji cns lmkj to Dyrn`, ey wcndc cj cms ejdokj ajljrm``y

blowl. Eut m prjkmturj ijmtc dmrrnji cnk mwmy mt Uokj (Fje. =9, 36>). Kjtcoinustcjl wjlt to E`mtlo ol tcj W`mttjl Tjj nl Wmllolnm (wcjrj Bodj`, prnldj of tcj T`mvs





of tcosj rjanols, cjì cns dourt) ms enscop of Wmllolnm ’ ml mldnjlt sjj wcndc wmslow rjdolstntutji. Cjrj cj jxjrdnsji knssnolmry nlfùjldj upol ljnaceournlaDromtnm. Eut prjsjlt`y cj rjturlji to Kormvnm, wcjrj Tvmtopùb cmi ejdokj bnla. Cjinji nl 33:.

Ycj arjmt mdcnjvjkjlt of Dolstmltnlj or Dyrn` wms tcj nlvjltnol of m T`mvolndm`pcmejt. Cns nkkjinmtj knssnolmry worb wms nl Kormvnm2 eut ey frmknla ml m`pcmejtmli trmls`mtnla tcj aospj`s nlto T`mvolnd cj mffjdtji, ms lo otcjr snla`j kml cms jvjr iolj, jvjry T`mvolnd pjop`j. Cj ini wcmt Z`fn`ms ini for tcj Aotcs, wcmt Kjsroe inifor tcj Mrkjlnmls, eut cns worb wms ijstnlji to cmvj nldokpmrme`y arjmtjr jdukjlndm` nkportmldj tcml tcmt of jntcjr. Ycj m`pcmejt wcndc cj nlvjltji (iouet`jssnl 364) ns blowl ms tcj a`mao`ntnd2 mli wj cmvj m aooi kmly jmr`y iodukjlts wrnttjlnl tcns dcmrmdtjr nl vmrnous pmrts of tcj T`mvolnd worì. Eut u`tnkmtj`y tcj usj of nt

ejdmkj dolfnlji to Nstrnm mli tcj Dromtnml domst2 for nt wms supjrsjiji ey mlotcjr m`pcmejt, d`jmrjr mli korj prmdtndm`, wcndc wms pjrcmps nlvjltji meout cm`f m djltury

`mtjr ey Enscop D`jkjlt of Irjlovnzm.9 Ycns `mtjr m`pcmejt ns blowl ms tcj dyrn``nd2mli cms ejjl supposji ’ mli ns stn`` supposji ’ ey kmly to ej tcj m`pcmejt wcndcDyrn` nlvjltji. Eut m stuiy of tcj two dcmrmdtjrs kmbjs nt quntj d`jmr tcmt tcj dyrn``ndns tcj `mtjr mli wms forkji upol tcj a`mao`ntnd. Nt wms tcj frmkjr of tcj a`mao`ntnd wco

possjssji tcj drjmtnvj ajlnus2 mli nt wms lot ulfmnr tcmt, wcjl tcj sjdoli fork of tcjm`pcmejt, wntc m`` nts nkprovjkjlts, supjrsjiji tcj oìjr, tcj lmkj of tcj ornanlm`nlvjltor scouì ej mttmdcji to tcj nkprovji sdrnpt.

Inrjdt`y ljntcjr Dyrn` lor Kjtcoinus cmi mlytcnla to io wntc tcj dolvjrsnol of Euàmrnm. Eut tcj dolvjrsnol of Euàmrnm toob p`mdj nl tcjnr imys2 tcj nlvjltnol of tcjm`pcmejt fmdn`ntmtji tcj dolvjrsnol2 mli tcj mpp`ndmtnol of tcj Kormvnml kolmrdc toDolstmltnlop`j proeme`y nliudji tcj Euàmrnml prnldj, Eorns, to rjso`vj, frok

po`ntndm` dolsnijrmtnols, to memliol cjmtcjliok. Kmbnla pjmdj wntc tcj jkpjror,wntc wcok cj cmi ejjl mt wmr, cj wms emptnsji mt tcj p`mdj wcjrj tcj pjmdj wmsdoldùiji, mli tcj Jkpjror cnksj`f wms cns spolsor (proeme`y 369). Cj tcjlnltroiudji Dcrnstnmlnty fordne`y mkola cns pjop`j, jxjdutnla fnfty-two pjrsols wcorjsnstji. Eut nt wms lot òla ejforj cj turlji mwmy frok Dolstmltnlop`j mli souact todolljdt tcj Euàmrnml Dcurdc wntc Uokj. Cj sjlt jlvoys ( 366) to Wopj Lndco`ms N.,wntc =76 qujstnols, mli tcj mlswjrs of tcj Wopj,: wcndc mrj prjsjrvji, tcrow sokjnltjrjstnla `nact ol Euàmrnml dustoks. Nf tcj suddjssor of Lndco`ms cmi scowl tmdtmli insdrjtnol, Euàmrnm knact cmvj ejjl wol for tcj @mtnl Dcurdc2 eut Cmirnml NN.

trnji tcj pmtnjldj of Eorns, mli nl 317 Euàmrnm rjdjnvji ml mrdcenscop frokDolstmltnlop`j mli tjl enscoprnds wjrj fouliji. Eorns sjlt cns sol Tnkjol to ejjiudmtji mt Ljw Uokj. Nt wms lot òla ejforj T`mvolnd eoobs mli tcj T`mvolnd`nturay wjrj nltroiudji nlto Euàmrnm.

ROl`y m fjw worbs out of tcj jlorkous `ntjrmturj ol tcj mpost`js of tcj T`mvs dml ejquotji. H. M. Anlzj`, Ajsdcndctj ijr T`mwjlmpostj` Dyrn`` uli Kjtcoi, uli ijr T`mwnsdcjl @nturanj (=3:1). @. @jajr, Dyrn``j jt Kîtcoij (=363). Eolwjtsdc, Byrn`ùsuli Kjtcoinus (=33:). V. Hmanċ, mrtnd`j nl tcj Xmpnsbn of tcj Nkpjrnm` Mdmi. of Tt.Wjtjrseura, vo`. `n. (=336). @. B. Aojtz, Ajsdc. ijr T`mvjlmpostj` Bolstmltnlus uli

Kjtcoinus (=3>1). Dp. m`so tcj mddoults nl Aoùenlsbn„s Cnst. of tcj Euàmrnml,Tjrvnml mli Uokmlnml Dcurdc, mli nl Erjtco`z„s Ajsdcndctj Kmcrjls.[






1.

YCJ CZLAMUNMLT ’ (W. 46 Tqq.)

Ycj dcnjf sourdjs for tcj cnstory of tcj Culamrnmls, ejforj tcjy toob up tcjnr meoij nlCulamry, mrj (=) @jo, Ymdtnds, d. =3, § 9: sqq.2 mli Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlljtos,Ij Mik. Nkp., d. 43, 4>, 972 (5) tcj mddoult of Nel Uustm, ml Mrmend wrntjr wco wrotj>=5-=42 (4) sokj lotndjs nl wjstjrl dcrolnd`js of tcj lnltc djltury2 (9) trmintnols nltcj lmtnvj dcrolnd`js of Culamry. Nt cms ejjl provji tcmt tcj dcrolnd`j of tcjMlolykous Tdrnej of Bnla Eî`m,= wcndc usji to ej rjamriji ms m trustwortcy sourdjfor jmr`y Culamrnml cnstory, ns m ‐Kmdcwjrb‛ of tcj =4tc djltury25 eut tcj mutcor mswj`` ms Tnkol ij Bîzm (for cns Dcrolndol Culamrnduk) cmi sokj oì sourdjs, frok

wcndc tcjy ijrnvji sokj ajlunlj trmintnols, wcndc drntndnsk dml ijtjdt mli kmy usjwntc insdrjtnol.

Ycj kmnl qujstnols nl insputj wntc rjamri to tcj Culamrnmls mli tcjnr jmr`y mltnquntymrj two8 doldjrlnla tcjnr jtclndm` mffnlnty, mli doldjrlnla tcj doursj of tcjnr wmlijrnlas frok tcj kost prnkntnvj cmentmtnol, to wcndc tcjy dml ej trmdji, up totcjnr mppjmrmldj ejtwjjl tcj Ilnjpjr mli tcj Imluej. Nt kmy ej smni, N tcnlb, tcmt wjcmvj lot suffndnjlt imtm to hustnfy ioakmtnsk nl rjamri to jntcjr of tcjsj qujstnols.

Ms to tcjnr jtclndm` posntnol, mrj tcj Culamrnmls Yurbnsc or Fnllnd? Ycjnr `mlaumajscows eotc j`jkjlts2 mli tcj two rnvm` tcjornjs mppjm` to nt. Ycosj wco kmnltmnl tcmttcj Culamrnmls mrj Yurbnsc jxp`mnl tcj Fnllnd pmrt of tcj vodmeu`mry ey m òlasohourl nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of tcj Voau`s mli Osthmbs2 wcn`j tcosj wco coì tcmttcjy wjrj erjtcrjl of tcj Voau`s, Osthmbs, mli Fnlls, jxp`mnl tcj Yurbnsc j`jkjlt ey

eorrownlas nl tcj doursj of tcjnr suesjqujlt wmlijrnlas. For tcj `mttjr tcjory nt kust ej smni tcmt tcj kost j`jkjltmry portnol of tcj Culamrnml vodmeu`mry ns uliouetji`yrj`mtji to tcj Voau`, Osthmb, mli tcjnr bnlirji `mlaumajs. Ycns dokjs out d`jmr`y nltcj lukjrm`s, mli nl m `mraj lukejr of dokkol woris.4 Nf wj sjt snij ey snij `nsts of Culamrnml woris wcndc mrj d`jmr`y Yurbnsc or d`jmr`y Fnllnd, `jmvnla out m`` tcjuldolvnldnla jtykoòanjs wcndc tcj rnvm` tcjornsts sjrvj up, nt ns inffndu`t to mvonidoldùinla tcmt tcj prnkntnvj j`jkjlt ns tcj Fnllnd. Eut tcj doldùsnol ns fmr frok

djrtmnl2 mli tcj wmlijrnlas of tcj Culamrnmls kmy suaajst rmtcjr m pjop`j `nbj tcjWmtznlmbs mli Bukmls, tcml `nbj tcj Voau`s mli Fnlls.9

Nt sjjks kost proeme`j tcmt tcj Kmaymrs mt olj tnkj iwj``ji nl Huarnm, nl tcj rjanolsof tcj Nrtnsc, wcjrj tcjy wjrj ljnaceours of tcj Voau`s. Ycjy knarmtji soutcwmrimli nl tcj ejanllnla of tcj >tc djltury tcjy cmi tmbjl up tcjnr meoij wntcnl tcjjkpnrj of tcj Dcmzmrs, mli tcjy mkmàmkmtji wntc tcjksj`vjs m Dcmzmrnd trnej dm``jitcj Bmemrs (Dolst. Worpc. d. 4>), wco ejdmkj pmrt of tcj Culamrnml lmtnol. YcjsjBmemrs, mddorinla to Dolstmltnlj, tmuact tcj Culamrnmls tcj tolauj of tcj Dcmzmrs.Cjldj tcj upcoìjrs of tcj Fnllnd ornanl of tcj Yurbs dml jxp`mnl tcj Yurbnsc j`jkjlt

nl Culamrnm ey m blowl dmusj, tcj dom`ntnol of tcj Bmemrs.





Mddorinla to Dolstmltnlj, tcj Culamrnmls meoij ol`y tcrjj yjmrs nl ‐ @jejinm ljmr Dcmzmrnm.‛ Ycns `mli of @jejinm wms proeme`y ejtwjjl tcj Iol mli tcj Ilnjpjr2 mlint ns supposji tcmt tcj imtj of tcjnr sohourl tcjrj wms ejtwjjl 347 mli 397. For nt ns nltcj rjnal of Ycjopcnùs, d. 341-4>, tcmt tcjy fnrst mppjmr upol tcj cornzol of tcjJmstjrl Jkpnrj (dp. Ajoraj Kol. p. 3=3, ji. Eoll, wcjrj tcjy mrj dm``ji ΟRJintor8

N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[δδύοξ, ΟRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[λλοξ, mli Ωοϊ?ύθοξ) mli drosstcj Imluej. Nt dmllot ej ijtjrknlji wcjtcjr tcj Culamrnmls wcjl tcjy kmij tcnsjxpjintnol wjrj `nvnla ejyoli tcj Ilnjpjr nl @jejinm, or cmi m`rjmiy `jft @jejinm mlifouli m ljw cokj nl tcj `mli ejtwjjl tcj Ilnjpjr mli Ilnjstjr. Eut nt kust cmvj

ejjl meout tcns tnkj, m `ntt`j ejforj, or m ̀ ntt`j `mtjr, tcmt tcj Wmtznlmbs irovj tcjCulamrnmls out of @jejinm mli tcj Culamrnmls jstme`nscji tcjksj`vjs nl Mtj`buzu, mstcjy dm``ji tcj `mli ejtwjjl Ilnjpjr mli Imluej, wcjrj tcjy meoij meout cm`f mdjltury. Cjrj tcjy dmkj ulijr T`mvolnd nlfùjldj2 mli nt wms cjrj, iouet`jss, tcmttcjy mioptji tcj T`mvolnd tnt`j vojvoi (εοΫεοιου, dp. meovj, p. 43) for tcjnr dcnjftmnls.

Ycj smkj jljknjs, wco cmi irnvjl tcj Culamrnmls out of @jejinm, irovj tcjk mamnlout of Mtj`buzu. Ycj Wmtznlmbs wjrj tcjksj`vjs sueiuji ey m dokenlji mttmdb of tcjBcmzmrs mli tcj Zzjs2 tcjy drossji tcj Ilnjpjr, insòiaji tcj Culamrnmls, wco wjrjtcus irnvjl fmrtcjr wjst2 mli tcns wms tcj dmusj of tcjnr sjtt`jkjlt nl tcj koijrlCulamry. Ycj jvjlt cmppjlji fnfty-fnvj yjmrs ejforj Dolstmltnlj wrotj d. 41 of cnsIj Miknlnstrmtnolj2 n.j. proeme`y nl 3>6 or 3>1 (dp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx >). Ycj lotndjnl Ujanlo„s Dcrolnd`j ulijr tcj yjmr 33> mltndnpmtjs suesjqujlt jvjlts.:

Nt ns to tcj Culamrnmls ms tcjy wjrj wcjl tcjy `nvji nl Mtj`buzu, mli lot to tcjdoltjkpormry Culamrnmls wco wjrj m`rjmiy sjtt`ji nl tcjnr fnlm` cokj, tcmt tcjijsdrnptnol of Nel Uustm (tmbjl frok sokj jmr`njr wrntjr) mpp`njs. Cj ijsdrnejs tcjnr `mli ms ejtwjjl tcj Wmtznlmbs mli tcj Jsjaj` trnej of tcj Euàmrnmls (d`jmr`y m trnejlortc of tcj Imluej, nl Qm`mdcnm or Ejssmrmenm). Nel Uustm furtcjr kjltnols twornvjrs nl tcj `mli of tcj Culamrnmls, olj of tcjk arjmtjr tcml tcj Oxus. Wroeme`y tcjIlnjpjr mli tcj Eua mrj kjmlt.6 Cj smys tcmt Bjlij ns tcj tnt`j of tcjnr bnla, eut tcjrjns mlotcjr inalntmry wcok m`` oejy nl kmttjrs dolljdtji wntc mttmdb or ijfjldj, mlicj ns jltnt`ji hn`m. Ycj bjlij d`jmr`y dorrjspolis to tcj prnldj or ?ύρώλ of DolstmltnljWorpcyroajlljtos (d. 97)2 Mrpmi, for jxmkp`j, wms m bjlij. Ycj hn`m ns m`sokjltnolji ey Dolstmltnlj, ms δϊβν?υ2 to wcok, cowjvjr, cj msdrnejs tcj fuldtnol of m huiaj.1 Nt sjjks tcmt tcj tnt`j bjlij wms mioptji ey tcj Culamrnmls frok tcj

Dcmzmrs2 for tcj tnt`j of tcj Dcmzmr vndjroy wms bjlijrdcmaml.

Nel Uustm smys tcmt tcj Culamrnmls ru`j ovjr tcj T`mvs, wcok tcjy opprjss wntc cjmvy eurijls2 tcmt tcjy worscnp fnrj2 tcmt tcjy trmij nl tcj s`mvjs wcok tcjy dmpturj, wntcArjjb kjrdcmlts mt Bjrtsdc.3

Ycj rjdolstrudtnol of Culamrnml cnstory ejtwjjl Huarnm mli @jejinm cms ejjlmttjkptji, kost rjdjlt`y mli wntc arjmt nlajlunty ey Doult Buul. Eut, ms tcjrj ns lotkmtjrnm` suffndnjlt to jlme`j us to ijdnij ejtwjjl vmrnous possnen`ntnjs, nt sjjksulljdjssmry to insduss cjrj tcjsj cypotcjsjs wcndc mrj jltnrj`y nl tcj mnr.>





M wori kmy ej smni meout tcj lmkj Kmaymr. Nt wms iouet`jss tcj lmkj of m snla`jtrnej ejforj nt ejdmkj tcj lmkj of tcj wco`j pjop`j2 mli tcj tcnri of tcj 3 trnejsjlukjrmtji ey Dolstmltnlj (d. 97 mi nlnt.) wms tcmt of Kjajrè (ωοϊ? ΐκδΫύα). Nlmlotcjr p`mdj (d. 41) Dolstmltnlj kjltnols tcj ΐΠζνύοξ ms iwj``nla nl tcj >tcdjltury ljmr tcj rnvjr Zrm`, wcjrj tcjy wjrj ljnaceours of tcj Wmtznlmbs2 eut wntcout

mly suaajstnol tcmt tcjy mrj nijltndm` wntc tcj Culamrnmls, wcok cj m`wmys dm``sYurbs. Culamrnml sdco`mrs fnli otcjr trmdjs of tcj Kmaymr lmkj ejtwjjl tcj E`mdb Tjm mli tcj Dmspnml8 tcus tcjrj mrj two vn``majs dm``ji Kčhčr nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Ijrejli2=7 mli B. Tzmeo wnscji to ijtjdt tcj wori nl Kumajr (ΐοϊνδΫύαλ), wcokYcjopcmljs kjltnols ms tcj erotcjr of Aorims, bnla of tcj Culs ljmr tcj DnkkjrnmlEosporus. Nt cms m`so ejjl proposji to dolljdt tcj lmkj of m fortrjss, ω? ΐνωζΠύώλ(kjltnolji ey Ycjopcy`mdtus Tnkodmttm, nn. =3, 1). Nt wms ol tcj dolfnljs of tcjUokml mli Wjrsnml ioknlnols, eut nts jxmdt posntnol ns ulblowl. Qntcout dokknttnlaoljsj`f to tcjsj `mst dokenlmtnols, tcjrj sjjks to ej sokj jvnijldj, sudc ms nt ns,mssodnmtnla tcj Kmaymr lmkj wntc tcj rjanols ejtwjjl tcj Dmspnml mli tcj Juxnlj. Nl

tcmt dmsj, wj knact nlfjr tcmt tcj ornanlm` Kmaymrs wjrj, `nbj tcj Bmemrs, m Yurbnsctrnej (mbnl to Wmtznlmbs mli Zzjs) wcndc dom`jsdji wntc tcj (Fnllnd) Zarnmls or Culamrnmls. Ycns nlfjrjldj wouì ej quntj nl mddorimldj wntc tcj mppmrjlt

proemen`nty tcmt tcj Culamrnmls mrj ‐Knsdcvo`b,‛ m e`jli of two j`jkjlts, Fnllnd mliYurbnsc.






3.

OUNANL OF UZTTNM ’ (W. 9> Tqq.)

Lo dokpjtjlt drntnd low iouets tcmt tcj Uussnmls, wco fouliji stmtjs mt Ljvaoroimli Bnjv, sueiuji tcj T`mvolnd trnejs mli oramlnsji tcjk nlto m po`ntndm` powjr, ’ wco, nl scort, kmij Uussnm ’ wjrj of Tdmlinlmvnml or Lorsj ornanl. Nt ns tcjrjforjulljdjssmry to trjmt tcns kmttjr mly òlajr ms m insputji qujstnol, tcouac tcjrj mrjstn`` ‐mltn-Lorkmls‛ nl Uussnm2 nt wn`` ej jlouac to stmtj ernjf`y tcj kost nkportmltjvnijldj. Ycj jvnijldj ns nlijji nlsupjrme`j, jxdjpt to nlsupjrme`j prjhuindj.

(=) Ycj jmr`y wrntjrs, wco kjltnol tcj Uussnmls, mttjst tcjnr nijltnty wntc tcj

Tdmlinlmvnmls or Lorkmls. Ycj fnrst lotndj ns nl tcj Mllm`js Ejrtnlnmln mi mll. 34>(Wjrtz, Kol. n. 939), Ucos vodmrn indjemlt . . . dokpjrnt jos ajltns jssj Tujoluk.@nutprmli (Mltmpoiosns, v. =:) smys tcmt tcjy wjrj Lorkmls (los vjro m posntnolj òdnloknlmkus Lorikmllos). Ycj dcrolnd`j of ‐Ljstor‛ nijltnfnjs tcjk wntc tcjVmrmlanmls, or rjamris tcjk ms ejòlanla to tcj Vmrmlanml stodb2 mli for tcjTdmlinlmvnml ornanl of tcj Vmrmlanmls sjj meovj, p. :=, lotj :3. Ycj Doltnlumtnol of Ajoraj tcj Kolb (Tykjol Kmanstjr) stmtjs korj ajljrm``y mli `jss mddurmtj`y tcjnr Ajrkml ornanl (; Ycjopc. Doltnl. p. 954, ji. E., ?θ ΦύΠδδώλ δΫλοϊυ).=

(5) Ycj Uussnmls spobj Lorsj, lot T`mvolnd. Ycns ns provji ey tcj >tc dcmptjr of Dolstmltnlj„s ij Miknlnstrmtnolj, wcjrj tcj Uussnml mli T`mvolnd ̀ mlaumajs mrjinstnlaunscji (?ώτξτωί mli Τθβνεξλξτωί), mli tcj Uussnml lmkjs of tcj wmtjrfm``s mrjulknstmbme`y Tdmlinlmvnml. Tjj ejòw, Mppjlinx >.

(4) Ycj lmkjs of tcj fnrst Uussnml prnldjs mli tcj lmkjs of tcj snalmtornjs of tcj fnrstUussnml trjmtnjs mrj Lorsj. Unurnb ns tcj oì Lorsj Crmjrnbr2 O`ja ns Cjàn2 Oàm,

Cjàm2 Naor (?δδώύ2 Nlajr nl @nutprmli) ns Nlavmrr. Ycj eoymrs wco mrj lmkji nl tcjtrjmty of >=5 (Ljstor, d. 55) mrj Bmry (Twjinsc, Bmrn), Nlajì (O. Lorsj, Nlanmìr),Fmròf (Twjinsc), Vjrkui (O. Lorsj, Vjrkulij), Uu`mf (O. Lorsj, Croi`jnfr), Uumì(O. Lorsj, Cromìr), Aoui (dp. Uulnd Buin), Bmrl (Tdmlinlmvnml), Frj`mf (O. L.,Frni`jnfr), Uoumr (O. L., Cromrr), Yrouml (O. L., Iromlir), @niou` (O. L., @niufr?),

Fost (Twjinsc). Ycjrj rjkmnl two uldjrtmnl lmkjs, Mbtjvou mli Ttjkni. Tnkn`mr`ytcj `mraj proportnol of tcj lmkjs nl tcj trjmty of >9: (d. 51) mrj Tdmlinlmvnml.

(9) Ycj Fnllnsc lmkj for Twjijl ns Uuotsn, tcj Jstcolnml ns Uùts2 mli wj dml cmri`ycjsntmtj to nijltnfy tcns wntc tcj lmkj of Uussnm2 Oì T`mvolnd Uous„, Arjjb ?όυ.5Ycns lmkj (ljntcjr Fnllnsc lor T`mvolnd) ns ijrnvji ey Ycoksjl frok tcjTdmlinlmvnml rois (rois-kjll ; rowjrs, omrskjl)2 tcj inffndu`ty ns tcj iroppnla outof tcj ijltm` nl Uous, ?όυ.

Ycus tcj durrjlt opnlnol wcndc prjvmn`ji wcjl tcj Uussnmls fnrst mppjmrji ol tcjstmaj of cnstory2 tcj jvnijldj of tcjnr `mlaumaj2 tcj jvnijldj of tcjnr lmkjs2 mli tcj





survnvm` of tcj mldnjlt kjmlnla of tcj Uussnml lmkj nl Fnllnd, doldur nl jstme`nscnlatcj Tdmlinlmvnml ornanl of tcj Uussnmls.

For m ijvjòpkjlt of tcjsj mraukjlts mli otcjr knlor jvnijldj sjj Wrof. V.Ycoksjl„s worb, Ycj Uj`mtnols ejtwjjl Mldnjlt Uussnm mli Tdmlinlmvnm, mli tcj

Ornanl of tcj Uussnml Ttmtj (N`dcjstjr @jdturjs), =3112 J. Bulnb, Inj Ejrufula ijr Tdcwjinsdcjl Uoisjl iurdc inj Fnlljl uli T`mvjl, =3992 mli sjj Kîkonrjs of tcjNkpjrnm` Mdmijky of Uussnm, vnn. sîr. 55, p. 51> sqq. mli 97> sqq.2 Ejstuzcjv-Unuknl, Uussbmnm Nstornnm (vo`. n.), =3152 Woaoinl, O pronsdcożijlnn Uusn, =35:,Irjvlnmnm Uussbmnm Nstornnm, =31=, mli otcjr worbs. Ycj two kost jknljlt opposntnolmivodmtjs mrj8 Nòvmnsbn, Umzysbmlnnm O lmdcm`nj Uusn, =316, mli Nstornnm Uossnn (Wmrt=, Bnjv pjrnoi), =3162 mli Ajijolov, Nzs`njiovmlnnm o vmrnmzcsbok voprosnj, =365,Vmrnman n Uus„, =316.






>.

YCJ QMYJUFM@@T OF YCJ ILNJWJU ’ (W. :6, :1)

Nl tcj >tc dcmptjr of cns Yrjmtnsj ol tcj Miknlnstrmtnol of tcj Jkpnrj, DolstmltnljWorpcyroajlljtos anvjs m kost nltjrjstnla ijsdrnptnol of tcj routj of Uussnmlkjrdcmlts frok Lovaoroi (ΛκΰοδνύιΠυ) to Dolstmltnlop`j, ey wmy of Bnjv mli tcjIlnjpjr, mli jlukjrmtjs tcj rmpnis of tcns rnvjr, anvnla nl jmdc dmsj eotc nts Uussnmlmli nts T`mvolnd lmkj. Ycns pmssmaj ns of cnac nkportmldj, for nt scows tcmt tcj`mlaumaj wcndc Dolstmltnlj kjmlt ey Uussnml (?ώτξτωί) wms Tdmlinlmvnml mli lotT`mvolnd. Ir. Vn`cj`k Ycoksjl of Dopjlcmajl nl cns N`dcjstjr `jdturjs ol ‐Uj`mtnols

ejtwjjl Mldnjlt Uussnm mli Tdmlinlmvnm, mli tcj Ornanl of tcj Uussnml Ttmtj‛ (=311)

cms supp`nji ml jxdj``jlt dokkjltmry.





=st

wmtjrfm`` ns dm``ji Jssupè (?ττοϊχα?) nl eotc `mlaumajs, wntc tcj kjmlnla s`jjp`jss (ΰ? θοξΰν?τγνξ). Nt fo`òws tcmt tcj two lmkjs souliji ljmr`y m`nbj toDolstmltnlj. Ycj T`mvolnd for ‐io lot s`jjp‛ wouì ej lj spn (mli pjrcmps?ττοϊχα? ns ml jrror for Λκττοϊχα?)2 mli Wrofjssor Ycoksjl smys tcmt tcjdorrjspolinla pcrmsj nl Oì Lorsj wouì ej sofjnan or sofmttu. Ycns ns lot quntj

smtnsfmdtory.

5liwmtjrfm`` ns (m) nl Uussnml, Z`vorsn (Ο?βεούτί), mli (e) nl T`mvolnd,Ostrovulnprmdc (?τωύοεοϊλίχύνρ), wntc tcj kjmlnla tcj ns`jt of tcj fm``2 (m) ;co`k-fors2 (e) ; ostrov„lnn prma (ns`jt-fm``).

4ri

wmtjrfm`` ns dm``ji Aj`mlirn (Δκβνλιύί), wcndc nl T`mvolnd kjmls lonsj of tcjfm``. Ol`y olj lmkj ns anvjl, mli nt ns smni to ej T`mvolnd. Eut nt oevnous`yrjprjsjlts tcj Lorsj pmrtndnp`j aj``mlin, ‐tcj jdconla‛2 so tcmt tcj T`mvolnd lmkj(proeme`y ljmr`y tcj smkj ms tcj koijrl lmkj zvoljts wntc tcj smkj kjmlnla) nsoknttji. Dolstmltnlj„s usum` forku`m ns ?ώτξτωί ΰ?λ . . . Τθβνενλξτω? ι?2 eut nltcns p`mdj cj dcmlajs nt8 ω?λ βκδπΰκλολ Δκβνλιύί, ? ?ύΰαλκϋκωνξ

Τθβνεξλξτω???ρου ?ύνδΰοϊ?. N wouì suaajst tcmt ζεξλξωυ or τεξλξωυ or sokjtcnlaof tcj bnli fj`` out mftjr Τθβνεξλξτωί.

9tc

wmtjrfm`` ns Mjnfor (?κξ?πύ, so nl Wmrns KT. 577>) nl Uussnml, mli Ljmsnt(Λκντάω) nl T`mvolnd, ’ so dm``ji, Dolstmltnlj smys, ejdmusj pj`ndmls kmbjtcjnr ljsts nl tcj stoljs. Ycj Oì T`mvolnd for pj`ndml dòsj`y rjsjke`js Λκντάω,

eut tcj fm`` dmllot cmvj ejjl dm``ji pj`ndml2 tcns kust cmvj ejjl mknsnltjrprjtmtnol. Ycoksjl vjry nlajlnous`y suaajsts tcmt tcj truj lmkjdorrjspoliji to tcj koijrl Ljlmsytjts mli kjmlt nlsmtnme`j (m lmkj mpproprnmtjto tcj lmturj of tcns rmpni)2 wcn`j Mjnfor (jn-forr) kjmlt jvjr-forwmri, jvjr-

prjdnpntmtj.

:tc

wmtjrfm`` ns Vmruforos (ενύοϊ?πύου) nl Uussnml, Vu`lj prmdc (εοϊβλαχύΠρ) nlT`mvolnd2 ‐ejdmusj nt forks m arjmt `mbj,‛ or, nf wj rjmi ιίλαλ for βίΰλαλ,‐ejdmusj nt forks m arjmt vortjx.‛ Eotc woris dml ej rjdoalnsji mt oldj mskjmlnla ‐wmvj-fm``.‛

6tc

wmtjrfm`` ns @jmltn (ΒκΠλωξ) nl Uussnml, Vjrutzj (Εκύοϋωζα) nl T`mvolnd, kjmlnla‐tcj sjjtcnla of wmtjr‛ (εύΠτΰν λκύοϊ?). Vjrutzj ns oevnous`y frok v„rnjtn, to

eon`. Ycoksjl jxp`mnls @jmltn ms tcj pmrtndnp`j c`mjhmlin, `muacnla. Nl tcns dmsjtcj kjmlnla of tcj two lmkjs ns lot nijltndm`.

1tc

wmtjrfm`` ns Ttrubul (Τωύοϋθοϊλ, so nl Wmrns KT. 577>) nl Uussnml, Lmprjzj(Λνχύκζά) nl T`mvolnd, kjmlnla m skm`` wmtjrfm``. Ycoksjl nijltnfnjs Ttrubul

wntc Lorsj strob, Twjinsc strub, m rmpni durrjlt (jspjdnm``y wcjrj lmrrow ’ msnl tcj dmsj of tcns rmpni)2 mli suaajsts tcmt tcj T`mvolnd lmkj knact ej dolljdtjiwntc ers, qundb. N suspjdt tcmt (Λν-) χύκζά rjprjsjlts m inknlutnvj of poroa, prma

(wmtjrfm``).






=7.

YCJ MTTNTJT OF HJUZTM@JK ’ (W. 56:)

Nt ns marjji ey kost dokpjtjlt drntnds of tcj prjsjlt djltury tcmt Aoifrjy of Eoun`òlljntcjr irjw up tcj Mssnsjs of Hjrusm`jk ms tcjy cmvj dokj iowl to us lor put nltowrntnla mly doij of `mw wcmtjvjr. Ycns ns tcj opnlnol of sudc spjdnm` stuijlts of tcjDrusmijs ms Qn`bjl, Tyej`, Ttuees, Bua`jr, mli Wrutz2 mli rjdjlt`y nt cms ejjl vjryfordne`y put ey K. Amstol Ioiu nl cns Cnstonrj ijs Nlstntutnols kolmrdcnqujs imls `jroymukj @mtnl ij Hîrusm`jk =7>>-=5>= (=3>9). Nl tcj fnrst p`mdj, wj fnli lo kjltnolof sudc m doij nl doltjkpormry sourdjs2 tcj jmr`njst mutcorntnjs wco kjltnol nt mrjNej`nl mli Wcn`np of Lovmrm nl tcj =4tc djltury. Ycjl, supposnla sudc m doij cmi ejjl

dokpn`ji, nt ns cmri to ulijrstmli wcy nt scouì cmvj ejjl p`mdji nl tcj Co`yTjpu`dcrj mli wcy tcj prjsjldj of lnlj pjrsols scouì cmvj ejjl ljdjssmry todolsu`t nt. For tcj purposj of m doij ns tcmt nt scouì ej rjfjrrji to wntcout inffndu`ty.Ycnri`y, tcj rjkmrb of Qn``nmk of Yyrj ms to tcj jxpjrnjldj of Emìwnl NNN. nl huindnm`kmttjrs kmbjs instnldt`y mamnlst tcj jxnstjldj of m doij. Cj smys8 hurnsdolsujtuinlmrnn, quo rjaluk rjajemtur Ornjltm`j, p`jlmk cmejls jxpjrnjltnmk8 ntm utnl rjeus iuenns jtnmk sjlnorjs rjaln prnldnpjs jnus dolsu`jrjlt jxpjrnjltnmk jtdolsu`tn pjdtorns jruintnoljk knrmrjltur (xvn. 5, dp. ol Mkm`rnd n. xnx. 5). Ycjjxprjssnol ‐tcj dustokmry `mw ey wcndc tcj bnlaiok wms aovjrlji‛ suaajsts tcmt lodoij jxnstji.

Fourtc`y, nf tcj doij jxnstji, wcmt ejdmkj of nt? Nej`nl mli Wcn`np of Lovmrm smy tcmtnt wms òst wcjl Hjrusm`jk wms tmbjl ey Tm`minl nl ==31. Eut tcj dnrdukstmldjs of tcmt dmpturj mrj nldolsnstjlt wntc tcj proemen`nty of sudc m òss. Ycjrj wjrj lokn`ntmry jxdjssjs mli Tm`minl m`òwji tcj nlcmentmlts m ij`my of forty imys to sj`` or smvj tcjnr propjrty ejforj cj jltjrji tcj dnty (Jrlou`, d. =32 dp. Ioiu, p. 9:). Nt nscnac`y ul`nbj`y tcmt tcj Dcrnstnmls wouì cmvj fmn`ji to rjsduj m possjssnol sovmùme`j mli portme`j ms tcjnr Doij. Ycj Wmtrnmrdc douì lot cmvj ovjròobji nt wcjlcj dmrrnji fortc tcj trjmsurjs of tcj dcurdcjs (ms Nel m`-MtcĢr kjltnols). Mli, nf ntwjrj ulmddoultme`y foraottjl, wj scouì cmvj to supposj tcmt Tm`minl dmusji nt to ejijstroyji mftjrwmris wcjl nt wms fouli. Mli cmi cj iolj so, nt ns cnac`y ul`nbj`y tcmt

tcj mdt wouì lot cmvj ejjl kjltnolji ey sokj of tcj Frmlb dcrolnd`jrs.

Ycj doldùsnol ns tcmt tcj bnlas of Hjrusm`jk nl tcj twj`ftc djltury ini lot anvjijdnsnols mddorinla to m doij irmwl up mt tcj tnkj of tcj foulimtnol of tcj bnlaiok,

eut tcjksj`vjs cj`pji to eunì up m strudturj of Dustokmry @mw, wcndc nl tcjfo`òwnla djltury wms do``jdtji mli dokpn`ji nl tcj eoob of tcj Mssnsjs ey HoclNej`nl, =5::.

Ycns eoob of Nej`nl cms lot dokj iowl to us nl nts ornanlm` fork. Ycjrj wjrj tworjimdtnols8 (=) mt Lndosnm nl Dyprus nl =463 ulijr tcj inrjdtnol of ml mssjke`y of

Dyprnotj òris, mli (5) nl tcj smkj p`mdj nl =:4=, ey m dokknssnol mpponltji ey tcj





Vjljtnml aovjrlkjlt. Eotc tcjsj rjcmli`nlas nltroiudji m lukejr of dorrjdtnols nltotcj Mssnsj ij `m cmutj dour.

Ycj Mssnsjs ij `m dour ijs eourajons stmli ol m inffjrjlt footnla. Ycns worb sjjks tocmvj jxnstji pjrcmps frok tcj jli of tcj twj`ftc djltury. Nt wms lot supposji to cmvj

ejjl ijstroyji nl ==312 nt wms lot, so fmr ms wj blow, jintji ey Nej`nl2 lor wms ntrjvnsji mt Lndosnm nl =463. (Dp. Ioiu, p. :9, ::.)

Ycj stuiy of tcj Mssnsjs of Hjrusm`jk kmy low ej supp`jkjltji ey tcj Mssnsjs of Mltnodc, prjsjrvji nl ml Mrkjlnml vjrsnol, wcndc cms ejjl trmls`mtji nlto Frjldc(pue`nscji ey tcj Kjbcntmrnst Todnjty, Vjlndj, =316).

Cow fmr ns tcj po`ndy of Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl rjprjsjltji nl tcj Mssnsjs? Nl mlswjr totcns qujstnol, tcj oesjrvmtnols of Enscop Ttuees kmy ej quotji8= ’

‐Qj trmdj cns cmli nl tcj prjsdrnenla dolstmlt kn`ntmry sjrvndj (lot ijfnlntj or kjrj`yfor m djrtmnl pjrnoi of jmdc yjmr), nl tcj lol-rjdoalntnol of rjprjsjltmtnol nlnlcjrntmldj, nl tcj ru`js ijsnalji to prjvjlt tcj mdduku`mtnol of fnjfs nl m snla`j cmli,nl tcj strnlajlt rjau`mtnols for tcj kmrrnmajs of wniows mli cjnrjssjs. Ycjsj fjmturjsm`` ejòlaji to ml jmr`njr maj, to m tnkj wcjl jvjry blnact rjprjsjltji m blnact„s fjj,mli wcjl lo fjj douì ej suffjrji to lja`jdt nts iuty2 wcjl tcj kmnltjlmldj of tcjdolqujrji doultry wms ijjkji korj nkportmlt tcml tcj nlcjrntmldjs of knlors or tcjwn`` of wniows mli cjnrjssjs. Ycmt tcjsj provnsnols wjrj wnsj ns provji ey tcj fmdttcmt nt wms nl tcjsj vjry ponlts tcmt tcj cmzmri of tcj Frmlb bnlaiok `my. . . . Otcjr

portnols of tcj Mssnzjs mrj to ej msdrneji to tcj ljdjssntnjs of tcj stmtj of tcnlas tcmtfo`òwji tcj rjdovjry of Wm`jstnlj ey tcj Tmrmdjls2 sudc, for nlstmldj, ms tcj ijdnsnol

cow fmr ijfordjkjlt ey tcj Yurbs ijfjmts sjnsnl2 mli wjrj of nkportmldj ol`y nl tcjjvjlt of m rjdolqujst.‛

R= [Ycj jrrors mli vnrtujs of tcj Wmu`ndnmls mrj wjnacji, wntc cns usum` huiakjlt mlidmliour, ey tcj `jmrlji Koscjnk (Cnst. Jdd`jsnmst. sjduùk nx. p. 4==, &d.). Cjirmws cns ornanlm` nltj``najldj frok Wcotnus (doltrm Kmlndcæos, `. n.) mli Wjtjr Tnduùs (Cnst. Kmlndcæoruk). Ycj fnrst of tcjsj mddoults cms lot fm``jl nlto kycmlis2 tcj sjdoli, wcndc Koscjnk prjfjrs, N cmvj rjmi nl m @mtnl vjrsnol nlsjrtji nltcj Kmxnkm Ene`notcjdm Wmtruk (tok. xvn. p. 1:9-169) frok tcj jintnol of tcj HjsuntUmijrus (Nlao`stminn, =679, nl 9to). RTjj Mppjlinx =.[

R5 [Nl tcj tnkj of Ycjoiorjt, tcj inodjsj of Dyrrcus, nl Tyrnm, doltmnlji jnact culirjivn``majs. Of tcjsj, two wjrj nlcmentji ey Mrnmls mli Juloknmls, mli jnact ey

Kmrdnolntjs, wcok tcj `meornous enscop rjdoldn`ji to tcj Dmtco`nd dcurdc (Iupnl,Ene`not. Jdd`îsnmstnquj, tok. nv. p. 3=, 35). RYcj jxnstjldj of Kmrdnolntjs mt tcj jli of tcj 6tc djltury ns mttjstji ey Ycjopcy`mdtus Tnkodmttm.[

R4 [RYcj tjxt of Wjtros Cjaukjlos (sjj Mppjlinx =) anvjs ΘνΰΠλνβξυ, m kjrjknsprnlt (lotwntcstmlinla Bmrmpjt Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml, Inj Wmu`nbnmljr, p. :). For tcjnijltnfndmtnol of Kmlmlm`ns wntc Bmrmdcoeml, ol tcj Bnlns Dcmn, T.J. of Jrzjruk, sjjDolyejmrj, Bjy of Yrutc, Nltroi. p. `xnx.[





R9 [ Loens profmlns nstm ( smdrm Jvmlaj`nm) `jajrj lol `ndjt sji smdjriotneus iultmxmt,wms tcj fnrst sdrup`j of m Dmtco`nd wcjl cj wms mivnsji to rjmi tcj Ene`j (Wjtr. Tndu`.

p. 16=).

R: [RYcrjj ijrnvmtnols of Wmu`ndnml wjrj m``jaji. (=) Frok Wmu` of Tmkosmtm, sol of m

Kmlndcæml wokml2 cj wms smni to ej tcj foulijr of tcj cjrjsy2 eut tcj Wmu`ndnmlstcjksj`vjs ini lot miknt tcns mli smni tcmt Tn`vmlus wms tcjnr truj foulijr. Tjj m`` tcjsourdjs (dp. Mppjlinx =). Eut dp. Dolyejmrj, op. dnt. p. dvn. (5) Ycns Wmu` wms smni tocmvj m erotcjr Hocl2 mli, pjrcmps frok m dolsdnousljss of tcj inffndu`ty of ijrnvnlaWmu`ndnml frok Wmuòs (dp. Frnjirndc, Ejrndct ðejr inj Wmu`nbnmljr, p. >4), nt wms

proposji (sjj Wcotnus, ji. Knalj, W.A. =75, p. =1) to rjamri tcj wori ms m dorruptnolof ΧνϊβοξώΠλλαυ, ‐Wmu`-Hocl.‛ (4) Frok Tt. Wmu` (sjj Wsjuio-Wcot., mp. Knalj, ne. p.=7>). ’ Ycj wori ns durnous`y forkji2 ‐fo`òwjrs of Wmu`‛ ouact to ej Wmu`nmlon. Ntsjjks cnac`y proeme`j tcmt tcj lmkj Wmu`ndnml wms lot usji ey tcj cjrjtndstcjksj`vjs. Ajoraj Kol. smys ‐tcjy dm`` tcjksj`vjs Dcrnstnmls, eut us Uokmls.‛

‐Wmu`nbnmlos‛ kust ej forkji frok ‐Wmu`nbnos,‛ ml Mrkjlnml inknlutnvj sokjwcmtdoltjkptuous (dokpmrj Bourtnbnos, &d.). Nt knact tcjl ej suaajstji tcmt tcjcypotcjtndm` Wmu`nbnos frok wcok tcj sjdt ijrnvji tcjnr lndblmkj, ns to ej nijltnfnjiwntc Wmu` tcj Mrkjlnml, fmtcjr of Ajalæsnus, tcj tcnri cjmi of tcj Wmu`ndnml dcurdc(sjj Wcotnus, d. Kml. p. :4, mp. Knalj, W.A. =752 Wjtrus Tnd. p. =539, ne. =79).[

R6 [RYcj sjvjl tjmdcjrs of tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrj8 (=) Dolstmltnlj ; Tn`vmlus2 (5)Tnkjol ; Yntus2 (4) Ajaljsnus ; Ynkotcjus (ml Mrkjlnml)2 (9) Hosjpc ;Jpmpcrointus2 (:) Xmdcmrnms, rjhjdtji ey sokj, mli lmkji tcj cnrj`nla Tcjpcjri2 (6)Emmljs (ml Mrkjlnml lmkj, Vmcml), lndblmkji tcj Inrty2 (1) Tjranus ; Yydcndus.Ycjnr snx dcurdcjs wjrj8 (=) ‐Kmdjiolnm‛ ; Dneossm ljmr Doòljm (fouliji eyTn`vmlus mli Yntus)2 (5) ‐Mdcmnm‛ ; Kmlmlm`ns (fouliji ey Ynkotcjus)2 (4) ‐tcjWcn`nppnmls‛ (wcjrj?) (fouliji ey Jpmpcrointus mli Xmdcmrnms)2 (9) ‐tcj @moindjmls‛; Mramus2 (:) ‐tcj Jpcjsnmls‛ ; Kopsujstnm2 (6) ‐tcj Doòssnmls‛ ; Θϊλορώύξ?ωνξ or Θοξλορώύξ?ωνξ (mppmrjlt`y `nbj tcj ?τωνωοξ, m pmrtndu`mr sjdt). Ycj 9tc mli 6tcdcurdcjs mrj tcus anvjl ey Ajoraj Kol. p. 671 (ji. Kurm`t), eut Wjtjr Tnd. dolljdtstcj Doòssnmls wntc Mramus mli jqumtjs tcj @moindjmls wntc tcj Bulodcorntjs (tcosjwco iwj`` nl ω?λ ωοϊ? θϊλ?υ ρόύνλ).[

R1 [Nl rjhjdtnla tcj sjdoli jpnst`j of Tt. Wjtjr, tcj Wmu`ndnmls mrj hustnfnji ey sokj of tcj kost rjspjdtme`j of tcj mldnjlts mli koijrls (sjj Qjtstjnl mi òd.2 Tnkol, Cnst.

Drntnquj iu Louvjmu Yjstmkjlt, d. =1). Ycjy `nbjwnsj ovjròobji tcj Mpodm`ypsj(Wjtr. Tndu`. p. 1:6 Rp. =5:6, mp. Knalj, W.A. =79[)2 eut, ms sudc lja`jdt ns lotnkputji ms m drnkj, tcj Arjjbs of tcj nxtc djltury kust cmvj ejjl dmrj`jss of tcjdrjint mli colour of tcj Ujvj`mtnols.

R3 [Ycns doltjltnol, wcndc cms lot jsdmpji tcj km`ndj of Worpcyry, supposjs sokjjrror mli pmssnol nl olj or eotc of tcj mpost`js. Ey Dcrysostok, Hjrok, mli Jrmskus,nt ns rjprjsjltji ms m scmk qumrrj`, m pnous frmui, for tcj ejljfnt of tcj Ajltn`js mlitcj dorrjdtnol of tcj Hjws (Knii`jtol„s Qorbs, vo`. nn. p. =-57).

R> [Ycosj wco mrj durnous of tcns cjtjroiox `nermry kmy dolsu`t tcj rjsjmrdcjs of Ejmusoerj (Cnst. Drntnquj iu Kmlndcînskj, tok. n. p. 43:-941). Jvjl nl Mfrndm, Tt.





Mustnl douì ijsdrnej tcj Kmlndcæml eoobs, tmk ku`tn, tmk armlijs, tmk prjtnosndoindjs (doltrm Fmust. xnnn. =9)2 eut cj miis, wntcout pnty, Nldjlintj okljs n``mskjkermlms8 mli cns mivndj cms ejjl rnaorous`y fo`òwji.

R=7 [RYcj Arjjbs nldùiji tcj Wmu`ndnmls, `nbj tcj Kmrdnolntjs, ulijr tcj ajljrm` tnt`j

of Kmlndcæmls, ejdmusj tcjy supposji tcjk to ej ium`nsts, mssuknla two fnrst prnldnp`js.[

R== [Ycj snx dmpntm` jrrors of tcj Wmu`ndnmls mrj ijfnlji ey Wjtjr Tnduùs (p. 1:6 Rd.=7, p. =5:4, =5:6-1, ji. Knalj[) wntc kudc prjhuindj mli pmssnol. RNl tcj fo`òwnlaorijr8 (=) Ycj two prnldnp`js2 (5) tcj jxdùsnol of tcj Vnranl Kmry frok tcj lukejr of ‐Aooi Fo`b‛ (dp. tcj Wjrfjdt of tcj Eoaokn`s2 sjj Mppjlinx =)2 mli tcj iodtrnljtcmt Dcrnst„s eoiy dmkj iowl frok Cjmvjl2 (4) tcj rjhjdtnol of tcj Tmdrmkjlt mli (9)tcj Dross, mli (:) tcj Oì Yjstmkjlt, &d.2 (6) tcj rjhjdtnol of tcj jìjrs of tcjDcurdc.[

R=5 [Wrnkuk n`òruk mxnokm jst, iuo rjruk jssj prnldnpnm2 Ijuk kmùk jt Ijuk eoluk m`nukquj cuhus kulin dolintorjk jt prnldnpjk, jt m`nuk futurn ævn (Wjtr.Tndu`. p. 1:6 Rd. =7, p. =5:4, ji. Knalj[). ROlj aoi wms tcj Cjmvjl`y Fmtcjr, wco cmslot mutcornty nl tcns worì eut nl tcj worì to dokj2 tcj otcjr wms tcj worì-kmbjr (doskoponètès), wco aovjrls tcj prjsjlt worì. Dp. Ajoraj Kol., p. 671, ji.Kurm`t.[

R=4 [Ywo `jmrlji drntnds, Ejmusoerj (Cnst. Drntnquj iu Kmlndcînskj, `. n. 9, :, 6) mliKoscjnk (Nlstntut. Cnst. Jdd`js. mli ij Ujeus Dcrnstnmlns mltj Dolstmltnluk, sjd. n. nn.nnn.), cmvj `meourji to jxpòrj mli insdrnknlmtj tcj vmrnous systjks of tcj Alostnds ol

tcj suehjdt of tcj two prnldnp`js.

R=9 [Ycj doultrnjs ejtwjjl tcj Jupcrmtjs mli tcj Cm`ys wjrj possjssji meovj 4:7yjmrs ey tcj Kjijs (Cjroiot. `. n. d. =74) mli Wjrsnmls2 mli tcj bnlas of Woltus wjrjof tcj roym` rmdj of tcj Mdcækjlnijs (Tm`ùst. Frmakjlt. `. nnn. wntc tcj Frjldcsupp`jkjlt, mli lotjs of tcj Wrjsnijlt ij Erossjs).

R=: [Kost proeme`y fouliji ey Wokpjy mftjr tcj dolqujst of Woltus. Ycns Doòlnm,ol tcj @ydus meovj Ljo-Dæsmrjm, ns lmkji ey tcj Yurbs Dou`jncnsmr, or Dcolmd, m

popuòus towl nl m strola doultry (i„Mlvn``j, Aîoarmpcnj Mldnjllj, tok. nn. p. 492

Yourljfort, Voymaj iu @jvmlt, tok. nnn. `jttrj xxn. p. 5>4). RWrofjssor Umksmy nsnld`nlji to nijltnfy Doòljm wntc Bmrm Cnssmr (; E`mdb Dmst`j, ΐνϊύπθντωύολ,Mttm`nmtjs, p. =5:)2 Msnm Knlor, p. 561, mli dp. p. :1.[

R=6 [Ycj tjkp`j of Ej`òlm mt Dokmlm, nl Woltus, wms m powjrfu` mli wjm`tcyfoulimtnol, mli tcj cnac prnjst wms rjspjdtji ms tcj sjdoli pjrsol nl tcj bnlaiok. Mstcj smdjriotm` offndj cmi ejjl oddupnji ey cns kotcjr„s fmkn`y, Ttrmeo (`. xnn. p. 37>R5, § 4[, 34:, 346, 341 R4, § 45 sqq.[) iwj``s wntc pjdu`nmr dokp`mdjldy ol tcjtjkp`j, tcj worscnp, mli fjstnvm`, wcndc wms twndj dj`jermtji jvjry yjmr. Eut tcjEj`òlm of Woltus cmi tcj fjmturjs mli dcmrmdtjr of tcj aoiijss, lot of wmr, eut of òvj.





R=1 [Arjaory, enscop of Ljo-Dæsmrjm ( 597-56:), surlmkji Ycmukmturaus or tcjQolijr-worbjr. Ml culirji yjmrs mftjrwmris, tcj cnstory or rokmldj of cns `nfj wmsdokposji ey Arjaory of Lyssm, cns lmkjsmbj mli doultrykml, tcj erotcjr of tcjarjmt Tt. Emsn`.

R=3 [Cod dætjruk mi sum jarjanm fmdnlorm invnln mtquj ortcoioxn Nkpjrmtorjsmiinijrult, ut Kmlndcæos Koltmlosquj dmpntm`n pulnrn sjltjltnå huejrjlt, jorukquj`neros, quodulquj nl òdo nlvjltn jssjlt, f`mkkns trmin2 quoi snquns uspnmk josijkoddu`tmssj ijprjcjlijrjtur, culd julijk kortns pŔlæ miindn, jhusquj eolm nl fnsduknlfjrrn (Wjtr. Tndu`. p. 1:>). Qcmt korj douì enaotry mli pjrsjdutnol ijsnrj?

R=> [Nt scouì sjjk tcmt tcj Wmu`ndnmls m`òwji tcjksj`vjs sokj `mtntuij of jqunvodmtnol mli kjltm` rjsjrvmtnol2 tn`` tcj Dmtco`nds insdovjrji tcj prjssnlaqujstnols, wcndc rjiudji tcjk to tcj m`tjrlmtnvj of mpostmdy or kmrtyriok (Wjtr.Tndu`. p. 167).

R57 [Ycj pjrsjdutnol ns toì ey Wjtrus Tnduùs (p. :1>-164) wntc smtnsfmdtnol mli p`jmsmltry. Hustus hustm pjrso`vnt. Tnkjol wms lot ωίωου eut θα?ωου Rdp. Wjtrus, d. 51, p. =53=, ji. Knalj[ (tcj proluldnmtnol of tcj two vowj`s kust cmvj ejjl ljmr`y tcjsmkj), m arjmt wcm`j tcmt irowlji tcj kmrnljrs wco knstoob cnk for ml ns`mli. Tjj`nbjwnsj Djirjlus (p. 945-94: Rn. 166 sqq., ji. E.[) RTjranus sjjks to cmvj `nvjimeout tcj jli of tcj jnactc mli ejanllnla of tcj lnltc djltury2 eut tcjrj mrj sokjinffndu`tnjs mli dolfusnols nl tcj dcroloòay. Dp. Yjr-Kbrttsdcnml, Inj Wmu`nbnmljr,

p. =1 sqq. Ycjrj sjjks lo rjmsol to qujstnol tcj imtj mssnalji to tcj foulijr Ty`vmlus ey Ajoraj Kolmdcus, vns., tcj rjnals of Dolstmls NN. mli Dolstmltnlj NV.Mli nl tcmt dmsj tcjrj ns lo rjmsol wcy Ajalæsnus, tcj tcnri cjmi of tcj Wmu`ndnmlDcurdc, scouì lot cmvj `nvji ulijr @jo NNN. (sjj Wcotnus, p. :4, mp. Knalj, W.A. =752Wjtrus Tnd., p. =539, ne. =79). Ycj dcroloòay coìs toajtcjr.[

R5= [Wjtrus Tnduùs (p. 164, 169), tcj doltnlumtor of Ycjopcmljs (`. nv. d. 9, p. =74,=79), Djirjlus (p. :9=, :95, :9: Rnn. =:4 sqq., ji. E.[), mli Xolmrms (tok. nn. `. xvn. p.=:6 Rd. 5[) ijsdrnej tcj rjvo`t mli jxpònts of Dmrejms mli cns Wmu`ndnmls.

R55 [RTjemstjm.[

R54 [Ottjr (Voymaj jl Yurqunj jt jl Wjrsj, tok. nn.) ns proeme`y tcj ol`y Frmlb wco

cms vnsntji tcj nlijpjlijlt Emremrnmls of Yjpcrndj, low Invrnaln RIjvrnb[, frokwcok cj fortulmtj`y jsdmpji nl tcj trmnl of m Yurbnsc offndjr. RYcj Wmu`ndnmls fnrstoddupnji mli fortnfnji (wntc tcj cj`p of tcj Jknr of Kj`ntjlj) Mramòs mli Mkmrm(Ycjopc. Dolt. nv. =6, p. =66, ji. Eoll). Mramòs cms ejjl nijltnfnji wntc Mraovml, olm trneutmry of tcj Jupcrmtjs, iuj lortc of Kj`ntjlj, ey Kr. H. A. D. Mlijrsol (Hourlmòf Cj``. Ttuinjs, xvnn. p. 51, =3>1)2 mli cj p`mdjs Mkmrm (or Memrm) ol m cnac pmss oltcj romi frok Tjemstjm to @ydmlius, ljmr`y iuj soutc of Tjemstjm. Yjpcrndj `my T.J.frok Tjemstjm ol tcj romi frok tcmt dnty to Tmtm`m. ‐Ycj sjdùiji posntnol of Invrjbykmij nt tcj sjmt of ml m`kost nlijpjlijlt emli of Buris, wcjl nt wms vnsntji ey Ottjr nl =194. Voymaj jl Yurqunj jt jl Wjrsj, nn. 476.‛ Fnl`my, nn. p. =6>, lotj. Tjj furtcjr,for tcj sntj, Kr. Auy @j Ttrmlaj nl Hourl. U. Msnmt. Tod. vo`. 53 (=3>6). Ycj Mrmendlmkj wms Mernb.[





R59 [RFor tcns jxpjintnol sjj Ycjopc. Doltnl. nv. d. 54.[

R5: [Nl tcj cnstory of Dcrysodcjnr, Ajljsnus (Dcrol. p. 61-17, jint. Vjljt. R`ja. :1-67, p. =5= sqq., ji. Eoll[) cms jxposji tcj lmbjiljss of tcj jkpnrj. DolstmltnljWorpcyroajlntus (nl Vnt. Emsn`. d. 41-94, p. =66-=1=) cms insp`myji tcj aòry of cns

armlifmtcjr. Djirjlus (p. :17-:14 Rnn. p. 57> sqq., ji. E.[) ns wntcout tcjnr pmssnols or tcjnr blow`jiaj.

R56 [RNl rjamri to tcns dmkpmnal of Emsn` (nl 31= or 315) nt wms ajljrm``y supposjitcmt cj drossji tcj Jupcrmtjs, ms tcj Doltnlumtor of Ycjopcmljs stmtjs (p. 56>). EutKr. H. A. D. Mlijrsol cms scowl tcmt tcns kust ej m knstmbj mli tcmt tcj sdjlj of tcjwco`j dmkpmnal wms wjst of tcj Jupcrmtjs (D`mssndm` Ujvnjw, Mprn`, =3>6, p. =4>).Emsn`„s oehjdt (mftjr cns fmnùrj mt Yjpcrndj) wms to dmpturj Kj`ntjlj, tcj dcnjf Tmrmdjlstrolacoì of tcj Dns-Jupcrmtjsnml tjrrntory nl Msnm Knlor. Ycjopc. Doltnl. ne.[

R51 [ΤϊλνχκΰνύΠλγα χν?τν ? ?λγοϊ?τν ωα?υ Ωκ?ύξθα?υ κ?νλιύίν Rp. 5=5[. Cowj`jamlt ns tcj Arjjb tolauj, jvjl nl tcj koutc of Djirjlus! RDp. Ajoraj Kol. p 39=,ji. Eoll.[

R53 [Doprolykus trmlsportji cns τϊδδκλκξ?υ, cjrjtnds2 mli tcus ?χβνωϋλγα ? ν?ύκτξυΧνϊβξθξνλώ?λ, smys Djirjlus (p. 964 Rnn. p. =7[), wco cms dopnji tcj mllm`s of Ycjopcmljs. RTuem.k. 6591.[

R5> [Wjtrus Tnduùs, wco rjsniji lnlj koltcs mt Yjpcrndj ( 317) for tcj rmlsok of dmptnvjs (p. 169), wms nlforkji of tcjnr nltjliji knssnol, mli miirjssji cns

prjsjrvmtnvj, tcj Cnstornm Kmlndcæoruk, to tcj ljw mrdcenscop of tcj Euàmrnmls (p.

1:9 Rp. =59=, ji. Knalj[). RFor Wjtrus Tnduùs, dp. Mppjlinx =.[

R47 [Ycj doòly of Wmu`ndnmls mli Hmdoentjs, trmlsp`mltji ey Hocl Xnknsdjs ( >17)frok Mrkjlnm to Ycrmdj, ns kjltnolji ey Xolmrms (tok. nn. `. xvnn. p. 57> Rd. =[) mliMllm Dokljlm (M`jxnmi, `. xnv. p. 9:7, &d. Rd. 3[). RYcns doòlnsmtnol kust cmvjtmbjl p`mdj mftjr tcj dolqujst of Jmstjrl Euàmrnm mli tcj wmr wntc Tvnmtos`mv2 mlitcjrjforj lot ejforj >14. Dp. Tdcùkejrajr, @„îpopîj eyzmltnlj, p. =3=. Tdy`ntzjs (;Djirjlus nn. p. 435) smys tcmt nt wms Ycokms, Wmtrnmrdc of Mltnodc, wco suaajstji tcjtrmlsp`mltmtnol. Cj rjm`nsji tcmt nl tcj Jmstjrl provnldjs tcj Wmu`ndnmls wjrjimlajrous m``njs of tcj Tmrmdjls.[

R4= [Ycj M`jxnmi of Mllm Dokljlm (`. v. p. =4= Rd. 4[, `. vn. p. =:9, =:: Rd. 5[, `. xnv. p. 9:7-9:1 Rd. 3, >[, wntc tcj mllotmtnols of Iudmlaj) rjdoris tcj trmlsmdtnols of cjr mposto`nd fmtcjr wntc tcj Kmlndcæmls, wcosj meoknlme`j cjrjsy scj wms ijsnrous of rjfutnla.

R45 [Emsn`, m kolb, mli tcj mutcor of tcj Eoaokn`js, m sjdt of Alostnds, wco soolvmlnscji (Mllm Dokljlm, M`jxnmi, `. xv. p. 936-9>9 Rd. 3, >, =7[2 Koscjnk, Cnst.Jdd`jsnmstndm, p. 957). RYcns Emsn` wms lot ‐tcj mutcor of tcj Eoaokn`s.‛ Eoaokn` nstcj T`mvolnd jqunvm`jlt of tcj Arjjb lmkj Ycjopcnòs2 mli Eoaokn`, wco foulijitcj sjdt, `nvji nl tcj tjltc djltury ulijr tcj Euàmrnml prnldj Wjtjr (rjal. >51->6>).Ycjrj mrosj sool two Eoaokn` dcurdcjs8 tcj Euàmrnml, mli tcmt of tcj Irmaovnċn2 mli





frok tcjsj two m`` tcj otcjr `mtjr ijvjòpkjlts stmrtji. Umċbn sjjbs tcj lmkj of tcjsjdoli dcurdc mkola tcj Kmdjiolnml Irmaovnċn ol tcj Vmrimr2 wcn`j Aoùenlsbnnijltnfnjs tcjk wntc Irmaovnċn nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of Wcn`nppopo`ns. Tjj Hnrjċjb,Ajsdc. ijr Euàmrjl, p. =16. For tcj Eoaokn`nml iodtrnljs, sjj Mppjlinx =.[

R44 [Kmtt. Wmrns, Cnst. Kmhor, p. 561. Ycns pmssmaj of our Jla`nsc cnstornml ns m``jaji ey Iudmlaj nl ml jxdj``jlt lotj ol Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. 573), wco fouli tcjWmu`ndnmls mt Wcn`nppopo`ns tcj frnjlis of tcj Euàmrnmls.

R49 [Tjj Kmrsna`n, Ttmto Kn`ntmrj ij``„ Nkpjro Ottokmlo, p. 59.

R4: [Ycj nltroiudtnol of tcj Wmu`ndnmls nlto Ntm`y mli Frmldj ns mkp`y insdussji eyKurmtorn (Mltnquntmt. Ntm`næ kjinn Ævn, tok. v. inssjrt. `x. p. 3=-=:5) mli Koscjnk (p.41>-435, 9=>-955). ^jt eotc cmvj ovjròobji m durnous pmssmaj of Qn``nmk tcjMpu`nml, wco d`jmr`y ijsdrnejs tcjk nl m emtt`j ejtwjjl tcj Arjjbs mli Lorkmls,

=797 (nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`. tok. v. p. 5:6).

Duk Arædns mijrmlt qunimk quos pjssnkus jrror Fjdjrmt mkjltjs, jt me npso lokjl cmejemlt.

Eut cj ns so nalormlt of tcjnr iodtrnlj ms to kmbj tcjk m bnli of Tmej``nmls or Wmtrnpmssnmls. RNt ns tcouact tcmt tcj Eoaokn`nml iodtrnlj trmvj``ji wjstwmri dcnjf`y

ey tcj provnldjs of soutcjrl Ntm`y2 Hnrjċjb, op. dnt. p. 5=5.[

R46 [ Euàmrn, Eouàrjs, Eouarjs, m lmtnolm` mppj``mtnol, cms ejjl mpp`nji ey tcjFrjldc ms m tjrk of rjpromdc to usurjrs mli ullmturm` snlljrs. Ycj Wmtjrnln, or

Wmtj`nln, cms ejjl kmij to snalnfy m skootc mli f`mttjrnla cypodrntj, sudc ms `„Mvodmt Wmtj`nl of tcmt ornanlm` mli p`jmsmlt fmrdj (Iudmlaj, Aòss. @mtnlntmt. kjinn jt nlfnkn Ævn). RYcj wori ns smni to ej ijrnvji frok Wmtmrnm, m sueure of Kn`ml.[ YcjKmlndcæmls wjrj ̀ nbjwnsj lmkji Dmtcmrn, or tcj purj, ey dorruptnol, Amzmrn, &d.

R41 [Of tcj `mws, drusmij, mli pjrsjdutnol mamnlst tcj Mènajons, m hust, tcouacajljrm`, nijm ns jxprjssji ey Koscjnk (p. 911-93=). Ycj ijtmn` kmy ej fouli nl tcjjdd`jsnmstndm` cnstornmls, mldnjlt mli koijrl, Dmtco`nds mli Wrotjstmlts2 mli mkolatcjsj F`jury ns tcj kost nkpmrtnm` mli koijrmtj. RD. Tdcknit, Cnstonrj jt iodtrnlj ij`m sjdtj ijs Dmtcmrjs, 5 vo`s., =39>. Umċbn, Eoaokn`n n Dmtmrjln, Marmk, =36>. Ycjsj

sjdtmrnjs ejanl to mppjmr nl soutcjrl Amu` meout =7=1. Ycjnr dcnjf sjmt wms Youòusj2tcjy wjrj dm``ji Mènajons frok tcj towl of Mèn, mli Ynssjrmlis ejdmusj kmlywjmvjrs jkermoji tcj iodtrnlj. For tcj Untum` of tcj Mènajons, prjsjrvji nl m @yolsKT., sjj Dolyejmrj, Bjy of Yrutc, Mpp. vn. Dp. ejòw, Mppjlinx =.[

R43 [Ycj Mdts (@nejr Tjltjltnmruk) of tcj Nlqunsntnol of Youòusj ( =471-=454) cmvj ejjl pue`nscji ey @nkeordc (Mkstjòimkn, =6>5), wntc m prjvnous Cnstory of tcjNlqunsntnol nl ajljrm`. Ycjy ijsjrvji m korj `jmrlji mli drntndm` jintor. Ms wj kustlot dmùklnmtj jvjl Tmtml, or tcj Co`y Offndj, N wn`` oesjrvj tcmt, of m `nst of drnknlm`s wcndc fn``s lnljtjjl fo`no pmajs, ol`y fnftjjl kjl mli four wokjl wjrjij`nvjrji to tcj sjdu`mr mrk. RNl ml mllotmtnol ol tcns lotj Ir. Tkntc smys8 ‐Ir.Kmnt`mli, nl cns Fmdts mli Iodukjlts Uj`mtnla to tcj Mldnjlt Mènajlsjs mli





Qmìjlsjs, rjkmrbs (p. 5=1, lotj) tcmt Aneeol ouact to cmvj smni tcnrty-two kjl mlijnact wokjl.‛[

R4> [Ycj opnlnols mli prodjjinlas of tcj rjforkjrs mrj jxposji nl tcj sjdoli pmrt of tcj ajljrm` cnstory of Koscjnk2 eut tcj em`mldj, wcndc cj cms cjì wntc so d`jmr ml

jyj, mli so stjmiy ml cmli, ejanls to nld`nlj nl fmvour of cns @utcjrml erjtcrjl.

R97 [Zlijr Jiwmri VN. our rjforkmtnol wms korj eoì mli pjrfjdt8 eut nl tcjfulimkjltm` mrtnd`js of tcj dcurdc of Jla`mli m strola mli jxp`ndnt ijd`mrmtnol mamnlsttcj rjm` prjsjldj wms oe`ntjrmtji nl tcj ornanlm` dopy, to p`jmsj tcj pjop`j, or tcj@utcjrmls, or ]ujjl J`nzmejtc (Eurljt„s Cnstory of tcj Ujforkmtnol, vo`. nn. p. 35,=53, 475).

R9= [‐Cmi nt lot ejjl for sudc kjl ms @utcjr mli kysj`f,‛ smni tcj fmlmtnd Qcnstol toCm``jy tcj pcnòsopcjr, ‐you wouì low ej bljj`nla ejforj ml nkmaj of Tt.

Qnlnfrji.‛

R95 [Ycj mrtnd`j of Tjrvjt nl tcj Indtnollmnrj Drntnquj of Dcmuffjpnî ns tcj ejstmddoult wcndc N cmvj sjjl of tcns scmkjfu` trmlsmdtnol. Tjj `nbjwnsj tcj Meeîi„Mrtnaly, Louvjmux Kîkonrjs i„Cnstonrj, &d., nn. p. ::-=:9. RYcj rjkmrbme`jtcjoòandm` cjrjsnjs of Tjrvjt wjrj ms oeloxnous to tcj Wrotjstmlts ms to tcj Dmtco`nds.For ml mddoult of cns systjk sjj C. Yo``nl„s Ims @jcrsystjk Kndcmj` Tjrvjts, nl 4vo`s. (=316-3). Ycj iodukjlts of tcj trnm` of Tjrvjt kmy ej dolvjlnjlt`y dolsu`tji nltcj jintnol of Dm`vnl„s worbs ey Emuk, Dulntz, mli Ujuss, vo`. 3. Ycjrj ns m aooimddoult of tcj trmlsmdtnol nl Uoajt„s Cnstonrj iu pjup`j ij Ajlãvj, vo`. 9 (=311).[

R94 [N mk korj ijjp`y sdmlim`nsji mt tcj snla`j jxjdutnol of Tjrvjtus, tcml mt tcjcjdmtokes wcndc cmvj e`mzji nl tcj Muto im Fãs of Tpmnl mli Wortuam`. =. Ycj zjm` of Dm`vnl sjjks to cmvj ejjl jlvjlokji ey pjrsolm` km`ndj, mli pjrcmps jlvy. Cjmddusji cns mivjrsmry ejforj tcjnr dokkol jljknjs, tcj huiajs of Vnjllm, mli

ejtrmyji, for cns ijstrudtnol, tcj smdrji trust of m prnvmtj dorrjspolijldj. 5. Ycj ijjiof druj`ty wms lot vmrlnscji ey tcj prjtjldj of imlajr to tcj dcurdc or stmtj. Nl cns

pmssmaj tcrouac Ajljvm, Tjrvjtus wms ml cmrk`jss strmlajr, wco ljntcjr prjmdcji,lor prnltji, lor kmij prosj`ytjs. 4. M Dmtco`nd nlqunsntor ynjìs tcj smkj oejinjldjwcndc cj rjqunrjs, eut Dm`vnl vno`mtji tcj aoìjl ru`j of ionla ms cj wouì ej iolj

ey8 m ru`j wcndc N rjmi nl m korm` trjmtnsj of Nsodrmtjs (nl Lndo`j, tok. n. p. >4, jint.

Emttnj), four culirji yjmrs ejforj tcj pue`ndmtnol of tcj aospj`. ? χΠτρολωκυ ??„?ωΫύώλ ?ύδίζκτγκ, ωνϊ?ων ωοξ?υ ?ββοξυ ΰ? χοξκξ?ωκ. RYcj pmrt tmbjl ey Dm`vnl nl tcjtrmlsmdtnol sjjks to cmvj ejjl dcnjf`y tcj furlnscnla of tcj iodukjlts ol wcndcTjrvjtus wms dolijklji.[

R99 [Tjj Eurljt, vo`. nn. p. 39-36. Ycj sjlsj mli cukmlnty of tcj youla bnla wjrjopprjssji ey tcj mutcornty of tcj prnkmtj.

R9: [Jrmskus kmy ej dolsnijrji ms tcj fmtcjr of rmtnolm` tcjoòay. Mftjr m sùkejr of ml culirji yjmrs, nt wms rjvnvji ey tcj Mrknlnmls of Co``mli, Arotnus, @nkeordc, mli@j D`jrd2 nl Jla`mli ey Dcn``nlawortc, tcj `mtntuinlmrnmls of Dmkerniaj (Eurljt,





Cnst. of owl Ynkjs, vo`. n. p. 56=-563, odtmvo jintnol), Yn`òtsol, D`mrbj, Comi`jy,&d.

R96 [N mk sorry to oesjrvj tcmt tcj tcrjj wrntjrs of tcj `mst maj, ey wcok tcj rnacts of to`jrmtnol cmvj ejjl so loe`y ijfjliji, Emy`j, @jnelntz, mli @odbj, mrj m`` `mykjl

mli pcnòsopcjrs.

R91 [Tjj tcj jxdj``jlt dcmptjr of Tnr Qn``nmk Yjkp`j ol tcj Uj`nanol of tcj ZlntjiWrovnldjs. N mk lot smtnsfnji wntc Arotnus (ij Ujeus Ejàndns, Mllm`. `. n. p. =4, =9,jint. nl =5ko), wco nkprovjs tcj Nkpjrnm` `mws of pjrsjdutnol, mli ol`y dolijklstcj eòoiy trneulm` of tcj nlqunsntnol.

R93 [Tnr Qm`tjr E`mdbstolj (Dokkjltmrnjs, vo`. nv. p. 44, :9) jxp`mnls tcj `mw of Jla`mli ms nt wms fnxji mt tcj Ujvoùtnol. Ycj jxdjptnols of Wmpnsts, mli of tcosj wcoijly tcj Yrnlnty, wouì stn`` `jmvj m to`jrme`j sdopj for pjrsjdutnol, nf tcj lmtnolm`

spnrnt wjrj lot korj jffjdtum` tcml ml culirji stmtutjs.

R9> [N scm`` rjdokkjli to pue`nd mlnkmivjrsnol two pmssmajs nl Ir. Wrnjst`y, wcndc ejtrmy tcj u`tnkmtj tjlijldy of cns opnlnols. Mt tcj fnrst of tcjsj (Cnst. of tcjDorruptnols of Dcrnstnmlnty, vo`. n. p. 51:, 516) tcj prnjst, mt tcj sjdoli (vo`. nn. p.939) tcj kmanstrmtj, kmy trjke`j!

R= [ M`` tcj pmssmajs of tcj Eyzmltnlj cnstory wcndc rj`mtj to tcj Emremrnmls mrjdokpn`ji, kjtcoinsji, mli trmlsdrneji, nl m @mtnl vjrsnol, ey tcj `meornous HoclAottcj`f Ttrnttjr, nl cns ‐Kjkornæ Wopuòruk mi Imluenuk, Woltuk Juxnluk,Wmùijk Kæotnijk, Dmudmsuk, Kmrj Dmspnuk, jt nlij kmans mi Tjptjktrnoljs

nldo`jltnuk.‛ Wjtropo`n, =11=-=11>2 nl four tokjs, or snx voùkjs, nl 9to. Eut tcjfmscnol cms lot jlcmldji tcj prndj of tcjsj rmw kmtjrnm`s.

R5 [RMeovj[ Cnst. vo`. vn. p. 473->.

R4 [RYcj Euàmrnmls doltnluji to `nvj lortc of tcj Imluej mli forkji pmrt of tcj Mvmr jkpnrj nl tcj `mttjr cm`f of tcj snxtc djltury. Ycjy mppjmr ms tcj suehjdts of tcjDcmaml nl Ycjopcy`mdtus Tnkodmttm.[

R9 [Ycjopcmljs, p. 5>6-5>> R suem.k. 6=1=[. Mlmstmsnus, p. ==4 Rp. 55: sqq. ji. ij

Eoor[. Lndjpcorus, D.W. p. 55, 54 Rp. 44, 49, ji. ij Eoor[. Ycjopcmljs p`mdjs tcj oìEuàmrnm ol tcj emlbs of tcj Mtj`` or Voàm Roì Euàmrnm `my ejtwjjl tcj rnvjrsVoàm mli Bmkm. Ycjrj ns stn`` m vn``maj dm``ji Eoàmry nl tcj provnldj of Bmzml[2 eutcj ijprnvjs cnksj`f of m`` ajoarmpcndm` drjint ey insdcmranla tcmt rnvjr nlto tcj Juxnljsjm. RFor tcj `jajli of Bnla Brovmt„s sols sjj Mppjlinx 5.[

R: [Wmu`. Inmdol. ij Ajstns @mlaoemri. `. v. d. 5>, p. 33=, 335. Ycj mppmrjltinffjrjldj ejtwjjl tcj @okemri cnstornml mli tcj meovj-kjltnolji Arjjbs ns jmsn`yrjdoldn`ji ey Dmkn`ò Wj``jarnlo (ij Iudmtu Ejljvjltmlo, inssjrt. vnn. nl tcjTdrnptorjs Ujruk Ntm`. tok. v. p. =36, =31) mli Ejrjttn (Dcoroarmpc. Ntm`næ kjinn Ævn,

p. 514, &d.). Ycns Euàmrnml doòly wms p`mltji nl m vmdmlt instrndt of Tmklnuk RmtEovnmluk, Tjralm, mli Tnpnddnmlo[, mli `jmrlji tcj @mtnl, wntcout forajttnla tcjnr lmtnvj, ̀ mlaumaj.





R6 [Ycjsj provnldjs of tcj Arjjb ninok mli jkpnrj mrj mssnalji to tcj Euàmrnmlbnlaiok nl tcj insputj of jdd`jsnmstndm` hurnsindtnol ejtwjjl tcj pmtrnmrdcs of Uokjmli Dolstmltnlop`j (Emrolnus, Mllm`. Jdd`js. 36>, Lo. 1:).

R1 [Ycj sntumtnol mli roym`ty of @ydclnius, or Mdcrnim, mrj d`jmr`y jxprjssji nl

Djirjlus (p. 1=4 Rnn. p. 963, ji. E.[). Ycj rjkovm` of ml mrdcenscop or pmtrnmrdc frokHustnlnmljm prnkm, to @ydclnius, mli mt `jlatc to Yjrlovo, cms proiudji sokj

pjrp`jxnty nl tcj nijms or `mlaumaj of tcj Arjjbs (Lndjpcorus Arjaorms, `. nn. d. 5, p.=9, =:2 Ycokmssnl, Insdnp`nlj ij `„Ja`nsj, tok. n. `. n. d. =>, 54)2 mli m Frjldckml(i„Mlvn``j) ns korj mddurmtj`y sbn``ji nl tcj ajoarmpcy of tcjnr owl doultry (Cnst. ij`„Mdmiîknj ijs Nlsdrnptnols, tok. xxxn.)

R3 [Dcm`dodoliy`js, m dokpjtjlt huiaj, mffnrks tcj nijltnty of tcj `mlaumaj of tcjIm`kmtnmls, Eoslnmls, Tjrvnmls, Euàmrnmls, Wo`js (ij Ujeus Yurdndns, `. x. p. 534 Rp.:47, ji. Eoll.[), mli j`sjwcjrj of tcj Eocjknmls (`. nn. p. 43 Rp. 14, ne.[). Ycj smkj

mutcor cms kmrbji tcj sjpmrmtj ninok of tcj Culamrnmls. RYcj Euàmrnml dolqujrorsmioptji tcj `mlaumaj of tcjnr T`mvolnd suehjdts, eut tcjy wjrj lot T`mvs. TjjMppjlinx 5.[

R> [Tjj tcj worb of Hocl Dcrnstopcjr ij Horiml, ij Ornanlneus Td`mvndns, Vnlioeolæ,=19:, nl four pmrts, or two voùkjs nl fo`no. Cns do``jdtnols mli rjsjmrdcjs mrj usjfu`to jùdnimtj tcj mltnquntnjs of Eocjknm mli tcj mihmdjlt doultrnjs8 eut cns p`ml nslmrrow, cns sty`j emremrous, cns drntndnsk scm`òw, mli tcj Mu`nd doulsj`òr ns lot frjjfrok tcj prjhuindjs of m Eocjknml. RYcj stmtjkjlt nl tcj tjxt dml pmrt`y stmli, nf nt nsulijrstooi tcmt ‐bnlirji emlis‛ kjmls bnlirji to tcj T`mvs wco forkji tcj dcnjf

popu`mtnol of tcj Euàmrnml Bnlaiok ’ lot to tcj Euàmrnml dolqujrors. YcjTjrvnmls, Dromtnmls, &d. wjrj T`mvs. Eut nl lo dmsj iojs nt mpp`y to tcj Qm`mdcnmls,wco jtclndm``y wjrj proeme`y N``yrnmls ’ ijsdjliji mt `jmst frok tcosj pjop`j wconlcmentji Imdnm mli N``yrnduk, ejforj tcj doknla of tcj T`mvs. Ycjrj wms m strolaQm`mdcnml popu`mtnol nl tcj Euàmrnml bnlaiok wcndc jxtjliji lortc of tcj Imluej(sjj Mppjlinx ==)2 mli nt cms ejjl dolhjdturji tcmt tcj Qm`mdcnmls jvjl amvj tcjEuàmrnmls m bnla ’ Tmenlos, m lmkj of @mtnl souli. Eut tcns sjjks cnac`y iouetfu`2mli dokpmrj Mppjlinx 4.[

R=7 [Horiml suesdrnejs to tcj wj``-blowl mli proeme`j ijrnvmtnol frok T`mvm, `mus,

aòrnm, m wori of fmkn`nmr usj nl tcj inffjrjlt inm`jdts mli pmrts of spjjdc, mli wcndc

forks tcj tjrknlmtnol of tcj kost n`ùstrnous lmkjs (ij Ornanlneus Td`mvndns, pmrs n. p.97, pmrs nv. p. =7=, =75). RYcns ijrnvmtnol cms ejjl ajljrm``y memliolji, mli nsoevnous`y ul`nbj`y. Mlotcjr, wcndc rjdjnvji tcj mpproemtnol of kmly, jxp`mnlji tcjlmkj Tòvmlnj (snla. Tòvmlhl) frok sòvo, ‐m wori,‛ nl tcj sjlsj of ?ΰπδβώωωοξ,

pjop`j wco spjmb olj `mlaumaj ’ opposji to Lnjkn, ‐tcj iuke‛ (lol-T`mvs,Ajrkmls). Eut tcns too soulis nkproeme`j, mli cms ejjl rnact`y rjhjdtji ey Tdcmfmrnb,wco nlvjstnamtjs tcj lmkj mt arjmt `jlatc (T`mwnsdcj M`tjrtcðkjr, nn. p. 5: sqq.). Ycjornanlm` fork of tcj lmkj wms Tòvmlî or Tòvjlî. Ycj fork ‐Td`mvolnml,‛ wcndc nsstn`` oftjl usji nl Jla`nsc eoobs, ouact to ej insdmriji (ms Aneeol suaajsts)2 tcjautturm` iojs lot ejòla to tcj wori, eut wms nlsjrtji ey tcj Arjjbs, @mtnls, mli

Ornjltm`s (ΤθβΠεου, Td`mvus, Tmb`me, Tmbm`neî, &d.). Ey tcj mlmòay of otcjr lmkjssnkn`mr`y forkji, Tdcmfmrnb scows dolvnldnla`y tcmt tcj lmkj wms ornanlm``y òdm`,





kjmlnla ‐tcj fo`b wco iwj``ji nl Tòvy,‛ dp. p. 94-9:. Ycj insdovjry of tcnscypotcjtndm` Tòvy ns mlotcjr qujstnol. Nl tcj Dcrolnd`j of Ljstor, Tòvjlj ns usji nltcj spjdnm` sjlsj of m trnej meout Lovaoroi, ms wj`` ms nl tcj ajljrm` sjlsj of T`mv.[

R== [Ycns dolvjrsnol of m lmtnolm` nlto ml mppj``mtnvj lmkj mppjmrs to cmvj mrnsjl nl

tcj vnnntc djltury, nl tcj Ornjltm` Frmldj Rn.j. Jmst Frmldnm, or Frmldolnm8 towmris tcjjli of tcj jnactc djltury, dp. Tdcmfmrnb, op. dnt. nn. p. 45:-6[2 wcjrj tcj prnldjs mli

enscops wjrj rndc nl Td`mvolnml dmptnvjs, lot of tcj Eocjknml (jxd`mnks Horiml) eutof Tormenml rmdj. Frok tcjldj tcj wori wms jxtjliji to ajljrm` usj, to tcj koijrl`mlaumajs, mli jvjl to tcj sty`j of tcj `mst Eyzmltnljs (sjj tcj Arjjb mli @mtnlAòssmrnjs of Iudmlaj). Ycj dolfusnol of tcj ΤΫύεβοξ, or Tjrvnmls, wntc tcj @mtnlTjrvn wms stn`` korj fortulmtj mli fmkn`nmr (Dolstmlt. Worpcyr. ij MiknlnstrmlioNkpjrno, d. 45, p. >>). RTjre ns supposji to cmvj ejjl tcj oìjst lmtnolm` lmkj of tcjT`mvs, ol tcj jvnijldj of Wrodopnus (E.A. nnn. =9), wco smys tcmt tcj T`mvs mli Mltæcmi ornanlm``y olj lmkj, Τχπύοξ, wcndc ns frjqujlt`y jxp`mnlji ms ; Tres. Tdcmfmrnb,

op. dnt. n. p. >4->>.[

R=5 [Ycj jkpjror Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlntus, kost mddurmtj for cns owl tnkjs,kost fmeuòus for prjdjinla majs, ijsdrnejs tcj Td`mvolnmls of Im`kmtnm (d. 5>-46).

R=4 [Tjj tcj mlolykous Dcrolnd`j of tcj xntc djltury, msdrneji to Hocl Tmaorlnlus (p.>9-=75), mli tcmt dokposji nl tcj xnvtc ey tcj Ioaj Mlirjw Imlioò (Tdrnpt. UjrukNtm`. tok. xnn. p. 551-547)8 tcj two oìjst kolukjlts of tcj cnstory of Vjlndj.

R=9 [Ycj fnrst bnlaiok of tcj Euàmrnmls kmy ej fouli, ulijr tcj propjr imtjs, nl tcjMllm`s of Djirjlus mli Xolmrms. Ycj Eyzmltnlj kmtjrnm`s mrj do``jdtji ey Ttrnttjr

(Kjkornæ Wopuòruk, tok. nn. pmrs nn. p. 99=-691), mli tcj sjrnjs of tcjnr bnlas nsinsposji mli sjtt`ji ey Iudmlaj (Fmk. Eyzmlt. p. 47:-4=3). RFor ml mldnjltEuàmrnml `nst of tcj jmr`y Euàmrnml bnlas sjj Mppjlinx 4. For tcj knarmtnol mlijstme`nsckjlt soutc of tcj Imluej, mli jxtjlt of tcj bnlaiok, dp. Mppjlinx 5.[

R=: [RNl tcj yjmr mftjr cns vndtory ovjr Lndjpcorus, tcj Euàmrnml prnldj Bruk or Brukl dmpturji tcj towls of Kjsjkernm mli Ijvj`tus, mli nl tcj fo`òwnla yjmr nlf`ndtji m druscnla ijfjmt ol Kndcmj` N. mt Vjrsnlndnm ljmr Cmirnmlop`j (Hulj, 3=4)mli prodjjiji to ejsnjaj Dolstmltnlop`j. Cj rjtnrji cmvnla ijvmstmtji tcj doultry,

eut prjpmrji to ejsnjaj tcj dmpntm` mamnl nl 3=:. Cns ijmtc wms m rj`njf to tcj Jkpjror

@jo V. (sjj meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 596), wco tcjl toob tcj fnjì mli amnlji mt Kjsjkernmm eòoiy vndtory ovjr tcj Euàmrnmls. Ycj prnldj Anok Okortma, wco dmkj to tcjtcrolj meout 3=1 or 3=3, kmij m trjmty wntc@jo for 47 yjmrs2 mli pjmdj wmskmnltmnlji for korj tcml 1: yjmrs, tn`` tcj mddjssnol of Tnkjol. Okortma ns dm``ji

Kortmaol ey tcj Arjjb dcrolnd`jrs, mli Okerntma ey Ycjopcy`mdtus of Odcrnim2 euttcj rnact fork of tcj lmkj ns furlnscji ey cns owl durnous nlsdrnptnol wcndc wmsinsdovjrji mt Yrlovo (sjj Mppjlinx 9). Okortma cmi tcrjj sols, mli nt ns to ejlotndji tcmt m`` tcrjj cmi T`mvolnd lmkjs2 tcns kmrbs m stmaj nl tcj arowtc of T`mvolndnlfùjldj nl tcj bnlaiok. Ycj youlajst, Kmòknr, dmkj to tcj tcrolj. Cj wmssuddjjiji ey cns ljpcjw Eorns (dnrdm 3:5-333), wcosj rjnal ns kjkorme`j for tcj

dolvjrsnol of Euàmrnm to Dcrnstnmlnty (sjj Mppjlinx 6).[


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =>7 cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



R=6 [Tnkjoljk Rjkn-mraol, ni jst[ sjkn-Aræduk jssj mnjemlt, jo quoi m pujrntnåEyzmltnn Ijkostcjlns rcjtorndmk jt Mrnstotj`ns sy`òanskos inindjrmt R`ja. inindjrnt[(@nutprmli, `. nnn. d. 3 R; d. 5>[). Cj smys nl mlotcjr p`mdj, Tnkjol, fortns, ej``mtor,Euàmrnæ R`ja. Euàmrnns[ præjrmt2 Dcrnstnmlus sji vndnlns Arædns vmìj nlnkndus (`. n.d. 5 R; d. :[). RNt ns nkportmlt to lotndj tcmt lmtnvj T`mvolnd `ntjrmturj fòurnscji ulijr

Tnkjol ’ tcj rjsu`t of tcj nlvjltnol of T`mvolnd m`pcmejts (sjj Mppjlinx 6). Tnkjolcnksj`f ’ mltndnpmtnla Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlljtos ’ nlstntutji tcj dokpn`mtnol of m Teorlnb or jldydòpæinm (tcjoòandm`, pcnòsopcndm`, cnstorndm`), jxtrmdtji frok 57Arjjb wrntjrs. Ycj Wrjseytjr Arnaorn trmls`mtji tcj dcrolnd`j of Hocl Km`m`ms nltoT`mvolnd. Hocl tcj Jxmrdc wrotj m Tcjstoiljv (Cjxmjkjrol), ml mddoult of tcjDrjmtnol. Ycj kolb Dcrmer wrotj m vmùme`j `ntt`j trjmtnsj ol tcj nlvjltnol of tcjDyrn``nd m`pcmejt (dp. Mppjlinx 6)2 mli otcjr worbs (dcnjf`y tcjoòandm`) of tcj smkj

pjrnoi mrj jxtmlt.[

R=1 [RTnkjol dmkj to tcj tcrolj nl 3>4, mli inji Kmy 51, >51.[

R=3 [RYcmt ns, Tjrvnm nl tcj strndt sjlsj, jxdùinla tcj nlijpjlijlt Tjrvnml prnldnpm`ntnjs of Xmdcùknm, Yrjvulnm, Inod`jtnm, ms wj`` ms tcj Lmrjltmls. Tjj Dolst.Worpc., Ij Mik. Nkp., dcmps. 45-46. Ycj eoulimry of Euàmrnm mamnlst Tjrvnm nlTnkjol„s tnkj sjjks to cmvj fo`òwji tcj Irnl2 nt `jft Ejàrmij, Wrnsctnlm, Lntzdc,mli @np`hml nl Euàmrnm.[

R=>[

’ Unaniuk fjrm ijxtjrm dorluIuk tjljt, nlfrjant truldåquj m froltj rjvj``nt.

Ovni (Kjtmkorpc. nx. =-=77) cms eoì`y pmnltji tcj dokemt of tcj rnvjr-aoi mli tcjcjro2 tcj lmtnvj mli tcj strmlajr. RYcj emtt`j wms fouact ljmr Mldcnmòs nl Euàmrnm(@jo Inmd. p. =59). Ycjrj wms m rnvjr lmkji Mdcjòus nl tcj ljnaceourcooi (Ycjopc.Doltnl. p. 43>2 dp. Wsjuio-Tyk. Kma. p. 159), mli tcj lmkj kns`ji Aneeol. Dp.Fnl`my, nn. p. 533 lotj.[

R57 [RYcj pjmdj wms doldùiji mftjr Tnkjol„s ijmtc nl >51. Yc. Zspjlsbn cms pue`nscji (nl tcj @njtopns nst. pcn`. oesdcjstvm, of tcj Oijssm Zlnvjrsnty. Vnz. Oti. nn.,=3>9, p. 93 sqq.) m durnous huen`mlt sjrkol prjmdcji mt Dolstmltnlop`j ol tcj

oddmsnol of tcj doldùsnol of tcj pjmdj. Nt prjsjlts arjmt inffndu`tnjs, ownla to tcjm`ùsnvjljss of nts sty`j, wcndc cms ejjl nlajlnous`y insdussji ey Zspjlsbn, wco nstjkptji to nijltnfy tcj mlolykous mutcor wntc Lndo`mus Kystndus, tcj Wmtrnmrdc, mdorrjspolijlt of tcj Ysmr Tnkjol. Eut dcroloòay sjjks to jxdùij tcns supposntnol2for Lndo`mus inji nl >5:2 mli, tcouac tcj prj`nknlmrnjs to tcj pjmdj kmy cmvjoddupnji m dolsnijrme`j tnkj, tcj sjrkol kust cmvj ejjl dokposji mftjr tcj ijmtc of Tnkjol nl >51 (ms K. Zspjlsbn sjjks to forajt nl cns doldùinla rjkmrbs, p. =54).[

R5= [Ycj mkemssmior of Otco wms provobji ey tcj Arjjb jxdjssjs, duk Dcrnstopcornfn`nmk Wjtrus Euàmroruk Vmsn`jus dolhuajk iudjrjt, Tykpcolm, ni jst dolsolmltnm,sdrnpto Rm`. dolsolmltnm sdrnptm[. hurmkjlto fnrkmtm sult, ut oklnuk ajltnuk

Mposto`ns, ni jst luldnns, pjljs los Euàmroruk Mposto`n præpolmltur, colorjltur,


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in`namltur (@nutprmli nl @jamtnolj, p. 935 Rd. =>[). Tjj tcj Djrjkolnm`j of Dolstmltnlj of Worpcyroajlntus, tok. n. p. 35 Rd. 59, p. =4>, ji. Eoll[, tok. nn. p. 95>,947, 949, 94:, 994, 999, 996, 991 Rd. :5, p. 197, 195, 194, 19>, 1:=, 161, 11=, 115,114[, wntc tcj mllotmtnols of Ujnsbj. REuàmrnml ru`jrs ejforj Tnkjol wjrj doltjltwntc tcj tnt`j Bljz. Tnkjol fnrst mssukji tcj tnt`j tsmr (frok tsjsmr, ts„smr2 ; Dæsmr).

Nt kmy cmvj ejjl rjkjkejrji tcmt Yjrej` cmi ejjl kmij m Dæsmr ey Hustnlnml NN.(Lndjpcorus, p. 95, ji. ij Eoor). Ycj Mrdcenscoprnd of Euàmrnm wms rmnsji to tcjinalnty of m Wmtrnmrdcmtj. Tnkjol„s rjsnijldj wms Arjmt Wjrnstc`mvm2 sjj ejòw, p. 66,lotj >7.[

R55 [RNl >64 Tcnsckml of Yrlovo rjvo`tji, mli fouliji ml nlijpjlijlt bnlaiok nlKmdjiolnm mli Mèmlnm. Ycus tcjrj wjrj low two Euàmrnml bnlaioks mli twotsmrs.[

R54 [RYcj bnlaiok of Jmstjrl Euàmrnm cmi ejjl dolqujrji fnrst ey tcj Uussnmls mli

tcjl ey tcj Jkpjror Yznknsdjs (sjj ejòw, p. 61), eut Qjstjrl Euàmrnm survnvji, mli ejforj >37, Tmkuj`, sol of Tcnsckml, dmkj to tcj tcrolj. Cns dmpntm` wms mt fnrstWrjspm, eut cj mftjrwmris kovji to Odcrnim. Cns mnk wms to rjdovjr Jmstjrl Euàmrnmmli dolqujr Arjjdj2 mli for tcnrty-fnvj yjmrs cj kmnltmnlji m cjrond struaa`j mamnlsttcj Jkpnrj. Eotc cj mli cns arjmt mivjrsmry Emsn` wjrj kjl of nrol, ermvj, druj`, mliulsdrupuòus2 mli Emsn` wms ijtjrknlji lot kjrj`y to smvj Jmstjrl, eut to dolqujr Qjstjrl, Euàmrnm. Nl tcj fnrst wmr (>16->36) tcj Euàmrnmls wjrj suddjssfu`. Tmkuj`

puscji soutcwmri mli, mftjr rjpjmtji mttjkpts wcndc wjrj rjpu`sji, dmpturji @mrnssmnl Ycjssm`y mli puscji ol to tcj Nstckus. Ycns wms nl >36. Yo dmusj m invjrsnol mlirj`njvj Arjjdj, Emsn` kmrdcji ol Topcnm, eut wms dmuact nl m trmp, mli cmvnlajliurji nkkjlsj òssjs jsdmpji wntc inffndu`ty. Mftjr tcns ijfjmt Jmstjrl Euàmrnmwms òst to tcj Jkpnrj. (Ycj truj imtj of tcj dmpturj of @mrnssm mli tcj ijfjmt of Emsn`,>36, cms ejjl jstme`nscji, mamnlst tcj oì imtj >3=, ey tcj jvnijldj of tcj Ttrmtjanbolof Bjbmukjlos, ’ for wcndc sjj meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 971. Dp. Tdcùkejrajr,@„îpopîj Eyzmltnlj, p. 646. Ol tcns fnrst Euàmrnml wmr, sjj m`so tcj Vntm Lndolns, mp.Kmrtãlj jt Iurmli, mkp`. Do``. 6, 341 sqq.2 mli m doltjkpormry pojk of HoclAjokjtrjs, Knalj, W.A. vo`. =76, p. >49, mli dp. p. >57, m pnjdj ol tcj Dokjtopuòs,

n.j. Tmkuj`, wntc m pul ol θοΰάωαυ, ‐dokjt.‛) Ycjrj wms m djssmtnol of costn`ntnjs for tjl yjmrs. Ycj sjdoli wmr erobj out nl >>6. Tmkuj` nlvmiji Arjjdj, eut rjturlnla cjwms kjt ey m Arjjb mrky nl tcj p`mnl of tcj Tpjrdcjnos, lortc of Ycjrkopy`æ, mli cnswco`j cost wms ijstroyji nl m lnact surprnsj. Nl =777 Emsn` rjdovjrji Jmstjrl

Euàmrnm, mli nl tcj fo`òwnla yjmr Toutc-wjstjrl Kmdjiolnm (Voijlm, EjrrŔm).Mamnl costn`ntnjs `mlaunscji for ovjr tjl yjmrs2Emsn` wms oddupnji nl tcj Jmst. Nl=7=9, tcj tcnri wmr ejaml2 ol Hu`y 5> Lndjpcorus Snpcnms amnlji m ern``nmlt vndtoryovjr tcj Euàmrnml mrky mt Enj`msndm (sokjwcjrj nl tcj ljnaceourcooi of tcj rnvjr Ttrukndm)2 Tmkuj` jsdmpji to Wrn`èp, eut inji snx wjjbs `mtjr. Ycj struaa`j wmssustmnlji wjmb`y ulijr Amernj` Uokml (Tmkuj`„s sol) mli Hocl V`mins`mv, cnskurijrjr mli suddjssor, `mst Ysmr of Odcrnim, wco fj``, ejsnjanla Iurmzzo, nl =7=3.Ycj Euàmrnmls sueknttji, mli tcj wco`j Em`bml Wjlnlsu`m wms oldj korj nkpjrnm`.Nf Tmkuj` cmi ejjl kmtdcji wntc m `jss me`j mltmaolnst tcml Emsn`, cj wouì cmvjsuddjjiji nl jffjdtnla wcmt wms iouet`jss cns arjmt mnk, tcj ulnol of m`` tcj T`mvs

soutc of tcj Imluej nlto m arjmt jkpnrj. For m fu``jr mddoult of tcjsj wmrs sjj Fnlm`y,vo`. nn.2 mli for tcj fnrst wmr, Tdcùkejrajr, op. dnt., dcmp. x. Hnrjċjb, Ajsdc. ijr





Euàmrjl, p. =>5-3, ns rjkmrbme`y ernjf. Ycjrj ns m fu``jr stuiy of tcj struaa`j eyUmċbn nl tcj Dromtnml tolauj (=31:).[

R59 [M enscop of Qurtzeura R`ja. Vjriul[ sueknttji tcns opnlnol to m rjvjrjli meeot2 eut cj korj armvj`y ijdniji tcmt Aoa mli Kmaoa wjrj tcj spnrntum` pjrsjdutors of tcj

dcurdc2 snldj Aoa snalnfnjs tcj roof, tcj prnij of tcj Cjrjsnmrdcs, mli Kmaoa wcmtdokjs frok tcj roof, tcj propmamtnol of tcjnr sjdts. ^jt tcjsj kjl oldj dokkmlijitcj rjspjdt of kmlbnli (F`jury, Cnst. Jdd`js. tok. xn. p. :>9, &d.).

R5: [Ycj two lmtnolm` mutcors, frok wcok N cmvj ijrnvji tcj kost mssnstmldj, mrjAjoraj Wrmy (Inssjrtmtnoljs mi Mllm`js vjtjruk Culamroruk, &d., Vnlioeolæ,=11:, nl fo`no) mli Ttjpcjl Bmtolm (Cnst. Drntndm Iuduk jt Ujauk Culamrnæ stnrpnsMrpminmlæ, Wæstnln, =113-=13=, : vo`s. nl odtmvo). Ycj fnrst jkermdjs m `mraj mlioftjl dolhjdturm` spmdj2 tcj `mttjr, ey cns `jmrlnla, huiakjlt, mli pjrspndunty, ijsjrvjstcj lmkj of m drntndm` cnstornml.

R56 [Ycj mutcor of tcns Dcrolnd`j ns sty`ji tcj lotmry of Bnla Eî`m. Bmtolm cmsmssnalji cnk to tcj twj`ftc djltury, mli ijfjlis cns dcmrmdtjr mamnlst tcjcypjrdrntndnsk of Wrmy. Ycns ruij mllm`nst kust cmvj trmlsdrneji sokj cnstorndm`rjdoris, snldj cj douì mffnrk wntc inalnty, rjhjdtns fm`sns fmeu`ns rustndoruk, jtamrruò dmltu hodu`mtoruk. Nl tcj xvtc djltury, tcjsj fme`js wjrj do``jdtji eyYcurotznus, mli jkej``nscji ey tcj Ntm`nml Eolfnlnus. Tjj tcj Wrj`nknlmry Insdoursjnl tcj Cnst. Drntndm Iuduk, p. 1-44. RDp. Mppjlinx 1.[

R51 [Tjj Dolstmltnlj ij Miknlnstrmlio Nkpjrno, d. 4, 9, =4, 43-95. Bmtolm cms lndj`yfnxji tcj dokposntnol of tcns worb to tcj yjmrs >9>, >:7, >:= (p. 9-1). RDp. vo`. nx

Mpp. >.[ Ycj drntndm` cnstornml (p. 49-=71) jlijmvours to provj tcj jxnstjldj, mli torj`mtj tcj mdtnols, of m fnrst iubj M`kus, tcj fmtcjr of Mrpmi, wco ns tmdnt`y rjhjdtji eyDolstmltnlj. RDolstmltnlj, d. 43, smys tcmt Mrpmi wms j`jdtji dcnjf, mli lot cns fmtcjr Tm`kutzjs (M`kos).[

R53 [Wrmy (Inssjrt. p. 41-4>, &d.) proiudjs mli n`ùstrmtjs tcj ornanlm` pmssmajs of tcjCulamrnml knssnolmrnjs, Eolfnlnus mli Æljms Tn`vnus.

R5> [RDp. Mppjlinx 1.[

R47 [RVonvois, ‐wmr-`jmijrs,‛ m T`mvolnd wori. Dp. Mppjlinx 1.[

R4= [Fnsdcjr, nl tcj ]uæstnoljs Wjtropo`ntmlæ ij Ornanlj Zlaroruk, mli Wrmy,Inssjrtmt. n. nn. nnn. &d., cmvj irmwl up sjvjrm` dokpmrmtnvj tme`js of tcj Culamrnmlwntc tcj Fjllnd inm`jdts. Ycj mffnlnty ns nlijji strnbnla, eut tcj `nsts mrj scort2 tcjworis mrj purposj`y dcosjl2 mli N rjmi nl tcj `jmrlji Emyjr (Dokkjlt. Mdmijk.Ejtropo`. tok. x. p. 419) tcmt, m`tcouac tcj Culamrnml cms mioptji kmly Fjllndworis (nllukjrms vodjs), nt jssjltnm``y inffjrs toto ajlno jt lmturå. RDp. Mppjlinx 1.[

R45 [Nl tcj rjanol of Yurfml, wcndc ns d`jmr`y mli knlutj`y ijsdrneji ey tcj Dcnljsjajoarmpcjrs (Amuen`, Cnst. iu Armli Ajlansdml, p. =42 Ij Aunaljs, Cnst. ijs Culs,tok. nn. p. 4=, &d.).





R44 [Cnst. Aîlîmòanquj ijs Ymrtmrs, pmr Meuàcmzn Emcmiur Bcml, pmrtnj nn. p. >7->3.

R49 [Nl tcjnr hourljy to Wjbnl, eotc Nsermli Nvjs (Cmrrns„s Do``jdtnol of Voymajs mliYrmvj`s, vo`. nn. p. >57, >5=) mli Ej`` (Yrmvj`s, vo`. n. p. =19) fouli tcj Voau`ntz nl tcjljnaceourcooi of Yoeo`sby. Ey tcj torturjs of tcj jtykoòandm` mrt, Zaur mli Voau`

mrj rjiudji to tcj smkj lmkj2 tcj dnrdukhmdjlt koultmnls rjm``y ejmr tcj mppj``mtnolof Zarnml2 mli of m`` tcj Fjllnd inm`jdts tcj Voau`nml ns tcj ljmrjst to tcj Culamrnml(Fnsdcjr, Inssjrt. n. p. 57-47. Wrmy, Inssjrt. nn. p. 4=-49). RNt ns quntj truj tcmt tcjVoau`nml dokjs dòsjst to tcj Culamrnml.[

R4: [Ycj jnact trnejs of tcj Fjllnd rmdj mrj ijsdrneji nl tcj durnous worb of K.@jvjsquj (Cnst. ijs Wjup`js soukns ç `m Ioknlmtnol ij `m Uussnj, tok. n. p. 46=-:6=).

R46 [Ycns pndturj of tcj Culamrnmls mli Euàmrnmls ns dcnjf`y irmwl frok tcj Ymdtndsof @jo, p. 1>6-37= Rd. =3[, mli tcj @mtnl Mllm`s, wcndc mrj m``jaji ey Emrolnus, Wman,

mli Kurmtorn, 33>, &d.

R41 [Euffol, Cnst. Lmturj``j, tok. v. p. 6, nl =5ko. Austmvus Mio`pcus mttjkptji,wntcout suddjss, to fork m rjankjlt of @mp`mlijrs. Arotnus smys of tcjsj Mrdtnd trnejs,mrkm mrdus jt pcmrjtrm, sji mivjrsus fjrms (Mllm`. `. nv. p. 546)2 mli mttjkpts, mftjr tcjkmlljr of Ymdntus, to vmrlnsc wntc pcnòsopcy tcjnr erutm` nalormldj.

R43 [@jo cms oesjrvji tcmt tcj aovjrlkjlt of tcj Yurbs wms kolmrdcndm`, mli tcmttcjnr pulnsckjlts wjrj rnaorous (Ymdtnds, p. 3>6 R=3, § 96[, ?χαλκξ?υ θν? ενύκίνυ).Ujanlo (nl Dcrol. 33>) kjltnols tcjft ms m dmpntm` drnkj, mli cns hurnspruijldj nsdolfnrkji ey tcj ornanlm` doij of Tt. Ttjpcjl ( =7=6). Nf m s`mvj wjrj aun`ty, cj wms

dcmstnsji, for tcj fnrst tnkj, wntc tcj òss of cns losj, or m fnlj of fnvj cjnfjrs2 for tcjsjdoli, wntc tcj òss of cns jmrs, or m snkn`mr fnlj2 for tcj tcnri, wntc ijmtc2 wcndc tcjfrjjkml ini lot nldur tn`` tcj fourtc offjldj, ms cns fnrst pjlm`ty wms tcj òss of `nejrty(Bmtolm, Cnst. Ujauk Culamr. tok. n. p. 54=, 545).

R4> [Tjj Bmtolm, Cnst. Iuduk Culamr. p. 45=-4:5. ROlj of tcj kost nkportmltdolsjqujldjs of tcj Culamrnml nlvmsnol mli fnlm` sjtt`jkjlt nl tcjsj rjanols wms tcj

pjrkmljlt sjpmrmtnol of tcj Lortcjrl frok tcj Toutcjrl T`mvs. Nl tcj jnactc mli lnltcdjlturnjs tcj T`mvs forkji ml ulerobjl `nlj frok tcj Em`tnd to tcj Drjtml sjm. Ycns`nlj wms erobjl ey tcj Kmaymr wjiaj.[

R97 [RNl tcj `mttjr pmrt of tcj lnltc djltury, Kormvnm ulijr Tvnmtopo`b or Tvmtopùb wms m arjmt powjr, tcj kost forknime`j ljnaceour of tcj Qjstjrl Jkpnrj. Nt òobji msnf cj wjrj aonla to fouli m arjmt T`mvolnd jkpnrj. For tcj mioptnol of tcj Dcrnstnmlfmntc sjj Mppjlinx 6. Cj inji nl 3>9, mli ulijr cns nldokpjtjlt sol tcj powjr of Arjmt Kormvnm ijd`nlji, mli wms eòttji out frok tcj lukejr of nlijpjlijlt stmtjs

ey tcj Culamrnmls meout >76. Ycj mllncn`mtnol of Kormvnm knact ej m rj`njf to tcjFrmlbs wco cmi ornanlm``y (ejforj Tvmtopùb„s ijmtc) dm``ji nl tcj Kmaymrs mamnlsttcj Kormvnmls, eut tcjy fouli ’ mt `jmst for sokj tnkj to dokj ’ korj tjrrne`j fojsnl tcj Kmaymrs.[





R9= [Culamroruk ajls, duhus okljs fjrj lmtnoljs jxpjrtæ Rsult[ sævntnmk, &d., ns tcj prjfmdj of @nutprmli (`. n. d. 5 R; d. :[), wco frjqujlt`y jxpmtnmtjs ol tcj dm`mkntnjs of cns owl tnkjs. Tjj `. n. d. : R; d. =4[2 `. nn. d. =, 5, 9, :, 6, 1 R; d. 5-:, 3 sqq. 5=[2 `. nnn.d. =, &d.2 `. v. d. 3 R; d. =>[, =: R; d. 44[, nl @jamt. p. 93: Rd. 9:[. Cns doòurs mrja`mrnla, eut cns dcroloòay kust ej rjdtnfnji ey Wman mli Kurmtorn. RFor tcjsj jmr`y

nlvmsnols of tcj Qjstjrl Jkpnrj ey tcj Culamrnmls sjj J. Iðkk`jr, Ajsdcndctj ijsostfrélbnsdcjl Ujndcs, nn. 941 sqq., :94 sqq. Ycj tjrrne`j ijfjmt of tcj Emvmrnmls ulijr Kmrarmvj @nutpoì toob p`mdj ol Hu`y :, >71.[

R95 [Ycj tcrjj eòoiy rjnals of Mrpmi, Xo`tml, mli Yoxus mrj drntndm``y n`ùstrmtji eyBmtolm (Cnst. Iuduk, &d. p. =71-9>>). Cns in`najldj cms sjmrdcji eotc lmtnvjs mliforjnaljrs2 yjt to tcj ijjis of knsdcnjf, or aòry, N cmvj ejjl me`j to mii tcjijstrudtnol of Erjkjl (Mimk Erjkjlsns, n. 94 R`ja. :9[).

R94 [Kurmtorn cms dolsnijrji wntc pmtrnotnd dmrj tcj imlajr mli rjsourdjs of Koijlm.

Ycj dntnzjls ejsouact Tt. Ajknlnmlus, tcjnr pmtrol, to mvjrt, ey cns nltjrdjssnol, tcjrmenjs, f`maj`ùk, &d.

Luld tj roamkus, `ndjt sjrvn pjssnkn,Me Zlajroruk los ijfjlims hmdu`ns.

Ycj enscop jrjdtji wm``s for tcj pue`nd ijfjldj, lot doltrm ioknlos sjrjlos(Mltnquntmt. Ntm`. kji. Ævn, tok. n. inssjrtmt. n. p. 5=, 55), mli tcj sola of tcj lnact`ywmtdc ns lot wntcout j`jamldj or usj (tok. nnn. inss. x`. p. 17>). Ycj Ntm`nml mllm`nst cmsmddurmtj`y trmdji tcj sjrnjs of tcjnr nlromis (Mllm`n i„Ntm`nm, tok. vnn. p. 46:, 461, 4>4,97=, 941, 9972 tok. vnnn. p. =>, 9=, :5, &d.).

R99 [Eotc tcj Culamrnml mli Uussnml mllm`s supposj tcmt tcjy ejsnjaji, or mttmdbji,or nlsu`tji Dolstmltnlop`j (Wrmy, Inssjrtmt. x. p. 54>2 Bmtolm, Cnst. Iuduk, p.4:9-467), mli tcj fmdt ns m`kost dolfjssji ey tcj Eyzmltnlj cnstornmls (@joArmkkmtndus, p. :76 Rp. 455, ji. Eoll[2 Djirjlus, tok. nn. p. 65> Rnn. p. 4=6, ji.Eoll[), yjt, cowjvjr aòrnous to tcj lmtnol, nt ns ijlnji or iouetji ey tcj drntndm`cnstornml, mli jvjl ey tcj lotmry of Eî`m. Ycjnr sdjptndnsk ns kjrntornous2 tcjy douìlot smfj`y trmlsdrnej or ej`njvj tcj rustndoruk fmeu`ms2 eut Bmtolm knact cmvj anvjliuj mttjltnol to tcj jvnijldj of @nutprmli2 Euàmroruk ajltjk mtquj Armsdoruk

trneutmrnmk fjdjrmlt (Cnst. `. nn. d. 9, p. 94: R; d. 1[).

R9:[

’ βΫολγ„ ?υ ιαύξλγάωαλ,?ω„ ?ύκου θούϊ???τξ χκύ? θωνΰΫλαυ ?βΠ?οξο?ΰ?ώ χκξλΠολωκ ΰΫδν ?ύολΫολωκ ΰΠρκτγολ.RN`. =6, 1:6.[

R96 [Ycjy mrj mkp`y mli drntndm``y insdussji ey Bmtolm (Cnst. Iuduk, p. 467-463,951-917). @nutprmli (`. nn. d. 3, > R; d. 59-4=[) ns tcj ejst jvnijldj for tcj forkjr, mliQntndcnli (Mllm`. Tmxol. `. nnn. Rd. 49-9>[) of tcj `mttjr2 eut tcj drntndm` cnstornml wn``lot jvjl ovjròob tcj corl of m wmrrnor, wcndc ns smni to ej prjsjrvji mt Hmzejrnl.


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =>: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



R91 [Culd vjro trnukpcuk, tmk `muij qumk kjkornå inaluk, mi Kjrjseurauk rjxnl supjrnorn dŔlmduò iokus pjr ζώδύν?ίνλ, ni jst, pndturmk, lotmrn R`ja. lotmrj[

prædjpnt, mijo ut rjk vjrmk potnus qumk vjrnsnkn`jk vnijms8 ml cnac jldoknuk(@nutprmli, `. nn. d. > R; d. 4=[). Mlotcjr pm`mdj nl Ajrkmly cmi ejjl pmnltji wntcco`y suehjdts ey tcj orijr of Dcmr`jkmalj2 mli Kurmtorn kmy hust`y mffnrk, lu``m

sædu`m fujrj nl quneus pndtorjs ijsnijrmtn fujrnlt (Mltnquntmt. Ntm`. kjinn Ævn, tok. nn.inssjrt. xxnv. p. 467, 46=). Our iokjstnd d`mnks to mltnqunty of nalormldj mli ornanlm`nkpjrfjdtnol (Kr. Qm`po`j„s `nvj`y woris) mrj of m kudc korj rjdjlt imtj (Mljdiotjsof Wmnltnla, vo`. n. p. 5, &d.). RYcns vndtory ns dokkol`y dm``ji tcj emtt`j of Kjrsjeura2 eut nt wms fouact mt Unmim (mddorinla to Qniubnli, n. 43, wco nl sudc mkmttjr ns tcj ejst mutcornty), mli Unmim proeme`y dorrjspolis to Unjtcjeura, wcjrj tcjstrjmks of tcj Zlstrut mli Cj`kj kjjt. Ycj jvjlt scouì ej dm``ji tcj emtt`j of Unmim. Ycj Ntm`nml @nutprmli wco lmkjs Kjrsjeura ns lot sudc m aooi wntljss ms tcjTmxol cnstornml.[

R93 [RAnjsjerjdct cms kmij nt proeme`j tcmt ey `janol Qniubnli (nnn. 99) kjmlt mdokpmly of =777 kjl. Ajsdc. ijr ijutsdcjl Bmnsjrzjnt, n. p. 34=.[

R9> [Tjj Emrolnus, Mllm`. Jdd`js. >5>, Lo. 5-:. Ycj `mldj of Dcrnst ns tmbjl frok tcj ejst jvnijldj, @nutprmli (`. nv. d. =5 R; d. 5:[), Tnajejrt, mli tcj mdts of Tt. Ajrmri2 eut tcj otcjr kn`ntmry rj`nds ijpjli ol tcj fmntc of tcj Ajstm Mlaòruk post Ejimk, `.nn. d. 3.

R:7 [RYcj ejst mddoult of tcj emtt`j ns nl Qniubnli. Ycj otcjr sourdjs mrj Mllm`jsTmlam``jlsjs kmhorjs2 Fòiomri2 Doltnlumtor Ujanlolns2 Uuotajr2 mli m `mtjr eutlotjwortcy mddoult nl tcj Vntm Zim`rndn ey Ajrcmri. Tjj J. Iðkk`jr, Bmnsjr Otto ijr Arossj (nl tcj Hmcree. ijr ijutsdcjl Ajsdcndctj), =316(p. 5:6 sqq.), mli Anjsjerjdct,op. dnt. (p. 9=3 sqq.), for ijtmn`s of tcj emtt`j.[

R:= [Bmtolm, Cnst. Iuduk Culamrnæ, p. :77, &d.

R:5 [Mkola tcjsj doòlnjs wj kmy instnlaunsc, =. Ycj Dcmzmrs, or Dmemrn, wco honljitcj Culamrnmls ol tcjnr kmrdc (Dolstmlt. ij Miknl. Nkp. d. 4>, 97, p. =73, =7>). RYcjlmkj of tcj Bmemrs, m Bcmzmr pjop`j, survnvjs nl tcj lmkj of tcj two Bmemr-imcs(Bmemr-cn``s).[ 5. Ycj Hmzyajs, Kormvnmls, mli Tndu`n, wcok tcjy fouli nl tcj `mli2tcj `mst wjrj Rmddorinla to Tnkol ij Bîzm, d. 9[ pjrcmps m rjklmlt of tcj Culs of

Mttn`m, mli wjrj jltrustji wntc tcj aumri of tcj eorijrs. RTnduùs ( Xmduùs nl Tnkolij Bîzm) ns tcj jqunvm`jlt, nl dcrolnd`jrs„ @mtnl, of Tzîbj`y (pùrm`, Tzîbj`yjb), wcndcns ajljrm``y ijrnvji frok szîb, sjmt, meoij. Culfm`vy (Kmaymrorszía Jtcloarmpcníhm,

p. 475) jxp`mnls tcj wori ms ‐ejyoli tcj cmentmtnols,‛ m lmkj wcndc knact ej mpp`njito pjop`j of m kmrdc instrndt. Ycj wori wouì tcus ej forkji `nbj Jriî`y (; Jriö-j`v,

ejyoli tcj forjst), tcj Culamrnml lmkj of Yrmlsy`vmlnm. Ycjnr Ajrkml ljnaceoursdm`` tcj Tzîbj`yjb Tzjb`jrs.[ 4. Ycj Uussnmls, wco, `nbj tcj Twnss nl Frmldj, nkpmrtjim ajljrm` lmkj to tcj roym` portjrs. 9. Ycj Euàmrnmls, wcosj dcnjfs ( >:6) wjrjnlvntji, duk kmalå ku`tntuinlj Cnskmcj`ntmruk. Cmi mly of tcjsj Td`mvolnmlsjkermdji tcj Kmcokjtml rj`nanol? :. Ycj Enssjln mli Dukmls, m knxji Ku`tntuij of

Wmtznlmdntjs, Zzn, Dcmzmrs, &d. wco cmi sprjmi to tcj òwjr Imluej. REnssjln ;Wmtznlmbs2 Dukmls ; Zzn.[ Ycj `mst doòly of 97,777 Dukmls, =54>, wms rjdjnvji





mli dolvjrtji ey tcj bnlas of Culamry, wco ijrnvji frok tcmt trnej m ljw rjam`mppj``mtnol (Wrmy, Inssjrt. vn. vnn. p. =7>-=142 Bmtolm, Cnst. Iuduk, p. >:->>,5:5-569, 916, 91>-934, &d.).

R:4 [Dcrnstnmln mutjk, quoruk pmrs kmhor popu`n jst, qun jx okln pmrtj kulin n`ùd

trmdtn sult dmptnvn, &d. Tudc wms tcj `mlaumaj of Wn`narnlus, tcj fnrst knssnolmry wcojltjrji Culamry, >14. Wmrs kmhor ns strola. Cnst. Iuduk, p. :=1.

R:9 [Ycj fnij`js Yjutolndn of Ajnsm mrj mutcjltndmtji nl oì dcmrtjrs2 mli Bmtolm, wntccns usum` nliustry, cms kmij m fmnr jstnkmtj of tcjsj doòlnjs, wcndc cmi ejjl soòosj`y kmalnfnji ey tcj Ntm`nml Umlzmlus (Cnst. Drntnd. Iuduk, p. 661-63=).

R:: [Mkola tcj Arjjbs, tcns lmtnolm` mppj``mtnol cms m snlau`mr fork ?ώ?υ, ms mlulijd`nlme`j wori, of wcndc kmly fmldnfu` jtykoòanjs cmvj ejjl suaajstji. RDp.Mppjlinx 3.[ N cmvj pjrusji, wntc p`jmsurj mli profnt, m inssjrtmtnol ij Ornanlj

Uussoruk (Dokkjlt. Mdmijk. Wjtropo`ntmlæ, tok. vnnn. p. 433-946) ey YcjopcnùsTnajfrni Emyjr, m `jmrlji Ajrkml, wco spjlt cns `nfj mli `meours nl tcj sjrvndj of Uussnm. M ajoarmpcndm` trmdt of i„Mlvn``j, ij `„Jkpnrj ij Uussnj, sol Ornanlj, jt sjsMddronssjkjls (Wmrns, =115, nl =5ko), cms `nbjwnsj ejjl of usj.

R:6 [Tjj tcj jltnrj pmssmaj (inaluk, smys Emyjr, ut murjns nl tmeu`ns fnamtur) nl tcjMllm`js Ejrtnlnmln Frmldoruk (nl Tdrnpt. Ntm`. Kurmtorn, tok. nn. pmrs n. p. :5: RWjrtz,Kol. n. 949[), 34>, twjlty-two yjmrs ejforj tcj jrm of Uurnd. Nl tcj tjltc djltury,@nutprmli (Cnst. `. v. d. 6 R;d. =:[) spjmbs of tcj Uussnmls mli Lorkmls ms tcj smkjMqunòlmrjs coknljs of m rji dokp`jxnol.

R:1 [Ky blow`jiaj of tcjsj mllm`s ns irmwl frok K. @jvjsquj, Cnstonrj ij Uussnj. Ljstor, tcj fnrst mli ejst of tcjsj mldnjlt mllm`nsts, wms m kolb of Bnow, wco inji nltcj ejanllnla of tcj twj`ftc djltury2 eut cns dcrolnd`j wms oesdurj, tn`` nt wms

pue`nscji mt Wjtjrseurac, =161, nl 9to. @jvjsquj, Cnst. ij Uussnj, tok. n. p. =6.Doxj„s Yrmvj`s, vo`. nn. p. =39. RTjj vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6.[

R:3 [Ycjopcn`. Tna. Emyjr ij Vmrmans (for tcj lmkj ns inffjrjlt`y spj`t), nl Dokkjlt.Mdmijk. Wjtropo`ntmlæ, tok. nv. p. 51:-4==. RYcj Vmrmlanmls, nl tcj propjr mliornanlm` sjlsj of tcj wori, kjmlt tcj Tdmlinlmvnmls. Nl tcj dcrolnd`j of Ljstor, tcjEm`tnd Tjm ns tcj sjm of tcj Vmrnmzn (d. 9). Jli`jss mttjkpts cmvj ejjl kmij, dcnjf`y ey

Uussnml sdco`mrs, to fnli otcjr nijltnfndmtnols (sudc ms T`mvs, Bcmzmrs, Fnlls)2 eut m``tcjsj mttjkpts wjrj jknljlt`y ulsuddjssfu`. Ycj ajoarmpcndm` kjmlnla of Vmrmlanmcms ejjl erouact out kost d`jmr`y nl m pmssmaj nl tcj Eoob of Mivndj wcndc nsmlljxji to tcj Ttrmtjandol of Djdmukjlos (sjj meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 971). Nl § 596 (p.>1, ji. Vmsn`njvsbn mli Hjrlstjit) Cmroì Cmrirmim ns dm``ji tcj ‐sol of tcj bnla of Vmrmlanm,‛ n.j. Lorwmy. Ycj forkmtnol of tcj Vmrmlanml aumri mt Dolstmltnlop`j, mlitcj nldùsnol nl nt of otcjr Yjutols (Imljs, Jla`nsc, &d.), `ji to ml jxtjlsnol of tcjkjmlnla of Vmrmlanml frok nts ornanlm` `nkntmtnol to Lorwjanmls or Tdmlinlmvnmls.Tdcmfmrnb (nn. 15) ijrnvjs tcj lmkj frok vmrm, vmjrj, m dokpmdt2 tcj kjmlnla wouì

ej fæijrmtn.[





R:> [RYcj lmkj ns Tdmlinlmvnml (oì Lorsj Crmjrnbr). Unurnd fouliji Lovaoroi(Ljstor, d. =:)2 inji nl 31>.[

R67 [RYcns rjfjrs to tcj story of Osboì mli Inr, eoymrs of Unurnd, mli tcjnr jstme`nsckjlt mt Bnjv2 sjj Ljstor, d. =:, =6, =3. O`ja, wco suddjjiji Unurnd mt

Lovaoroi, ns stmtji nl tcns dcrolnd`j to cmvj kmrdcji mamnlst Bnjv mli put Osboìmli Inr to ijmtc ( 33=). Nt wms iouet`jss O`ja wco ulntji Lovaoroi mli Bnjv, eut ntcms ejjl qujstnolji wcjtcjr Osboì mli Inr wjrj rjm` pjrsolmajs. Ycj Mrmend wrntjr KmsŢiĢ kjltnols ‐Inr‛ ms m powjrfu` T`mv bnla.[

R6= [^jt, ms `mtj ms tcj yjmr =7=3, Bnow mli Uussnm wjrj stn`` aumriji jx fuantnvoruksjrvoruk roeorj dolfùjltnuk, jt kmxnkj Imloruk. Emyjr, wco quotjs (p. 5>5) tcjDcrolnd`j of Intckmr RYcnjtkmr[ of Kjrsjeura, oesjrvjs tcmt nt wms ulusum` for tcjAjrkmls to jl`nst nl m forjnal sjrvndj.

R65 [Iudmlaj cms do``jdtji frok tcj ornanlm` mutcors tcj stmtj mli cnstory of tcjVmrmlan mt Dolstmltnlop`j (Aòssmr. Kji. jt Nlfnkæ Arædntmtns, sue vodj ΕΠύνδδοξ2Kji. jt Nlfnkæ @mtnkntmtns, sue vodj Vmarn2 Lot8 mi M`jxnmi. Mllæ Dokkjlæ, p.5:6, 5:1, 5:32 Lotjs sur Vn``jcmriounl, p. 5>6-5>>). Tjj `nbjwnsj tcj mllotmtnols of Ujnsbj to tcj Djrjkolnm`j Mu`æ Eyzmlt. of Dolstmltnlj, tok. nn. p. =9>, =:7. TmxoArmkkmtndus mffnrks tcmt tcjy spobj Imlnsc2 eut Doinlus kmnltmnls tcjk tn`` tcjfnftjjltc djltury nl tcj usj of tcjnr lmtnvj Jla`nsc8 Χοβϊρύολίζοϊτξ ο? ΕΠύνδδοξ θνω?ω?λ χΠωύξολ δβώ?ττνλ ν?ωώ?λ ?ωοξ ?δθβαλξτωί.

R64 [Ycj ornanlm` rjdori of tcj ajoarmpcy mli trmij of Uussnm ns proiudji ey tcjjkpjror Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlntus (ij Miknlnstrmt. Nkpjrnn, d. 5, p. ::, :6, d. >, p.

:>-6=, d. =4, p. 64-61, d. 41, p. =76, d. 95, p. ==5, ==4), mli n`ùstrmtji ey tcjin`najldj of Emyjr (ij Ajoarmpcnå Uussnæ vndnlmrukquj Ujanoluk dnrdntjr m.d. >93,nl Dokkjlt. Mdmijk. Wjtropo`. tok. nx. p. 461-955, tok. x. p. 41=-95=), wntc tcj mniof tcj dcrolnd`js mli trmintnols of Uussnm, Tdmlinlmvnm, &d.

R69 [RYcjrj wjrj pjop`js of Fnllnd rmdj nl @nvolnm mli Nlarnm, ejtwjjl Lovaoroi mlitcj Em`tnd2 mli jmst of Lovaoroi tcj Fnllnd dnrd`j rjmdcji iowl to tcj Obm, soutc of Kosbowm. Ycj kost soutcjr`y of tcjsj pjop`js wjrj tcj Kuroknmls, wcosj towl wmsKurok2 lortc of tcjsj wjrj tcj Kjrnmls, wcosj towl wms Uostov2 mli furtcjr lortcwjrj tcj Vjs, wco `nvji meout tcj Qcntj @mbj (Enjò-ozjro). Ycj Kuroknmls, tcj

Kjrnmls, mli Vjs wjrj nl òosj suehjdtnol to Unurnd (Ljstor, d. =:).[

R6: [Ycj cmuacty provjre8 ‐Qco dml rjsnst Aoi mli tcj arjmt Lovoaoroi?‛ ns mpp`nji ey K. @jvjsquj (Cnst. ij Uussnj, tok. n. p. 67) jvjl to tcj tnkjs tcmt prjdjiji tcjrjnal of Uurnd. Nl tcj doursj of cns cnstory cj frjqujlt`y dj`jermtjs tcns rjpue`nd,wcndc wms supprjssji =91: (tok. nn. p. 5:5-566). Ycmt mddurmtj trmvj``jr, MimkO`jmrnus, ijsdrnejs (nl =64:) tcj rjkmnls of Lovoaoroi, mli tcj routj ey sjm mli `mliof tcj Co`stjnl mkemssmiors (tok. n. p. =54-=5>).

R66 [Nl cåd kmalå dnvntmtj, quæ jst dmput rjaln, pùs trjdjltæ jdd`jsnæ cmejltur jtlulinlæ odto, popu`n jtnmk nalotm kmlus (Jaajcmrius mi =7=3, mpui Emyjr, tok. nx.

p. 9=5 RJbbjcmrius Zrmuanjlsns, Dcrolndol, mp. Wjrtz, Kol. vn.[). Cj `nbjwnsj quotjs





(tok. x. p. 4>1) tcj woris of tcj Tmxol mllm`nst RMimk of Erjkjl, nn. d. =>[, Duhus( Uussnmj) kjtropo`ns jst Dcnvj, æku`m sdjptrn Dolstmltnlopo`ntmln quæ jstd`mrnssnkuk ijdus Arædnæ. Ycj fmkj of Bnow, jspjdnm``y nl tcj xntc djltury, cmirjmdcji tcj Ajrkml mli tcj Mrmenml ajoarmpcjrs.

R61 [Nl Oioræ ostno quå Tdytcndms m`ùnt pmùijs, loen`nssnkm dnvntms Hu`nluk R`ja.Huklj[, dj`jejrrnkmk Emremrns jt Arædns qun sult nl dnrduntu præstmls stmtnoljk2 jstsmlj kmxnkm oklnuk qums Juropm d`muint dnvntmtuk (Mimk Erjkjlsns, Cnst. Jdd`js.

p. => Rnn. =>[). M strmlaj jxmaajrmtnol jvjl nl tcj xntc djltury. Ycj trmij of tcj Em`tnd,mli tcj Cmlsjmtnd `jmauj, mrj dmrjfu``y trjmtji nl Mlijrsol„s Cnstorndm` Ijiudtnol of Dokkjrdj2 mt `jmst nl our `mlaumaj, N mk lot mdqumnltji wntc mly eoob sosmtnsfmdtory. RHuklj `njs ljmr Qo``nl.[

R63 [Mddorinla to Mimk of Erjkjl (ij Tntu Imlnæ, p. :3), tcj oì Dur`mli jxtjlijijnact imys„ hourljy mòla tcj domst2 mli ey Wjtjr Yjutoeurandus (p. 63, =456) Kjkj`

ns ijfnlji ms tcj dokkol froltnjr of Uussnm, Dur`mli, mli Wrussnm. Muruk nen pùrnkuk (smys Mimk) R . . . [ invnlns muaurneus mtquj ljdrokmltndns okljs iokussult p`jlæ . . . m toto orej nen rjspolsm pjtultur kmxnkj me Cnspmlns (forsml Xupmlns,

ni jst rjau`ns @jttovnæ Rotcjr dolhjdturjs mrj8 Dnspmlns mli cns pmamlns[) jt Arædns Rd.=6[. Ycj lmkj of Arjjbs wms mpp`nji to tcj Uussnmls jvjl ejforj tcjnr dolvjrsnol8 mlnkpjrfjdt dolvjrsnol, nf tcjy stn`` dolsu`tji tcj wnzmris of Dur`mli (Emyjr, tok. x. p.413, 975, &d.2 Arotnus, Wro`jaokjl. mi Cnst. Aotc. p. >>).

R6> [Dolstmltnlj Rij mik. Nkp. d. >[ ol`y rjdbols sjvjl dmtmrmdts, of wcndc cj anvjstcj Uussnml mli Td`mvolnd lmkjs2 eut tcnrtjjl mrj jlukjrmtji ey tcj Tnjur ijEjmup`ml, m Frjldc jlanljjr, wco cmi survjyji tcj doursj mli lmvnamtnol of tcjIlnjpjr or Eorystcjljs (Ijsdrnptnol ij Zbrmnlj, Uoujl, =667, m tcnl qumrto), eut tcjkmp ns ulùdbn`y wmltnla nl ky dopy. RTjj Mppjlinx >.[

R17 [ Ljstor mpui @jvjsquj, Cnst. ij Uussnj, tok. n. p. 13-37 Rdmps. 5=, 55, 51, 4:[.Frok tcj Ilnjpjr or Eorystcjljs, tcj Uussnmls wjlt to E`mdb Euàmrnm, Dcmzmrnm, mliTyrnm. Yo Tyrnm, cow? wcjrj? wcjl? Kmy wj lot, nlstjmi of Τϊύίν, rjmi Τϊνλίν? (ijMiknlnstrmt. Nkp. d. 95, p. ==4). Ycj m`tjrmtnol ns s`nact2 tcj posntnol of Tumlnm,

ejtwjjl Dcmzmrnm mli @mzndm, ns pjrfjdt`y suntme`j2 mli tcj lmkj wms stn`` usji nl tcjxntc djltury (Djirjl. tok. nn. p. 117). RFour trjmtnjs mrj dntji nl tcj oì Uussnmldcrolnd`j8 (=) >71 (Ljstor, d. 5=) wntc O`ja2 (5) >== (ne. d. 55) wntc O`ja2 (4) >9: (ne.

d. 51) wntc Naor2 (9) >17 (ne. d. 46) wntc Tvnmtos`mv. Ycjrj ns lo iouet tcmt tcj tjxts of tcj `mst tcrjj trjmtnjs nlsjrtji ey tcj dcrolnd`jr mrj ajlunlj. Mddorinla to dustok,iup`ndmtjs of tcj iodukjlts nl Arjjb mli nl tcj `mlaumaj of tcj otcjr doltrmdtnla

pmrty wjrj irmwl up. Ycjsj trjmtnjs cmvj mttrmdtji kudc mttjltnol frok Uussnmlsdco`mrs. Ywo nlvjstnamtnols ijsjrvj spjdnm` kjltnol8 m pmpjr of Tjranjjvndc nl tcjHmlumry Lo. of tcj Xcurlm` Knlnst. Lmr. prosv., =335, mli ml mrtnd`j of Inkntrnu nlVnz. Vrjkjll. nn. p. :4= sqq. (=3>4). Ycj trmlsmdtnol of >71, ejforj tcj wm``s of Dolstmltnlop`j, wms kjrj`y m dolvjltnol, lot m forkm` trjmty2 mli Inkntrnu scows tcmttcj ljaotnmtnol of >== wms iouet`jss nltjliji to dolvjrt tcj spnrnt of tcns dolvjltnolnlto ml nltjrlmtnolm` trjmty, snalji mli sjm`ji. Eut cj m`so kmbjs nt proeme`j tcmt tcns

trjmty of >== ini lot rjdjnvj nts fnlm` rmtnfndmtnol frok O`ja mli cns eoymrs, mli


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) =>> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



dolsjqujlt`y wms lot strndt`y enlinla. Eut nt provji m emsns for tcj trjmty of >9:,wcndc wms dokp`jtji wntc tcj fu`` inpòkmtnd forks mli wcndc rjfjrs emdb to nt.[

R1= [Ycj wmrs of tcj Uussnmls mli Arjjbs nl tcj nxtc, xtc, mli xntc djlturnjs mrjrj`mtji nl tcj Eyzmltnlj Mllm`s, jspjdnm``y tcosj of Xolmrms mli Djirjlus2 mli m``

tcjnr tjstnkolnjs mrj do``jdtji nl tcj Uussndm of Ttrnttjr, tok. nn. pmrs nn. p. >4>-=799.

R15 [ΧύοτκωνξύξτΠΰκλου ι? θν? τλΰΰνρξθ?λ ο?θ ?βίδολ ?χ? ωώ?λ θνωοξθοϋλδώλ ?λωοξ?υ χύοτνύθωίοξυ ωοϊ? ?θκνλοϊ? λάτοξυ ?γλώ?λ. Djirjlus, nl Dokpjli. p. 1:3 Rnn.::=, ji. E.[.

R14 [Tjj Ejmup`ml (Ijsdrnptnol ij `„Zbrmnlj, p. :9-6=). Cns ijsdrnptnols mrj `nvj`y,cns p`mls mddurmtj, mli, jxdjpt tcj dnrdukstmldj of fnrj-mrks, wj kmy rjmi oìUussnmls for koijrl Dossmdbs.

R19 [Nt ns to ej `mkjltji tcmt Emyjr cms ol`y anvjl m Inssjrtmtnol ij Uussoruk prnkåJxpjintnolj Dolstmltnlopo`ntmlå (Dokkjlt. Mdmijk. Wjtropo`. tok. vn. p. 46:-4>=).Mftjr insjltmla`nla sokj dcroloòandm` nltrndmdnjs, cj fnxjs nt nl tcj yjmrs 369 or 36:,m imtj wcndc knact cmvj skootcji sokj iouets mli inffndu`tnjs nl tcj ejanllnla of K. @jvjsquj„s cnstory. RYcj truj imtj of tcj Uussnml mttmdb ol Dolstmltnlop`j nsanvjl nl m scort Dcrolnd`j fnrst prnltji ey F. Dukolt nl ‐Mljdiotm Eruxj``jlsnm N.Dcrolnqujs quj`qujs eyzmltnljs iu Ksdr. ==416‛2 mli cms ejjl jstme`nscjiijkolstrmtnvj`y ey D. ij Eoor (Eyz. Xjntsdc. nv. p. 99: sqq.). Nt ns Hulj =3, 3672 tcjoì imtj 36: or 366 wms ijrnvji frok tcj Dcrolnd`j of Wsjuio-Tykjol (p. 619, ji.Eoll8 dp. meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 979)2 eut nt cms ejjl provji ey Cnrsdc tcmt tcj imtjs of tcns dcrolnd`j cmi lo mutcornty. Ycj smkj sourdj wcndc anvjs tcj rnact imtj mssjrts

tcmt tcj Uussnmls wjrj ijfjmtji mli mllncn`mtji (??νλίτγατνλ) ey tcj Dcrnstnmls wntctcj cj`p of tcj Vnranl. Nt sjjks djrtmnl tcmt tcjy jxpjrnjldji m sjvjrj ijfjmt mftjr tcjnr rjtrjmt frok tcj wm``s. Ywo cokn`njs ij`nvjrji ey Wcotnus ol tcj oddmsnol of tcnsmttmdb wjrj pue`nscji ey Lmudb nl =361 mli mamnl ey D. Kð``jr nl Frma. Cnst. Aræd.v. 5, p. =65 sqq. Ycj fnrst wms spobjl nl tcj kokjlt of tjrror ejforj tcj Jkpjror„smrrnvm`2tcj sjdoli mftjr tcj rjsduj. Eut tcj sjdoli kmbjs lo kjltnol of tcjijstrudtnol of tcj costn`j mrkmkjlt2 cjldj ij Eoor scows tcmt nt kust cmvj ejjlij`nvjrji nkkjinmtj`y mftjr tcj rj`njf of tcj Emremrnmls frok tcj wm``s, eut ejforjtcjnr ijstrudtnol. Mlotcjr doltjkpormry lotndj of tcj jvjlt ns fouli nl tcj `nfj of Nalmtnus ey Lndjtms (sjj meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 974), Knalj, W.A. =7:, p. :=5. Ycj

dcrolnd`j of Ljstor kmbjs Osboì mli Inr (sjj meovj, lotj 67) tcj `jmijrs of tcjjxpjintnol.[

R1: [Qcjl Wcotnus wrotj cns jldyd`nd jpnst`j ol tcj dolvjrsnol of tcj Uussnmls, tcjknrmd`j wms lot yjt suffndnjlt`y rnpj2 cj rjpromdcjs tcj lmtnol ms κ?υ ?ΰπωαων θν?ΰξνξ?ολίνλ RχΠλωνυ[ ικϊωΫύοϊυ ωνωωπΰκλολ. RTjj Wcotnn Jpnsto`æ, ji. Vm`jttms, p.=13.[

R16 [@jo Armkkmtndus, p. 964, 969 Rp. 59=, ji. E.[. Dolstmltnln Doltnlumtor, nlTdrnpt. post Ycjopcmljk, p. =5=, =55 Rp. =>6-1, ji. E.[. Tnkjol @oaotcjt. p. 99:, 996Rp. 619-:, ji. E.[. Ajora. Kolmdc. p. :4:, :46 R356, ji. E.[. Djirjlus, tok. nn. p. ::=Rnn. =14, ji. E.[. Xolmrms, tok. nn. p. =65 Rxvn. :[.





R11 [Tjj Ljstor Rd. 5=[ mli Lndol, nl @jvjsquj„s Cnst. ij Uussnj, tok. n. p. 19-37.Bmtolm (Cnst. Iuduk, p. 1:-1>) usjs cns mivmltmaj to insprovj tcns Uussnml vndtory,wcndc wouì dòui tcj snjaj of Bnow ey tcj Culamrnmls.

R13 [@jo Armkkmtndus, p. :76, :71 Rp. 454, ji. E.[2 Nldjrt. Doltnl. p. 564, 569 Rp.

959[2 Tnkjol @oaotcjt. p. 9>7, 9>= Rp. 196-1, ji. E.[, Ajora. Kolmdc. p. :33, :3> Rp.>=9, ji. E.[2 Djirjl. tok. nn. p. 65> Rnn. 4=6, ji. E.[2 Xolmrms, tok. nn. p. =>7, =>= Rxvn.=>[2 mli @nutprmli, `. v. d. 6 R; d. =:[, wco wrntjs frok tcj lmrrmtnvjs of cns fmtcjr-nl-`mw, tcjl mkemssmior mt Dolstmltnlop`j, mli dorrjdts tcj vmnl jxmaajrmtnol of tcjArjjbs. RLjstor, d. 56.[

R1> [N dml ol`y mppjm` to Djirjlus (tok. nn. p. 1:3, 1:> Rnn. ::=, ji. E.[) mli Xolmrms(tok. nn. p. 5:4, 5:9 Rxvnn. 59[), eut tcjy arow korj wjnacty mli drjine`j ms tcjy irmwljmr to tcjnr owl tnkjs. RDp. Ljstor, d. :6.[

R37 [ Ljstor, mpui @jvjsquj, Cnst. ij Uussnj, tok. n. p. 31. RYcns mivndj wms anvjl eycns doulsj`òrs to Naor nl >99. Tjj Ljstor, d. 512 p. 5:, ji. Knbòsndc.[

R3= [Ycns ermzjl stmtuj, wcndc cmi ejjl erouact frok Mltnodc, mli wms kj`tji iowl ey tcj @mtnls, wms supposji to rjprjsjlt jntcjr Hoscum or Ej``jropcol, ml oiiin`jkkm. Tjj Lndjtms Dcolnmtjs (p. 9=4, 9=9 Rp. 393, ji. Eoll[), Doinlus (ijOrnanlneus R`ja. ij Tnalns[ D.W. p. 59 Rp. 94, ji. E.[), mli tcj mlolykous wrntjr ijMltnquntmt. D.W. (Emliurn, Nkp. Ornjlt. tok. n. p. =1, =3) wco `nvji meout tcj yjmr ==77. Ycjy wntljss tcj ej`njf of tcj propcjdy2 tcj rjst ns nkkmtjrnm`. RYcj propcjdy nslot kjltnolji nl tcj pmssmaj of Lndjtms2 mli ‐Doinlus‛ ns kjrj`y m dopynst of tcjmlolykous ΧΠωύξν ωα?υ ΘώλτωνλωξλοχΠβκώυ jintji ey A. Emliurn (sjj vo`. nx

Mppjlinx 6). Ycjrjforj (ms Tkntc rnact`y ponltji out nl cns mllotmtnol to tcns lotj)tcjrj ns ol`y olj wntljss.[

R35 [Ycj `nfj of Twmtos`mus, or Tvnmtjs`mf, or Tpcjliostcnmeus Rtcj fork nl Arjjb wrntjrs[ ns jxtrmdtji frok tcj Uussnml Dcrolnd`js ey K. @jvjsquj (Cnst. ij Uussnj,tok. n. p. >9-=71). RLjstor, d. 45-46. Tvntos̀ mv wms eorl nl >95 (dp. Ljstor, d. 51)2 cnsnlijpjlijlt rjnal ejaml meout >6:, nl wcndc yjmr cj kmij ml jxpjintnol mamnlst tcjBcmzmrs (ne. 45).[

R34 [Ycns rjsjke`mldj kmy ej d`jmr`y sjjl nl tcj lnltc eoob of tcj N`nmi (57:-55=), nl

tcj knlutj ijtmn` of tcj doobjry of Mdcn``js. Ey sudc m pndturj m koijrl jpnd pojtwouì insarmdj cns worb mli insaust cns rjmijr2 eut tcj Arjjb vjrsjs mrj cmrkolnous2m ijmi `mlaumaj dml sjìok mppjmr òw or fmkn`nmr2 mli mt tcj instmldj of twotcousmli sjvjl culirji yjmrs wj mrj mkusji wntc tcj prnkntnvj kmlljrs of mltnqunty.

R39 [RYcj Euàmrnml Ysmr Wjtjr, suddjssor of Tnkjol, kmij m trjmty wntc tcj Jkpnrjnl >51. Cj stnpu`mtji to prjvjlt tcj Culamrnmls frok nlvminla tcj Jkpnrj, mli nlrjturl cj wms to rjdjnvj ml mllum` suesniy2 mli tcj doltrmdt wms sjm`ji ey cnskmrrnmaj wntc tcj armliimuactjr of Uokmlus. Wjtjr, m fjje`j prnldj, wnscji to

prjsjrvj tcj trjmty, eut cj wms lot me`j to prjvjlt sokj Kmaymr nlvmsnols ( >:>, >65,>61)2 mli tcj strola mli vndtornous Lndjpcorus rjfusji to pmy tcj suesninjs mlyòlajr. Cj smw tcmt tcj tnkj cmi dokj to rjmssjrt tcj powjr of tcj Jkpnrj mamnlst





Euàmrnm. Cj mivmldji mamnlst Wjtjr nl >61 (tcns ns tcj rnact imtj2 otcjrs p`mdj nt nl>66), eut ulmddoultme`y rjtrjmtji wntcout mddokp`nscnla mlytcnla. Cj tcjl sjltDmòdyrjs to Bnjv to nlstnamtj Tvnmtos`mv mamnlst Euàmrnm. Ycj jlvoy wms m trmntor,mli doldjnvji tcj nijm of kmbnla Tvnmtos`mv„s dolqujst of Euàmrnm m kjmls of msdjlinla cnksj`f tcj tcrolj of Dolstmltnlop`j. Tvnmtos`mv dolqujrji tcj lortc of

Euàmrnm nl tcj smkj yjmr (Ljstor, d. 45), mli jstme`nscji cns rjsnijldj mt Wjrnstc`mvm(ljmr Yu`djm, ol soutc mrk of tcj Imluej ij`tm2 to ej instnlaunscji frok ArjmtWjrnstc`mvm, sjj ejòw, lotj >7). Irstjr (Tn`nstrnm) mòlj cjì out mamnlst tcj Uussnmls.Tvnmtos`mv wnltjrji mt Wjrnstc`mvm, eut wms oe`naji to rjturl to Uussnm nl tcjfo`òwnla yjmr (>63) to ij`nvjr Bnjv, wcndc wms ejsnjaji ey tcj Wmtznlmbs (Ljstor, d.44). M fjw koltcs `mtjr cns kotcjr Oàm inji (ne. d. 49), mli tcjl Tvnmtos`mv rjturljito Euàmrnm, wcndc cj purposji to kmbj tcj djltrj of cns ioknlnols. @jo Inmdolus (v.d. 5, 42 p. 11-1>) mli tcj Arjjb wrntjrs io lot instnlaunsc tcj fnrst mli sjdoli Uussnmlnlvmsnols of Tvnmtos`mv2 cjldj tcj lmrrmtnvj of Aneeol ns dolfusji. For tcjsj jvjltssjj Hnrjdjb, Ajsdc. ijr Euàmrjl, p. =36-12 Cn`fjrinla, Ajsdc. ijr Euàmrjl, n. =562

mli (vjry fu``y toì nl) Tdcùkejrajr, Lndîpcorj Wcodms, d. xnn. mli d. xv.[

R3: [REjforj Wjtjr„s ijmtc, nl Hml. >6>, Lndjpcorus, mwmrj of tcj trjmdcjry of cnsmkemssmior Dmòdyrjs wco cmi rjkmnlji wntc Tvnmtos`mv, mli mfrmni of tcj mkentnolof tcj Uussnml prnldj, dcmlaji cns po`ndy2 mli, tcouac cj cmi dm``ji Uussnm nl tosueiuj Euàmrnm, cj low forkji m trjmty wntc Euàmrnm to bjjp Uussnm out. Ycj emsnsof tcns trjmty (@jo Inmd. p. 1->) wms m doltrmdt of kmrrnmaj ejtwjjl tcj two youlaJkpjrors, Emsn` mli Dolstmltnlj, mli two Euàmrnml prnldjssjs. Ycjl tcj ijmtc of Wjtjr supjrvjlji. Imvni tcj sol of Tcnsckml tcj tsmr of wjstjrl Euàmrnm (dp. meovj,

p. 49, lotj 55) kmij ml mttjkpt to sjnzj jmstjrl Euàmrnm, eut wms mltndnpmtji eyWjtjr„s youla sol, Eorns. Ycjl Tvnmtos`mv rjturlji to Euàmrnm (sjj `mst lotj). Iurnlacns mesjldj @ntt`j Wjrnstc`mvm sjjks to cmvj ejjl rjamnlji ey tcj Euàmrnmls mli cjcmi to rjdmpturj nt. Ycjl cj wjlt soutc mli toob Arjmt Wjrnstc`mvm2 mli dmpturji Eornsmli cns erotcjr Uokmlus, >6>.[

R36 [RLndjpcorus wms mssmssnlmtji Ijd. =7, >6>. @nljs of cns miknrjr HoclAjokjtrjs, enscop of Kj`ntjlj, wrnttjl sool mftjr cns ijmtc, mttjst tcj mpprjcjlsnolsof tcj pjop`j of Dolstmltnlop`j mt tcj tcrjmtjlnla Uussnml nlvmsnols. ‐Unsj up,‛ cjdrnjs to tcj ijmi sovjrjnal, ‐amtcjr tcnlj mrky2 for tcj Uussnml cost ns spjjinlamamnlst us2 tcj Tdytcnmls mrj tcroeenla for dmrlmaj,‛ &d. Ycj pnjdj ns quotji eyTdy`ntzjs (Djirjlus, nn. p. 413, ji. Eoll) mli ns prnltji nl Cmsj„s ji. of @jo Inmd. (p.

9:4, ji. E.). Jvnijlt`y tcjsj vjrsjs wjrj wrnttjl hust mftjr tcj dmpturj of Wcn`nppopo`ns ey tcj Uussnmls, mli tcj corrne`j kmssmdrj of tcj nlcmentmlts, nl jmr`y sprnla >17,wcjl tcj Uussnml pùlijrjrs wjrj m`rjmiy mppromdcnla tcj ljnaceourcooi of tcjdmpntm`. Hocl Yznknsdjs, ejforj cj toob tcj fnjì, sjlt two jkemssnjs to Tvnmtos`mv,dokkmlinla cnk to `jmvj lot ol`y tcj Nkpjrnm` provnldjs eut Euàmrnm (dp. @mkenl nltcj Kîkonrjs ij `„Mdmi. ij Tt. Wjtjrseura, =316, p. ==> sqq.). Nl prjpmrnla for cnsdmkpmnal, Yznknsdjs forkji m ljw rjankjlt of dcosjl soìnjrs, wcndc cj dm``ji tcj

Nkkortm`s (@jo Inmd. p. =71). For tcj Uussnml wmrs of Yznknsdjs sjj Tdcùkejrajr,@„îpopîj Eyzmltnlj, dcmps. n. nn. nnn.2 mli Enjòv„s stuiy (dntji ejòw, lotj 33).[

R31 [Ycns snlau`mr jpntcjt ns ijrnvji frok tcj Mrkjlnml `mlaumaj, mli Ωζξΰξτθα?υ nsnltjrprjtji nl Arjjb ey ΰοϊζνθίωζαυ, or ΰοξύνθίωζαυ. Ms N profjss kysj`f jqum``y





nalormlt of tcjsj woris, N kmy ej nliuàji nl tcj qujstnol nl tcj p`my, ‐Wrmy wcndc of you ns tcj nltjrprjtjr?‛ Frok tcj doltjxt tcjy sjjk to snalnfy Mio`jsdjltuùs (@joInmdol. `. nv. KT. mpui Iudmlaj, Aòssmr Aræd. p. =:17 REb. v. d. >, p. >5, ji.Eoll[). RYscjkscbnb wouì ej tcj Mrkjlnml fork. Nt ns supposji to ej ijrnvji frok m

pcrmsj kjmlnla m rji eoot.[

R33 [RYcj fnrst vndtory wms amnlji ey tcj ajljrm` Emrims Td`jrus nl tcj p`mnls ljmr Mrdminopo`ns2 nt smvji Dolstmltnlop`j. K. Enjòv nl m stuiy of tcns wmr (Xcurlm` Knl.vo`. =17, =316, p. =63 sqq.) trnji to scow tcmt tcj Uussnmls wjrj vndtornous, eut (ms K.Tdcùkejrajr rnact`y tcnlbs) cj ns ulsuddjssfu` nl provnla tcns tcjsns.[

R3> [RFor tcj imtj ( >15) of tcns sp`jlini jxpjintnol of Yznknsdjs dp. Tdcùkejrajr,op. dnt. p. 35. Ljstor p`mdjs nt nl >1= (d. 46).[

R>7 [Nl tcj Td`mvolnd tolauj, tcj lmkj of Wjrnstc`mem nkp`nji tcj arjmt or n`ùstrnous

dnty, ΰκδΠβα θν? ο?τν θν? βκδοΰΫλα, smys Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnmi, `. vnn. p. =>9 Rd.4[). Frok nts posntnol ejtwjjl Koult Cækus mli tcj @owjr Imluej, nt mppjmrs to fn``tcj arouli, or mt `jmst tcj stmtnol, of Kmrdnmlopo`ns. Ycj sntumtnol of Iurostoùs, or Irnstrm, ns wj`` blowl mli dolspnduous (Dokkjlt. Mdmijk. Wjtropo`. tok. nx. p. 9=:,9=62 I„Mlvn``j, Ajoarmpcnj Mldnjllj, tok. n. p. 471, 4==). RArjmt Wjrnstc`mvm wmssntumtji mt Jsbn Ttmkeu`, 55 bnòkjtrjs soutc of Tcuk`m. Kmrdnmlopo`ns wms kudcfmrtcjr jmst2 sokj of nts runls cmvj ejjl trmdji ljmr tcj koijrl vn``maj of Injvlm(meout 47 bn`s. wjst of Vmrlm ms tcj drow f`njs). Yznknsdjs dm``ji Wjrnstc`mvm mftjr cnksj`f Homllopo`ns, eut tcj dnty rmpni`y ijdmyji mftjr tcns pjrnoi. Cj dm``ji Irstjr Ycjoioropo`ns, nl colour of Tt. Ycjoiorj tcj Kjamòkmrtyr, wco wms supposji tocmvj fouact nl tcj Uokml rmlbs nl tcj `mst arjmt fnact mt Irstjr ol Hu`y 54. Ycjrjeycmlas m proe`jk. Ycj Arjjb wrntjrs smy tcmt tcj imy of tcj emtt`j wms tcj fjmst of Tt.Ycjoiorj2 eut cns fjmst fm``s ol Hulj 3. Dp. Kurm`t, Jssmn ij Dcrol. eyz. mi mll.[

R>= [RYcj Arjjb sourdjs for tcj dmpturj of Wjrnstc`mvm (mli for tcj wco`j dmkpmnal)mrj @jo tcj Ijmdol mli Tdy`ntzjs. Ycj lukejrs (anvjl ey Tdy`ntzjs) mrj vjryiouetfu`.[

R>5 [RM emtt`j wms fouact outsnij Tn`nstrnm mli tcj Uussnmls insdokfntji, nl Mprn` 54, ejforj tcj snjaj ejaml.[

R>4 [RFor tcj trjmty sjj meovj, p. :1, lotj 17.[

R>9 [Ycj po`ntndm` kmlmajkjlt of tcj Arjjbs, korj jspjdnm``y wntc tcj Wmtznlmdntjs, nsjxp`mnlji nl tcj sjvjl fnrst dcmptjrs ij Miknlnstrmtnolj Nkpjrnn.

R>: [Nl tcj lmrrmtnvj of tcns wmr, @jo tcj Ijmdol (mpui Wman, Drntndm, tok. nv. >63->14REb. vn. d. 4-=4[) ns korj mutcjltnd mli dnrdukstmltnm` tcml Djirjlus (tok. nn. p.667-634) mli Xolmrms (tok. nn. p. 57:-5=9 Rxvn. 51-xvnn. 4[). Ycjsj ijd`mnkjrs cmvjku`tnp`nji to 473,777 mli 447,777 kjl tcosj Uussnml fordjs of wcndc tcjdoltjkpormry cmi anvjl m koijrmtj mli dolsnstjlt mddoult.

R>6 [Wcot. Jpnsto`. nn. Lo. 4:, p. :3, jint. Koltmdut RJp. 9, ji. Vm`jttms, p. =13[. Nt wmsulwortcy of tcj `jmrlnla of tcj jintor to knstmbj tcj Uussnml lmtnol, ω? ?ώ?υ, for m





wmr-dry of tcj Euàmrnmls2 lor ini nt ejdokj tcj jl`nactjlji pmtrnmrdc to mddusj tcjTd`mvolnml nio`mtjrs ωα?υ ?ββαλξθα?υ θν? ?γΫοϊ ιπμαυ. Ycjy wjrj ljntcjr Arjjbs lor mtcjnsts.

R>1 [K. @jvjsquj cms jxtrmdtji, frok oì dcrolnd`js mli koijrl rjsjmrdcjs, tcj kost

smtnsfmdtory mddoult of tcj rj`nanol of tcj T`mvn, mli tcj dolvjrsnol of Uussnm (Cnst. ijUussnj, tok. n. p. 4:-:9, :>, >5, >4, ==4-=5=, =59-=5>, =93, =9>, &d.). RLjstor, d. 4=.[

R>3 [Tjj tcj Djrjkolnm`j Mu`æ Eyzmlt. tok. nn. d. =:, p. 494-49:8 tcj sty`j of Oàm, or Jàm ROì Lorsj, Cjàm[, ns ?ύρπλωξττν ?ώτίνυ. For tcj dcnjf of Emremrnmls tcjArjjbs wcnksndm``y eorrowji tcj tnt`j of ml Mtcjlnml kmanstrmtj, wntc m fjkm`jtjrknlmtnol wcndc wouì cmvj mstolnscji tcj jmr of Ijkostcjljs. RNl tcj mddoult of tcj Djrjkoly of Oàm„s rjdjptnol cjr emptnsk ns lot kjltnolji2 nt wms nlijjinrrj`jvmlt.[

R>> [Tjj ml mlolykous frmakjlt pue`nscji ey Emliurn (Nkpjrnuk Ornjltm`j, tok. nn. p. ==5, ==4), ij Dolvjrsnolj Uussoruk. RUjprnltji nl vo`. nnn. of Eoll ji. of Dolstmltnlj Worpc. p. 4:1 sqq.2 eut snldj pue`nscji nl m fu``jr fork frok m WmtkosKT. ey Q. Ujaj` nl Mlm`jdtm Eyzmltnlo-Uussndm, p. 99 sqq. (=3>=). Eut tcj lmrrmtnvjns m `mtjr dokpn`mtnol mli knxjs up toajtcjr (Ujaj`, op. dnt. p. xxn.) tcj story of tcjjmr`njr dolvjrsnol ey Wcotnus, mli tcj `jajli of tcj nltroiudtnol of tcj T`mvolndm`pcmejt ey Dyrn` mli Kjtcoinus.[

R=77 [Dcjrsol, or Dorsul, ns kjltnolji ey Cjrejrstjnl (mpui Wman, tok. nv. p. :6) mstcj p`mdj of Qoòioknr„s emptnsk mli kmrrnmaj2 mli eotc tcj trmintnol mli tcj amtjsmrj stn`` prjsjrvji mt Lovoaoroi. ^jt ml oesjrvnla trmvj``jr trmlsports tcj ermzjl

amtjs frok Kmaijeura nl Ajrkmly (Doxj„s Yrmvj`s nlto Uussnm, &d. vo`. n. p. 9:5),mli quotjs ml nlsdrnptnol, wcndc sjjks to hustnfy cns opnlnol. Ycj koijrl rjmijr kustlot dolfouli tcns oì Dcjrsol of tcj Ymurnd or Drnkæml pjlnlsu`m Rsntumtji ol tcjsoutcjrl scorj of tcj emy of Tjemstopo`[ wntc m ljw dnty of tcj smkj lmkj, wcndc cmimrnsjl ljmr tcj koutc of tcj Eorystcjljs, mli wms `mtj`y colourji ey tcj kjkorme`jnltjrvnjw of tcj jkprjss of Uussnm wntc tcj jkpjror of tcj Qjst. RYn`` rjdjlt`y, tcjimtj of tcj kmrrnmaj mli dolvjrsnol of V`minknr wms supposji to ej >33. Ycjmutcornty ns tcj Uussnml dcrolnd`j of ‐Ljstor,‛ wcndc doltmnls tcj fu``jst (pmrt`y`jajlimry) mddoult (d. 95). V`minknr dmpturji Dcjrsol, mli sjlt ml jkemssy,ijkmlinla tcj cmli of tcj prnldjss Mllj, mli tcrjmtjlnla to mttmdb Dolstmltnlop`j nf

nt wjrj rjfusji. Vmsn`njvsbn scowji (nl m pmpjr nl tcj Xcurlm` Knl., =39 (=316), p.=:6) frok tcj lotndj nl @jo Inmdolus (p. =1:, ji. Eoll), mli tcj Emrol vol Uosjl (nlcns eoob of jxtrmdts frok tcj mllm`s of ^mcnm (=334), lotj =6>), tcmt Dcjrsol wmsdmpturji nl >3> (d. Hulj)2 mli nt fo`òws tcmt tcj kmrrnmaj mli dolvjrsnol dmllot cmvj

ejjl dj`jermtji ejforj tcj mutukl of >3>. Ycj frmakjlt wcndc ns sokjtnkjs dm``ji‐Lotjs of tcj Arjjb topmrdc of Aotcnm,‛ wcndc wms pue`nscji ey Cmsj (lotjs to @joInmdolus, p. 9>6 sqq. ji. Eoll), iojs lot ejòla to tcns pjrnoi lor doldjrl tcjljnaceourcooi of Dcjrsol2 eut proeme`y rjfjrs to jvjlts wcndc cmppjlji ol tcjòwjr Iol nl tcj jmr`y pmrt of tcj =7tc djltury. Ycns jxp`mlmtnol cms ejjl proposji

ey Yc. Zspjlsbn nl tcj Bnjvsbmnm Ttmrnlm of =33> (sjj Tdcùkejrajr, @„îpopîj

Eyzmltnlj, p. 161, lotj).[





R=7= [RYcj mioptnol of Dcrnstnmlnty nl Uussnm wms fmdn`ntmtji ey tcj fmdt tcmt tcjrj wmslo smdjriotm` dmstj to opposj nt. Ycns ponlt ns nlsnstji ol ey Bostokmrov, UussnsdcjAjsdcndctj nl Enoarmpcnjl, n. :.[

R=75 [Dolsu`t tcj @mtnl tjxt, or Jla`nsc vjrsnol, of Koscjnk„s jxdj``jlt Cnstory of

tcj Dcurdc, ulijr tcj fnrst cjmi or sjdtnol of jmdc of tcjsj djlturnjs.

R=74 [Nl tcj yjmr =777, tcj mkemssmiors of Tt. Ttjpcjl rjdjnvji frok Wopj Ty`vjstjr tcj tnt`j of Bnla of Culamry, wntc m inmijk of Arjjb worbkmlscnp. Nt cmi ejjlijsnalji for tcj iubj of Wo`mli2 eut tcj Wo`js, ey tcjnr owl dolfjssnol, wjrj yjt too

emremrous to ijsjrvj ml mlaj`ndm` mli mposto`ndm` drowl (Bmtolm, Cnst. Drntnd. UjaukTtnrpns Mrpminmlæ, tok. n. p. =-57).

R=79 [@nstjl to tcj jxu`tmtnols of Mimk of Erjkjl ( =737), of wcndc tcj suestmldj nsmarjjme`j to trutc8 Jddj n``m fjrodnssnkm Imloruk, &d. lmtno . . . hmkiuiuk lovnt nl

Ijn `muineus M``jùnm rjsolmrj . . . Jddj popuùs n``j pnrmtndus . . . suns luld fnlneusdoltjltus jst. Jddj pmtrnm Rn``m[ corrnen`ns sjkpjr nlmddjssm proptjr du`tuk nioòruk . .. præindmtorjs vjrntmtns uenquj djrtmtnk miknttnt, &d. &d. (ij Tntu Imlnæ, &d. p. 97,9=, jint. J`zjvnr Rd. 95[8 m durnous mli ornanlm` prospjdt of tcj Lortc of Juropj, mlitcj nltroiudtnol of Dcrnstnmlnty).

R=7: [RYcj arjmt kolukjlt of ^mros`mv„s rjnal ns tcj dcurdc of Tt. Topcnm mt Bnjv, eun`t ey Arjjb kmsols. M skm``jr dcurdc, m`so ijindmtji to tcj Co`y Qnsiok, wms eun`t mt Lovaoroi ol tcj pmttjrl of tcj Bnjv dcurdc ey cns sol V`minknr nl =79:.[

R=76 [RFor ^mros`mv„s tmstj for eoobs, sjj Ljstor, d. ::.[

R=71 [RNt ns nkportmlt to lotndj tcj arowtc of kolmstndnsk nl Uussnm nl tcj ==tcdjltury. Ycj ornanlm` cjmrtc mli djltrj of tcj kovjkjlt wms mt Bnjv nl tcjWjstdcjrsbn or Drypt Kolmstjry, fmkous for tcj Tmnlt Ycjoiosnus Roe. =719[ wcosj

enoarmpcy wms wrnttjl ey Ljstor. Bostokmrov (op. dnt. p. =3 sqq.) cms m rjmime`jdcmptjr ol tcj suehjdt.[

R=73 [Ycj arjmt prnldjs rjkovji nl ==:6 frok Bnow, wcndc wms runlji ey tcj Ymrtmrsnl =597. Kosdow ejdmkj tcj sjmt of jkpnrj nl tcj xnvtc djltury. Tjj tcj fnrst mlisjdoli voùkjs of @jvjsquj„s Cnstory, mli Kr. Doxj„s Yrmvj`s nlto tcj Lortc, tok. n.

p. 59=, &d.

R=7> [Ycj mkemssmiors of Tt. Ttjpcjl cmi usji tcj rjvjrjltnm` jxprjssnols of rjaluk

oe`mtuk, ijentmk oejinjltnmk, &d. wcndc wjrj kost rnaorous`y nltjrprjtji eyArjaory VNN.2 mli tcj Culamrnml Dmtco`nds mrj instrjssji ejtwjjl tcj smldtnty of tcj

popj mli tcj nlijpjlijldj of tcj drowl (Bmtolm, Cnst. Drntndm, tok. n. p. 57-5:, tok.nn. p. 479, 496, 467, &d.).

R= [For tcj ajljrm` cnstory of Ntm`y nl tcj nxtc mli xtc djlturnjs, N kmy propjr`y rjfjr to tcj vtc, vntc, mli vnntc eoobs of Tnaolnus ij Ujalo Ntm`næ (nl tcj sjdoli voùkj of cns worbs, Kn`ml, =145)2 tcj Mllm`s of Emrolnus, wntc tcj Drntndnsk of Wman2 tcj vnntcmli vnnntc eoobs of tcj Nstornm Dnvn`j ij` Ujalo in Lmpo`n of Anmllolj2 tcj vnntc mlivnnntc voùkjs (tcj odtmvo jintnol) of tcj Mllm`n i„Ntm`nm of Kurmtorn, mli tcj nni





voùkj of tcj Merîaî Dcroloòanquj of K. ij Tt. Kmrd, m worb wcndc, ulijr msupjrfndnm` tnt`j, doltmnls kudc ajlunlj `jmrlnla mli nliustry. Eut ky òla-mddustokji rjmijr wn`` anvj kj drjint for smynla tcmt N kysj`f cmvj msdjliji to tcjfoultmnl-cjmi, ms oftjl ms sudc msdjlt douì ej jntcjr profntme`j or possne`j2 mli tcmt Ncmvj in`najlt`y turlji ovjr tcj ornanlm`s nl tcj fnrst voùkjs of Kurmtorn„s arjmt

do``jdtnol of tcj Tdrnptorjs Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk.

R5 [Dmkn`ò Wj``jarnlo, m `jmrlji Dmpuml of tcj `mst djltury, cms n`ùstrmtji tcj cnstoryof tcj iudcy of Ejljvjltuk, nl cns two eoobs, Cnstornm Wrnldnpuk @olaoemrioruk,nl tcj Tdrnptorjs of Kurmtorn, tok. nn. pmrs n. p. 55=-49:, mli tok. v. p. =:>-59:.

R4 [RYcj iudcy of Ejljvjltuk fnrst sp`nt up nlto two pmrts, ml jmstjrl mli m wjstjrl ’ tcj wjstjrl ulijr tcj lmkj of tcj Wrnldnpm`nty of Tm`jrlo. Tool mftjr tcns tcj Doultof Dmpum tcrjw off cns m``janmldj to tcj Wrnldj of Tm`jrlo2 so tcmt tcj oì iudcy of Ejljvjltuk wms rjprjsjltji ey tcrjj nlijpjlijlt stmtjs. For tcj cnstory of Tm`jrlo

sjj Tdcnpm, Ttornm ij` prnldnpmto @olaoemrio nl Tm`jrlo, nl tcj Mrdc. storndo pjr `jdosj prov. Lmp., =5 (=331).[

R9 [Tjj Dolstmltnl. Worpcyroajl. ij Ycjkmtneus, `. nn. d. xn. nl Vnt. Emsn`. d. ::, p.=3=.

R: [Ycj ornanlm` jpnst`j of tcj jkpjror @jwns NN. to tcj jkpjror Emsn`, m durnous rjdoriof tcj maj, wms fnrst pue`nscji ey Emrolnus (Mllm`. Jdd`js. 31=, Lo. :=-1=) frok tcjVmtndml KT. of Jrdcjkpjrt, or rmtcjr of tcj mlolykous cnstornml of Tm`jrlo. RWrnltjim`so nl Iudcjslj, Cnst. Fr. sdr. nnn. p. :::.[

R6 [Tjj ml jxdj``jlt inssjrtmtnol ij Ujpue`ndå Mkm`pcntmlå nl tcj Mppjlinx (p. =-95)of Cjlry Erjldbkmll„s Cnstornm Wmlijdtmruk (Yrmhjdtn mi Ucjluk, =155, nl 9to).RKmtjrnm`s for tcj cnstory of Lmp`js mrj do``jdtji nl Dmpmsso„s Kolukjltm mi Ljmp.iud. cnstor. pjrtnljltnm, vo`. n. =33=2 vo`. nn. =, =33:, 5, =3>5.[

R1 [ôur kmstjr, smys Lndjpcorus, cms anvjl mni mli protjdtnol prnldnpneus Dmpumlojt Ejljvjltmlo, sjrvns kjns, quos oppualmrj inspolo . . . Lovm (potnus lotm) rjs jstquoi joruk pmtrjs jt mvn lostro Nkpjrno trneutm ijijrult (@nutprmli, nl @jamt. p. 939).Tm`jrlo ns lot kjltnolji, yjt tcj prnldj dcmlaji cns pmrty meout tcj smkj tnkj, mliDmkn`ò Wj``jarnlo (Tdrnpt. Ujr. Ntm`. tok. nn. pmrs n. p. 53:) cms lndj`y insdjrlji tcns

dcmlaj nl tcj sty`j of tcj mlolykous dcrolnd`j. Ol tcj rmtnolm` arouli of cnstory mli`mlaumaj, @nutprmli (p. 937) cmi mssjrtji tcj @mtnl d`mnk to Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm.RYcj rjvnvm` of Jmst-Uokml nlfùjldj nl Toutcjrl Ntm`y nl tcj `mst yjmrs of tcj lnltcdjltury ns n`ùstrmtji ey tcj fmdt tcmt ml Nkpjrnm` offndjr (of tcj rmlb of protospmtcmr)rjsniji mt tcj dourt of tcj iubjs of Ejljvjltuk frok 3>=. Ycj m``janmldj of Lmp`js,Mkm`fn, mli Amjtm wms nlijji `ntt`j korj tcml loknlm`. For tcj cnstory of Amjtm tcjdcnjf sourdj ns tcj Doijx Dmnjtmlus, pue`nscji nl tcj Ymeu`mrnuk Dmsnljlsj (=3>7,=3>5).[

R3 [Tjj tcj Arjjb mli @mtnl Aòssmrnjs of Iudmlaj (ΘνωκχΠλώ, dmtmpmlus), mli cnslotjs ol tcj M`jxnms (p. 51:). Mamnlst tcj doltjkpormry lotnol, wcndc ijrnvjs nt frokΘνω? χν?λ, huxtm oklj, cj trjmts nt ms m dorruptnol of tcj @mtnl dmpntmljus. ^jt K. ij





Tt. Kmrd cms mddurmtj`y oesjrvji (Merîaî Dcroloòanquj, tok. nn. p. >59) tcmt nl tcnsmaj tcj dmpntmljn wjrj lot dmptmnls, eut ol`y loe`js of tcj fnrst rmlb, tcj arjmtvm`vmssors of Ntm`y. RYcj Ycjkj of Ntm`y jxtjliji frok tcj Ofmlto nl tcj lortc mli tcjErmimlo nl tcj wjst to tcj soutcjrl ponlt of Mpu`nm, mli nldùiji tcj soutc of Dm`mernm (tcj oì Eruttnn). Nt kust lot ej dolfouliji wntc tcj Dmpntmlmtm. Nt wms

proeme`y meout tcj yjmr =777 tcmt tcj aovjrlors of tcj Ycjkj of Ntm`y dolqujrji tcj`mli ol tcj lortc snij of tcjnr provnldj, ejtwjjl tcj Ofmlto mli Fortorj (sjjCjnljkmll, Ajsdc. ijr Lorkmlljl nl Zltjr-Ntm`njl uli Tndn`njl, n. p. 57). Frok tcjtnt`j of tcj aovjrlors, Bmtjpmlù, tcns dolqujst wms dm``ji tcj Dmtjpmlmtm, mli tcns

ejdmkj (tcrouac tcj nlfùjldj of pop`mr jtykoòay) Dmpntmlmtm.[

R> [Οϋ ΰπλνλ ιξ? χοβΫΰώλ ?θύξεώ?υ ?θωκωνδΰΫλώλ ω? ωοξοϊ?ωολ ?χάδνδκ ω? ?γλου(tcj @okemris), ?ββ? θν? ?δρξλοί? ρύατΠΰκλου θν? ιξθνξοτϋλ? θν? ρύατωπωαωξ,?χξRJintor8 n``jane`j @mtnl dcmrmdtjr[ξθώ?υ ωκ ωοξ?υ χύοτκύροΰΫλοξυ χύοτ?κύπΰκλου,θν? ω?λ ?βκλγκύίνλ ν?ωοξ?υ χΠταυ ωκ ιοϊβκίνυ θν? ωώ?λ ?ββώλ ?ούοβοδξώ?λ

ρνύξζπΰκλου (@jol. Ymdtnd. d. xv. p. 19=). Ycj `ntt`j Dcrolnd`j of Ejljvjltuk (tok. nn. pmrs n. p. 537) anvjs m fmr inffjrjlt dcmrmdtjr of tcj Arjjbs iurnla tcj fnvj yjmrs (3>=-3>6) tcmt @jo wms kmstjr of tcj dnty. RFor aooi mddoults of tcj jxpjintnol mliijfjmt of Otto NN. sjj Anjsjerjdct, Ajsdc. ijr ijutsdcjl Bmnsjrzjnt, n. p. :>: sqq., mliTdcùkejrajr, @„îpopîj eyzmltnlj, p. :75 sqq. Ycj emtt`j wms fouact nl Hu`y >35,ljmr Ttnò, soutc of Drotol.[

R=7 [Dm`mernmk mijult, jmkquj nltjr sj invnsmk rjpjrnjltjs fulintus ijpopu`mtn sult(or ijpopu`mrult), nts ut ijsjrtm snt vjùt nl inùvno. Tudc ns tcj tjxt of Cjrjkpjrt, or Jrdcjkpjrt, mddorinla to tcj two jintnols of Dmrrmddno`n (Ujr. Ntm`nd. Tdrnpt. tok. v. p.54), mli of Dmkn`ò Wj``jarnlo (tok. nn. p. 596). Eotc wjrj jxtrjkj`y sdmrdj, wcjltcjy wjrj rjprnltji ey Kurmtorn.

R== [Emrolnus (Mllm`. Jdd`js. 319, Lo. 5) cms irmwl tcns story frok m KT. of Jrdcjkpjrt wco inji mt Dmpum ol`y fnftjjl yjmrs mftjr tcj jvjlt. Eut tcj dmrinlm` wmsijdjnvji ey m fm`sj tnt`j, mli wj dml ol`y quotj tcj mlolykous Dcrolnd`j of Tm`jrlo(Wmrm`npokjlm, d. ==7), dokposji towmris tcj jli of tcj xtc djltury, mli pue`nscjinl tcj sjdoli voùkj of Kurmtorn„s Do``jdtnol. Tjj tcj Inssjrtmtnols of Dmkn`òWj``jarnlo (tok. nn. pmrs n. p. 54=-53=, &d.).

R=5 [Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlntus (nl Vnt. Emsn`. d. :3, p. =34) ns tcj ornanlm` mutcor of

tcns story. Cj p`mdjs nt ulijr tcj rjnals of Emsn` mli @jwns NN.2 yjt tcj rjiudtnol of Ejljvjltuk ey tcj Arjjbs ns imtji 3>=, mftjr tcj ijdjmsj of eotc of tcosj prnldjs.

R=4 [Nl tcj yjmr 664, tcj smkj trmajiy ns ijsdrneji ey Wmu` tcj Ijmdol (ij Ajstns@mlaoemri. `. v. d. 1, 3, p. 317, 31=, jint. Arot.), ulijr tcj wm``s of tcj smkj dnty of Ejljvjltuk. Eut tcj mdtors mrj inffjrjlt, mli tcj aun`t ns nkputji to tcj Arjjbstcjksj`vjs, wcndc nl tcj Eyzmltnlj jintnol ns mpp`nji to tcj Tmrmdjls. Nl tcj `mtj wmr nl Ajrkmly, K. i„Mssms, m Frjldc offndjr of tcj rjankjlt of Muvjralj, ns smni to cmvjijvotji cnksj`f nl m snkn`mr kmlljr. Cns ejcmvnour ns tcj korj cjrond, ms kjrj sn`jldjwms rjqunrji ey tcj jljky wco cmi kmij cnk prnsoljr (Vo`tmnrj, Tnãd`j ij @ouns

SV. d. 44, tok. nx. p. =15).







R5= [RKjùs wms tcj `jmijr of tcj mltn-Arjjb pmrty nl Emrn. Cns fnrst rjvo`t wms for mtnkj suddjssfu`, eut wms put iowl nl =7=7 ey tcj Dmtjpml Emsn` Kjsmriolntjs.[

R55 [RYcjrj wjrj tcrjj emtt`js. Kjùs mli tcj Lorkmls nlvmiji tcj Dmpntmlmtj nl=7=1. Ycjy amnlji m vndtory mt Mrjlu`m ol tcj rnvjr Fortorj, mli m sjdoli, korj

ijdnsnvj, mt Vmddmrndnm (ljmr Yrohm). Tjj Cjnljkmll, op. dnt. p. 46 (mli Mppjlinx). Nltcj fo`òwnla yjmr tcjy suffjrji tcj arjmt ijfjmt ol tcj p`mnl of Dmllæ, mt tcj cmlisof tcj Dmtjpml Emsn` Eohmlljs.[

R54 [RYcj sjtt`jkjlt wms mssnalji to Umnlu`f ’ olj of Uuio`pc„s erotcjrs ’ eyIubj Tjranus NV. of Lmp`js. Mvjrsm wms fouliji nl =747 (Cjnljkmll, op. dnt. p. :3,lotj 5). Umnlu`f kmrrnji tcj snstjr of Tjranus, eut mftjr cjr ijmtc cj ijsjrtji tcj dmusjof Lmp`js mli wjlt ovjr to tcj nltjrjsts of tcj foj, Wmliu`f of Dmpum, kmrrnji cnslnjdj mli ejdmkj cns vmssm`, ’ Mvjrsm ejnla insputji tjrrntory ejtwjjl Lmp`js mliDmpum. Eut, wcjl tcj Jkpjror Dolrmi vnsntji Toutcjrl Ntm`y nl =743, Wmliu`f wms

ijposji, mli tcj doulty of Mvjrsm wms ulntji wntc tcj prnldnpm`nty of Tm`jrlo. Ycns,ms Cjnljkmll oesjrvjs (p. 6>), wms m po`ntndm` jvjlt of tcj fnrst nkportmldj. YcjUokml sjtt`jkjlt wms forkm``y rjdoalnsji ey tcj Jkpjror, ’ tmbjl ms nt wjrj ulijr tcj protjdtnol of tcj Qjstjrl Jkpnrj.[

R59 [Tjj tcj fnrst eoob of Qn``nmk Mppuùs. Cns woris mrj mpp`ndme`j to jvjry swmrkof Emremrnmls mli frjjeootjrs8’

Tn vndnloruk quns pjrlntnosus mi n`òsDolfuanjemt, juk armtmltjr susdnpnjemlt2Korneus jt ̀ nlauå quosdukquj vjlnrj vnijemlt

Nlforkmlt proprnå2 ajls jffndnmtur ut ulm.

Mli j`sjwcjrj, of tcj lmtnvj mivjlturjrs of Lorkmliy8’

Wmrs pmrmt, jxnauæ vj` opjs mijrmlt qunm lu``æ2Wmrs, qunm ij kmalns kmhorm suenrj vo`jemlt.

R5: [@nutprmli nl @jamtnolj, p. 93:. Wman cms n`ùstrmtji tcns jvjlt frok tcj KT.cnstory of tcj ijmdol @jo (tok. nv. >6:, Lo. =1-=>).

R56 [Tjj tcj Mrmenml Dcrolnd`j of Tndn`y, mpui Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`. tok. n. p.5:4.

R51 [RNt wms tcj jknr Mbcm` wco mppjm`ji to tcj Arjjbs to cj`p cnk mamnlst cns erotcjr, MeŢ Cmfs, wco cjmiji tcj Tndn`nml rjej`s. Ycj `mttjr wjrj supportji ey tcjXmyrni Tu`tml of Yulns (Kunzz ejl EčiĢs), mli Mbcm` tcouac cj wms supportji ey tcjDmtjpml of Ntm`y mli m Arjjb mrky nl =741 wms scut up nl Wm`jrko, wcjrj cj wmskurijrji ey cns owl fo`òwjrs. Ycj stmtjkjlt nl tcj tjxt tcmt ‐tcj erotcjrs wjrjrjdoldn`ji‛ ns kns`jminla2 eut m prospjdt of sudc m rjdoldn`nmtnol sjjks to cmvjnliudji tcj Dmtjpml to rjturl to Ntm`y wntcout mddokp`nscnla kudc. Dp. Djirjlus, nn.

p. :=62 mli Cjnljkmll, op. dnt. p. 19. Kjmlwcn`j prjpmrmtnols cmi ejjl kmij nlDolstmltnlop`j for ml jxpjintnol to rjdovjr Tndn`y2 mli Kmlnmdjs mrrnvji nl Mpu`nmmli drossji ovjr to tcj ns`mli nl =743.[





R53 [RFor m pjrsolm` ijsdrnptnol of Ajoraj Kmlnmdjs, m Cjrdu`js of doòssm` cjnact(κ?υ ιΫθνωολ ?λκτωαθ?υ χπιν), sjj Wsj`ùs, Cnst. p. =41-3 (ji. Tmtcms). Mddorinla toVíkeîry tcj lmkj Kmlnmbjs ns Yurbnsc mli kjmls loe`j. Cns kjkory survnvjs mtTyrmdusj nl tcj Dmstj` Kmlnmdn, mt tcj soutc ponlt of Ortyanm dokkmlinla tcjjltrmldj to tcj Arjmt Cmreour. Kmlnmdjs wms mddokpmlnji ey mlotcjr fmkous

wmrrnor, Cmrmì Cmrirmim (erotcjr of Bnla O`mf of Lorwmy), wco wms s`mnl m qumrtjr of m djltury `mtjr ol Jla`nsc son`. Kmlnmdjs wms tcj ajljrm` of tcj jxpjintnol8 cj wmslot aovjrlor of tcj Ycjkj of @okemriy.[

R5> [Hjffrjy Km`mtjrrm, wco rj`mtjs tcj Tndn`nml wmr mli tcj dolqujst of Mpu`nm (`. n. d.1, 3, >, =>). Ycj smkj jvjlts mrj ijsdrneji ey Djirjlus (tok. nn. p. 19=-194, 1::,1:6) mli Xolmrms (tok. nn. p. 541, 543)2 mli tcj Arjjbs mrj so cmrijlji to insarmdjtcmt tcjnr lmrrmtnvjs mrj nkpmrtnm` jlouac.

R47 [Djirjlus spjdnfnjs tcj ωΠδΰν of tcj Oesjqunuk (Wcryanm) mli tcj ΰΫύου of tcj

Ycrmdjsnmls (@yinm2 dolsu`t Dolstmltnlj ij Ycjkmtneus, n. 4, 9, wntc Ij`ns`j„s kmp),mli mftjrwmris lmkjs tcj Wnsninmls mli @ydmolnmls wntc tcj fŔijrmtn. RYcj Lorkmlsulijr Umnlu`f wjrj mdtnla nl dokkol wntc, mli mt tcj nlstnamtnol of, tcj @okemriMriunl. Ycjy sjnzji Kj`fn wcn`j tcj Dmtjpml Kndcmj` Iodjmlus wms nl Tndn`y sjjbnlato rjtrnjvj tcj òssjs wcndc tcj Arjjb dmusj cmi suffjrji snldj tcj rjdm`` of Kmlnmdjs.Frok Kj`fn tcjy dolqujrji Msdo`n mli otcjr p`mdjs, mli Kndcmj` wms fordji to rjturlto Ntm`y. M`` tcns cmppjlji nl =797. Cjnljkmll, op. dnt. p. 39.[

R4= [R(=) Ol tcj O`nvjlto (m trneutmry of tcj Ofmlto), Kmrdc =1, (5) ljmr KoltjKmaanorj, nl tcj p`mnlof Dmllæ, Kmy 9, mli (4) mt Koltjpjòso, Tjpt. 4, =79=. TjjCjnljkmll, op. dnt. p. 4:3-6=.[

R45[

Okljs dolvjlnult2 jt ens sjx loen`norjs,]uos ajlus jt armvntms koruk ijdormemt jt ætms,J`jajrj iudjs. Wrovjdtns mi dokntmtukCns m`nn pmrjlt. Dokntmtus lokjl colorns]uo iolmltur jrmt. Cn totms ulinquj tjrrmsInvnsjrj snen, ln sors nlnkndm rjpualjt2Tnlau`m propolult òdm quæ doltnlajrj sortj

Dunquj iudn ijejlt, jt quæquj trneutm òdoruk.

Mli, mftjr spjmbnla of Kj`pcn, Qn``nmk Mppuùs miis,

Wro lukjro dokntuk ens sjx stmtujrj p`mtjms,Mtquj iokus dokntuk totnijk fmerndmltur nl urej.

@jo Ostnjlsns (`. nn. d. 61) jlukjrmtjs tcj invnsnols of tcj Mpu`nml dntnjs, wcndc nt nsljji`jss to rjpjmt.

R44 [Au`nj`k. Mppuùs, `. nn. d. =5, mddorinla to tcj rjfjrjldj of Anmllolj (NstornmDnvn`j in Lmpo`n, tok. nn. p. 4=), wcndc N dmllot vjrnfy nl tcj ornanlm`. Ycj Mpu`nml


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5=7 cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



prmnsjs nlijji cns vm`nims vnrjs, proentms mlnkn, mli vnvnim vnrtus2 mli ijd`mrjs tcmt,cmi cj `nvji, lo pojt douì cmvj jqum``ji cns kjrnts (`. n. p. 5:3, `. nn. p. 5:>). Cj wms

ejwmn`ji ey tcj Lorkmls, qunppj qun tmltn dolsn`nn vnruk (smys Km`mtjrrm, `. n. d. =5, p.::5) tmk mrkns strjluuk, tmk snen kulnfnduk, mffmen`jk, kornajrmtuk, u`tjrnus sjcmejrj inffnijemlt. RCmvnla j`jdtji Qn``nmk, tcj Lorkmls p`mdji tcjksj`vjs ulijr

tcj suzjrmnlty of Qmnkmr of Tm`jrlo, wco mssukji tcj tnt`j of Wrnldj of Mpu`nm mliDm`mernm. Qn``nmk, Umnlu`f, mli Qmnkmr tcjl prodjjiji to Kj`fn mli invniji tcjdolqujsts. Umnlu`f rjdjnvji, ms ml colormry prjsjlt, Tnpolto mli Koult Amramlus2Qn``nmk aot Msdo`n2 cns erotcjr, Iroao, Vjlosm, &d. &d., Mnkî, ^stornj ij `n

Lorkmlt, nn. 5>, 47. Ycj jxtjlt of tcj Lorkml dolqujst nl tcns fnrst stmaj dorrjspolis(Cjnljkmll oesjrvjs, p. >9) to tcj towls nl tcj rjanols of tcj rnvjrs Ofmlto mliErmimlo. ‐Ycj vm``jys of tcjsj rnvjrs wjrj tcj lmturm` romis to pjljtrmtj frok Kj`fnjmstwmri mli soutcwmri nlto Arjjb tjrrntory.‛[

R49 [Ycj ajls mstutnssnkm, nlhurnmruk u`trnx . . . miu`mrn sdnjls . . . jòqujltnns

nlsjrvnjls, of Km`mtjrrm (`. n. d. 4, p. ::7) mrj jxprjssnvj of tcj popu`mr mli provjrenm`dcmrmdtjr of tcj Lorkmls.

R4: [Ycj cultnla mli cmwbnla korj propjr`y ejòla to tcj ijsdjlimlts of tcj Lorwjanml smnòrs2 tcouac tcjy knact nkport frok Lorwmy mli Ndj`mli tcj fnljstdmsts of fm`dols.

R46 [Qj kmy dokpmrj tcns portrmnt wntc tcmt of Qn``nmk of Km`kseury (ij AjstnsMlaòruk, `. nnn. p. =7=, =75), wco mpprjdnmtjs, `nbj m pcnòsopcnd cnstornml, tcj vndjsmli vnrtujs of tcj Tmxols mli Lorkmls. Jla`mli wms mssurji`y m amnljr ey tcjdolqujst.

R41 [RYcj vnsnt of tcj Jkpjror Cjlry NNN. to soutcjrl Ntm`y nl =791 wms of spjdnm`nkportmldj. Cj rjstorji to Wmliu`f tcj prnldnpm`nty of Dmpus, wcndc Dolrmi NN. cmitrmlsfjrrji to Qmnkmr of Tm`jrlo. Qmnkmr cmi to rjsnal cns tnt`j of Wrnldj of Mpu`nmmli Dm`mernm, mli cns suzjrmnlty ovjr tcj Lorkmls2 wcn`j tcj Lorkml prnldjs, Umnlu`f of Mvjrsm mli Iroao (Qn``nmk„s suddjssor), Doult of Mpu`nm, wjrj j`jvmtji to ejnkkjinmtj vmssm`s of tcj Jkpnrj.[

R43 [Ycj enoarmpcjr of Tt. @jo NS. pours cns co`y vjlok ol tcj Lorkmls. Vnijlsnlinsdnp`nlmtmk jt m`njlmk ajltjk Lorkmlloruk, druij`n jt nlmuintå rmenj, jt

pùsqumk Wmamlå nkpnjtmtj, mivjrsus jdd`jsnms Ijn nlsurajrj, pmssnk Dcrnstnmlostrudnimrj, &d. (Qnejrt, d. 6). Ycj coljst Mpu`nml (`. nn. p. 5:>) smys dm`k`y of tcjnr mddusjr, Vjrns dokknsdjls fm``mdnm.

R4> [Ycj po`ndy of tcj Arjjbs, rjvo`t of Kmlnmdjs, &d. kust ej do``jdtji frokDjirjlus (tok. nn. p. 1:1, 1:3), Qn``nmk Mppuùs (`. n. p. 5:1, 5:3, `. nn. p. 5:>), mlitcj two Dcrolnd`js of Emrn, ey @upus Wrotospmtm (Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ntm`. tok. v. p. 95,94, 99), mli ml mlolykous wrntjr (Mltnquntmt. Ntm`næ kjinn Æ n, tok. n. p. 4=-4:).RYcns mlolykous dcrolnd`j, dm``ji tcj Mllm`js Emrjlsjs, dokpn`ji ejforj =71=, ns

prnltji nl Wjrtz, Kol. V. p. :=-:6, wntc tcj dorrjspolinla tjxt of ‐@upus‛ opposntj.[Ycns `mst ns m frmakjlt of sokj vmùj.


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5== cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



R97 [Mrayrus rjdjnvji, smys tcj mlolykous Dcrolnd`j of Emrn, Nkpjrnm` `jttjrs,FŔijrmtus jt Wmtrndnmtus, jt Dmtmpmln jt Vjstmtus. Nl cns Mllm`s, Kurmtorn (tok. vnnn. p.956) vjry propjr`y rjmis, or nltjrprjts, Tjvjstmtus, tcj tnt`j of Tjemstos or Muaustus.Eut nl cns Mltnquntnjs, cj wms tmuact ey Iudmlaj to kmbj nt m pm`mtnlj offndj, kmstjr of tcj wmriroej.

R9= [M `nfj of Tt. @jo NS., ijjp`y tnlaji wntc tcj pmssnols mli prjhuindjs of tcj maj,cms ejjl dokposji ey Qnejrt, prnltji mt Wmrns, =6=:, nl odtmvo, mli snldj nlsjrtji nltcj Do``jdtnols of tcj Eo``mlinsts, of Kmen`òl, mli of Kurmtorn. RH. Kmy,Zltjrsudculajl ðejr inj Mefmssulaszjnt uli A`muewðrinacjnt vol Qnejrts Vntm@jolns NS. (Offjleura, =33>).[ Ycj pue`nd mli prnvmtj cnstory of tcmt popj nsin`najlt`y trjmtji ey K. ij Tt. Kmrd (Merîaî, tok. nn. p. =97-5=7, mli p. 5:->:, sjdolidoùkl).

R95 [Tjj tcj jxpjintnol of @jo NS. mamnlst tcj Lorkmls. Tjj Qn``nmk Mppuùs (`. nn. p.

5:>-56=) mli Hjffrjy Km`mtjrrm (`. n. d. =4, =9, =:, p. 5:4) Rmli Mnkî, nnn. d. 97[. Ycjymrj nkpmrtnm`, ms tcj lmtnolm` ns doultjrem`mldji ey tcj d`jrndm` prjhuindj. RFor ijtmn`s,dp. Cjnljkmll,op. dnt. Mppjlinx, p. 466 sqq.[

R94[

Yjutolndn, qunm dæsmrnjs jt forkm ijdorosFjdjrmt jarjanjprodjrn dorporns n`òs,Dorporm ijrnijlt Lorkmllndm, quæ erjvnormJssj vnijemltur.

Ycj vjrsjs of tcj Mpu`nml mrj dokkol`y nl tcns strmnl, tcouac cj cjmts cnksj`f m `ntt`jnl tcj emtt`j. Ywo of cns snkn`js frok cmwbnla mli sordjry mrj ijsdrnptnvj of kmlljrs.

R99 [Tjvjrm` rjspjdtme`j djlsurjs or dokp`mnlts mrj proiudji ey K. ij Tt. Kmrd (tok.nn. p. 577-579). Ms Wjtjr Imknmlus, tcj ormd`j of tcj tnkjs, cmi ijlnji tcj popjs tcjrnact of kmbnla wmr, tcj cjrknt (ùajls jrjkn nldo`m) ns mrrmnalji ey tcj dmrinlm`, mliEmrolnus (Mllm`. Jdd`js. =7:4, Lo. =7-=1) kost strjluous`y mssjrts tcj two sworis of Tt. Wjtjr.

R9: [RQj cmvj lo doltjkpormry jvnijldj for tcj dolintnols wcndc tcj Lorkmls

nkposji ol @jo, wcok tcjy ijtmnlji nl Ejljvjltuk. Cjnljkmll tcnlbs nt proeme`j(p. =94) tcmt tcjy rjqunrji cnk to rjlouldj tcj pmpm` prjtjlsnols to sovjrjnalty ovjr tjrrntory nl Mpu`nm mli Dm`mernm, mli to memliol cns m``nmldj wntc tcj JmstjrlJkpjror. @jo, ulme`j to ernla cnksj`f to dolsjlt, rjkmnlji mt Ejljvjltuk tn``Kmrdc, =7:92 m sjvjrj n``ljss (wcndc provji fmtm`) fn``ji cnk wntc m ijsnrj to rjturl toUokj mli nliudji cnk to dolsjlt to tcj Lorkml ijkmlis. Cj inji ol Mprn` =>.Iurnla cns sohourl mt Ejljvjltuk, cj wms jlamaji ol m dorrjspolijldj nldolljdtnol wntc tcj jdd`jsnmstndm` qumrrj` ’ tcj fnlm` erjmdc ’ wntc tcj Arjjb Dcurdc, sjj ejòw, dmp. `x.[

R96 [Ycj ornanl mli lmturj of tcj pmpm` nlvjstnturjs mrj me`y insdussji ey Anmllolj(Nstornm Dnvn`j in Lmpo`n, tok. nn. p. 41-9>, :1-66) ms m `mwyjr mli mltnqumrnml. ^jt cj





vmnl`y strnvjs to rjdoldn`j tcj iutnjs of pmtrnot mli Dmtco`nd, miopts ml jkptyinstnldtnol of ‐Jdd`jsnm Uokmlm lol ijint sji mddjpnt,‛ mli scrnlbs frok ml coljst

eut imlajrous dolfjssnol of tcj trutc.

R91 [Ycj enrtc, dcmrmdtjr, mli fnrst mdtnols of Uoejrt Aunsdmri kmy ej fouli nl Hjffrjy

Km`mtjrrm (`. n. d. 4, 9, ==, =6, =1, =3, 43, 4>, 97), Qn``nmk Mppuùs (`. nn. p. 567-565),Qn``nmk Ajkjtndjlsns or of Huknjaãs (`. xn. d. 47, p. 664, 669, jint. Dmkijl), mliMllm Dokljlm (M`jxnmi. `. n. p. 54-51 Rd. =7, ==[, `. vn. p. =6:, =66), wntc tcjmllotmtnols of Iudmlaj (Lot. nl M`jxnmi. p. 547-545, 457), wco cms swjpt m`` tcjFrjldc mli @mtnl Dcrolnd`js for supp`jkjltm` nltj``najldj.

R93 [? ι? ?οΰχΫύωου (m Arjjb dorruptnol Rΰχ ns tcj rjau`mr sykeo` for tcj e souli nlkjinmjvm` mli koijrl Arjjb2 ε wouì rjprjsjlt ϊ[) ο??ωου ?λ ΛούΰΠλλου ω? δΫλου,ω?λ ωϋραλ ?ταΰοτ Rn. d. =7[. . . . Mamnl, ?μ ??νλοϊ?υ χΠλϊ ωϋραυ χκύξ?νλΫυ. Mlij`sjwcjrj (`. nv. p. 39 Rd. =[), ?χ? ?τρΠωαυ χκλίνυ θν? ωϋραυ ??νλοϊ?υ. Mllm Dokljlm

wms eorl nl tcj purp`j2 yjt cjr fmtcjr wms lo korj tcml m prnvmtj tcouac n`ùstrnoussuehjdt, wco rmnsji cnksj`f to tcj jkpnrj.

R9> [Anmllolj (tok. nn. p. 5) forajts m`` cns ornanlm` mutcors, mli rjsts tcns prnldj`yijsdjlt ol tcj drjint of Nlvjajs, ml Muaustnlj kolb of Wm`jrko, nl tcj `mst djltury.Ycjy doltnluj tcj suddjssnol of iubjs frok Uo`ò to Qn``nmk NN. tcj Emstmri or Dolqujror, wcok tcjy coì (dokkuljkjltj sn tnjlj) to ej tcj fmtcjr of Ymldrji of Cmutjvn``j2 m kost strmlaj mli stupjlious eùlijr! Ycj sols of Ymldrji fouact nlMpu`nm, ejforj Qn``nmk NN. wms tcrjj yjmrs oì ( =741).

R:7 [Ycj huiakjlt of Iudmlaj ns hust mli koijrmtj8 Djrtj cukn`ns funt md tjluns

Uoejrtn fmkn`nm, sn iudm`jk jt rjanuk spjdtjkus mpndjk, mi qujk postjm pjrvjlnt2quæ coljstm tmkjl jt prætjr loen`nuk vuàmrnuk stmtuk jt dolintnoljk n`ùstrnscmentm jst, ‐quæ ljd cukn rjpjrjt ljd m`tuk quni tukjrjt‛ (Qn`cj`k Km`kjseur. ijAjstns Mlaòruk, `. nnn. p. =712 Lot. mi M`jxnmi. p. 547).

R:= [N scm`` quotj wntc p`jmsurj sokj of tcj ejst `nljs of tcj Mpu`nml (`. nn. p. 517).

Wualmt utråquj kmlò, ljd `mldjm dmssm ljd jlsnsDmssus jrmt, quodulquj kmlu ijiudjrj vj``jt.Yjr ijhjdtus jquo, tjr vnrneus npsj rjsukptns,

Kmhor nl mrkm rjint2 stnkuòs furor npsj knlnstrmt.Zt @jo duk frjlijls, &d.. . . . . . . . . .

Lu`ùs nl cod ej`ò sndutn post ej``m proemtuk jstVndtor vj` vndtus, tmk kmalos jinint ndtus.

R:5 [Ycj Lorkml wrntjrs mli jintors kost dolvjrsmlt wntc tcjnr owl ninok nltjrprjtAunsdmri, or Qnsdmri, ey Dm``nius, m dullnla kml. Ycj root (wnsj) ns fmkn`nmr to our jmr2 mli nl tcj oì wori Qnsjmdrj N dml insdjrl sokjtcnla of m snkn`mr sjlsj mlitjrknlmtnol. Ω?λ σϊρ?λ χνλοϊύδπωνωου ns lo emi trmls`mtnol of tcj surlmkj mlidcmrmdtjr of Uoejrt.





R:4 [Ycj mdqunsntnol of tcj iudm` tnt`j ey Uoejrt Aunsdmri ns m lndj mli oesdurj eusnljss. Qntc tcj aooi mivndj of Anmllolj, Kurmtorn, mli Tt. Kmrd, N cmvjjlijmvourji to fork m dolsnstjlt mli proeme`j lmrrmtnvj.

R:9 [Emrolnus (Mllm`. Jdd`js. =7:>, Lo. 6>) cms pue`nscji tcj ornanlm` mdt. Cj

profjssjs to cmvj dopnji nt frok tcj @nejr Djlsuuk, m Vmtndml KT. ^jt m @nejr Djlsuuk of tcj twj`ftc djltury cms ejjl prnltji ey Kurmtorn (Mltnqunt. kjinn Ævn,tok. v. p. 3:=->73), mli tcj lmkjs of Vmtndml mli Dmrinlm` mwmbjl tcj suspndnols of m Wrotjstmlt, mli jvjl of m pcnòsopcjr. RYcj @nejr Djlsuuk, dokposji mt tcj jli of tcj =5tc djltury (==>5), doltmnls tcj rjlt-ro`` of tcj Uokml Dcurdc mli vmrnousornanlm` iodukjlts, mli tcj @nvjs of Wopjs ejanllnla wntc @jo NS. Ycj oìjst KT.iojs lot doltmnl tcj @nvjs. Kurmtorn prnltji tcj wco`j dokpn`mtnol nl Tdr. Ujr. Ntm`.,4, =. p. 511 sqq.2 tcj jintnol nl tcj Mlt. Kji. Æv. iojs lot nldùij tcj @nvjs.[

R:: [RLot so òla8 Muaust, =763-Mprn`, =71=. Ycj ejst sourdj for tcj snjaj ns Mnkî, v.

51. Nkkjinmtj`y ejforj cj `mni snjaj to Emrn, Uoejrt dmpturji Otrmlto.[

R:6 [Ujmi tcj `nfj of Aunsdmri nl tcj sjdoli mli tcnri eoobs of tcj Mpu`nml, tcj fnrstmli sjdoli eoobs of Km`mtjrrm.

R:1 [Ycj dolqujsts of Uoejrt Aunsdmri mli Uoajr N., tcj jxjkptnol of Ejljvjlto mlitcj twj`vj provnldjs of tcj bnlaiok, mrj fmnr`y jxposji ey Anmllolj nl tcj sjdolivoùkj of cns Nstornm Dnvn`j, `. nx. x. xn. mli `. xvnn. p. 967-917. Ycns koijrl invnsnolwms lot jstme`nscji ejforj tcj tnkj of Frjijrnd NN.

R:3 [RMkm`fn mdblow`jiaji tcj òriscnp of Uoejrt (‐Iubj of Mkm`fn‛) frok =714.

Dp. Cjnljkmll, op. dnt. p. 563.[

R:> [Anmllolj (tok. nn. p. ==>-=51), Kurmtorn (Mltnquntmt. kjinn Ævn, tok. nnn. inssjrt.x`nv. p. >4:, >46), mli Ynrmeosdcn (Nstornm ij``m @jttjrmturm Ntm`nmlm) cmvj anvjl mlcnstorndm` mddoult of tcjsj pcysndnmls2 tcjnr kjindm` blow`jiaj mli prmdtndj kust ej`jft to our pcysndnmls.

R67 [Mt tcj jli of tcj Cnstornm Wmlijdtmruk of Cjlry Erjldbkmll (Yrmhjdtn miUcjluk, =155, nl 9to), tcj nlijfmtname`j mutcor cms nlsjrtji two inssjrtmtnols, ijUjpue`ndå Mkm`pcntmlå, mli ij Mkm`pcn m Wnsmlns inrjptå, wcndc mrj eun`t ol tcj

tjstnkolnjs of olj culirji mli forty wrntjrs. ^jt cj cms foraottjl two kost nkportmlt pmssmajs of tcj jkemssy of @nutprmli ( >6>), wcndc dokpmrj tcj trmij mli lmvnamtnolof Mkm`pcn wntc tcmt of Vjlndj.

R6=[

Zres @mtnn lol jst cåd ij`ntnosnor urej,Fruaneus mreorneus vnloquj rjiulimt2 jt ulij

Lol tnen pokm, ludjs, lol pu`dcrm pm`mtnm ijsult, Lol spjdnjs ku`njerns mejst proentmsquj vnroruk.(Au`nj`kus Mppuùs, `. nnn. p. 561.)





RNt cms ejjl dokkol`y kmnltmnlji tcmt tcj kjindm` sdcoo` of Tm`jrlo owji nts rnsjmli ijvjòpkjlt to Mrmend nlfùjldj. Ycns vnjw sjjks to ej knstmbjl2 iodukjlts

pue`nscji nl Ij Ujlzn„s Do``jdtno Tm`jrlntmlm (=3:5) sjjk ijdniji`y mamnlst nt. TjjKr. Umscim``„s Zlnvjrsntnjs nl tcj Knii`j Majs, vo`. n. p. 13 (dcmp. 4, p. 1: sqq. nsijvotji to Tm`jrlo). Kr. Umscim`` ns nld`nlji to dolljdt tcj rjvnvm` of kjindm` sdnjldj

nl tcj ==tc djltury mt Tm`jrlo wntc tcj survnvm` of tcj Arjjb `mlaumaj nl tcosjrjanols. Tm`jrlo wjlt emdb to Cnppodrmtjs nlijpjlijlt`y of Mrmenm2 mli nt wms wcjltcj Mrmend kjtcois nl kjindnlj ejdmkj popu`mr nl tcj =4tc djltury tcmt tcj Tm`jrlosdcoo` ijd`nlji.[

R65 [RMt tcj ejanllnla of tcj =5tc djlt. Orijrndus Vntm`ns ijsdrnejs tcj kjindm` sdcooòf Tm`jrlo ms jxnstnla me mltnquo tjkporj (Cnst. Jdd. nn., Eb. 4, == nl Knalj, Wmtr.@mt., vo`. =33, p. 567)2 sjj Umscim``, p. 11. Ycj p`mdj wms fmkous for nts pcysndnmls nltcj =7tc djlt., mli wj cmvj worbs of kjindm` wrntjrs of Tm`jrlo frok tcj jmr`y pmrt of tcj ==tc (j.a., Amrnopoltus). Ycj fu``jst mddoult of tcj sdcoo` ns Ij Ujlzn„s Ttornm

iodukjltmtm ij``m sduo`m kjindm in Tm`jrlo. Ycj sdcoo` wms fnrst rjdoalnsji eyFrjijrndb NN., wcosj jindt nl =54= mpponltji nt ms tcj jxmknlnla eoiy for dmlinimtjswco ijsnrji to oetmnl tcj roym` `ndjldj wcndc cj kmij dokpu`sory for tcj prmdtndj of kjindnlj.[

R64 [RNt wms m sdcoo` of iodtors, nl lo wmy rjsjke`nla m ulnvjrsnty. Ms Kr. Umscim`òesjrvjs (òd. dnt. p. 35)8 ‐Tm`jrlo rjkmnls m dokp`jtj`y nso`mtji fmdtor nl tcjmdmijknd po`nty of tcj Knii`j Majs. Qcn`j nts posntnol ms m sdcoo` of kjindnlj wms,for two djlturnjs mt `jmst, ms ulnquj ms tcmt of Wmrns nl Ycjoòay mli tcmt of Eoòalm nl@mw, wcn`j tcrouacout tcj Knii`j Majs lo sdcoo` of kjindnlj jxdjpt Koltpj``njr rnvm``ji nts fmkj, nt rjkmnlji wntcout nlfùjldj nl tcj ijvjòpkjlt of mdmijkndnlstntutnols.‛[

R69 [Kurmtorn dmrrnjs tcjnr mltnqunty meovj tcj yjmr (=766) of tcj ijmtc of Jiwmri tcjDolfjssor, tcj rjx Mlaòruk to wcok tcjy mrj miirjssji. Lor ns tcns imtj mffjdtji eytcj opnlnol, or rmtcjr knstmbj, of Wmsqunjr (Ujdcjrdcjs ij `m Frmldj, `. vnn. d. 5) mliIudmlaj (Aòssmr. @mtnl.). Ycj prmdtndj of rcyknla, ms jmr`y ms tcj sjvjltc djltury,wms eorrowji frok tcj `mlaumajs of tcj Lortc mli Jmst (Kurmtorn, Mltnquntmt. tok.nnn. inssjrt. x`. p. 636-173). RDolstmltnlj trmls`mtji tcj Mpcornsks of Cnppodrmtjs froktcj Mrmend vjrsnol, d. =737.[

R6: [Ycj ijsdrnptnol of Mkm`pcn, ey Qn``nmk tcj Mpu`nml (`. nnn. p. 561), doltmnlskudc trutc mli sokj pojtry2 mli tcj tcnri `nlj kmy ej mpp`nji to tcj smnòr„sdokpmss8’

Lu``m kmans òdup`js mrajlto, vjstneus, muroWmrtneus nllukjrns2 cåd pùrnkus urej kormtur

Lmutm kmrns dæ`nquj vnms mpjrnrj pjrntus.

Cud jt M`jxmlirn invjrsm fjrultur me urejUjans, jt Mltnodcn. Ajls cæd frjtm pùrnkm trmlsnt.Cns Rcnd[ Mrmejs, Nlin, Tndu`n lmsdultur jt Mfrn.

Cæd ajls jst totuk propj loen`ntmtm pjr orejk,Jt kjrdmlim fjrjls, jt mkmls kjrdmtm rjfjrrj.


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5=: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



R66 [@mtrodnlno mrknajroruk suoruk nl ku`tns sustjltmemtur, quoi qunijk mi jhusnaloknlnmk lol indnkus2 sji npso ntm prædnpnjltj micud vn`norm jt rjprjcjlsnen`normindturn R`ja. ij npso sdrnpturn[ sukus ut pùrneus pmtjsdmt qumk `meornosj jt dukqumltå muaustnå m profuliå pmupjrtmtj mi sukkuk du`kjl invntnmruk vj` colornsmttnajrnt. Tudc ns tcj prjfmdj of Km`mtjrrm (`. n. d. 5:) to tcj corsj-stjm`nla. Frok tcj

kokjlt (`. n. d. =>) tcmt cj cms kjltnolji cns pmtrol Uoajr, tcj jìjr erotcjr snlbsnlto tcj sjdoli dcmrmdtjr. Tokjtcnla snkn`mr nl Vj``jnus Wmtjrduùs kmy ej oesjrvjiof Muaustus mli Ynejrnus.

R61 [Iuo snen profndum ijputmls, mlnkæ sdn`ndjt jt dorporns, sn tjrrmk nio`ns ijintmkmi du`tuk invnluk rjvodmrjt (Am`frni Km`mtjrrm, `. nn. d. =). Ycj dolqujst of Tndn`y nsrj`mtji nl tcj tcrjj `mst eoobs, mli cj cnksj`f cms anvjl ml mddurmtj sukkmry of tcjdcmptjrs (p. :99-:96). RYcj Erjvns cnstornm `nejrmtnolnsKjssmlæ, prnltji nl Kurmtorn,Tdr. rjr. Nt. 6, p. 6=9 sqq., wcndc msdrnejs tcj dmpturj of Kjssnlm to tcns fnrst ijsdjlt of Uoajr, cms ejjl scowl ey Mkmrn to ej m doldodtnol of tcj =3tc djltury (Ttor. ijn

Kusu`kmln in Tndn`nm, nnn. :6). Kjssnlm wms tmbjl nl tcj fo`òwnla yjmr ’ =76=,Kmy.[

R63 [RYcj fortrjss of Djrmkn wms lot fmr frok Yronlm.[

R6> [Tjj tcj wori kn`ntjs nl tcj @mtnl Aòssmry of Iudmlaj.

R17 [Of oii pmrtndu`mrs, N `jmrl frok Km`mtjrrm tcmt tcj Mrmes cmi nltroiudji nltoTndn`y tcj usj of dmkj`s (`. n. d. 44) mli of dmrrnjr pnajols (d. 95), mli tcmt tcj entj of tcj tmrmltu`m provobjs m wnliy insposntnol, quæ pjr mluk nlcoljstj drjpntmliojkjrant8 m sykptok kost rninduòus`y fj`t ey tcj wco`j Lorkml mrky nl tcjnr dmkp

ljmr Wm`jrko (d. 46). N scm`` mii ml jtykoòay lot ulwortcy of tcj j`jvjltc djltury8 Kjssmlm ns ijrnvji frok Kjssns, tcj p`mdj frok wcjldj tcj cmrvjsts of tcj ns`j wjrjsjlt nl trneutj to Uokj (`. nn. d. =).

R1= [Tjj tcj dmpntu`mtnol of Wm`jrko nl Km`mtjrrm, `. nn. d. 9:, mli Anmllolj, wcorjkmrbs tcj ajljrm` to`jrmtnol of tcj Tmrmdjls (tok. nn. p. 15).

R15 [Hocl @jo Mfjr, ij Kjindns jt Wcnòsopcns Mrmeneus, d. =9, mpui Fmernd. Ene`not.Aræd. tok. xnnn. p. 513, 51>. Ycns pcnòsopcjr ns lmkji Jssjrnpc Jssmdcm``n, mli cjinji nl Mfrndm, m.c. :=6 ’ ==55. ^jt tcns story ejmrs m strmlaj rjsjke`mldj to tcj

Tcjrnf m` Jirnssn, wco prjsjltji cns eoob (Ajoarmpcnm Luenjlsns, sjj prjfmdj, p. 33,>7, =17) to Uoajr bnla of Tndn`y, m.c. :93 ’ ==:4 (i„Cjrejòt, Ene`notcãqujOrnjltm`j, p. 1362 Wrnijmux„s @nfj of Kmcokjt, p. =332 Wjtnt ij `m Dronx, Cnst. ijAjlansdml, p. :4:, :462 Dmsnrn, Ene`not. Mrme. Cnspml. tok. nn. p. >-=4), mli N mk mfrmniof sokj knstmbj.

R14 [Km`mtjrrm rjkmrbs tcj foulimtnol of tcj enscoprnds (`. nv. d. 1) mli proiudjs tcjornanlm` of tcj eu`` (`. nv. d. 5>). Anmllolj anvjs m rmtnolm` nijm of tcns prnvn`jaj, mlitcj trneulm` of tcj kolmrdcy of Tndn`y (tok. nn. p. >:-=75)2 mli Tt. Kmrd (Merîaî, tok.nnn. p. 5=1-47=, nst doùkl) `meours tcj dmsj wntc tcj in`najldj of m Tndn`nml `mwyjr.







(Kurmtorn, Tdrnptorjs, tok. v. p. 513). N cmvj jlijmvourji to rjdoldn`j tcjsjrjdbolnlas.

R35 [Ycj Ntnljrmry of Hjrusm`jk (p. 67>, jint. Qjssj`nla) anvjs m truj mli rjmsolme`jspmdj of m tcousmli stminm, or olj culirji kn`js, wcndc ns strmlaj`y ioue`ji ey

Ttrmeo (`. vn. p. 944 R4, § 3[) mli W`nly (Cnst. Lmtur. nnn. =6).

R34 [W`nly (Cnst. Lmt. nnn. 6, =6) m`òws qunlqumanltm kn``nm for tcns erjvnssnkusdursus, mli marjjs wntc tcj rjm` instmldj frok Otrmlto to @m Vm`òlm, or Muòl(i„Mlvn``j, Mlm`ysj ij `m Dmrtj ijs Dùtjs ij `m Arãdj, &d. p. 4-6). Cjrko`musEmremrus, wco suestntutjs djltuk (Cmriunl, Lot. `xvn. nl W`nl. `. nnn.), knact cmvj ejjldorrjdtji ey jvjry Vjljtnml pnòt wco cmi smn`ji out of tcj au`f.

R39 [RDorfu, of doursj, ns lot m dorruptnol of Bjrbyrm, eut ns tcj kjinævm` Arjjb lmkjΘούϊ?ό, wcndc, ornanlm``y mpp`nji to tcj cn``-towl (θούϊ?ά), wms jxtjliji to

ijsnalmtj tcj ns`mli.[

R3: [Nlfmkjs sdopuòs Mdrodjrmulnm, Cormt. dmrk. n. 4. Ycj prædnpntjk Mfrndukijdjrtmltjk Mqunòlneus jt rmenjk Lotn, mli tcj kolstrm lmtmltnm of tcj Mirnmtnd, mrjsokjwcmt jl`mraji2 eut Cormdj trjke`nla for tcj `nfj of Vnran` ns ml nltjrjstnlakokjlt nl tcj cnstory of pojtry mli frnjliscnp.

R36 [Ωώ?λ ι? κ?υ ω?λ χόδώλν ν?ωοϊ? ??ϊεύξτΠλωώλ (M`jxnms, `. nv. p. =76 Rd. 5[). ^jttcj Lorkmls scmvji, mli tcj Vjljtnmls worj tcjnr ejmris2 tcjy kust cmvj ijrniji tcjlo-ejmri of Eocjkoli8 ml cmrsc nltjrprjtmtnol! (Iudmlaj. Lot. mi M`jxnmi. p. 534).

R31 [Kurmtorn (Mllm`n i„Ntm`nm, tok. nx. p. =46, =41) oesjrvjs tcmt sokj mutcors(Wjtrus Inmdol. Dcrol. Dmsnljl. `. nnn. d. 9>) dokposj tcj Arjjb mrky of =17,777kjl, eut tcmt tcj culirji kmy ej strudb off, mli tcmt Km`mtjrrm rjdbols ol`y 17,7778m s`nact nlmttjltnol. Ycj pmssmaj to wcndc cj m`ùijs ns nl tcj Dcrolnd`j of @upusWrotospmtm (Tdrnpt. Ntm`. tok. v. p. 9:). Km`mtjrrm (`. nv. d. 51) spjmbs nl cnac, eutnlijfnlntj, tjrks of tcj jkpjror, duk dopnns nllukjrmen`neus2 `nbj tcj Mpu`nml pojt (`.nv. p. 515).Korj òdustmruk koltjs jt p`mlm tjaultur.

R33 [Tjj Qn``nmk of Km`kjseury, ij Ajstns Mlaòruk, `. nn. p. >5. M`jxnus fnijkMlaòruk susdnpnjls prædnpuns fmkn`nmrntmtneus suns jos mpp`ndmemt, mkorjk joruk

fn`no trmlsdrnejls. Orijrndus Vntm`ns (Cnst. Jdd`js. `. nv. p. :73, `. vnn. p. 69=) rj`mtjstcjnr jknarmtnol frok Jla`mli, mli tcjnr sjrvndj nl Arjjdj.

R3> [Tjj tcj Mpu`nml, `. n. p. 5:6. Ycj dcmrmdtjr mli story of tcjsj Kmlndcæmls cms ejjl tcj suehjdt of tcj `nvtc dcmptjr.

R>7 [Tjj tcj snkp`j mli kmstjr`y lmrrmtnvj of Dæsmr cnksj`f (Dokkjlt. ij Ej``.Dnvn`. nnn. 9=-1:). Nt ns m pnty tcmt ]unltus Ndn`nus (K. Aunsdcmri) ini lot `nvj to mlm`ysjtcjsj opjrmtnols, ms cj cms iolj tcj dmkpmnals of Mfrndm mli Tpmnl.

R>= [ΧΠββνυ ?ββα θ?λ ΰ? ?γάλα RMllm Dokl. nv. d. 6[, wcndc ns vjry propjr`y

trmls`mtji ey tcj prjsnijlt Dousnl (Cnst. ij Dolstmltnlop`j, tok. nv. p. =4= nl =5ko),qun dokemttont dokkj ulj Wm``ms, quonqu„j``j lj fòt pms mussn smvmltj quj dj``j





i„Mtcãljs. Ycj Arjdnml aoiijss wms dokposji of two insdorimlt dcmrmdtjrs, of Ljntc, tcj worbwokml of Tmns nl Jaypt, mli of m vnranl Mkmzol of tcj Yrntolnml@mbj nl @neym (Emlnjr, Kytcoòanj, tok. nv. p. =-4= nl =5ko).

R>5 [Mllm Dokljlm (`. nv. p. ==6 Rd. 6[) miknrjs, wntc sokj ijarjj of tjrror, cjr

kmsdu`nlj vnrtujs. Ycjy wjrj korj fmkn`nmr to tcj @mtnls2 mli, tcouac tcj Mpu`nml (`.nv. p. 514) kjltnols cjr prjsjldj mli cjr wouli, cj rjprjsjlts cjr ms fmr `jss nltrjpni.

Zxor nl cod ej`ò Uoejrtn fortj smanttå]uåimk `æsm funt2 quo vu`ljrj tjrrntm lu``mkIuk spjrmemt opjk sj pŔlj suejajrmt costn.

Ycj `mst ns ml ulùdby wori for m fjkm`j prnsoljr.

R>4 [?χ? ωα?υ Rΰκω?[ ωοϊ? ?οΰχΫύωοϊ χύοαδατνΰΫλαυ ΰΠραυ, δξλότθώλ ω?λ χύόωαλ

θνω? ωώ?λ ?λνλωίώλ ?χχντίνλ ωώ?λ Θκβωώ?λ ?λϋχοξτωολ (Mllm, `. v. p. =44 Rd. 4[),mli j`sjwcjrj θν? δ?ύ ΘΫβωου ?λ?ύ χν?υ ?χοροϋΰκλου ΰ?λ ?λπχοξτωου ω?λ ?ύΰ?λ θν?ω?λ γΫνλ ?τωίλ (p. =97 Rd. 6[). Ycj pjimltry of tcj prnldjss nl tcj dcondj of d`mssndmppj``mtnols jldourmaji Iudmlaj to mpp`y to cns doultrykjl tcj dcmrmdtjrs of tcjmldnjlt Amu`s.

R>9 [@upus Wrotospmtm (tok. nnn. p. 9:) smys 67772 Qn``nmk tcj Mpu`nml korj tcml:777 (`. nv. p. 514). Ycjnr koijsty ns snlau`mr mli `muime`j8 tcjy knact wntc so `ntt`jtroue`j cmvj s`mnl two or tcrjj kyrnmis of sdcnskmtnds mli nlfnij`s!

R>: [Ycj Uokmls cmi dcmlaji tcj nlmuspndnous lmkj of Jpn-imklus to Iyrrmdcnuk

(W`nl. nnn. 56), mli tcj vuàmr dorruptnol of Iurmdnuk (sjj Km`mtjrrm) eorj sokjmffnlnty to cmriljss. Olj of Uoejrt„s lmkjs wms Iurmli, m iurmlio8 Woor wnt!(Mèjrnd. Kolmdc. nl Dcrol. mpui Kurmtorn, Mllm`n i„Ntm`nm, tok. nx. p. =41).

R>6 [Εύοϋροϊυ θν? ?θύίινυ κRJintor8 N``jane`j @mtnl dcmrmdtjr[χκλ ?λ ωξυ ν?ωο?υ Rω?λ[χνωΫύν θν? Rω?λ[ ϊ?πλ (Mllm, `. n. p. 4: Rd. =9[). Ey tcjsj snkn`js, so inffjrjlt froktcosj of Cokjr, scj wnscjs to nlspnrj doltjkpt ms wj`` ms corror for tcj `ntt`j loxnousmlnkm`, m dolqujror. Kost ulfortulmtj`y, tcj dokkol sjlsj, or dokkol lolsjlsj, of kmlbnli rjsnsts cjr ̀ muime`j ijsnal.

R>1[Wroinnt cåd mudtor Yrohmlæ d`mins Mdcn``js.Ycj supposntnol of tcj Mpu`nml (`. v. p.51:) kmy ej jxdusji ey tcj korj d`mssnd pojtry of Vnran` (Æljni NN. =>1), @mrnssæusMdcn``js, eut nt ns lot hustnfnji ey tcj ajoarmpcy of Cokjr.

R>3 [Ycj ωώ?λ χκιίβώλ χύοΠβΰνων, wcndc nldukejrji tcj blnacts ol foot, cmvj ejjlnalormlt`y trmls`mtji spurs (Mllm Dokljlm, M`jxnms `. v. p. =97 Rd. 6[). Iudmlaj cmsjxp`mnlji tcj truj sjlsj ey m rninduòus mli nldolvjlnjlt fmscnol, wcndc `mstji froktcj xntc to tcj xvtc djltury. Ycjsj pjmbs, nl tcj fork of m sdorpnol, wjrj sokjtnkjstwo fjjt, mli fmstjlji to tcj bljj wntc m sn`vjr dcmnl.

R>> [Ycj jpnst`j ntsj`f (M`jxnms, `. nnn. p. >4, >9, >: Rd. =7[) wj`` ijsjrvjs to ej rjmi.

Ycjrj ns olj jxprjssnol, ?τωύοχΫβκθϊλ ικικΰΫλολ ΰκω? ρύϊτν?ίοϊ, wcndc Iudmlajiojs lot ulijrstmli2 N cmvj jlijmvourji to aropj out m to`jrme`j kjmlnla2 ρύϊτΠ?ξολ,


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5=> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



ns m aoìjl drowl2 ?τωύοχΫβκθϊυ, ns jxp`mnlji ey Tnkol Wortnus (nl @jxndo Arædo-Emremr.) ey θκύνϊλπυ, χύατωάύ, m f`msc of `nactlnla. RCjnljkmll cms scowl tcmt tcns`jttjr rjmdcji Cjlry NV. mt Uokj nl Hulj, =73= (op. dnt. p. 4>6-3). Ycj jkemssy nskjltnolji nl Ejlzo„s Wmljayrndus rcytckndus, proeme`y dokposji mt jli of =73=(prnltji nl Wjrtz, Kol. xn. p. :>= sqq.).[

R=77 [For tcjsj ajljrm` jvjlts N kust rjfjr to tcj ajljrm` cnstornmls Tnaolnus,Emrolnus, Kurmtorn, Koscjnk, Tt. Kmrd, &d.

R=7= [Ycj `nvjs of Arjaory VNN. mrj jntcjr `jajlis or nlvjdtnvjs (Tt. Kmrd, Merîaî,tok. nnn. p. 54:, &d.), mli cns knrmduòus or kmandm` pjrforkmldjs mrj m`nbj nldrjine`jto m koijrl rjmijr. Cj wn``, ms usum`, fnli sokj nlstrudtnol nl @j D`jrd (Vnj ijCnìjermli, Ene`not. mldnjllj jt koijrlj, tok. vnnn.) mli kudc mkusjkjlt nl Emy`j(Indtnollmnrj Drntnquj, Arîaonrj VNN.). Ycmt popj wms uliouetji`y m arjmt kml, msjdoli Mtcmlmsnus, nl m korj fortulmtj maj of tcj dcurdc. Kmy N prjsukj to mii tcmt

tcj portrmnt of Mtcmlmsnus ns olj of tcj pmssmajs of ky cnstory (vo`. nnn. p. 415 sqq.),wntc wcndc N mk tcj `jmst inssmtnsfnji? RYcj prjsjlt djltury cms proiudji mljlorkous Cnìjermlinlj `ntjrmturj. Ycj pnoljjr worb wms tcmt of Hocmlljs Vonat nl=3=:2 Cnìjermli m`s Wmpst Arjaor VNN. uli sjnl Xjntm`tjr. Ycj Wrotjstmlt mutcor rjprjsjltji Arjaory nl tcj `nact of m rjforkjr. Vonat„s worb `ji to ml Jla`nsckoloarmpc ey H. Q. Eowijl8 Ycj @nfj mli Woltnfndmtj of Arjaory VNN. =397.Tpörjr„s stuiy nl 1 vo`s. mppjmrji 57 yjmrs `mtjr (Wmpst Arjaornus VNN. uli sjnlXjntm`tjr, =3:>-6=).[

R=75 [Mllm, wntc tcj rmldour of m Arjjb sdcnskmtnd, dm``s cnk R?[ θνωΠχωϊτωουοRJintor8 n``jane`j @mtnl dcmrmdtjr[ωου ΧΠχνυ (`. n. p. 45 Rd. =4[), m popj, or prnjst,wortcy to ej spnt upol2 mli mddusjs cnk of sdouranla, scmvnla, pjrcmps of dmstrmtnla,tcj mkemssmiors of Cjlry (p. 4=, 44). Eut tcns outrmaj ns nkproeme`j mli iouetfu`(sjj tcj sjlsne`j prjfmdj of Dousnl).

R=74[

Tnd ulo tjkporj vndtnTult tjrræ Ioknln iuo8 rjx M`jkmllndus nstj,Nkpjrnn rjdtor Uokmln kmxnkus n``j.M`tjr mi mrkm rujls mrkns supjrmtur2 jt m`tjr

Loknlns muintn so`å forkninlj djssnt.

Nt ns snlau`mr jlouac tcmt tcj Mpu`nml, m @mtnl, scouì instnlaunsc tcj Arjjb ms tcjru`jr of tcj Uokml jkpnrj (`. nv. p. 519).

R=79 [Ycj lmrrmtnvj of Km`mtjrrm (`. nnn. d. 41, p. :31, :33) ns mutcjltnd, dnrdukstmltnm`,mli fmnr. Iux naljk jxd`mkmls urej nldjlså, &d. Ycj Mpu`nml softjls tcj knsdcnjf (nlij quneusimk æineus jxustns), wcndc ns mamnl jxmaajrmtji nl sokj pmrtnm`Dcrolnd`js (Kurmtorn, Mllm`n, tok. nx. p. =91).

R=7: [Mftjr kjltnolnla tcns ijvmstmtnol, tcj Hjsunt Iolmtus (ij Uokå vjtjrn jt lovå, `.nv. d. 3, p. 93>) prjttn`y miis, Iurmrjt coinjquj nl DŔ`no koltj nltjrquj npsuk jt





Dmpnto`nuk knsjrmen`ns fmdnjs prostrmtæ urens, lnsn nl cortoruk vnljtorukqujmkŔlntmtjk Uokm rjsurrjxnssjt ut pjrpjtuå vnrnintmtj doltjajrjt vu`ljrm jt runlmssums.

R=76 [Ycj roym`ty of Uoejrt, jntcjr proknsji or ejstowji ey tcj popj (Mllm, `. n. p.

45 Rd. =4[), ns suffndnjlt`y dolfnrkji ey tcj Mpu`nml (`. nv. p. 517).

Uokmln rjaln snen proknsnssj dorolmkWmpm fjrjemtur.

Lor dml N ulijrstmli wcy Arjtsjr, mli tcj otcjr pmpm` mivodmtjs, scouì ejinsp`jmsji wntc tcns ljw nlstmldj of mposto`nd hurnsindtnol.

R=71 [Tjj Cokjr, N`nmi E (N cmtj tcns pjimltnd koij of quotmtnol ey tcj `jttjrs of tcjArjjb m`pcmejt), 31, &d. Cns ejjs mrj tcj nkmaj of m insorijr`y drowi2 tcjnr insdnp`nlj

mli pue`nd worbs sjjk to ej tcj nijms of m `mtjr maj (Vnran`, Æljni, `. n.).

R=73 [Au`nj`k. Mppuùs, `. v. p. 516. Ycj miknrme`j port of Eruliusnuk wms ioue`j2tcj outwmri cmreour wms m au`f dovjrji ey ml ns`mli, mli lmrrownla ey ijarjjs, tn`` ntdokkulndmtji ey m skm`` au``jt wntc tcj nlljr cmreour, wcndc jkermdji tcj dnty ol

eotc snijs. Dæsmr mli lmturj cmvj `meourji for nts runl2 mli mamnlst sudc majlts, wcmtmrj tcj fjje`j jfforts of tcj Ljmpo`ntml aovjrlkjlt? (Twnleurlj„s Yrmvj`s nl tcj twoTndn`njs, vo`. n. p. 439-4>7).

R=7> [RYcj aoìjl Eu`` ns prnltji nl Ymfj` mli Ycokms, Zrbulijl zur é`tjrjlCmlij`s- uli Ttmmtsajsdcndctj ijr Ujpue`nb Vjljinas, nl Foltjs rjr. Must. nn. =5, Lo.

54.[

R==7 [Qn``nmk of Mpu`nm (`. v. p. 516) ijsdrnejs tcj vndtory of tcj Lorkmls, mliforajts tcj two prjvnous ijfjmts, wcndc mrj in`najlt`y rjdoriji ey Mllm Dokljlm (`.vn. p. =:>, =67, =6= Rd. :[). Nl cjr turl, scj nlvjlts or kmalnfnjs m fourtc mdtnol, toanvj tcj Vjljtnmls rjvjlaj mli rjwmris. Ycjnr owl fjj`nlas wjrj fmr inffjrjlt, snldjtcjy ijposji tcjnr ioaj, proptjr jxdninuk sto`n (Imliuùs nl Dcrol. nl Kurmtorn,Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. xnn. p. 59>).

R=== [Ycj kost mutcjltnd wrntjrs, Qn``nmk of Mpu`nm (`. v. 511), Hjffrjy Km`mtjrrm (`.

nnn. d. 9=, p. :3>), mli Uokumì of Tm`jrlo (Dcrol. nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`.tok. vnn.), mrj nalormlt of tcns drnkj so mppmrjlt to our doultrykjl Qn``nmk of Km`kjseury (`. nnn. p. =71) mli Uoajr ij Covjijl (p. 1=7 nl Tdrnpt. post Ejimk), mlitcj `mttjr dml tj`` cow tcj hust M`jxnus kmrrnji, drowlji, mli eurlt m`nvj cns fjkm`jmddokp`ndj. Ycj Jla`nsc cnstornml ns nlijji so e`nli tcmt cj rmlbs Uoejrt Aunsdmri, or Qnsdmri, mkola tcj blnacts of CjlryN. wco msdjliji tcj tcrolj fnftjjl yjmrs mftjr tcjiubj of Mpu`nm„s ijmtc. RQcjl cj inji, Uoejrt wms ol tcj ponlt of smn`nla toDjpcmòlnm, eut cj ini lot inj nl tcj ns`mli. Cj inji (wcjrj cj cmi kmij cns wnltjr qumrtjrs) mt Eulindnm ol tcj rnvjr A`ybys, ol tcj domst of Jpnrus. Cjnljkmll (op. dnt.

p. 97=-4) trjmts tcj qujstnol nl ml mdutj mppjlinx, mli kmbjs nt proeme`j tcmt tcnsA`ybys ns to ej dolljdtji wntc tcj Δβϊθ?υ βξΰάλ, tcj lmkj anvjl ey Ttrmeo to tcj emynlto wcndc tcj Mdcjrol fòws ’ low dm``ji tcj emy of Wcmlmrn. Cj dolhjdturjs tcmt





Eulindnm ns tcj mldnjlt Wmliosnm. Ycj Dcrolndol erjvj Lortkmllnduk, sue mll.,

stmtjs tcmt Aunsdmri inji nl Dmssnopn mli Uokumì of Tm`jrlo smys mpui nlsu`mk

Dmssnopmk2 cjldj nt cms ejjl supposji tcmt tcj p`mdj wms Dmssnopj, ol tcj lortc snijof tcj ns`mli of Dorfu. Cjnljkmll wouì dolljdt ‐Dmssnopm‛ wntc Dmssopnm nl Jpnrus.Ycj stmtjkjlt tcmt cj inji nl Djpcmòlnm ns iuj to Mllm Dokljlm (vn. 6) mli Mlol.

Emr. sue mll., eut ns nrrjdoldn`jme`j wntc tcj rjst of tcj story.[

R==5 [Ycj hoyfu` Mllm Dokljlm sdmttjrs sokj fòwjrs ovjr tcj armvj of ml jljky(M`jxnmi. `. vn. p. =65-=66 Rd. 6, 1[), mli cns ejst prmnsj ns tcj jstjjk mli jlvy of Qn``nmk tcj Dolqujror, tcj sovjrjnal of cns fmkn`y. Arædnm (smys Km`mtjrrm) costneusrjdjijltneus `nejrm `ætm qunjvnt8 Mpu`nm totm snvj Dm`mernm turemtur.

R==4[Zres Vjlusnlm lntjt tmltns ijdormtm sjpu`dcrns,ns olj of tcj `mst `nljs of tcjMpu`nml„s pojk (`. v. p. 513). Qn``nmk of Km`kjseury (`. nnn. p. =71) nlsjrts ml jpntmpcol Aunsdmri, wcndc ns lot wortc trmlsdrnenla.

R==9 [^jt Cormdj cmi fjw oe`namtnols to Vjlusnm8 cj wms dmrrnji to Uokj nl cnsdcnìcooi (Tjrk. n. 6), mli cns rjpjmtji m`ùsnols to tcj iouetfu` `nknt of Mpu`nm mli@udmlnm (Dmrk. nnn. 92 Tjrk. nn. =) mrj ulwortcy of cns maj mli ajlnus.

R==: [Tjj Anmllolj (tok. nn. p. 33->4) mli tcj cnstornmls of tcj fnrst drusmij.

R==6 [Ycj rjnal of Uoajr, mli tcj Lorkml bnlas of Tndn`y, fn``s four eoobs of tcjNstornm Dnvn`j of Anmllolj (tok. nn. `. xn.-xnv. p. =46-497), mli ns sprjmi ovjr tcj lnltcmli tjltc voùkjs of tcj Ntm`nml Mllm`s of Kurmtorn. Nl tcj Ene`notcãquj Ntm`nquj (tok.n. p. =1:-555) N fnli ml usjfu` mestrmdt of Dmpjdj`mtro, m koijrl Ljmpo`ntml, wco cms

dokposji, nl two voùkjs, tcj cnstory of cns doultry frok Uoajr N. to Frjijrnd NN.nldùsnvj. RYcj oì do``jdtnol of mutcorntnjs for Tndn`nml cnstory ey Fmzj`ùs (=:1>) wmsrjnssuji mt Dmtmlnm nl =19>-:5. Ycj Ljmpo`ntml do``jdtnol of A. Ij` Uj nl 5 vo`s. (sjj

ejòw, lotj ==3) nldùijs sokj Tndn`nmls. Tokj dcrolnd`js wrnttjl nl tcj Tndn`nmltolauj wjrj do``jdtji ey Vnldjlzo ij„ Anovmlln mli pue`nscji nl =36: (DrolmdcjTndn`nmlj ijn sjdo`n xnnn.-xnv. d. xv.).[

R==1 [Mddorinla to tcj tjstnkoly of Wcn`nstus mli Inoiorus, tcj tyrmlt Inolysnus of Tyrmdusj douì kmnltmnl m stmlinla fordj of =7,777 corsj, =77,777 foot, mli 977am``jys. Dokpmrj Cukj (Jssmys, vo`. n. p. 563, 94:) mli cns mivjrsmry Qm``mdj

(Lukejrs of Kmlbnli, p. 476, 471). Ycj runls of Marnajltuk mrj tcj tcjkj of jvjrytrmvj``jr, i„Orvn``j, Ujnijsj`, Twnleurlj, &d.

R==3 [M doltjkpormry cnstornml of tcj mdts of Uoajr, frok tcj yjmr ==51 to ==4:,foulis cns tnt`j ol kjrnt mli powjr, tcj dolsjlt of tcj emrols, mli tcj mldnjlt roym`tyof Tndn`y mli Wm`jrko, wntcout nltroiudnla Wopj Mlmd`jtus (M`jxmli. DŔloennYj`jsnln Meemtns ij Ujeus ajstns Ujans Uoajrnn, `ne. nv. nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. UjrukNtm`. tok. v. p. 671-69: Rprnltji, wntc Ntm`nml trmls`mtnol, nl Ij` Uj„s Drolnstn jsdrnttorn snldroln Lmpo`ntmln, vo`. n. p. 3: sqq. (=39:)[).

R==> [Ycj bnlas of Frmldj, Jla`mli, Tdot`mli, Dmstn`j, Mrrmaol, Lmvmrrj, Twjijl,Ijlkmrb, mli Culamry. Ycj tcrjj fnrst wjrj korj mldnjlt tcml Dcmr`jkmalj2 tcj









R=97 [Nl cns wntc eoob, Dnllmkus ijsdrnejs tcj Vjljtnml wmr, wcndc Lndjtms cms lottcouact wortcy of cns mttjltnol. Ycj Ntm`nml mddoults, wcndc io lot smtnsfy our durnosnty, mrj rjportji ey tcj mllm`nst Kurmtorn, ulijr tcj yjmrs ==1=, &d.

R=9= [Ycns vndtory ns kjltnolji ey Uokumì of Tm`jrlo (nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ntm`. tok.

vnn. p. =>3). Nt ns wcnksndm` jlouac tcmt nl tcj prmnsj of tcj bnla of Tndn`y Dnllmkus (`.nv. d. =4, p. >1, >3) ns kudc wmrkjr mli korj dopnous tcml Fm`dmlius (p. 563, 517).Eut tcj Arjjb ns foli of ijsdrnptnol, mli tcj @mtnl cnstornml ns lot foli of Qn``nmk tcjEmi.

R=95 [For tcj jpnst`j of Qn``nmk N. sjj Dnllmkus (`. nv. d. =:, p. =7=, =75) mli Lndjtms(`. nn. d. 3). Nt ns inffndu`t to mffnrk wcjtcjr tcjsj Arjjbs ijdjnvji tcjksj`vjs, or tcj

pue`nd, nl tcjsj f`mttjrnla portrmnts of tcj armlijur of tcj jkpnrj.

R=94 [N dml ol`y quotj of ornanlm` jvnijldj, tcj poor dcrolnd`js of Tndmri of Drjkolm

(p. 674), mli of Fossm Lovm (p. 31:), ms tcjy mrj pue`nscji nl tcj vnntc tokj of Kurmtorn„s cnstornmls. Ycj bnla of Tndn`y sjlt cns troops doltrm ljquntnmk Mlirolndn . .. mi mdqunrjliuk nkpjrnuk D. W. Ycjy wjrj dmptn mut dolfusn . . . ijdjptn dmptnquj, eyNsmmd.

R=99 [Ey tcj fmnùrj of Dnllmkus, wj mrj low rjiudji to Lndjtms (nl Mlirolndo, `. n.d. 1, 3, >, `. nn. d. n. nl Nsmmd. Mlajò, `. n. d. =-9), wco low ejdokjs m rjspjdtme`jdoltjkpormry. Ms cj survnvji tcj jkpjror mli tcj jkpnrj, cj ns meovj f`mttjry2 euttcj fm`` of Dolstmltnlop`j jxmspjrmtji cns prjhuindjs mamnlst tcj @mtnls. For tcjcolour of `jmrlnla N scm`` oesjrvj tcmt Cokjr„s arjmt Dokkjltmtor, Justmtcnus,mrdcenscop of Ycjssmòlndm, rjfusji to ijsjrt cns fòdb. RFor Justmtcnus mli cns worb

ol tcj snjaj of Ycjssmòlndm sjj vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6.[

R=9: [Ycj Cnstornm Tndu`m of Cuao Fm`dmlius, wcndc propjr`y jxtjlis frok ==:9 to==6>, ns nlsjrtji nl tcj vnntc voùkj of Kurmtorn„s Do``jdtnol (tok. vnn. p. 5:>-499),mli prjdjiji ey ml jòqujlt prjfmdj or jpnst`j (p. 5:=-5:3) ij Dm`mkntmtneus Tndn`næ.RUj-jintji ey Ij` Uj nl Drolnstn j sdrnttorn snldroln lmpo`jtmln, =39:.[ Fm`dmlius cms

ejjl sty`ji tcj Ymdntus of Tndn`y2 mli, mftjr m hust eut nkkjlsj memtjkjlt, frok tcjfnrst to tcj twj`ftc djltury, frok m sjlmtor to m kolb, N wouì lot strnp cnk of cns tnt`j8cns lmrrmtnvj ns rmpni mli pjrspnduous, cns sty`j eoì mli j`jamlt, cns oesjrvmtnol bjjl2cj cmi stuinji kmlbnli, mli fjj`s `nbj m kml. N dml ol`y rjarjt tcj lmrrow mli emrrjl

fnjì ol wcndc cns `meours cmvj ejjl dmst. RDp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6. For tcj cnstory of Tndn`y frok tcj mddjssnol of Qn``nmk tcj Emi to ==11 sjj F. Co`zmdc, Inj muswértnajWo`ntnb ijs Bölnarjndcs Tndn`njl ==:9-==11 (=3>5).[

R=96 [Ycj `meornous Ejljindtnljs (`„Mrt ij vîrnfnjr `js Imtjs, p. 3>6) mrj of opnlnoltcmt tcj truj lmkj of Fm`dmlius ns Fu`dmlius, or Foudmu`t. Mddorinla to tcjk, CuaujsFoudmu`t, m Frjldckml ey enrtc, mli mt `jlatc meeot of Tt. Ijlys, cmi fo`òwji nltoTndn`y cns pmtrol Ttjpcjl ij `m Wjrdcj, uld`j to tcj kotcjr of Qn``nmk NN. mrdcenscopof Wm`jrko, mli arjmt dcmldj`òr of tcj bnlaiok. ^jt Fm`dmlius cms m`` tcj fjj`nlas of m Tndn`nml2 mli tcj tnt`j of Mùklus (wcndc cj ejstows ol cnksj`f) mppjmrs to nlindmtjtcmt cj wms eorl, or mt `jmst jiudmtji, nl tcj ns`mli. RTjj vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6.[





R=91 [Fm`dmli, p. 474. Undcmri ij Tt. Ajrkmlo ejanls cns cnstory frok tcj ijmtc mli prmnsjs of Qn``nmk NN. Mftjr sokj ulkjmlnla jpntcjts, cj tcus doltnlujs8 @jans jt hustntnæ du`tus tjkporj suo vnajemt nl rjalo2 suå jrmt qun`nejt sortj doltjltus (wjrjtcjy kortm`s?)2 uenquj pmx, uenquj sjdurntms, ljd `mtroluk kjtujemt vnmtor nlsninms,ljd kmrns lmutm offjlindu`m pnrmtmruk (Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`. tok. vnn. p. >6>).

R=93 [Dolstmltnm, prnkns m dulmeu`ns nl ij`ndnmruk tumruk mffùjltnå inutnus jiudmtm,tunsquj nlstntutns Rnlstntutm[, iodtrnlns jt korneus nlforkmtm, tmlijk opneus tunsEmremros ij`mturm Rintmturm[ insdjssnt2 jt luld duk nlajltneus dopnns R. . .[ rjvjrtntur, ut

pu`dcjrrnkm Rpu`dcjrrnkæ[ lutrndns orlmkjltm R. . .[ emremrndå fŔintmtj doltmknljt . . .Nltujrn kncn hmk vnijor tureu`jltms emremroruk mdnjs . . . dnvntmtjs opu`jltms jt òdminuturlå pmdj fòrjltnm, kjtu doldutjrj, dæij vmstmrj, rmpnlns mttjrjrj, jt fŔimrjùxurnå8 Roddurrult[ cnld dnvjs mut Rrjsnstjlio[ a`minns nltjrdjptn, mut R. . .[ sjrvntutjijprjmsn Rn``nld[, vnranljs R. . .[ dolstuprmtæ, kmtrolæ, &d. Rp. 5:4-9[.

R=9> [Djrtj sn rjajk Rsnen[ lol iuenæ vnrtutns j`jajrnlt, ljd m Tmrmdjlns DcrnstnmlnR`ja. m Dcrnstnmlns Tmrmdjln[ inssjltnmlt, potjrnt rjx drjmtus rjeus `ndjt qumsn ijspjrmtnsjt Rfjrj[ pjrintns suevjlnrj, jt nldursus costnuk, sn pruijltjr jajrnt, propu`smrj.

R=:7 [Nl Mpu`ns, qun, sjkpjr lovntmtj amuijltjs, lovmruk rjruk stuinns maultur, lncn`mrentror spjn mut fniudnæ rjpoljliuk.

R=:= [Tn dnvnuk tuoruk vnrtutjk jt muimdnmk mttjlims, . . . kuroruk jtnmk mkentukijlsns turrneus dnrduksjptuk.

R=:5 [Duk druij`ntmtj pnrmtndå Ycjutoluk dolf`namt mtrodntms, jt nltjr mkeustos

`mpnijs, jt Ætclæ f`marmltns nldjlinm, &d.

R=:4 [Jmk pmrtjk, qumk loen`nssnkmruk dnvntmtuk fuàor n`ùstrmt, quæ jt totn rjalosnlau`mrn kjrunt prnvn`jano præjknljrj, ljfmrnuk jssjt . . . vj` emremroruk nlarjssu

po`ùn. N wnsc to trmlsdrnej cns fòrni, eut durnous, ijsdrnptnol of tcj pm`mdj, dnty, mliùxurnmlt p`mnl of Wm`jrko.

R=:9 [Vnrjs lol suppjtult, jt dolmtus tuos tmk nlopnm dnvnuk, qumk pmudntms ej``mtoruk j`niult.

R=:: [Mt vjro, qunm inffndn`j jst Dcrnstnmlos nl tmlto rjruk turenlj, sue`mto rjanstnkorj Tmrmdjlos lol opprnkjrj, sn Tmrmdjln R. . .[ nlhurnns fmtnamtn me jns dŔpjrnltinssnijrj, jt dmstj``m fortj kmrntnkm vj` koltmlms kulntnoljs oddupmvjrnlt2 ut cnldduk Ycjutolndns sukkm Rsnt[ vnrtutj pualmliuk n``nld TmrmŔlns drjerns nlsu`tneusoddurrjliuk, quni putms mdturn sult Tndu`n nltjr cms ijprjssn mlaustnms, jt vjùt nltjr km``juk jt nlduijk ku`to duk insdrnknlj dolstntutn? cod utnquj majlt quoi potjrult,ut sj Emremrns knsjrmen`n dolintnolj ijijltjs, nl joruk sj dolfjrmlt potjstmtjk. Outnlmk p`jens jt Rmd[ prodjruk, Dcrnstnmloruk jt Tmrmdjloruk votm dolvjlnmlt2 utrjajk snen doldorintjr j`najltjs, Rnrrujltjs[ emremros totns vnrneus, toto dolmlnkj,totnsquj ijsnijrnns proturemrj doltjlimlt. Ycj Lorkmls mli Tndn`nmls mppjmr to ejdolfouliji.





R=:6 [Ycj tjstnkoly of ml Jla`nsckml, of Uoajr ij Covjijl (p. 63>), wn`` `nact`ywjnac mamnlst tcj sn`jldj of Ajrkml mli Ntm`nml cnstory (Kurmtorn, Mllm`n i„Ntm`nm,tok. x. p. =:6). Ycj prnjsts mli pnàrnks, wco rjturlji frok Uokj, jxm`tji, ey jvjrytm`j, tcj oklnpotjldj of tcj co`y fmtcjr.

R=:1 [Jao jlnk nl jo duk Yjutolndns kmljrj lol ijejo (Dmffmrn, Mllm`. Ajlujlsjs,nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. vn. p. 461, 463).

R=:3 [For tcj Tmrmdjls of Tndn`y mli Lodjrm, sjj tcj Mllm`s of Kurmtorn (tok. x. p.=9>, mli =554, =591), Anmllolj (tok. nn. p. 43:), mli of tcj ornanlm`s, nl Kurmtorn„sdo``jdtnol, Undcmri ij Tt. Ajrkmlo (tok. vnn. p. >>6), Kmttjo Tpnlj``n ij Anovjlmzzo(tok. vnn. p. =769), Lndco`ms ij Hmksn``m (tok. x. p. 9>9), mli Kmttjo Vn``mln (tok.xnv. `. vnn. p. =74). Ycj `mst of tcjsj nlsnlumtjs tcmt, nl rjiudnla tcj Tmrmdjls of

Lodjrm, Dcmr`js NN. of Mlhou jkpòyji rmtcjr mrtnfndj tcml vno`jldj.

R=:> [Kurmtorn quotjs m pmssmaj frok Mrloì of @uejd (`. nv. d. 57). Ujpjrnt tcjsmurosmesdolintos, jt okljk `mpniuk prjtnosoruk jt ajkkmruk aòrnmk, ntm ut oljrmtns=67 sokmrnns aòrnosj mi tjrrmk sumk rjinjrnt. Uoajr ij Covjijl, wco kjltnols tcjvno`mtnol of tcj roym` toke mli dorpsjs, dokputjs tcj spon` of Tm`jrlo mt 577,777ouldjs of aoì (p. 196). Ol tcjsj oddmsnols, N mk m`kost tjkptji to jxd`mnk wntc tcj`nstjlnla kmni nl @m Foltmnlj, ‐Hj vouirons enjl mvonr dj qun kmlquj.‛

R= [N mk nlijetji for cns dcmrmdtjr mli cnstory to i„Cjrejòt (Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j, Kmckui, p. :44-:41), K. ij Aunaljs (Cnstonrj ijs Culs, tok. nnn. p. =::-=14), mliour doultrykml, Doòlj` M`jxmlijr Iow (vo`. n. p. 54-34). Nl tcj two fnrst voùkjs of cns Cnstory of Cnliostml, cj sty`js cnksj`f tcj trmls`mtor of tcj Wjrsnml Fjrnsctm2 eut

nl cns fòrni tjxt nt ns lot jmsy to instnlaunsc tcj vjrsnol mli tcj ornanlm`. RYcnsworb of Iow cms ejjl supjrsjiji ey tcj trmls`mtnol of Doòlj` Ernaas8 ‐Cnstory of tcjKmcokjiml Wowjr nl Nlinm tn`` tcj yjmr =6=5, trmls`mtji frok tcj ornanlm` Wjrsnml of Kocmkji Bmsnk Fjrnsctm,‛ nl 9 vo`s., =35>. Dp. cns rjkmrbs ol Iow„s worb nl tcjWrjfmdj, vo`. n. p. vn. vnn.[

R5 [Ycj iylmsty of tcj Tmkmlnijs doltnluji =5: yjmrs, 319->>>, ulijr tjl prnldjs.Tjj tcjnr suddjssnol mli runl, nl tcj Yme`js of K. ij Aunaljs (Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. n.

p. 979-976). Ycjy wjrj fo`òwji Rsoutc of tcj Oxus[ ey tcj Amzljvnijs, >>>-==34.(Tjj tok. n. p. 54>, 597.) Cns invnsnol of lmtnols oftjl instures tcj sjrnjs of tnkj mli

p`mdj.

R4 [Amzlmc cortos lol cmejt2 jst jkpornuk jt iokndn`nuk kjrdmturæ Nlindæ.Meu`fjiæ Ajoarmpc. Ujnsbj, tme. xxnnn. p. 49>2 i„Cjrejòt, p. 469. Nt cms lot ejjlvnsntji ey mly koijrl trmvj``jr. RTueubtnanl dolqujrji EŢst mli Busičr nl >13. For tcj story of cns rnsj, dp. Lnzčk m`-Ku`b, Tnmssjt Lmkjc, tr. Tdcjfjr, p. =97 sqq.[

R9 [Ey tcj mkemssmior of tcj dm`npc of Emaimi, wco jkpòyji ml Mrmenml or Dcmìmnd wori tcmt snalnfnjs òri mli kmstjr (i„Cjrejòt, p. 35:). Nt ns nltjrprjtjiΝ?ωοθύΠωώύ, Εντξβκϋυ ΕντξβΫώλ, ey tcj Eyzmltnlj wrntjrs of tcj j`jvjltc djltury2mli tcj lmkj (Τοϊβωνλπυ, Toìmlus) ns fmkn`nmr`y jkpòyji nl tcj Arjjb mli @mtnl`mlaumajs, mftjr nt cmi pmssji frok tcj Amzljvnijs to tcj Tj`hubnijs, mli otcjr jknrs





of Msnm mli Jaypt. Iudmlaj (Inssjrtmtnol xvn. sur Honlvn``j, p. 543-597, Aòss. Aræd.jt @mtnl.) `meours to fnli tcj tnt`j of su`tml nl tcj mldnjlt bnlaiok of Wjrsnm2 eut cns

proofs mrj kjrj scmiows2 m propjr lmkj nl tcj Ycjkjs of Dolstmltnlj (nn. ==), mlmltndnpmtnol of Xolmrms, &d. mli m kjim` of Bmn Bcosrou, lot (ms cj ej`njvjs) tcjTmssmlnij of tcj vntc, eut tcj Tj`hubnij of Ndolnuk of tcj xnnntc, djltury (ij Aunaljs,

Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. n. p. 596). RYcj tnt`j su`tml, for tcj dmptmnl of tcj eoiyaumri, wmsnltroiudji mt `jmst ms jmr`y ms tcj rjnal of Kutmwmbbn`, nl tcj knii`j of tcj >tcdjltury. Nt cms ejjl dolhjdturji (ey Víkeîry) tcmt tcj lmkj of olj of tcj sols of tcjCulamrnml dcnjf Mrpmi, ΖΠβωνυ, ns rjm``y su`tml. Ycj oì Vnjllm dcrolnd`j anvjs cnslmkj ms Xo`tml, mli tcj sdrnej of Bnla Eî`m, ms Xu`tm.[

R: [Fjrnsctm (mpui Iow, Cnst. of Cnliostml, vo`. n. p. 9>) kjltnols tcj rjport of m aul

nl tcj Nlinml mrky. Eut, ms N mk sòw nl ej`njvnla tcns prjkmturj ( =773) usj of mrtn``jry, N kust ijsnrj to sdrutnlnsj fnrst tcj tjxt mli tcjl tcj mutcornty of Fjrnsctm,wco `nvji nl tcj Koau` dourt nl tcj `mst djltury. RErnaas (op. dnt. vo`. n. p. 91)

trmls`mtjs, nl tcj pmssmaj to wcndc Aneeol rjfjrs, ‐lmpctcm-em``s‛ mli ‐mrrows‛2 tcjornanlm` woris ejnla luptc mli bcuiula. Eut nl otcjr KTT. tcj vmrnmlts mrj forkji8topj (m aul) mli toofula (m kusbjt). Ycjsj rjminlas kust ej iuj to nltjrpo`mtors.Wroeme`y Ečemr fnrst nltroiudji auls nlto Zppjr Nlinm nl =:56. Dp. tcj lotj of Ernaas.[

R6 [Bnlloaj or Dmlouaj (tcj oì Wm`nkeotcrm) ns kmrbji nl `mtntuij 51· 4‵, òlantuij37· =4‵. Tjj i„Mlvn``j (Mltnquntî ij `„Nlij, p. 67-65), dorrjdtji ey tcj òdm`blow`jiaj of Kmhor Ujllj`` (nl cns jxdj``jlt Kjkonr ol cns kmp of Cnliostml, p.41-94), 477 hjwj``jrs, 47,777 scops for tcj mrjdm lut, 67,777 emlis of kusndnmls, &d.(Meu`fji. Ajoarmpc. tme. xv. p. 5192 Iow, vo`. n. p. =6) wn`` m`òw ml mkp`jijiudtnol. RWm`nkeotcrm ns supposji to ej Wmtlm.[

R1 [Ycj nio`mtjrs of Juropj, smys Fjrnsctm (Iow, vo`. n. p. 66). Dolsu`t Meu`fjim (p.515) mli Ujllj``„s kmp of Cnliostml.

R3 [RLot tjl kn``nols stjr`nla, eut ‐drorjs of aoì.‛ Ernaas, p. 15, trmls`mtjs ‐m qumltntyof aoì.‛[

R> [I„Cjrejòt, Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j, p. :51. ^jt tcjsj `jttjrs, mpopctcjaks, &d.mrj rmrj`y tcj `mlaumaj of tcj cjmrt, or tcj kotnvjs of pue`nd mdtnol.

R=7 [For nlstmldj, m ruey of four culirji mli fnfty knsbm`s (Iow, vo`. n. p. :4) or snx poulis tcrjj ouldjs8 tcj `mrajst nl tcj trjmsury of Ij`cn wjnacji sjvjltjjl knsbm`s(Voymajs ij Ymvjrlnjr, pmrtnj nn. p. 537). Nt ns truj tcmt nl tcj Jmst m`` doòurji stoljsmrj dm``ji ruenjs (p. 4::), mli tcmt Ymvjrlnjr smw tcrjj `mrajr mli korj prjdnousmkola tcj hjwj`s ij lotrj armli ron, `j pùs punssmlt jt pùs kmalnfnquj ij tous `jsUons ij `m tjrrj (p. 416).

R== [Iow, vo`. n. p. 6:. Ycj sovjrjnal of Bnlloaj ns smni to cmvj possjssji 5:77j`jpcmlts (Meu`fji. Ajoarmpc. tme. xv. p. 519). Frok tcjsj Nlinml stornjs tcj rjmijr kmy dorrjdt m lotj nl ky fnrst voùkj (p. 563)2 or frok tcmt lotj cj kmy dorrjdt tcjsjstornjs.







R57 [Ey m s`nact dorruptnol, Yoaru` Eja ns tcj Ymlaro`n-pnx of tcj Arjjbs. Cns rjnalmli dcmrmdtjr mrj fmntcfu``y jxcnentji ey i„Cjrejòt (Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j, p. =751,=753) mli ij Aunaljs (Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. nnn. p. =3>-57=).

R5= [Djirjlus, tok. nn. p. 119, 11: Rnn. p. :37, ji. E.[. Xolmrms, tok. nn. p. 5:1 Rxvnn.

5:[. Qntc tcjnr usum` blow`jiaj of Ornjltm` mffmnrs, tcjy ijsdrnej tcj mkemssmior ms m scjrnf, wco, `nbj tcj syldj`ùs of tcj pmtrnmrdc, wms tcj vndmr mli suddjssor of tcjdm`npc.

R55 [Frok Qn``nmk of Yyrj, N cmvj eorrowji tcns instnldtnol of Yurbs mli Yurbkmls,wcndc mt `jmst ns popu`mr mli dolvjlnjlt. Ycj lmkjs mrj tcj smkj, mli tcj miintnol of kml ns of tcj smkj nkport nl tcj Wjrsnd mli Yjutolnd ninoks. Fjw drntnds wn`` miopttcj jtykoòay of Hmkjs ij Vntry (Cnst. Cnjroso`. `. n. d. ==, p. =76=), of Yurdokmln,qumsn Yurdn jt Dokoln, m knxji pjop`j.

R54 [Cnst. Aîlîrm`j ijs Culs. tok. nnn. p. =6:, =66, =61. K. ij` Aunaljs quotjsMeu`kmcmsjl, ml cnstornml of Jaypt.

R59 [Dolsu`t tcj Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j, nl tcj mrtnd`js of tcj Meemssnijs, Dmcjr, mliDmnsk, mli tcj Mllm`s of J`kmdnl mli Meu`pcmrmanus.

R5: [For tcns durnous djrjkoly, N mk nlijetji to K. ij Aunaljs (tok. nnn. p. =>1,=>3), mli tcmt `jmrlji mutcor ns oe`naji to Eolimrn, wco dokposji nl Mrmend tcjcnstory of tcj Tj`hubnijs (tok. v. p. 46:). N mk nalormlt of cns maj, doultry, mlidcmrmdtjr.

R56 [RQjn`, Ajsdc. ijr Dcm`nfjl, nnn. p. >>.[

R51 [Joijk mllo (m.c. 9::) oennt prnldjps Yoaruèjdus . . . rjx funt d`jkjls, pruijls,jt pjrntus rjalmlin, duhus tjrror dorim kortm`nuk nlvmsjrmt, ntm ut oejinrjlt jn rjajsmtquj mi npsuk sdrnejrjlt. J`kmdnl, Cnst. Tmrmdjl. p. 495, vjrs. Jrpjlnn.

R53 [For tcjsj wmrs of tcj Yurbs mli Uokmls, sjj nl ajljrm` tcj Eyzmltnlj cnstornjs of Xolmrms mli Djirjlus, Tdy`ntzjs tcj doltnlumtor of Djirjlus, mli LndjpcorusEryjllnus Dæsmr. Ycj two fnrst of tcjsj wjrj kolbs, tcj two `mttjr stmtjskjl2 yjtsudc wjrj tcj Arjjbs tcmt tcj inffjrjldj of sty`j mli dcmrmdtjr ns sdmrdj`y insdjrlne`j.

For tcj Ornjltm`s, N irmw ms usum` ol tcj wjm`tc of i„Cjrejòt (sjj tnt`js of tcj fnrstTj`hubnijs) mli tcj mddurmdy of ij Aunaljs (Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. nnn. `. x.).

R5> [??Ϋύκωο δ?ύ ?λ Ωοϋύθοξυ βπδου, ?υ κRJintor8 N``jane`j @mtnl dcmrmdtjr[αχκχύώΰΫλολ θνωντωύν?α?λνξ ω? Ωοϋύθώλ δΫλου ?χ? ωα?υ ωοξνϋωαυ ιϊλΠΰκώυ, ?χοίνλ? ΐνθκι?λ ?βΫμνλιύου ?ρώλ θνωκτωύΫσνωο ΧΫύτνυ. Djirjlus, tok. nn. p. 1>= Rnn. p.6==, ji. E.[. Ycj drjiu`nty of tcj vuàmr ns m`wmys proeme`j2 mli tcj Yurbs cmi `jmrljifrok tcj Mrmes tcj cnstory or `jajli of Jsdmlijr Iu`dmrljnl (i„Cjrejòt, p. 4=1,&d.).

R47 [RMli tcj du`turj. Mln wcndc cmi pmssji ulijr tcj ioknlnol of tcj Jkpnrj nl

=796 wms dmpturji ey M`p Mrs`ml nl =769 (Hu`y 6). Bmrs wms tcjl djiji ey nts





trjke`nla prnldj to tcj Jkpnrj nl jxdcmlaj for Dmkjlimv nl tcj koultmnls of Dn`ndnm2 eut nt cmi cmri`y ejjl oddupnji ey tcj Nkpjrnm`nsts ejforj nt wms tmbjl ey tcj Yurbs.[

R4= [ΟOf θν? R`ja. ω?λ[ ?εαύίνλ θν? ΐκτοχοωνΰίνλ θν? ?ύΰκλίνλ ο?θοϊ?τξλ± R`ja.

θν? ΐκτοχοωνΰίνλ ΰΫρύξ Βϊθνλιοϊ? θν? ΐκβξωαλα?υ θν? ω?λ χνύνθκξΰΫλαλ

ο?θοϊ?τξλ ?ύΰκλίνλ[ θν? ο? ω?λ ?οϊινξθ?λ ωοϊ? Λκτωούίοϊ θν? ωώ?λ ?θκ?Πβώλγύατθκϋοϊτξλ ν?ύκτξλ (Tdy`ntzjs, mi dm`djk Djirjln, tok. nn. p. 349 Rnn. p. 631, ji.E.[, wcosj mkenauous dolstrudtnol scm`` lot tjkpt kj to suspjdt tcmt cj dolfoulijitcj Ljstornml mli Kolopcysntj cjrjsnjs). Cj fmkn`nmr`y tm`bs of tcj ΰα?λξυ, ρπβου,?ύδά, Γκοϊ?, qum`ntnjs, ms N scouì mpprjcjli, vjry forjnal to tcj pjrfjdt Ejnla2 eutcns enaotry ns fordji to dolfjss tcmt tcjy wjrj sool mftjrwmris insdcmraji ol tcjortcoiox Uokmls.

R45 [Cmi tcj lmkj of Ajoranmls ejjl blowl to tcj Arjjbs (Ttrnttjr, KjkornæEyzmlt. tok. nv. Nejrndm), N scouì ijrnvj nt frok tcjnr marndu`turj, ms tcj Τθϋγνξ

δκώύδοί of Cjroiotus (`. nv. d. =3, p. 53>, jint. Qjssj`nla). Eut nt mppjmrs ol`y snldjtcj drusmijs, mkola tcj @mtnls (Hmd. m Vntrnmdo, Cnst. Cnjroso`. d. 1>, p. =7>:) mliOrnjltm`s (i„Cjrejòt, p. 971), mli wms ijvout`y eorrowji frok Tt. Ajoraj of Dmppmiodnm.

R44 [Koscjnk, Nlstntut. Cnst. Jdd`js. p. 645. Tjj nl Dcmrinl„s Yrmvj`s (tok. n. p.=1=-=1:) tcj kmlljrs mli rj`nanol of tcns cmlisokj eut wortc`jss lmtnol. Tjj tcj

pjinarjj of tcjnr prnldjs frok Mimk to tcj prjsjlt djltury, nl tcj Yme`js of K. ijAunaljs (tok. n. p. 944-943).

R49 [RNl tcj fnrst two dmkpmnals Uokmlus `ji tcj mrky cnksj`f. For tcj ajoarmpcy of

tcjsj kn`ntmry opjrmtnols sjj Kr. H. A. D. Mlijrsol„s pmpjr nl Hourlm` of Cj``jlndTtuinjs, xvnn. p. 46-4> (=3>1). Nl tcj tcnri dmkpmnal ( =717) Kmluj` Dokljlus wmsjltrustji wntc tcj dokkmli.[

R4: [Ycns dnty ns kjltnolji ey Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlntus (ij Miknlnstrmt. Nkpjrnn.`. nn. d. 99, p. ==>) mli tcj Eyzmltnljs of tcj xntc djltury, ulijr tcj lmkj of Kmltznbnjrtj, mli ey sokj ns dolfouliji wntc Ycjoiosnopo`ns2 eut Ij`ns`j, nl cnslotjs mli kmps, cms vjry propjr`y fnxji tcj sntumtnol. Meu`fjim (Ajoarmpc. tme. xvnnn.

p. 4=7) ijsdrnejs Km`msajri ms m skm`` towl, eun`t wntc e`mdb stolj, supp`nji wntcwmtjr, wntcout trjjs, &d. RKmlznbjrt ns ol tcj Kurmi Ydcmn, lortc of @mbj Vml.[

R46 [Ycj Zzn of tcj Arjjbs (Ttrnttjr, Kjkor. Eyzmlt. tok. nnn. p. >54->93) mrj tcjAozz of tcj Ornjltm`s (Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. nn. p. :55, tok. nnn. p. =44, &d.). Ycjymppjmr ol tcj Imluej mli tcj Voàm, nl Mrkjlnm, Tyrnm. mli Dcormsml, mli tcj lmkjsjjks to cmvj ejjl jxtjliji to tcj wco`j Yurbkml rmdj. RYcj Zzn wjrj m Yurbnsccorij mbnl to tcj Wmtznlmbs. Ycjy mrj kjltnolji ey Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlljtos (nltcj Ij Mik. Nkp.) ms `nvnla nl cns tnkj ejyoli tcj Wmtznlmbs mli tcj Bcmzmrs. Ycjymrj tcj smkj ms tcj Dukmln ( Bokmlon nl Mllm Dokljlm, &d.)2 mli mrj dm``jiWoòvtsn nl tcj oì Uussnml Dcrolnd`j. Ycj Culamrnmls dm`` tcjk Bølob. Ycjy fnrstmppjmrji nl Uussnm nl =7:: (Ljstor, d. :>). Ycjl tcjy irovj tcj Wmtznlmbs out of Mtj`buzu, tcj `mli of wcndc tcjy cmi forkjr`y inspossjssji tcj Culamrnmls nltoQm`mdcnm. Tnxty tcousmli of tcjk drossji tcj Imluej nl =76:, eut wjrj for tcj kost





pmrt dut to pnjdjs, wntc tcj cj`p of tcj Wmtznlmbs2 sokj of tcj rjklmlt wjrj sjtt`ji nlKmdjiolnm. M aòssmry of tcj Dukmlnml `mlaumaj cms ejjl mddnijltm``y prjsjrvji nlm KT. wcndc Wjtrmrdc prjsjltji to tcj @nermry of Tt. Kmrb. Nt wms pue`nscji eyB`mprotc nl Kîkonrjs rj`mtnfs ç `„Msnm, nnn. (tnt`j8 M`pcmejtuk Wjrsnduk Dokmlnduk jt@mtnluk) mli cms ejjl jintji ey Doult Aîzm Buul, Doijx Dukmlndus, =337. Nt

jstme`nscjs tcj Yurbnsc dcmrmdtjr of tcj Zzjs.[

R41 [Zrsj`nus (tcj Uussj`nus of Xolmrms) ns instnlaunscji ey Hjffrjy Km`mtjrrm (`. n. d.44) mkola tcj Lorkml dolqujrors of Tndn`y, mli wntc tcj surlmkj of Em`no`2 mli our owl cnstornmls wn`` tj`` cow tcj Em`no`s dmkj frok Lorkmliy to Iurcmk, eun`tEjrlmri„s Dmst`j ol tcj Yjjs, kmrrnji ml cjnrjss of Tdot`mli, &d. Iudmlaj (Lot. mi

Lndjpcor. Eryjllnuk, `. nn. Lo. 9) cms ̀ meourji tcj suehjdt nl colour of tcj prjsnijltij Emn``ju`, wcosj fmtcjr cmi jxdcmlaji tcj swori for tcj aowl. RFor tcj cnstory of Zrsj` mli cns Lorkml rjm`k nl Msnm Knlor sjj Lndjpcorus Eryjllnus, p. 14 sqq., mliMttm`jnmtjs, p. =39 sqq. Dp. Cnrsdc, Forsdculajl zur ijutsdcjl Ajsdcndctj, 3, p. 445

sqq.[

R43 [J`kmdnl (p. 494, 499) mssnals tcns proeme`j lukejr, wcndc ns rjiudji eyMeu`pcmrmanus to =:,777 (p. 551) mli ey i„Cjrejòt (p. =75) to =5,777 corsj. Eut tcjsmkj J`kmdnl anvjs 477,777 kjl to tcj jkpjror, of wcok Meu`pcmrmanus smys, dukdjltuk coknluk kn``neus, ku`tnsquj jquns jt kmalå pokpå nlstrudtus. Ycj Arjjbsmestmnl frok mly ijfnlntnol of lukejrs. RYcj Eyzmltnlj mrky wms lot prjpmrji todopj wntc tcj jxtrmorinlmrn`y rmpni kotnols of tcj Yurbs2 Aneeol ernlas tcns ponlt out.Eut nt scouì ej miiji tcmt tcj mrky nl mly dmsj wms nld`nlji to ej nlsueorinlmtj, mliUokmlus cmi inffndu`ty nl cmli`nla nt. Korjovjr tcjrj wms trjmdcjry nl cns dmkp.Ycjrj sjjks lo iouet cowjvjr tcmt cj fouact tcj emtt`j rmsc`y. Dp. Fnl`my, nnn. 442 mliD. Q. Okml, Cnst. of tcj Mrt of Qmr, vo`. 5, p. 5=1-=>.[

R4> [Ycj Eyzmltnlj wrntjrs io lot spjmb so instnldt`y of tcj prjsjldj of tcj su`tml2 cjdokknttji cns fordjs to ml juludc, cmi rjtnrji to m instmldj, &d. Ns nt nalormldj, or

hjmòusy, or trutc?

R97 [Cj wms tcj sol of tcj Dæsmr Hocl Iudms, erotcjr of tcj jkpjror Dolstmltnlj(Iudmlaj, Fmk. Eyzmlt. p. =6:). Lndjpcorus Eryjllnus mpp`muis cns vnrtujs, mlijxtjlumtjs cns fmu`ts (`. n. p. 47, 43, `. nn. p. :4 Rp. 9=, :9, 16, ji. E.[). ^jt cj owls cnsjlknty to Uokmlus, ο? χΠλϊ ι? ?ξβίώυ ?ρώλ χύ?υ εντξβΫν. Tdy`ntzjs spjmbs korj

jxp`ndnt`y of cns trjmsol.

R9= [Ycns dnrdukstmldj, wcndc wj rjmi mli iouet nl Tdy`ntzjs mli DolstmltnljKmlmssjs, ns korj pruijlt`y oknttji ey Lndjpcorus mli Xolmrms. RYcj rjmijr kmyrjkjkejr cow tcj jkpjror Hustnlnml NN. p`mdji cns fjjt ol tcj ljdbs of cns rnvm`s@joltnus mli Mpsnkmr. Fnl`my (nnn. 49) rjeubjs Aneeol for cns sdjptndnsk cjrj.[

R95 [Ycj rmlsok mli trneutj mrj mttjstji ey rjmsol mli tcj Ornjltm`s. Ycj otcjr Arjjbs mrj koijst`y sn`jlt2 eut Lndjpcorus Eryjllnus imrjs to mffnrk tcmt tcj tjrkswjrj ο?θ ?λνμίνυ ?ώΰνίώλ ?ύρα?υ, mli tcmt tcj jkpjror wouì cmvj prjfjrrji ijmtcto m scmkjfu` trjmty.





R94 [Ycj ijfjmt mli dmptnvnty of Uokmlus Inoajljs kmy ej fouli nl Hocl Tdy`ntzjsmi dm`djk Djirjln, tok. nn. p. 34:-394 Rnn. p. 63> sqq. ji. E.[. Xolmrms, tok. nn. p.53=-539 Rxvnn. =4, =9, =:[. Lndjpcorus Eryjllnus, `. n. p. 5:-45 Rp. 44 sqq. ji. E.[.A`ydms, p. 45:-451 Rp. 671 sqq. ji. E.[. Dolstmltnlj Kmlmssjs, p. =49 Rp. 537, ji. E.[.J`kmdnl, Cnst. Tmrmdjl. p. 494, 499. Meu`pcmrma. Iylmst. p. 551. I„Cjrejòt, p. =75,

=74. Ij Aunaljs, tok. nnn. p. 571-5==. Ejsnijs ky oì mdqumnltmldj, J`kmdnl mliMeu`pcmrmanus, tcj cnstornml of tcj Culs cms dolsu`tji Meu`fjim, mli cns jpntoknsjr,Ejlsdcoulmc, m Dcrolnd`j of tcj Dm`npcs, ey Toyoutcn, Meu`kmcmsjl of Jaypt, mli

Lovmnrn of Mfrndm. RTjj m`so tcj Dcrolnd`j of Kndcmj` Mttm`jnmtjs, p. =:5 sqq. ji.Eoll. Ol tcj emtt`j Fnl`my, vo`. nnn. p. 45-9, mli Afrörjr, Eyzmltnlnsdcj Ajsdcndctjl,vo`. nnn. dcmp. 532 Okml, dntji meovj, lotj 432 dp. too Tjajr, Lnbjpcoros Eryjllnos, p.9= sqq. Afrörjr nlsnsts (p. 13:) ol tcj stmtjkjlt of J`kmdnl tcmt tcj emtt`j wms fouactmt Xmcrm (Xmrjscmi? jmst of Kmlznbjrt).[

R99 [Ycns nltjrjstnla ijmtc ns toì ey i„Cjrejòt (p. =74, =79) mli K. ij Aunaljs

(tok. nnn. p. 5=5, 5=4) frok tcjnr Ornjltm` wrntjrs2 eut ljntcjr of tcjk cmvj trmlsfusjitcj spnrnt of J`kmdnl (Cnst. Tmrmdjl. p. 499, 49:).

R9: [M drntnquj of cnac rjlowl (tcj `mtj Ir. Hoclsol), wco cms sjvjrj`y sdrutnlnsjitcj jpntmpcs of Wopj, knact dmvn` nl tcns sue`nkj nlsdrnptnol mt tcj woris, ‐rjpmnr toKmru,‛ snldj tcj rjmijr kust m`rjmiy ej mt Kmru ejforj cj douì pjrusj tcjnlsdrnptnol.

R96 [Ycj Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j cms anvjl tcj tjxt of tcj rjnal of Km`jb (p. :95, :94,:99, 6:9, 6::), mli tcj Cnstonrj Aîlîrm`j ijs Culs (tok. nnn. p. 5=9-559) cms miijitcj usum` kjmsurj of rjpjtntnol, jkjlimtnol, mli supp`jkjlt. Qntcout tcjsj two`jmrlji Frjldckjl, N scouì ej e`nli nlijji nl tcj Jmstjrl worì.

R96m [RLot Dokkmlijr of tcj Fmntcfu` (tnt`j rjsjrvji for Dm`npcs)2 eut ‐Wmrtljr of tcjDokkmlijr of tcj Fmntcfu`.‛[

R91 [Tjj ml jxdj``jlt insdoursj mt tcj jli of Tnr Qn``nmk Holjs„s Cnstory of Lminr Tcmc, mli tcj mrtnd`js of tcj pojts, Mkmb, Mlvmrn, Umsdcmin, &d. nl tcj Ene`notcãqujOrnjltm`j.

R93 [Cns lmkj wms Bcjijr Bcml. Four emas wjrj p`mdji rouli cns sopcm, mli, ms cj

`nstjlji to tcj sola, cj dmst cmlifu`s of aoì mli sn`vjr to tcj pojts (i„Cjrejòt, p.=71). M`` tcns kmy ej truj2 eut N io lot ulijrstmli cow cj douì rjnal nl Yrmlsoxnmlmnl tcj tnkj of Km`jb Tcmc, mli kudc `jss cow Bcjijr douì surpmss cnk nl powjr mli pokp. N suspjdt tcmt tcj ejanllnla, lot tcj jli, of tcj xntc djltury ns tcj truj jrmof cns rjnal. RBmir Bcčl (olj of tcj Yurbn N`mb Bcčls) ru`ji mt Bčscacmr mli ^mrbmlimt ejanllnla of xntc djlt.2 cns donls jxnst.[

R9> [Tjj Dcmrinl, Voymajs jl Wjrsj, tok. nn. p. 54:.

R:7 [Ycj Aj`m`æml jrm (Aj`m`jiinl, Aòry of tcj Fmntc, wms olj of tcj lmkjs or tnt`jsof Km`jb Tcmc) ns fnxji to tcj =:tc of Kmrdc, m.c. 91=, =71>. Ir. Cyij cms proiudjitcj ornanlm` tjstnkolnjs of tcj Wjrsnmls mli Mrmenmls (ij Uj`nanolj vjtjruk Wjrsmruk,





d. =6, p. 577-5==). RYcj rjfork of tcj dm`jlimr wms tcj worb of Km`nb„s knlnstjr, Lnzčk m`-Ku`b.[

R:= [RLnzčk cms `jft m kjkornm` of cnksj`f nl tcj Tnmssjt Lmkjc or ‐eoob of aovjrlkjlt,‛ wcndc cms ejjl pue`nscji wntc m trmls`mtnol ey Tdcjfjr. Nt tcrows arjmt

`nact ol tcj cnstory of tcj tnkj mli scows us cow tcj Tj`hŢbs wjrj m`rjmiy dcmlanlaulijr tcj nlfùjldj of Nrmlnml dnvn`nsmtnol mli Ns`mknsk. Nl tcns rjspjdt nt ns vjrynltjrjstnla to dokpmrj nt wntc tcj Buimtbjr En`nb or Mrt of Aovjrlkjlt, mdoltjkpormry worb (wrnttjl d. =76> mt Bmscamr) wcndc scows tcj purj Yurb spnrnt of djltrm` Msnm. Ycj dokpmrnsol ns irmwl ey Dmcul (op. dnt. p. =35 sqq.). Mkola tcjYurbs, for nlstmldj, wokjl cmi arjmt nlfùjldj2 eut nl tcj Tnmssjt Lmkjc ‐rj`nanol nskudc, wokml ns lotcnla.‛ For m sbjtdc of tcj vnznjrmtj of Lnzčk, sjj Kr. Ttml`jy@mlj-Woo`j„s Tm`minl (=3>3), dcmp. n.[

R:5 [Tcj spjmbs of tcns Wjrsnml roym`ty ms ?χΠταυ θνθοινξΰολΫτωκύολ χκλίνυ. Mllm

Dokljlm wms ol`y lnlj yjmrs oì mt tcj jli of tcj rjnal of Km`jb Tcmc ( =7>5), mli,wcjl scj spjmbs of cns mssmssnlmtnol, scj dolfoulis tcj su`tml wntc tcj vnznr (M`jxnms,`. vn. p. =11, =13 Rd. =5[).

R:4 [To oesdurj tcmt tcj nliustry of K. ij Aunaljs douì ol`y dopy (tok. n. p. 599,tok. nnn. pmrt n. p. 56>, &d.) tcj cnstory, or rmtcjr `nst, of tcj Tj`hubnijs of Bjrkml, nlEne`notcãquj Ornjltm`j. Ycjy wjrj jxtnlaunscji ejforj tcj jli of tcj xnntc djltury.RFor tcj suddjssnol of tcj Tj`hŢbs of Bnrkčl, =79=-==31, sjj T. @mlj-Woo`j,Kocmkkmiml Iylmstnjs, p. =:4. Ycj kmnl `nlj of tcj Tj`hŢbs, wntc m loknlmòvjròriscnp ovjr tcj youlajr ermldcjs, doltnluji to ru`j nl Nrčb Mhmk mli Bcurčsčlmli jxpnrji wntc Tnlhmr nl ==:1.[

R:9 [Ymvjrlnjr, pjrcmps tcj ol`y trmvj``jr wco cms vnsntji Bjrkml, ijsdrnejs tcjdmpntm` ms m arjmt runlous vn``maj, twjlty-fnvj imys„ hourljy frok Nspmcml, mli twjlty-sjvjl frok Orkus, nl tcj knist of m fjrtn`j doultry (Voymajs jl Yurqunj jt jl Wjrsj,

p. =71, ==7).

R:: [Nt mppjmrs frok Mllm Dokljlm tcmt tcj Yurbs of Msnm Knlor oejyji tcj snaljtmli dcnmuss of tcj arjmt su`tml (M`jxnms, `. vn. p. =17 Rd. >[) mli tcmt tcj two sols of To`nkml wjrj ijtmnlji nl cns dourt (p. =37 Rd. =5[).

R:6 [Ycns jxprjssnol ns quotji ey Wjtnt ij `m Dronx (Vnj ij Ajlansdml, p. =6=) froksokj pojt, kost proeme`y m Wjrsnml. RYcj s`mvjs wco wjrj to doliudt tcj mffmnrs of tcj Tj`hŢb prnldjs ajljrm``y ejdmkj tcj aovjrlors or rjajlts, mtçejas, for tcjnr solsor cjnrs, mli tcus aot tcj suprjkj powjr nlto tcjnr cmlis.[

R:1 [Ol tcj dolqujst of Msnm Knlor, K. ij Aunaljs cms ijrnvji lo mssnstmldj froktcj Yurbnsc or Mrmenml wrntjrs, wco proiudj m lmbji `nst of tcj Tj`hubnijs of Uouk.Ycj Arjjbs mrj ulwn``nla to jxposj tcjnr scmkj, mli wj kust jxtort sokj cnlts frokTdy`ntzjs (p. 367, 364 Rp. 14=, 146, ji. E.[), Lndjpcorus Eryjllnus (p. 33, >=, >5, &d.=74, =79 Rp. =47, p. =46, =41, p. =:3 sqq. ji. E.[), mli Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnms, p. >=,>5, &d. Rnnn. d. >[, =63, &d. Rvn. d. >[) Rmli tcj Cnstory of Kndcmj` Mttm`jnmtjs[.





R:3 [RNt wms Kj`nssjlus wco ynjìji Lndæm to Tu`mnkml.[

R:> [Tudc ns tcj ijsdrnptnol of Uouk ey Cmntol tcj Mrkjlnml, wcosj Ymrtmr cnstorykmy ej fouli nl tcj do``jdtnols of Umkusno mli Ejrajrol Rmli nl @. ij Emdbjr„s@„jxtrèkj ornjlt mu koyjl åaj, p. =5: sqq. =311[ (sjj Meu`fjim, Ajoarmpc. d`nkmt.

xvnn. p. 47=-47: Rmli W. Wmrns, nl Cnst. `nttîrmnrj ij Frmldj, t. 5:, p. 91> sqq. =36>[).

R67 [Indnt jos qujlimk meusnolj Toiokntndå nltjrvjrtnssj jpnsdopuk (Aunejrt. Meemt.Cnst. Cnjroso`. `. n. p. 963). Nt ns oii jlouac tcmt wj scouì fnli m pmrm``j` pmssmaj of tcj smkj pjop`j nl tcj prjsjlt maj. ‐N` l„jst ponlt i„corrjur quj djs Yurds l„myjltdokkns, jt sjke`me`js mux soìmts jffrjlîs, qun imls `m smd i„ulj vn``j lol doltjls ijinsposjr ij tout ç `jur arî prjtjlijlt jldorj mux suddãs `js konls iîsnrme`js,quj`qujs Tnpmcns olt portî `jurs mttjltmts sur `m pjrsollj iu vnjux rmeen ij `msylmaoauj, jt dj``j ij `„Mrdcîvèquj Arjd‛ (Kîkonrjs iu Emrol ij Yott, tok. nn. p.=>4).

R6= [Ycj jkpjror, or meeot, ijsdrnej tcj sdjljs of m Yurbnsc dmkp ms nf tcjy cmi ejjl prjsjlt. Kmtrjs dorrjptæ nl dolspjdtu fn`nmruk ku`tnp`ndntjr rjpjtntns invjrsorukdontneus vjxmemltur (ns tcmt tcj truj rjminla?), duk fn`næ mssnstjltjs dmrknlm prædnljrjsm`tmlio doajrjltur. Kox jmijk pmssno mi fn`nms, &d.

R65 [Tjj Mltnodc, mli tcj ijmtc of To`nkml, nl Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnms, `. vn. p. =63,=6> Rd. >[), wntc tcj lotjs of Iudmlaj.

R64 [Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. n. d. >, =7, p. 64:) anvjs tcj kost mutcjltnd mli ijpòrme`jmddoult of tcjsj Yurbnsc dolqujsts.

R69 [Nl cns jpnst`j to tcj doult of F`mlijrs, M`jxnus sjjks to fm`` too òw ejljmtc cnsdcmrmdtjr mli inalnty2 yjt nt ns mpprovji ey Iudmlaj (Lot. mi M`jxnmi. p. 44:, &d.)mli pmrmpcrmsji ey tcj meeot Aunejrt, m doltjkpormry cnstornml. Ycj Arjjb tjxt loòlajr jxnsts2 mli jmdc trmls`mtor mli sdrnej knact smy wntc Aunejrt (p. 91:), vjrensvjstntm kjns, m prnvn`jaj of kost nlijfnlntj `mtntuij. RAunejrt nldorpormtjs tcjsuestmldj of tcns `jttjr, Ujdujn`, C. Odd. nv. p. =4= sqq. Ycj ejst jintnol of tcj tjxt(prjsjrvji ol`y nl @mtnl) ns tcmt of tcj Doult ij Unmlt (=311 mli mamnl =31>). Mdoltrovjrsy cms rmaji ovjr tcj ajlunljljss of tcj iodukjlt. Unmlt rjhjdts nt msspurnous (`nbj Qn`bjl, Umukjr, mli otcjrs). Eut nt wms mddjptji ms ajlunlj ey Tyej`,

mli cms ejjl ijfjliji korj rjdjlt`y ey Vmsn`njvsbn (Xcurl. Knl. Lmr. Wrosv. =69, p.45: sqq. =315) mli Cmajlkjyjr (Eyz. Xtsdc. vn. = sqq. =3>1). Nt ns iouet`jss ajlunlj.Ycj oehjdtnols erouact mamnlst nt mrj lot wjnacty2 mli tcj drntnds wco dolijkl nt cmvjoffjrji lo tcjory of nts ornanl tcmt ns nl tcj `jmst proeme`j. Nt ns pjrfjdt`y nldrjine`jtcmt nt wms dokposji ms m ij`nejrmtj forajry nl tcj yjmr =7>3-> nl tcj dmkp of tcjDrusmijrs, ms Unmlt trnjs to jstme`nsc. Nts doltjlts mrj mesoùtj`y nldolsnstjlt wntc tcnstcjory. Nt wms proeme`y wrnttjl òla ejforj tcj Fnrst Drusmij2 mli Cmajlkjyjr ns

proeme`y rnact nl mssnalnla nt to =733, wcjl tcj Jkpnrj wms nl imlajr frok tcjWmtznlmbs, mli sokj koltcs mftjr tcj pjrsolm` nltjrvnjw of M`jxnus wntc Uoejrt of F`mlijrs mt EjrrŔm. Ycj `jttjr, of doursj, cms suffjrji sjrnous`y nl tcj prodjss of ntstrmls`mtnol nlto @mtnl.[





R6: [Our ejst fuli for tcj cnstory of Hjrusm`jk frok Cjrmd`nus to tcj drusmijs nsdoltmnlji nl two `mraj mli ornanlm` pmssmajs of Qn``nmk, mrdcenscop of Yyrj (`. n. d.=-=7, `. xvnnn. d. :, 6), tcj prnldnpm` mutcor of tcj Ajstm Ijn pjr Frmldos. K. ijAunaljs cms dokposji m vjry `jmrlji Kîkonrj sur `j Dokkjrdj ijs Frmláons imls `j@jvmlt mvmlt `js Dronsmijs, &d. (Kîk. ij `„Mdmiîknj ijs Nlsdrnptnols, tok. xxxvnn.

p. 961-:77).

R66 [Tjduliuk Ioknloruk insposntnoljk p`jrukquj ̀ udnim p`jrukquj luen`m rjdjpntnltjrvm``m, jt æarotmltns korj tjkporuk præsjltnuk armvmemtur mut rjspnrm emtqum`ntmtj (`. n. d. 4, p. 647). Ycj @mtnlnty of Qn``nmk of Yyrj ns ey lo kjmlsdoltjkptne`j2 eut nl cns mddoult of 9>7 yjmrs, frok tcj òss to tcj rjdovjry of Hjrusm`jk, cj jxdjjis tcj truj mddoult ey tcnrty yjmrs.

R61 [For tcj trmlsmdtnols of Dcmr`jkmalj wntc tcj Co`y @mli, sjj Janlcmri (ij VntåDmro`n Kmaln, d. =6, p. 1>-35), Dolstmltnlj Worpcyroajlntus (ij Miknlnstrmtnolj

Nkpjrnn, `. nn. d. 56, p. 37), mli Wman (Drntndm, tok. nnn. 377, Lo. =4, =9, =:).

R63 [Ycj dm`npc armltji cns prnvn`jajs, Mkm`pcntmlns vnrns mkndns jt utn`nuknltroiudtorneus (Ajstm Ijn, p. >49). Ycj trmij of Vjlndj to Jaypt mli Wm`jstnlj dmllot

proiudj so oì m tnt`j, ul`jss wj miopt tcj `muacme`j trmls`mtnol of m Frjldckml wcoknstoob tcj two fmdtnols of tcj dnrdus (Vjljtn jt Wrmsnln) for tcj Vjljtnmls mliWmrnsnmls.

R6> [Ml Mrmend dcrolnd`j of Hjrusm`jk (mpui Mssjkml. Ene`not. Ornjlt. tok. n. p. 653,tok. nv. p. 463) mttjsts tcj ulej`njf of tcj dm`npc mli tcj cnstornml2 yjt Dmltmduzjlj

prjsukjs to mppjm` to tcj Kmcokjtmls tcjksj`vjs for tcj trutc of tcns pjrpjtum`

knrmd`j.

R17 [Nl cns Inssjrtmtnols ol Jdd`jsnmstndm` Cnstory, tcj `jmrlji Koscjnk cmssjpmrmtj`y insdussji tcns prjtjliji knrmd`j (tok. nn. p. 5=9-476), ij ùknlj smldtnsjpu`dcrn.

R1= [Qn``nmk of Km`kjseury (`. nv. d. nn. p. 57>) quotjs tcj Ntnljrmry of tcj kolb Ejrlmri, ml jyj-wntljss, wco vnsntji Hjrusm`jk 317. Ycj knrmd`j ns dolfnrkji eymlotcjr pnàrnk sokj yjmrs oìjr2 mli Koscjnk msdrnejs tcj nlvjltnol to tcj Frmlbssool mftjr tcj ijdjmsj of Dcmr`jkmalj.

R15 [Our trmvj``jrs, Tmliys (p. =49), Ycîvjlot (p. 65=-651), Kmulirj`` (p. >9, >:),&d. ijsdrnej tcns jxtrmvmamlt fmrdj. Ycj Dmtco`nds mrj puzz`ji to ijdnij wcjl tcjknrmd`j jliji mli tcj trndb ejaml.

R14 [Ycj Ornjltm`s tcjksj`vjs dolfjss tcj frmui, mli p`jmi ljdjssnty mli jinfndmtnol(Kîkonrjs iu Dcjvm`njr i„Mrvnjux, tok. nn. p. =972 Hosjpc Meuimdln, Cnst. Dopt. d.57)2 eut N wn`` lot mttjkpt, wntc Koscjnk, to jxp`mnl tcj koij. Our trmvj``jrs cmvjfmn`ji wntc tcj eòoi of Tt. Hmlumrnus mt Lmp`js.

R19 [Tjj i„Cjrejòt (Ene`not. Ornjltm`j, p. 9==), Ujlmuiot (Cnst. Wmtrnmrdc. M`jx. p.4>7, 4>1, 977, 97=), J`kmdnl (Cnst. Tmrmdjl. p. 45=-454), mli Kmrjn (p. 439-436), mlcnstornml of Jaypt, trmls`mtji ey Ujnsbj frok Mrmend nlto Ajrkml, mli vjrem``y





nltjrprjtji to kj ey m frnjli. RM`-Cčbnk MeŢ-M`Ģ m`-KmlsŢr rjnalji nl Jaypt frok>>6 to =757.[

R1: [Ycj rj`nanol of tcj Irusjs ns doldjm`ji ey tcjnr nalormldj mli cypodrnsy. Ycjnr sjdrjt iodtrnljs mrj dolfnlji to tcj j`jdt wco profjss m doltjkp`mtnvj `nfj2 mli tcj

vuàmr Irusjs, tcj kost nlinffjrjlt of kjl, oddmsnolm``y dolfork to tcj worscnp of tcj Kmcokjtmls mli Dcrnstnmls nl tcjnr ljnaceourcooi. Ycj `ntt`j tcmt ns, or ijsjrvjsto ej, blowl kmy ej sjjl nl tcj nliustrnous Lnjeucr (Voymajs, tok. nn. p. 4:9-4:1)mli tcj sjdoli voùkj of tcj rjdjlt mli nlstrudtnvj Yrmvj`s of K. ij Vo`ljy. RYcjrj`nanol of tcj Irusjs cms ejjl tcorouac`y nlvjstnamtji ey Tn`vjstrj ij Tmdy nl cnsJxposî ij `m rj`nanol ijs Irusjs, nl two voùkjs, =343.[

R16 [R‐Nt wms lot nl cns –invnlj dcmrmdtjr„ tcmt Cmbjk –cmtji tcj Hjws mli Dcrnstnmls,„ eut nl tcmt of m Kmcokjtml enaot, wcndc cj insp`myji nl tcj jmr`njr yjmrs of cns rjnal.Cns emremrous pjrsjdutnols mli tcj eurlnla of tcj dcurdc of tcj Ujsurrjdtnol mt

Hjrusm`jk ejòla jltnrj`y to tcmt pjrnoi2 mli cns mssukptnol of invnlnty wms fo`òwji ey ml jindt of to`jrmtnol to Hjws mli Dcrnstnmls. Ycj Kmcokjtmls, wcosj rj`nanol cjtcjl trjmtji wntc costn`nty mli doltjkpt, ejnla fmr tcj kost lukjrous, wjrj cns kostimlajrous jljknjs, mli tcjrjforj tcj oehjdts of cns kost nlvjtjrmtj cmtrji‛ (Kn`kml,lotj to tcns pmssmaj).[

R11 [Tjj A`mejr, `. nnn. d. 1, mli tcj Mllm`s of Emrolnus mli Wman, =77>.

R13 [Wjr nijk tjkpus jx ulnvjrso orej tmk nllukjrmen`ns ku`tntuio dŔpnt dolfùjrjmi sjpu`dcruk Tm`vmtorns Cnjroso`ykns, qumltuk lu`ùs coknluk prnus spjrmrj

potjrmt. Orio nlfjrnorns p`jens . . . kjinodrjs . . . rjajs jt dokntjs . . . præsu`js . . .

ku`njrjs ku`tæ loen`js duk pmupjrnorneus . . . Wùrneus jlnk jrmt kjltns ijsnijrnukkorn prnusqumk mi proprnm rjvjrtjrjltur (A`mejr, `. nv. d. 62 Eouqujt, Cnstornmls of Frmldj, tok. x. p. :7).

R1> [A`mejr, `. nnn. d. =. Bmtolm (Cnst. Drntnd. Ujauk Culamrnæ, tok. n. p. 479-4==)jxmknljs wcjtcjr Tt. Ttjpcjl fouliji m kolmstjry mt Hjrusm`jk.

R37 [Emrolnus ( =769, Lo. 94-:6) cms trmlsdrneji tcj arjmtjr pmrt of tcj ornanlm`lmrrmtnvjs of Nlau`pcus, Kmrnmlus, mli @mkejrtus. RIjsdrnptnols of tcj Co`y @mli ey

pnàrnks of tcj =5tc djltury, trmls`mtji nlto Jla`nsc, wn`` ej fouli nl vo`s. nv. mli v.

of tcj @nermryof tcj Wm`jstnlj Wnàrnks„ Yjxt Todnjty.[

R3= [Tjj J`kmdnl (Cnst. TmrmŔl. p. 49>, 4:7) mli Meu`pcmrmanus (Iylmst. p. 541,vjrs. Wododb). K. ij Aunaljs (Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. nnn. pmrt n. p. 5=:, 5=6) miis tcjtjstnkolnjs, or rmtcjr tcj lmkjs, of Meu`fjim mli Lovmnrn.

R35 [Frok tcj jxpjintnol of Nsmr Mtsnz (m.c. 96>, =716) to tcj jxpu`snol of tcjOrtobnijs ( =7>6). ^jt Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. n. d. 6, p. 644) mssjrts tcmt Hjrusm`jk wmstcnrty-jnact yjmrs nl tcj cmlis of tcj Yurbs2 mli ml Mrmend dcrolnd`j, quotji ey Wman(tok. nv. p. 575), supposjs tcmt tcj dnty wms rjiudji ey m Dmrnzknml ajljrm` to tcjoejinjldj of tcj dm`npc of Emaimi, m.c. 964, =717. Ycjsj jmr`y imtjs mrj lot vjrydokpmtne`j wntc tcj ajljrm` cnstory of Msnm2 mli N mk surj tcmt, ms `mtj ms =769, tcj





rjaluk Emeyòlnduk (of Dmnro) stn`` prjvmn`ji nl Wm`jstnlj (Emrolnus, =769, Lo. :6).RTjj KuhĢr mi-IĢl, Cnst. ij Hîrusm`jk, trmls`. Tmuvmnrj (=316), p. 6>-172 wco stmtjstcmt MtsĢz nel Mub (tcj Bcwmrnzknml aovjrlor of Imkmsdus) toob Hjrusm`jk nl=717-= mli tcj Meeísni dm`npc wms prod`mnkji tcjrj two yjmrs `mtjr, mli tcj Ortobnisjxpj``ji nl =7>6.[

R35m [RFmkn`y.[

R34 [Ij Aunaljs, Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. n. p. 59>-5:5.

R39 [Qn``jrk. Yyr. `. n. d. 3, p. 649, wco strnvjs cmri to kmalnfy tcj Dcrnstnmlarnjvmldjs. Ycj Yurbs jxmdtji ml ourjus frok jmdc pnàrnk! Ycj dmpcmr of tcj Frmlbsns low fourtjjl io``mrs2 mli Juropj iojs lot dokp`mnl of tcns voùltmry tmx.

R= [Qcnksndm` jlouac ns tcj ornanl of tcj lmkj of Wndmris, mli frok tcjldj of

Wndmrinj, wcndc iojs lot imtj jmr`njr tcml =577. Nt wms ml mdmijkndm` hobj, ml jpntcjtfnrst mpp`nji to tcj qumrrj`sokj cukour of tcosj stuijlts, nl tcj ulnvjrsnty of Wmrns,wco dmkj frok tcj froltnjr of Frmldj mli F`mlijrs (Vm`jsnn Lotntnm Am``nmruk, p. 9912@olaujruj, Ijsdrnptnol ij `m Frmldj, p. :9).

R5 [Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. n. d. ==, p. 641, 643) tcus ijsdrnejs tcj cjrknt8 Wusn`ùs, pjrsolm doltjkptnen`ns, vnvmdns nlajlnn, jt oduùk cmejls pjrspndmdjk armtukquj, jtspoltj fùjls jn lol ijjrmt jòqunuk. Tjj Mèjrt Mqujlsns, p. =3:. Aunejrt, p. 935.Mllm Dokljlm nl M`jxnmi. `. x. p. 539 Rd. :[, &d. wntc Iudmlaj„s lotjs, p. 49>. RNltcj wrntjrs wco mrj doltjkpormry wntc tcj Fnrst Drusmij tcjrj ns lot m wori of Wjtjr tcj Cjrknt nlstnamtnla Wopj Zreml, lor ns cj kjltnolji ms prjsjlt mt tcj Douldn` of

D`jrkolt. Ycj story fnrst mppjmrs nl Mèjrt of Mnx mli m `ntt`j `mtjr nl tcj Dcmlsoli„Mltnodcj (of tcj Wnàrnk Undcmri, d. ==9:), wcndc cms ejjl jintji ey W. Wmrns, =393.Tjj Cmajlkjyjr, Wjtjr ijr Jrjkntj, =31>. Mftjr tcj Douldn` of D`jrkolt Wjtjr wmsmdtnvj nl prjmdcnla tcj Drusmij nl cns owl doultry nl tcj lortcjmst of Frmldj, ms wjblow frok Aunejrtus.[

R4 [Z`trm qunlqumanltm kn``nm, sn kj pomsult nl jxpjintnolj pro iudj jt poltnfndjcmejrj, mrkmtå kmlu voùlt nl nlnkndos Ijn nlsurajrj, jt mi sjpu`dcruk Ioknln npsoiudjltj pjrvjlnrj (Arjaor. vnn. jpnst. nn. 4=, nl tok. xnn. p. 455, doldn`.).

R9 [Tjj tcj ornanlm` `nvjs of Zreml NN. ey Wmliu`pcus Wnsmlus mli Ejrlmrius Aunio Rnlcns Vntæ Woltnfnduk Uokmloruk2 Ejrlmri fòurnscji mt tcj ejanllnla of tcj =9tcdjltury[, nl Kurmtorn, Ujr. Ntm`. Tdrnpt. tok. nnn. pmrs n. p. 4:5, 4:4. RYcj doltnlumtnolof tcj @nejr Woltnfndm`ns frok Arjaory VNN. to Colornus NN. wms msdrneji ey Emrolnusto Wmliu`fus of Wnsm, mli tcns vnjw wms mioptji nl Kurmtorn„s jintnol. EutAnjsjerjdct cms scowl tcmt tcj `nvjs of Arjaory VNN., Vndtor NNN., mli Zreml NN. mrjnlijpjlijlt dokposntnols mli proeme`y tcj worb of tcj Dmrinlm` Wjtrus Wnsmlus. Ycj`nvjs of Aj`msnus NN., Dm`nxtus NN., mli Colornus NN. wjrj wrnttjl ey Wmliu`f, tcjljpcjw of Cuac of M`mtrn. Tjj Anjsjerjdct, M`àjkjnlj Kolmtsdcrnft, =3:5, p. 567

sqq., mli Ajsdc. ijr ijutsdcjl Bmnsjrzjnt, nnn. p. =761-3 (:tc ji.). ’ Ol Zreml NN. dp.K. F. Ttjrl, Enoarmpcnj ijs Wmpstjs Zreml NN., =334.[





R: [Tcj ns blowl ey tcj inffjrjlt lmkjs of Wrmxjs, Juprædnm, Jufrmsnm, mli Mij`mnsRajljrm``y dm``ji Wrmxjins nl tcj sourdjs[2 mli wms tcj imuactjr of m Uussnml prnldjRVsjv`mi of Bnjv[, mli tcj wniow of m Kmrarmvj of Ermlijleura. Ttruv. Dorpus Cnst.Ajrkmlndæ, p. 497.

R6 [Cjlrndus oino jmk dŔpnt cmejrj8 nijo nldmrdjrmvnt jmk, jt doldjssnt ut p`jrnqujvnk jn nlfjrrjlt2 nko fn`nuk cortmls ut jmk suemantmrjt (Ioijdcnl, Doltnlumt. Kmrnml.Tdot. Rn.j. tcj Mllm`js T. Insneoin fm`sj`y msdrneji to m djrtmnl Meeot Ioijdcnl mlijrroljous`y supposji to ej m doltnlumtnol of tcj Dcrolnd`j of Kmrnmlus Tdotus[ mpuiEmrol. =7>4, Lo. 9). Nl tcj syloi of Dolstmldj, scj ns ijsdrneji ey Ejrtcoìus, rjruknlspjdtor8 quæ sj tmltms jt tmk nlmuintms forlndmtnoluk spurdntnms, jt m tmltns pmssmkfunssj dolqujstm jst, &d. Mli mamnl mt W`mdjltnm8 smtns knsjrndorintjr susdjpnt, jo quoinpsmk tmltms spurdntnms lol tmk dokknssnssj qumk nlvntmk pjrtu`nssj pro djrtodoalovjrnt Wmpm duk smldtå syloio. Mpui Emrol. =7>4, Lo. 9, =7>9, Lo. 4. M rmrjsuehjdt for tcj nlfm``ne`j ijdnsnol of m Wopj mli douldn`! Ycjsj meoknlmtnols mrj

rjpualmlt to jvjry prnldnp`j of cukml lmturj, wcndc ns lot m`tjrji ey m insputj meoutrnlas mli drosnjrs. ^jt nt scouì sjjk tcmt tcj wrjtdcji wokml wms tjkptji ey tcj prnjsts to rj`mtj or suesdrnej sokj nlfmkous stornjs of cjrsj`f mli cjr cusemli.

R1 [Tjj tcj lmrrmtnvj mli mdts of tcj syloi of W`mdjltnm, Doldn`. tok. xnn. p. 35=, &d.RKmlsn, Doldn`. xx. p. 379, mli dp. Wjrtz, Kol. 3, p. 919, for m lotndj mppjliji to tcjMdts.[

R3 [Aunejrt cnksj`f, m Frjldckml, prmnsjs tcj pnjty mli vmòur of tcj Frjldc lmtnol,tcj mutcor mli jxmkp`j of tcj drusmijs8 Ajls loen`ns, pruijls, ej``ndosm, impsn`ns, jtlntnim. ’ ]uos jlnk Erntoljs, Mlaòs, @naurjs, sn eolns jos korneus vnijmkus, loln``ndo Frmldos coknljs mppj``jkus? (p. 913). Cj owls, cowjvjr, tcmt tcj vnvmdnty of tcj Frjldc ijajljrmtjs nlto pjtu`mldj mkola forjnaljrs (p. 934), mli vmnlòqumdnousljss (p. :75).

R> [Wjr vnmk qumk hmkiuiuk Dmroùs Kmalus, knrnfndus rjx Frmldoruk R`ja.

Frmldnmj[, mptmrn fjdnt usquj D. W. (Ajstm Frmldoruk, p. =, Uoejrt. Kolmdc. Cnst.Cnjros. `. n. p. 44, &d.).

R=7 [Hocl Yn`pnlus, or Yurpnlus, wms Mrdcenscop of Ucjnks, 114. Mftjr tcj yjmr =777,tcns rokmldj wms dokposji nl cns lmkj ey m kolb of tcj eorijrs of Frmldj mli

Tpmnl2 mli sudc wms tcj nijm of jdd`jsnmstndm` kjrnt tcmt cj ijsdrnejs cnksj`f ms mfnactnla mli irnlbnla prnjst! ^jt tcj eoob of `njs wms prolouldji mutcjltnd ey WopjDm`nxtus NN. ( ==55), mli ns rjspjdtfu``y quotji ey tcj meeot Tuajr, nl tcj arjmtDcrolnd`js of Tt. Ijlys (Fmernd. Ene`not. @mtnl. kjinn Ævn, jint. Kmlsn, tok. nv. p.=6=). RYcj kost nkportmlt drntndm` worb ol Yurpnl„s rokmldj (Cnstornm ij vntm Dmro`nKmaln jt Uo`mlin jnus ljpotns, ns tcj tnt`j) ns tcmt of Amstol Wmrns, Ij Wsjuio-Yurpnlo(=36:), wco kmbjs nt proeme`j tcmt tcj fnrst pmrt (dd. =-:) wms dokposji nl tcj ==tcdjltury ey m Tpmlnmri, mli tcj sjdoli pmrt (d. ===7) ey m kolb mt Vnjllj. Ycj kostrjdjlt jintnol ns tcmt of F. Dmstjts, =337. Ycjrj wjrj sjvjrm` oì Frjldc trmls`mtnols.Olj, for nlstmldj, wms jintji ey F. M. Qu`ff (Dcrolnquj intj ij Yurpnl, =33=), mli

two otcjrs ey Y. Murmdcjr (=361, =311). Ycjrj ns ml Jla`nsc trmls`mtnol ey Y. Uoii(Cnstory of Dcmr`js tcj Arjmt mli Or`mlio msdrneji to Yurpnl, =3=5, 5 vo`s.).[





R== [Tjj Jtmt ij `m Frmldj, ey tcj Doult ij Eou`mnlvn``njrs, tok. n. p. =37-=35, mli tcjsjdoli voùkj of tcj Oesjrvmtnols sur `„Cnstonrj ij Frmldj, ey tcj Meeî ij Kme`y.

R=5 [Nl tcj provnldjs to tcj soutc of tcj @onrj, tcj fnrst Dmpjtnmls wjrj sdmrdj`ym`òwji m fjuim` suprjkmdy. Ol m`` snijs, Lorkmliy, Erjtmalj, Mquntmnl, Eurauliy,

@orrmnlj, mli F`mlijrs doltrmdtji tcj lmkj mli `nknts of tcj propjr Frmldj. TjjCmirnml Vm`js. Lotntnm Am``nmruk.

R=4 [Ycjsj doults, m youlajr ermldc of tcj iubjs of Mquntmnl, wjrj mt `jlatcijspon`ji of tcj arjmtjst pmrt of tcjnr doultry ey Wcn`np Muaustus. Ycj enscops of D`jrkolt armium``y ejdmkj prnldjs of tcj dnty. Kî`mlajs, tnrîs i„ulj armlijEne`notcãquj, tok. xxxvn. p. 533, &d.

R=9 [Tjj tcj mdts of tcj douldn` of D`jrkolt, Doldn`, tok. xnn. p. 35>, &d. RKmlsn,Doldn`nm, xx. p. 3=: sqq.[

R=: [RYcnrtjjl mrdcenscops, jnacty enscops, mli lnljty meeots, Anjsjerjdct, nnn. p. 661,fo`òwnla Djldnus Dmkjrmrnus (Kmlsn, xx. >73), mli tcj Wopj cnksj`f (ne., 35>).[

R=6 [Dolfùxjrult mi doldn`nuk j ku`tns rjanolneus vnrn, potjltjs jt colormtn,nllukjrn qumkvnsdnlauò `mndm`ns kn`ntnæ supjren (Emìrnd, ml jyj-wntljss, p. 36-33.Uoejrt. Kol. p. 4=, 45. Qn``. Yyr. n. =9, =:, p. 64>-69=. Aunejrt, p. 913-937. Fu`dcjr.Dmrolt. p. 435).

R=1 [Ycj Yrudj of Aoi (Yrjvm, or Yrjuam Ijn) wms fnrst nlvjltji nl Mquntmnl, =7452 e`mkji ey sokj enscops ms ml oddmsnol of pjrhury, mli rjhjdtji ey tcj Lorkmls ms

doltrmry to tcjnr prnvn`jajs (Iudmlaj, Aòss. @mtnl. tok. vn. p. 635-63:). RBùdbcocl,Ajsdcndctj ijs Aottjsfrnjijls.[

R=3 [ Ijus vu`t, Ijus vu`t! wms tcj purj mdd`mkmtnol of tcj d`jray wco ulijrstooi@mtnl (Uoejrt. Kol. `. n. p. 45). Ey tcj n``ntjrmtj `mnty, wco spobj tcj Wrovnldnm` or

@nkousnl ninok, nt wms dorruptji to Ijus ò vo`t, or Injx j` vo`t. Tjj Dcrol.Dmsnljlsj, `. nv. d. ==, p. 9>1, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`. tok. nv., mli Iudmlaj(Inssjrtmt. xn. p. 571 sur Honlvn``j, mli Aòss. @mt. tok. nn. p. 6>7), wco, nl cns prjfmdj,

proiudjs m vjry inffndu`t spjdnkjl of tcj inm`jdt of Uovjrauj, ==77, vjry ljmr, eotc nltnkj mli p`mdj, to tcj douldn` of D`jrkolt (p. =:, =6). RTjj Tyej`, Ajsdcndctj ijs

jrstjl Brjuzzuajs, p. =3: sqq.[

R=> [Kost dokkol`y ol tcjnr scouìjrs, nl aoì, or sn`b, or dòtc, sjwji ol tcjnr amrkjlts. Nl tcj fnrst drusmij, m`` wjrj rji2 nl tcj tcnri, tcj Frjldc mòlj prjsjrvjitcmt doòur, wcn`j arjjl drossjs wjrj mioptji ey tcj F`jknlas, mli wcntj ey tcjJla`nsc (Iudmlaj, tok. nn. p. 6:=). ^jt nl Jla`mli tcj rji jvjr mppjmrs tcj fmvourntj,mli, ms nt wjrj, tcj lmtnolm`, doòur of our kn`ntmry jlsnals mli ulnforks.

R57 [Eolamrsnus, wco cms pue`nscji tcj ornanlm` wrntjrs of tcj drusmijs, miopts, wntckudc dokp`mdjldy, tcj fmlmtnd tnt`j of Aunejrtus, Ajstm Ijn pjr Frmldos2 tcouac sokjdrntnds proposj to rjmi Ajstm Inmeo`n pjr Frmldos (Cmlovnæ, =6==, two vo`s. nl fo`no).N scm`` ernjf`y jlukjrmtj, ms tcjy stmli nl tcns do``jdtnol Rsupjrsjiji ey tcj Ujdujnìjs cnstornjls ijs Dronsmijs2 Cnstornjls oddnijltmux, vo`s. =-:, =39=-=3>:[, tcj







Tjj F`jury, Cnst. Jdd`îs. tok. xnnn. p. >6-=792 Emrolnus, =7:6, Lo. 1, wco oesjrvjsfrok Imknmlus, cow fmscnolme`j, jvjl mkola `minjs of qum`nty (sue`nkns ajljrns),tcns jxpnmtnol (puramtornn ajlus) wms arowl.

R53 [Mt m qumrtjr, or jvjl cm`f, m rnm` m `msc, Tmldco Wmlzm wms m dcjmpjr mli possne`y

lot m korj inscoljst worbkml. N rjkjkejr, nl Wãrj @memt (Voymajs jl Ntm`nj, tok.vnn. p. =6-5>), m vjry `nvj`y pndturj of tcj ijxtjrnty of olj of tcjsj mrtnsts.

R5> []undulquj pro so`å ijvotnolj, lol pro colorns vj` pjdulnæ mijptnolj, mi`nejrmlimk jdd`jsnmk Ijn Hjrusm`jk profjdtus fujrnt, ntjr n`ùi pro okln pŔlntjltnårjputjtur. Dmlol. Doldn`. D`mrokolt. nn. p. 35>. Aunejrt sty`js nt, lovuk smùtns ajlus(p. 91=), mli ns m`kost pcnòsopcndm` ol tcj suehjdt.

R47 [Tudc mt `jmst wms tcj ej`njf of tcj drusmijrs, mli sudc ns tcj ulnfork sty`j of tcjcnstornmls (Jsprnt ijs Dronsmijs, tok. nnn. p. 911)2 eut tcj prmyjrs for tcj rjposj of

tcjnr sou`s ns nldolsnstjlt nl ortcoiox tcjoòay wntc tcj kjrnts of kmrtyriok.

R4= [Ycj smkj copjs wjrj insp`myji nl tcj `jttjrs of tcj mivjlturjrs, mi mlnkmliosqun nl Frmldnå rjsjijrmlt. Cuac ij Ujntjstj douì eomst tcmt cns scmrj mkoultji to oljmeejy mli tjl dmst`js, of tcj yjmr`y vmùj of =:77 kmrbs, mli tcmt cj scouì mdqunrjml culirji dmst`js ey tcj dolqujst of M`jppo (Aunejrt, p. ::9, :::).

R45 [Nl cns ajlunlj or fndtntnous `jttjr to tcj Doult of F`mlijrs, M`jxnus knla`js wntctcj imlajr of tcj dcurdc, mli tcj rj`nds of smnlts, tcj murn jt mrajltn mkor, mli

pu`dcjrrnkmruk fŔknlmruk voùptms (p. 916)2 ms nf, smys tcj nlinalmlt Aunejrt, tcjArjjb wokjl wjrj cmlisokjr tcml tcosj of Frmldj. RFor tcj `jttjr sjj meovj, p. =35,

lotj 69.[

R44 [Tjj tcj prnvn`jajs of tcj Drudjsnalmtn, frjjiok frok ijet, usury, nlhury, sjdu`mr hustndj, &d. Ycj popj wms tcjnr pjrpjtum` aumrinml (Iudmlaj, tok. nn. p. 6:=, 6:5).

R49 [Aunejrt (p. 93=) pmnlts nl `nvj`y doòurs tcns ajljrm` jkotnol. Cj wms olj of tcjfjw doltjkpormrnjs wco cmi ajlnus jlouac to fjj` tcj mstolnscnla sdjljs tcmt wjrj

pmssnla ejforj tcjnr jyjs. Jrmt ntmquj vnijrj knrmduùk dmro okljs jkjrj, mtquj vn`nvjlijrj, &d.

R4: [Tokj nlstmldjs of tcjsj stnakmtm mrj anvjl nl tcj Jsprnt ijs Dronsmijs (tok. nnn. p. =6>, &d.), frok mutcors wcok N cmvj lot sjjl.

R46 [RMòla wntc cns uld`j Qm`tjr ij Wonssy.[

R41 [Funt jt m`nui sdjùs ijtjstmen`j nl cåd dolarjamtnolj pjijstrns popu`n stu`tn jtvjsmlæ `jvntmtns, . . . mlsjrjk qujlimk invnlo Tpnrntu mssjrjemlt mffnmtuk, jtdmpj``mk lol knlus joijk rjp`jtmk, jt cms snen iudjs Rcuhus[ sjduliæ vnæ fjdjrmlt,&d. (Mèjrt. Mqujlsns, `. n. d. 4=, p. =>6). Cmi tcjsj pjmsmlts fouliji ml jkpnrj, tcjyknact cmvj nltroiudji, ms nl Jaypt, tcj worscnp of mlnkm`s, wcndc tcjnr pcnòsopcndijsdjlimlts wouì cmvj aòssji ovjr wntc sokj spjdnous mli suet`j m``jaory.





R43 [Ejlhmknl of Yuij`m ijsdrnejs tcj stmtj of cns Hjwnsc erjtcrjl frok Doòaljmòla tcj Ucnlj8 tcjy wjrj rndc, ajljrous, `jmrlji, cospntme`j, mli `nvji nl tcj jmajr copj of tcj Kjssnmc (Voymaj, tok. n. p. 594-59:, pmr Emrmtnjr). Nl sjvjlty yjmrs (cjwrotj meout ==17) tcjy cmi rjdovjrji frok tcjsj kmssmdrjs.

R4> [Ycjsj kmssmdrjs mli ijprjimtnols ol tcj Hjws, wcndc wjrj rjljwji mt jmdcdrusmij, mrj doo``y rj`mtji. Nt ns truj tcmt Tt. Ejrlmri (jpnst. 464, tok. n. p. 45>)mikolnscjs tcj Ornjltm` Frmlbs, lol sult pjrsjqujlin Huiæn, lol sult trudnimlin. Ycjdoltrmry iodtrnlj cmi ejjl prjmdcji ey m rnvm` kolb.

R97 [Tjj tcj doltjkpormry ijsdrnptnol of Culamry nl Otco of Frnsnlajl RAjstmFrnijrndn[, `. nn. d. 4=, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. vn. p. 66:, 666. RYcnsworb of Otto, mòla wntc tcj doltnlumtnol ey Umcjwnl, cms ejjl jintji nl Wjrtz, Kol.xx. p. 491 sqq.2 mli (ey A. Qmntz) nl Tdr. rjr. Ajrk. =339.[

R9= [Ycj oì Culamrnmls, wntcout jxdjptnla Yurotznus, mrj n`` nlforkji of tcj fnrstdrusmij, wcndc tcjy nlvo`vj nl m snla`j pmssmaj. Bmtolm, `nbj oursj`vjs, dml ol`yquotj tcj wrntjrs of Frmldj2 eut cj dokpmrjs wntc òdm` sdnjldj tcj mldnjlt mlikoijrl ajoarmpcy. Mltj portmk Dypjrol, ns Toprol, of Wosol2 Km``jvn``m, Xjk`nl2

Fùvnus Kmroj, Tmvus2 @nltmx, @jntc2 Kjsjerodc, or Kmrsjeura, Oumr, or Kosol2Yo``jleura, Wrmaa (Ij Ujaneus Culamrnæ, tok. nnn. p. =>-:4). RYcj Culamrnml bnlaDmòkml trjmtji tcj pnàrnks wj``. Eut m fjw strmaa`jrs ejòlanla to tcj cost of Qm`tjr wjrj pùlijrji mt Tjk`nl, mli tcjnr mrks wjrj cula up ol tcj wm``. Ycj mrkyof Wjtjr tcj Cjrknt, mrrnvnla `mtjr, smw tcj mrks of tcjnr forjrulljrs, mli toob vjlajmldj ey mttmdbnla mli oddupynla tcj towl. Eotc tcj cost of Wjtjr mli tcmt of Qm`tjr òst m arjmt kmly kjl nl dolf`ndts nl Euàmrnm.[

R9=m [RNl tcj sueures2 tcjy wjrj lot miknttji nlto tcj dnty.[

R9=e [RYcjnr stmtnol wms Lndokjinm mli nts ljnaceourcooi (Ajstm Fr. nn. 9), nldùinlaDnvjtot (Mèjrt, n. =62 Ajstm Fr. nn. 3) mli Cj`jlopo`ns (Mllm, x. 6).[

R95 [Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnms, `. x. p. 531 Rd. 6[) ijsdrnejs tcns ?τωώ?λ θοβώλπυ ms mkoultmnl, ?σαβ?λ θν? εΠγου θν? χβΠωου ?μξοβοδόωνωολ R?χοβνΰεΠλολ[. Nl tcj snjajof Lndj, sudc wjrj usji ey tcj Frmlbs tcjksj`vjs ms tcj kmtjrnm`s of m wm``. RNt wmsljmr tcj rnvjr Irmdol, wcndc cmi ejjl fnxji ms tcj eoulimry ejtwjjl tcj Jkpnrj mli

UŢk.[

R94 [RTjj tme`j ol fo`òwnla pmaj.[

Yo smvj tnkj mli spmdj, N scm`` rjprjsjlt, nl m scort tme`j, tcj pmrtndu`mr rjfjrjldjs totcj arjmt jvjlts of tcj fnrst drusmij. RNl dmsjs wcjrj tcj mutcor dntjs ey tcj pmajs of Eolamrsnus, tcj dcmptjrs mrj miiji wntcnl squmrj ermdbjts, so tcmt tcj rjmijr kmy ejme`j jmsn`y to rjfjr to tcj Ujdujn` ijs cnstornjls ij Dronsmijs, or mly otcjr tjxt. Nl tcjdmsj of Emìrnd tcj pmajs of tcj jintnol nl tcj Ujdujn` (Cnst. Odd. vo`. nv.) mrj anvjl.[





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S. EjrlmriusYcjsmurmrnus}d. 1-== ’ d. ==-57 d. ==-57 d. 5=-5: d. 56 d. 51-43 d. 4>-:5 d. 9: d

R99 [Ycj mutcor of tcj Jsprnt ijs Dronsmijs cms iouetji, mli knact cmvj insej`njvji,tcj drusmij mli trmand ijmtc of Wrnldj Tujlo, wntc =:77 or =:,777 Imljs, wco wmsdut off ey Tu`tml To`nkml nl Dmppmiodnm, eut wco stn`` `nvjs nl tcj pojk of Ymsso(tok. nv. p. ===-==:).

R9: [Ycj frmakjlts of tcj bnlaioks of @otcmrnlanm, or @orrmnlj, wjrj erobjl nlto tcjtwo iudcnjs, of tcj Kosj``j, mli of tcj Kjusj2 tcj fnrst cms prjsjrvji nts lmkj, wcndcnl tcj `mttjr cms ejjl dcmlaji nlto tcmt of Ermemlt (Vm`js. Lotnt. Am``. p. 534-533).

R@otcrnlajl cmi ejjl invniji nlto Zppjr mli @owjr nl tcj `mttjr pmrt of tcj rjnal of Otto N. Ycj two iudcnjs wjrj mamnl ulntji, ulijr Dolrmi NN., nl tcj cmlis of IubjAozjò2 eut ol cns ijmtc nl =799 wjrj sjpmrmtji, aonla to cns two sols, ey pjrknssnolof Cjlry NNN.[

R96 [Tjj, nl tcj ijsdrnptnol of Frmldj, ey tcj Meeî ij @olaujruj, tcj mrtnd`js of Eouòalj, pmrt n. p. :92 Ermemlt, pmrt nn. p. 91, 932 Eoun`òl, p. =49. Ol cns ijpmrturj,Aoifrjy soì or pmwlji Eoun`òl to tcj dcurdc for =477 kmrbs.

R91 [Tjj tcj fmkn`y dcmrmdtjr of Aoifrjy nl Qn``nmk of Yyrj, `. nx. d. :-32 cns prjvnous

ijsnal nl Aunejrt (p. 93:)2 cns sndbljss mli vow nl Ejrlmri. Ycjsmur. (d. 13).

R93 [Mllm Dokljlm supposjs tcj Cuac RΟγεου[ wms proui of cns loen`nty, rndcjs, mli powjr (`. x. p. 533 Rd. 1[)2 tcj two `mst mrtnd`js mppjmr korj jqunvodm`2 eut ml κ?δΫλκξν,wcndc, sjvjl culirji yjmrs mao, wms fmkous nl tcj pm`mdj of Dolstmltnlop`j, mttjststcj mldnjlt inalnty of tcj Dmpjtnml fmkn`y of Frmldj.

R9> [Qn``. Ajkjtndjlsns Rof Huknãajs2 d. =7512 tcj jli of Eb. 1 mli Eb. 3 mrj lot eyQn``nmk[, `. vnn. d. 1, p. 615, 614, nl Dmkijl. Lorkmlndns Rnl Knalj, Wmt. @mt. =9>, p.11> sqq.[. Cj pmwlji tcj iudcy for olj culirjitc pmrt of tcj prjsjlt yjmr`y rjvjluj.Yjl tcousmli kmrbs kmy ej jqum` to fnvj culirji tcousmli `nvrjs, mli Lorkmliy

mllum``y ynjìs fnfty-sjvjl kn``nols to tcj bnla (Ljdbjr, Miknlnstrmtnol ijs Fnlmldjs,tok. n. p. 531).

R:7 [Cns ornanlm` `jttjr to cns wnfj RMij`m[ ns nlsjrtji nl tcj Tpndn`januk of Iok. @ud.i„Mdcjrn, tok. nv. mli quotji nl tcj Jsprnt ijs Dronsmijs, tok. n. p. 64. RYcns mlimlotcjr `jttjr (jltnt`ji Jp. jx dmstrns oesninolns Lndmjlmj mllo =7>3) mrj prnltji nltcj Ujdujn`, Cnst. Odd. 4. p. 334 sqq.[

R:= [Zlnus jlnk, iuuk, trnuk, sju qumtuor oppnioruk ioknlos quns lukjrjt?quoruk tmltm funt dopnm, ut lol vnx totnijk Yrohmlm oesnino dojanssj putjtur. (Jvjr

tcj `nvj`y mli nltjrjstnla Aunejrt, p. 936.)





R:5 [Nt ns snlau`mr jlouac tcmt Umykoli of Tt. An`js, m sjdoli dcmrmdtjr nl tcj ajlunljcnstory of tcj drusmijs, scouì scnlj ms tcj fnrst of cjrojs nl tcj wrntnlas of tcj Arjjbs(Mllm Dokljl. M`jxnmi. `. x. xn. RMllm dm``s cnk Nsmlaj`js[) mli tcj Mrmenmls(@olaujrumlm, p. =5>).

R:4 [Okljs ij Euraulinå, jt M`vjrlnå, jt Vmsdolnå, jt Aotcn (of @mlaujiod), provnldnm`js mppj``memltur dætjrn vjro Frmldnajlæ, jt cod nl jxjrdntu2 nltjr costjsmutjk Frmldn indjemltur. Umykoli ij Man`js, p. =99.

R:9 [Ycj towl of cns enrtc, or fnrst mppmlmaj, wms dolsjdrmtji to Tt. Æaninus, wcosjlmkj, ms jmr`y ms tcj fnrst drusmij, wms dorruptji ey tcj Frjldc nlto Tt. An``js, or Tt.An`js. Nt ns sntumtj nl tcj @owjr @mlaujiod, ejtwjjl Lnskjs mli tcj Ucolj, mli stn``

eomsts m do``janmtj dcurdc of tcj foulimtnol of Umykoli (Kî`mlajs tnrîs i„ulj armlijEne`notcãquj, tok. xxxvnn. p. :=).

R:: [Ycj kotcjr of Ymldrji wms Jkkm, snstjr of tcj arjmt Uoejrt Aunsdmri2 cns fmtcjr,tcj kmrquns Oio tcj Aooi. Nt ns snlau`mr jlouac tcmt tcj fmkn`y mli doultry of son`ùstrnous m pjrsol scouì ej ulblowl2 eut Kurmtorn rjmsolme`y dolhjdturjs tcmt cjwms ml Ntm`nml, mli pjrcmps of tcj rmdj of tcj kmrqunsjs of Koltfjrrmt nl Wnjikolt(Tdrnpt. tok. v. p. 53=, 535). REut sjj ejòw, p. 543, l. 36.[

R:6 [Yo armtnfy tcj dcnìnsc vmlnty of tcj cousj of Jstj, Ymsso cms nlsjrtji nl cns pojk, mli nl tcj fnrst drusmij, m fmeuòus cjro, tcj ermvj mli mkorous Unlmìo (x. 1:,xvnn. 66->9). Cj knact eorrow cns lmkj frok m Unlmìo, wntc tcj Mqun`m enmldmJstjlsj, wco vmlqunscji, ms tcj stmlimri-ejmrjr of tcj Uokml dcurdc, tcj jkpjror Frjijrnd N. (Ttornm Nkpjrnm`j in Undoemìo, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ntm`. tok. nx. p. 4672

Mrnosto, Or`mlio Furnoso, nnn. 47). Eut, =. Ycj instmldj of snxty yjmrs ejtwjjl tcjyoutc of tcj two Unlmìos ijstroys tcjnr nijltnty. 5. Ycj Ttornm Nkpjrnm`j ns m forajryof tcj Doltj Eoymrio, mt tcj jli of tcj xvtc djltury (Kurmtorn, p. 53=-53>). 4. YcnsUnlmìo mli cns jxpònts mrj lot `jss dcnkjrndm` tcml tcj cjro of Ymsso (Kurmtorn,Mltndcntç Jstjlsj, tok. n. p. 4:7).

R:1 [Of tcj woris, ajltn`ns, ajltn`cokkj, ajlt`jkml, two jtykoòanjs mrj proiudji8=. Frok tcj Emremrnmls of tcj fnftc djltury, tcj soìnjrs, mli mt `jlatc tcj dolqujrors,of tcj Uokml jkpnrj, wco wjrj vmnl of tcjnr forjnal loen`nty2 mli, 5. Frok tcj sjlsjof tcj dnvn`nmls, wco dolsnijr ajltn`ns ms sylolykous wntc nlajluus. Tjìjl nld`nljs

to tcj fnrst, eut tcj `mttjr ns korj purj, ms wj`` ms proeme`j.

R:3 [Frmkjm sdutoquj huvjljk orlmlt. Ymdntus, Ajrkmlnm, d. =4.

R:> [Ycj mtc`jtnd jxjrdnsjs, pmrtndu`mr`y tcj dŔstus mli pmldrmtnuk, wjrj dolijklji ey @yduraus, WcnòpŔkjl, mli Am`jl, m `mwanvjr, m ajljrm`, mli m pcysndnml. Mamnlsttcjnr mutcornty mli rjmsols, tcj rjmijr kmy wjnac tcj mpoòay of @usnml, nl tcjdcmrmdtjr of Toòl. Tjj Qjst ol tcj O`ykpnd Amkjs, nl cns Wnlimr, vo`. nn. p. 36->6,59:-593.

R67 [Ol tcj durnous suehjdt of blnactcooi, blnacts„ sjrvndj, loen`nty, mrks, dry of wmr, emlljrs, mli tourlmkjlts, ml mkp`j fuli of nlforkmtnol kmy ej souact nl Tjìjl





(Opjrm, tok. nnn. pmrt =. Ynt`js of Colour, pmrt. nn. d. =, 4, :, 3), Iudmlaj (Aòss. @mtnl.tok. nv. p. 4>3-9=5, &d.). Inssjrtmtnols sur Honlvn``j (n. vn.-xnn. p. =51-=952 p.=6:-555), mli K. ij Tt. Wm`myj (Kîkonrjs sur `m Dcjvm`jrnj). RCjrj tcj mutcor mltndnpmtjs m `mtjr maj. Mt tcj tnkj of tcj Fnrst Drusmij, tcjrj wms lo dcnvm`ry, ms cjrjkjmlt2 blnact snalnfnji m troopjr.[

R6= [Ycj Fmkn`næ Im`kmtndæ of Iudmlaj mrj kjmarj mli nkpjrfjdt2 tcj lmtnolm`cnstornmls mrj rjdjlt mli fmeuòus, tcj Arjjbs rjkotj mli dmrj`jss. Nl tcj yjmr ==79,Doòkml rjiudji tcj kmrntnkj doultry ms fmr ms Yrmu mli Tmòlm (Bmtolm, Cnst. Drnt.tok. nnn. p. =>:-571). RFor tcj hourljy sjj Blmpp, Ujnsjl iurdc inj Em`bmlcmènlsj`wécrjli ijs Knttj`m`tjrs, nl tcj Knttcjnùlajl ijr b. b. ajoarmpc. Ajsj``sdcmft nlQnjl, xxnnn., =337.[

R65 [Tdoirms mppjmrs nl @nvy ms tcj dmpntm` mli fortrjss of Ajltnus, bnla of tcjN``yrnmls, mrx kulntnssnkm, mftjrwmris m Uokml doòly (Dj``mrnus, tok. n. p. 4>4, 4>9).

Nt ns low dm``ji Nsdoimr, or Tdutmrn (i„Mlvn``j, Aîoarmpcnj Mldnjllj, tok. n. p. =69).Ycj smlhnmb (low m pmscm) of Tdutmrn, or Tdcjlijnrj, wms tcj vnnntc ulijr tcjEja`jreja, of Uokmlnm, mli furlnscji 677 soìnjrs ol m rjvjluj of 13,131 rnx io``mrs(Kmrsna`n, Ttmto Kn`ntmrj ij` Nkpjro Ottorlmlo, p. =53).

R64 [Nl Wj`maolnå dmstruk cærjtnduk . . . spo`nmtuk duk suns cmentmtorneus naljdokeussjrj. Ljd ni jns nlhurnå doltnant8 qunm n`òruk ijtjstmen`ns sjrko jt dmldjr sjrpjemt, hmkquj dnrdukhmdjltjs rjanoljs suo prmvo ioakmtj fŔimvjrmt (Uoejrt.Kol. p. 46, 41). Mftjr doo``y rj`mtnla tcj fmdt, tcj mrdcenscop Emìrnd miis, ms m

pcrmsj, Okljs snqunijk n``n vnmtorjs, Huiæos, cærjtndos, Tmrmdjlos æqum`ntjr cmejltjxosos2 quos okljs mppj``mlt nlnkndos Ijn (p. >5).

R69 [?λνβνεπΰκλου ?χ? ?όΰαυ ω?λ ρύϊτα?λ ωοϊ? ?δίοϊ ΧΫωύοϊ ταΰνίνλ (M`jxnmi, `. x. p. 533 Rd. 1[).

R6: [? Εντξβκ?υ ωώ?λ εντξβΫώλ RMllm, x. d. 1, mi nlnt. nl Cuao„s `jttjr or kjssmaj toM`jxnus[, θν? ?ύραδ?υ ωοϊ? Φύνδδξθοϊ? τωύνωκϋΰνωου ?χνλωου Rne. d. 1, kji., nl tcjmllouldjkjlt of tcj four mli twjlty blnacts to tcj Iubj of Iyrrmdcnuk[. YcnsOrnjltm` pokp ns jxtrmvmamlt nl m doult of Vjrkmlions2 eut tcj pmtrnot Iudmlajrjpjmts wntc kudc dokp`mdjldy (Lot. mi M`jxnmi, p. 4:5, 4:42 Inssjrt. xxvnn. sur Honlvn``j, p. 4=:) tcj pmssmajs of Kmttcjw Wmrns ( =5:9) mli Fronssmri (vo`. nv. p.

57=), wcndc sty`j tcj bnla of Frmldj rjx rjauk mli dcjf ij tous `js rons Dcrîtnjls.

R66 [Mllm Dokljlm wms eorl ol tcj =st of Ijdjkejr, =734, nlindtnol vnn. (M`jxnmi, `.vn. p. =66, =61 Rd. 3[). Mt tcnrtjjl, tcj tnkj of tcj fnrst drusmij, scj wms luen`j, mli

pjrcmps kmrrnji to tcj youlajr Lndjpcorus Eryjllnus, wcok scj foli`y sty`js ω?λ?ΰ?λ Θνίτνύν (`. x. p. 5>:, 5>6 Rd. >[). Tokj koijrls cmvj nkmanlji tcmt cjr jlkntyto Eocjkoli RΕνψΰοϊ?λωου[ wms tcj frunt of insmpponltji òvj. Nl tcj trmlsmdtnols of Dolstmltnlop`j mli Lndj, cjr pmrtnm` mddoults (M`jx. `. x. xn. p. 534-4=1) kmy ejopposji to tcj pmrtnm`nty of tcj @mtnls2 eut nl tcjnr suesjqujlt jxpònts scj ns ernjf mlinalormlt. RDp. meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 973.[





R61 [Nl tcjnr vnjws of tcj dcmrmdtjr mli doliudt of M`jxnus, Kmnkeoura cms fmvourjitcj Dmtco`nd Frmlbs, mli Vo`tmnrj cms ejjl pmrtnm` to tcj sdcnskmtnd Arjjbs. Ycj

prjhuindj of m pcnòsopcjr ns `jss jxdusme`j tcml tcmt of m Hjsunt.

R63 [Ejtwjjl tcj E`mdb Tjm, tcj Eospcorus, mli tcj rnvjr Emreysjs, wcndc ns ijjp nl

sukkjr, mli ruls fnftjjl kn`js tcrouac m f`mt kjmiow. Nts dokkulndmtnol wntcJuropj mli Dolstmltnlop`j ns ey tcj stolj-erniaj of tcj E`mdcjrlæ Rdòsj to Tt.Dm``nlndus[, wcndc nl suddjssnvj majs wms rjstorji ey Hustnlnml mli Emsn` (Ay``nus ijEospcoro Ycrmdno, `. nn. d. 42 Iudmlaj, D. W. Dcrnstnmlm, `. nv. d. 5, p. =1>).

R6> [Ycjrj wjrj two sorts of mioptnol, tcj olj ey mrks, tcj otcjr ey nltroiudnla tcjsol ejtwjjl tcj scnrt mli sbnl of cns fmtcjr. Iudmlaj (sur Honlvn``j, inss. xxnn. p. 517)supposjs Aoifrjy„s mioptnol to cmvj ejjl of tcj `mttjr sort. RYcj mioptnol nskjltnolji ey Mèjrt, nn. =6.[

R17 [Mftjr cns rjturl, Uoejrt of F`mlijrs ejdmkj tcj kml of tcj Bnla of Jla`mli, for m pjlsnol of 977 kmrbs. Tjj tcj fnrst mdt nl Uykjr„s FŔijrm.

R1= [Tjlsnt vjtus rjalmlin, fm`sos nl mkorj, oinm lol fnlajrj. Ymdnt. vn. 99.

R15 [Ycj proui cnstornmls of tcj drusmijs s`nij mli stuke`j ovjr tcns cukn`nmtnla stjp.^jt, snldj tcj cjrojs blj`t to smùtj tcj jkpjror ms cj smt kotnol`jss ol cns tcrolj, ntns d`jmr tcmt tcjy kust cmvj bnssji jntcjr cns fjjt or bljjs. Nt ns ol`y snlau`mr tcmtMllm scouì lot cmvj mkp`y supp`nji tcj sn`jldj or mkenaunty of tcj @mtnls. Ycjmemsjkjlt of tcjnr prnldjs wouì cmvj miiji m fnlj dcmptjr to tcj Djrjkolnm`j Mu`æEyzmltnlæ.

R14 [Cj dm``ji cnksj`f ΦύΠδδου θνγνύ?υ ωώ?λ κ?δκλώ?λ (M`jxnms, `. x. p. 47= Rd. ==[).Qcmt m tnt`j of loe`jssj of tcj xntc djltury, nf mly olj douì low provj cnsnlcjrntmldj! Mllm rj`mtjs, wntc vnsne`j p`jmsurj, tcmt tcj swj``nla Emremrnml, Βνωξ?λουωκωϊ?ώΰΫλου, wms bn``ji, or wouliji, mftjr fnactnla nl tcj frolt nl tcj emtt`j of Iory`æuk (`. xn. p. 4=1). Ycns dnrdukstmldj kmy hustnfy tcj suspndnol of Iudmlaj(Lot. p. 465) tcmt cj wms lootcjr tcml Uoejrt of Wmrns, of tcj instrndt kost pjdu`nmr`ysty`ji tcj Iudcy or Ns`mli of Frmldj ( @„Ns`j ij Frmldj).

R19 [Qntc tcj smkj pjljtrmtnol, Iudmlaj insdovjrs cns dcurdc to ej tcmt of Tt.

Irmusus, or Irosnl, of Tonssols, qujk iuj`ò inkndmturn so`jlt nlvodmrj8 puan`js qunmi kjkornmk jhus (cns toke) pjrlodtmlt nlvndtos rjiint, ut jt ij Euraulinå jt Ntm`nåtm`n ljdjssntmtj dolfuanmtur mi juk. Homl. Tmrneurnjlsns, jpnst. =4>.

R1: [Ycjrj ns sokj invjrsnty ol tcj lukejrs of cns mrky2 eut lo mutcornty dml ejdokpmrji wntc tcmt of Wto`jky, wco stmtjs nt mt fnvj tcousmli corsj mli tcnrtytcousmli foot (sjj Zscjr„s Mllm`js, p. =:5).

R16 [Fu`dcjr. Dmrlotjlsns, p. 431. Cj jlukjrmtjs lnljtjjl lmtnols of inffjrjlt lmkjsmli `mlaumajs (p. 43>)2 eut N io lot d`jmr`y mpprjcjli cns inffjrjldj ejtwjjl tcj

Frmldn mli Am``n, Ntm`n mli Mpu`n. J`sjwcjrj (p. 43:) cj doltjkptuous`y ermlis tcjijsjrtjrs.





R11 [Aunejrt, p. ::6. ^jt jvjl cns ajlt`j opposntnol nkp`njs ml nkkjlsj ku`tntuij.Ey Zreml NN., nl tcj fjrvour of cns zjm`, nt ns ol`y rmtji mt 477,777 pnàrnks (Jpnst. xvn.Doldn`. tok. xnn. p. 14=).

R13 [M`jxnms, `. x. p. 534 Rd. :[, 47: Rd. ==[. Cjr fmstninous ij`ndmdy dokp`mnls of tcjnr

strmlaj mli nlmrtndu`mtj lmkjs2 mli nlijji tcjrj ns sdmrdj`y olj tcmt scj cms lotdoltrnvji to insfnaurj wntc tcj proui nalormldj, so ijmr mli fmkn`nmr to m po`nscji

pjop`j. N scm`` sj`jdt ol`y olj jxmkp`j, Tmlaj`js, for tcj Doult of Tt. An`js. RTmlaj`jswouì ej m ljmr jlouac jqunvm`jlt for Tt. An``js, eut nt ns Nsmlaj`js2 mli tcj fork of tcj dorruptnol sjjks to cmvj ejjl ijtjrknlji ey ml jtykoòay dokp`nkjltmry to tcjdoult, ’ ?τΠδδκβου, mlaj`nd. M rjmijr, nalormlt of tcj proluldnmtnol of koijrlArjjb, knact jmsn`y io nlhustndj to Mllm. Ycj koijrl Arjjb m`pcmejt cms lo `jttjrsjqunvm`jlt to e mli i (ε rjprjsjlts ϊ, mli ι ns mspnrmtji ic)2 mli nl orijr to rjproiudjtcjsj soulis tcjy rjsort to tcj ijvndjs of ΰχ mli λω. Ycus Uoejrt ns quntj dorrjdt`y?οΰχΫύωου, mli Δολωο?ύΫ ns m ljmr trmls`ntjrmtnol of Aoifrjy (Aoijfron).[

R1> [Qn``nmk of Km`kjseury (wco wrotj meout tcj yjmr ==47) cms nlsjrtji nl cnscnstory (`. nv. p. =47-=:9) m lmrrmtnvj of tcj fnrst drusmij2 eut N wnsc tcmt, nlstjmi of `nstjlnla to tcj tjluj kurkur wcndc cmi pmssji tcj Erntnsc odjml (p. =94), cj cmidolfnlji cnksj`f to tcj lukejrs, fmkn`njs, mli mivjlturjs of cns doultrykjl. N fnli nlIuaim`j tcmt ml Jla`nsc Lorkml, Ttjpcjl, Jmr` of Mèjkmr`j mli Coìjrljssj, `jitcj rjmr-aumri wntc Iubj Uoejrt, mt tcj emtt`j of Mltnodc (Emrolmaj, pmrt n. p. 6=).

R37 [Vnijrjs Tdotoruk mpui sj fjrodnuk m`nms nkej``nuk duljos (Aunejrt, p. 91=)2 tcjdrus nltjdtuk, mli cnspnim dc`mkys, kmy sunt tcj Cnac`mlijrs2 eut tcj fnlneus

u`nanlosns kmy rmtcjr mpp`y to tcj Nrnsc eoas. Qn``nmk of Km`kjseury jxprjss`ykjltnols tcj Qj`sc mli Tdots, &d. (`. nv. p. =44), wco qunttji, tcj forkjr vjlmtnoljksm`tuuk, tcj `mttjr fmkn`nmrntmtjk pu`nduk.

R3= [Ycns dmllnem` culajr, sokjtnkjs rjm`, korj frjqujlt`y ml mrtnfndj or m `nj, kmy ejfouli nl Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnms, `. x. p. 533 Rd. 1[), Aunejrt (p. :96), Umiu`pc.Dmiok. (d. >1). Ycj strmtmajk ns rj`mtji ey tcj mutcor of tcj Ajstm Frmldoruk, tcjkolb Uoejrt Emìrnd, mli Umykoli ijs Man`js, nl tcj snjaj mli fmknlj of Mltnodc.RNl tcj Uokmldj of Undcmri DŔur ij @nol (jintji ey Qjejr) Undcmri jmts tcj cjmisof Tmrmdjls.[

R35 [Cns Kusu`kml mppj``mtnol of To`nkml ns usji ey tcj @mtnls, mli cns dcmrmdtjr nscnac`y jkej``nscji ey Ymsso. Cns Yurbnsc lmkj of Bn`niaj-Mrs̀ ml (m.c. 93:-:77,==>5-=5762 sjj ij Aunaljs„s Yme`js, tok. n. p. 59:) ns jkpòyji ey tcj Ornjltm`s, mliwntc sokj dorruptnol ey tcj Arjjbs2 eut `ntt`j korj tcml cns lmkj dml ej fouli nl tcjKmcokjtml wrntjrs, wco mrj iry mli su`by ol tcj suehjdt of tcj fnrst drusmij (ijAunaljs, tok. nnn. p. nn. p. =7-47). RYcns ns lot quntj dorrjdt. Tu`mnkčl inji nl =736.Mftjr ml nltjrrjaluk of snx yjmrs Bn`nh-Mrs`čl, cns sol, suddjjiji nl =7>5, mlirjnalji tn`` ==76. Ycj Qjstjrl cnstornmls dolfusj tcj two.[

R34 [Ol tcj fortnfndmtnols, jlanljs mli snjajs of tcj knii`j majs, sjj Kurmtorn(Mltnquntmt. Ntm`næ, tok. nn. inssjrt. xxvn. p. 9:5-:59). Ycj ej`frjius, frok wcjldj our

ej`fry, wms tcj kovjme`j towjr of tcj mldnjlts (Iudmlaj,tok. n. p. 673). RTjj





ijsdrnptnol of tcj ejrjfrnius nl tcj Ntnljrmrnuk rjans Undmrin, nnn. d. 6 (ji. Ttuees), mliof tcj θύξο?πύου ρκβόλα nl Mllm Dokljlm, xnnn. d. 42 tcjy mrj tcj smkj jlanlj.Dokpmrj ol tcj wco`j suehjdt, Okml, Mrt of Qmr, nn. p. =4= sqq.[

R39 [N dmllot forejmr rjkmrbnla tcj rjsjke`mldj ejtwjjl tcj snjaj mli `mbj of Lndj,

wntc tcj opjrmtnols of Cjrlml Dortjz ejforj Kjxndo. Tjj Ir. Uoejrtsol, Cnst. of Mkjrndm, `. v.

R3: [ Kîdrîmlt, m wori nlvjltji ey tcj Frjldc drusmijrs, mli dolfnlji nl tcmt`mlaumaj to nts prnkntnvj sjlsj. Nt scouì sjjk tcmt tcj zjm` of our mldjstors eon`jicnacjr, mli tcmt tcjy ermliji jvjry ulej`njvjr ms m rmsdm`. M snkn`mr prjhuindj stn``ùrbs nl tcj knlis of kmly wco tcnlb tcjksj`vjs Dcrnstnmls.

R36 [Emrolnus cms proiudji m vjry iouetfu` `jttjr to cns erotcjr Uoajr ( =7>3, Lo.=:). Ycj jljknjs dolsnstji of Kjijs,Wjrsnmls, Dcmìjmls2 ej nt so. Ycj fnrst mttmdb

wms, duk lostro nldokkoio2 truj mli tjlijr. Eut wcy Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl mli Cuacerotcjrs? Ymldrji ns sty`ji fn`nus2 of wcok? djrtmnl`y lot of Uoajr, lor of Eocjkoli. RYmldrji wms m ljpcjw of Eocjkoli, mli m armli-ljpcjw of Uoajr. Cnskotcjr wms Jkkm, Uoejrt Aunsdmri„s imuactjr2 cns fmtcjr Kmrdcnsus (Ajst. Fr. nv. 5Kmrdcnsn fn`nus), wcndc doldjnvme`y iojs lot kjml m wjstjrl Kmrquns eut rjfjrs to tcjlmkj of m Tmrmdjl jknr, ms W. Wmrns suaajsts, Dcmlsol i„Mltnodc, nn. 4152 eut nt ns lotjmsy to fnli m `nbj`y lmkj.[

R31 [Vjrultmkjl indult sj jssj ij Frmldoruk ajljrmtnolj2 jt qunm lu`ùs cokolmturm`ntjr ijejt jssj kn`js lnsn Frmldn jt Yurdn (Ajstm Frmldoruk, p. 1). Ycj smkjdokkulnty of eòoi mli vmòur ns mttjstji ey Mrdcenscop Emìrnd (p. >>).

R31m [RYcj pmnltji wnliows of tcj Dcurdc of Tt. Ijlys, kmij ey orijr of tcj MeeotTuajr nl tcj =5tc djlt., rjproiudji nl Koltfmudol„s Kolukjlts, p`mtj `n., &d.,n`ùstrmtji tcj mrkour of tcj Tmrmdjls.[

R33 [ Em`nstm, Em`jstrm, Mrem`jstrj. Tjj Kurmtorn, Mltnq. tok. nn. p. :=1-:59. Iudmlaj,Aòss. @mtnl. tok. n. p. :4=, :45. Nl tcj tnkj of Mllm Dokljlm, tcns wjmpol, wcndcscj ijsdrnejs ulijr tcj lmkj of tzmlarm, wms ulblowl nl tcj Jmst (`. x. p. 5>= Rd. 3[).Ey ml cukmlj nldolsnstjldy, tcj popj strovj to procnent nt nl Dcrnstnml wmrs.

R3> [Ycj durnous rjmijr kmy dokpmrj tcj d`mssnd `jmrlnla of Dj``mrnus mli tcjajoarmpcndm` sdnjldj of I„Mlvn``j. Qn``nmk of Yyrj ns tcj ol`y cnstornml of tcjdrusmijs wco cms mly blow`jiaj of mltnqunty2 mli K. Ottjr troij m`kost nl tcjfootstjps of tcj Frmlbs frok Dolstmltnlop`j to Mltnodc (Voymaj jl Yurqunj jt jlWjrsj, tok. n. p. 4:-33).

R3>m [RJrja`n nstcj mldnjlt Cjrmd`jm, meout 47 cours soutc-jmst of Ndolnuk (Bŋlnym). Ntwms cjrj tcmt Ymldrji mli Emìwnl sjpmrmtji frok tcj kmnl mrky. Ajstm Fr. x. :.[

R>7 [Ycns ijtmdcji dolqujst of Jijssm ns ejst rjprjsjltji ey Fu`dcjrnus Dmrlotjlsns,or of Dcmrtrjs (nl tcj do``jdtnols of Eolamrsnus, Iudcjslj, mli Kmrtjllj), tcj vm`nmltdcmp`mnl of Doult Emìwnl (Jsprnt ijs Dronsmijs, tok. n. p. =4-=9). Nl tcj insputjs of tcmt prnldj wntc Ymldrji, cns pmrtnm`nty ns jldoultjrji ey tcj pmrtnm`nty of Umiu`pcus


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5:7 cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



Dmiokjlsns, tcj soìnjr mli cnstornml of tcj am``mlt kmrquns. RTjj tcj Dcrolnd`j of Kmttcjw of Jijssm, tr. Iu`murnjr, p. 5=3-55=.[

R>= [RNl tcj mddoult of Kmttcjw of Jijssm, ne. p. 5=>-557, Emìwnl ini lot nlfùjldjtcj pjop`j, eut dolspnrmtors nliudji cnk to dolsjlt to tcjnr p`ml of mssmssnlmtnla

Ycoros. Ycj ijji, cowjvjr, wms iolj, lot ey m emli of dolspnrmtors, eut ey ‐tcjnlcmentmlts‛ nl m kmss2 ne. p. 557.[

R>5 [Tjj ij Aunaljs, Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. n. p. 9:6. RJijssm wms tmbjl nl ==99 eyNkči mi-iĢl XmlaĢ.[

R>4 [RMeout 4» crs. jmst of Mltnodc. Tjj Cmajlkjyjr„s lotj ol Ajstm Fr. xnn. =.Dokpmrj @j Ttrmlaj, Wm`jstnlj ulijr tcj Kus`nks, p. 67.[

R>9 [For Mltnodc, sjj Wododbj (Ijsdrnptnol of tcj Jmst, vo`. nn. p. n. p. =33-=>4), Ottjr

(Voymaj jl Yurqunj, &d. tok. n. p. 3=, &d.), tcj Yurbnsc ajoarmpcjr (nl Ottjr„s lotjs),tcj Nlijx Ajoarmpcndus of Tdcu`tjls (mi dm`djk Eocminl. Vnt. Tm`minl.), mliMeu`fjim (Ymeu`m Tyrnæ, p. ==:-==6, vjrs. Ujnsbj). R@j Ttrmlaj, Wm`jstnlj ulijr tcjKus`nks, p. 461-411.[

R>: [ROlj of tcj kost nkportmlt fortnfndmtnols for m ejsnjajr of Mltnodc to sjnzj wmstcj towjr of Emarčs, or Tt. @ubj, wcndc dokkmliji tcj pmss ovjr Koult Mkmlus toM`jxmlirjttm. Nt wms fortnfnji strola`y ey Lndjpcorus Wcodms, wcjl cj ejsnjaji tcjdnty nl >63.[

R>6 [Jlsjk j`jvmt, jukquj m snlnstrå pmrtj sdmpu`mruk tmltå vnrtutj nltorsnt, ut quoi

pjdtus kjinuk inshulxnt spnlmk jt vntm`nm nltjrrupnt2 jt snd ùerndus jlsns supjr drusijxtruk nltjajr jxnvnt2 sndquj dmput nltjaruk duk ijxtrå pmrtj dorporns nkkjrsntaurantj, pmrtjkquj quæ jquo præsnijemt rjknsnt dnvntmtn (Uoejrt Kol. p. :7). Duhusjlsj trmhjdtus, Yurdus iuo fmdtus jst Yurdn2 ut nlfjrnor m`tjr nl urejk jquntmrjt, m`tjr mrdntjljls nl fùknlj lmtmrjt (Umiu`pc. Dmiok. d. :4, p. 479). ^jt cj hustnfnjs tcjijji ey tcj stupjlins vnrneus of Aoifrjy2 mli Qn``nmk of Yyrj dovjrs nt ey oestupunt

popuùs fmdtn lovntmtj . . . knrmen`ns (`. v. d. 6, p. 17=). ^jt nt kust lot cmvj mppjmrjinldrjine`j to tcj blnacts of tcmt maj.

R>1 [Tjj tcj jxpònts of Uoejrt, Umykoli, mli tcj koijst Ymldrji, wco nkposji

sn`jldj ol cns squnrj (Umiu`pc. Dmiok. d. :4).

R>3 [Mftjr kjltnolnla tcj instrjss mli cuke`j pjtntnol of tcj Frmlbs, Meu`pcmrmanusmiis tcj cmuacty rjp`y of Doieubm, or Bjreoam RBmwčk mi-Imw`m (pn``mr of tcjrjm`k) Bureuacč[8 ‐Lol jvmsurn jstns lnsn pjr a`minuk‛ (Iylmst. p. 595). RNl tcjDcmlsol i„Mltnodcj, Bureuacč ns kystjrnous`y dm``ji Dmremrml i„O`nfjrlj.[

R>> [Nl ijsdrnenla tcj cost of Bjreoam, kost of tcj @mtnl cnstornmls, tcj mutcor of tcjAjstm (p. =1), Uoejrt Kolmdcus (p. :6), Emìrnd (p. ===), Fu`dcjrnus Dmrlotjlsns (p.4>5), Aunejrt (p. :=5), Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. vn. d. nnn. p. 1=9), Ejrlmri Ycjsmurmrnus (d.4>, p. 6>:), mrj doltjlt wntc tcj vmauj jxprjssnols of nlfnlntm ku`tntuio, nkkjlsuk

makjl, nllukjræ dopnæ, or ajltjs, wcndc dorrjspoli wntc tcj ΰκω? ?λνύξγΰάωώλρξβξΠιώλ of Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnms, `. xn. p. 4=3-457 Rd. 9[). Ycj lukejrs of tcj


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5:= cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



Yurbs mrj fnxji ey Mèjrt Mqujlsns mt 577,777 (`. nv. d. x. p. 595), mli ey Umiu`pcusDmiokjlsns mt 977,777 corsj (d. `xxnn. p. 47>). RKudc `mrajr fnaurjs mrj anvjl eyKmttcjw of Jijssm, d. d`v. p. 55=.[

R=77 [Tjj tcj trmand mli sdmlimòus fmtj of ml mrdcijmdol of roym` enrtc, wco wms

s`mnl ey tcj Yurbs ms cj rjposji nl ml ordcmri, p`mynla mt indj wntc m Tyrnmldolduenlj.

R=7= [Ycj vmùj of ml ox rosj frok fnvj so`nin (fnftjjl scn``nlas) mt Dcrnstkms to twokmrbs (four poulis), mli mftjrwmris kudc cnacjr8 m bni or `mke, frok olj scn``nla tojnactjjl of our prjsjlt koljy8 nl tcj sjdoli fmknlj, m òmf of erjmi, or tcj cjmi of mlmlnkm`, soì for m pnjdj of aoì. Korj jxmkp`js knact ej proiudji2 eut nt ns tcjorinlmry, lot tcj jxtrmorinlmry, prndjs tcmt ijsjrvj tcj lotndj of tcj pcnòsopcjr.

R=75 [M`nn ku`tn quoruk loknlm lol tjljkus2 qunm, ij`jtm ij `nero vntæ, præsjltn

opjrn lol sult nlsjrjlim (Qn``. Yyr. `. vn. d. v. p. 1=:). Aunejrt (p. :=3-:54) mttjkptsto jxdusj Cuac tcj Arjmt, mli jvjl Ttjpcjl of Dcmrtrjs.

R=74 [Tjj tcj proarjss of tcj drusmij, tcj rjtrjmt of M`jxnus, tcj vndtory of Mltnodc,mli tcj dolqujst of Hjrusm`jk, nl tcj M`jxnmi, `. xn. p. 4=1-451 Rd. 4-6[. Mllm wms so

prolj to jxmaajrmtnol tcmt scj kmalnfnjs tcj jxpònts of tcj @mtnls.

R=79 [Ycj Kmcokjtml Meou`kmcmsjl (mpui ij Aunaljs, tok. nn. p. >:) ns korjdorrjdt nl cns mddoult of tcj co`y `mldj tcml tcj Dcrnstnmls, Mllm Dokljlm mliMeu`pcmrmanus8 tcj Arjjb prnldjss dolfoulis nt wntc m lmn` of tcj dross (`. xn. p. 456Rd. 6[)2 tcj Hmdoentj prnkmtj, wntc Tt. Wjtjr„s stmff (p. 595).

R=7: [Ycj two mltmaolnsts wco jxprjss tcj kost nltnkmtj blow`jiaj mli tcj strolajstdolvndtnol of tcj knrmd`j, mli of tcj frmui, mrj Umykoli ijs Man`js mli Umiu`pcusDmiokjlsns, tcj olj mttmdcji to tcj doult of Youòusj, tcj otcjr to tcj Lorkml

prnldj. Fu`dcjrnus Dmrlotjlsns prjsukjs to smy, Muintj frmuijk jt lol frmuijk! mlimftjrwmris, Nlvjlnt `mldjmk, fm``mdntjr oddu`tmtmk forsntml. Ycj rjst of tcj cjri mrjòui mli strjluous.

R=76 [Tjj K. ij Aunaljs (tok. nn. p. nn. p. 554, &d.)2 mli tcj mrtnd`js of Emrbnmrob,

Kocmkkji, Tmlanmr, nl i„Cjrejòt.

R=71 [Ycj jknr, or su`tml Rrjm``y vjzĢr2 dm``ji su`tčl nl Jaypt ulijr tcj Fčtnknis[,Mpcim` rjdovjrji Hjrusm`jk mli Yyrj, m.c. 93> R=7>6[ (Ujlmuiot, Cnst. Wmtrnmrdc.M`jxmlirnl. p. 9132 Ij Aunaljs, tok. n. p. 59>, frok Meu`fjim mli Ejl Tdcoulmc).Hjrusm`jk mltj mivjltuk vjstruk rjdupjrmvnkus, Yurdos jhjdnkus, smy tcj Fmtnkntjmkemssmiors.

R=73 [Tjj tcj trmlsmdtnols ejtwjjl tcj dm`npcs of Jaypt mli tcj drusmijrs, nl Qn``nmkof Yyrj (`. nv. d. 59, `. vn. d. =>) mli Mèjrt Mqujlsns (`. nnn. d. :>), wco mrj korjsjlsne`j of tcjnr nkportmldj tcml tcj doltjkpormry wrntjrs.





R=7> [RUmykoli dmpturji Mèmrm, mli olj of cns kjl dmpturji Rtcj vn``maj of[ Yj``Kmllms. Ycjy m`so mttmdbji Kmmrrm, eut ini lot tmbj nt mt tcj fnrst mttjkpt. Umykolimli Eocjkoli dmpturji nt nl Ijdjkejr.[

R==7 [REjforj tcjy rjmdcji Dæsmrjm tcjy wjrj ij`myji ey m tcrjj koltcs„ snjaj of

Mrbm (m strola dntmij` ulijr Kt. @jemlol, lot fmr frok Yrnpo`ns), wcndc tcjy `jftultmbjl.[

R=== [Ycj arjmtjst pmrt of tcj kmrdc of tcj Frmlbs ns trmdji, mli kost mddurmtj`ytrmdji, nl Kmulirj``„s Hourljy frok M`jppo to Hjrusm`jk (p. ==-61)8 ul ijs kjn``jurskordjmux, smls doltrjint, qu„ol mnt imls dj ajlrj (i„Mlvn``j, Kîkonrj sur Hîrusm`jk,

p. 51).

R==5 [Tjj tcj kmstjr`y ijsdrnptnol of Ymdntus (Cnst. v. ==, =5, =4), wco supposjs tcmttcj Hjwnsc `mwanvjrs cmi provniji for m pjrpjtum` stmtj of costn`nty mamnlst tcj rjst of

kmlbnli.

R==4 [Ycj `nvj`y sdjptndnsk of Vo`tmnrj ns em`mldji wntc sjlsj mli jruintnol ey tcjFrjldc mutcor of tcj Jsprnt ijs Dronsmijs (tok. nv. p. 436-433), wco oesjrvjs tcmt,mddorinla to tcj Mrmenmls, tcj nlcmentmlts of Hjrusm`jk kust cmvj jxdjjiji 577,7772tcmt nl tcj snjaj of Yntus, Hosjpcus do``jdts =,477,777 Hjws2 tcmt tcjy mrj stmtji eyYmdntus cnksj`f mt 677,7772 mli tcmt tcj `mrajst ijfm`dmtnol tcmt cns mddjpnkus dml

hustnfy wn`` stn`` `jmvj tcjk korj lukjrous tcml tcj Uokml mrky.

R==9 [Kmulirj``, wco in`najlt`y pjrmkeu`mtji tcj wm``s, fouli m dnrdunt of 9647 pmdjs, or 9=61 Jla`nsc ymris (p. =7>, ==7)2 frok ml mutcjltnd p`ml, i„Mlvn``j

doldùijs m kjmsurj ljmr`y snkn`mr, of =>67 Frjldc tonsjs (p. 54-5>), nl cns sdmrdj mlivmùme`j trmdt. For tcj topoarmpcy of Hjrusm`jk, sjj Uj`mli (Wm`jstnlm, tok. nn. p.345-367). RDp. meovj, vo`. nv. p. 19-:. Auy @j Ttrmlaj, Wm`jstnlj ulijr tcj Kus`nks,

p. 34-554.[

R==: [Hjrusm`jk wms possjssji ol`y of tcj torrjlt of Bjirol, iry nl sukkjr, mli of tcj `ntt`j sprnla or eroob of Tnòj (Uj`mli, tok. n. p. 5>9, 477). Eotc strmlajrs mlilmtnvjs dokp`mnlji of tcj wmlt of wmtjr, wcndc, nl tnkj of wmr, wms stuinous`ymaarmvmtji. Qntcnl tcj dnty, Ymdntus kjltnols m pjrjllnm` foultmnl, ml mqujiudt, mlidnstjrls for rmnl-wmtjr. Ycj mqujiudt wms dolvjyji frok tcj rnvu`jt Yjboj RYjbŢm, =7

kn`js soutc of Hjrusm`jk[, or Jtcmk, wcndc ns `nbjwnsj kjltnolji ey Eocminl (nl Vnt.Tm`minl. p. 543 Rd. =:1[).

R==6 [Anjrusm`jkkj @nejrmtm, dmlto xnnn. Nt ns p`jmsmlt jlouac to oesjrvj cow Ymssocms dopnji mli jkej``nscji tcj knlutjst ijtmn`s of tcj snjaj.

R==1 [Ejsnijs tcj @mtnls, wco mrj lot mscmkji of tcj kmssmdrj, sjj J`kmdnl (Cnst.TmrmŔl. p. 464), Meu`pcmrmanus (Iylmst. p. 594), mli K. ij Aunaljs (tok. nn. p. nn. p.>>), frok Meou`kmcmsjl.

R==3 [Ycj oì towjr Wæpcnlm, nl tcj knii`j majs Ljeòsm, wms lmkji Dmstj`ùkWnsmluk, frok tcj pmtrnmrdc Imnkejrt. Nt ns stn`` tcj dntmij`, tcj rjsnijldj of tcjYurbnsc mam, mli dokkmlis m prospjdt of tcj Ijmi Tjm, Huijm, mli Mrmenm





(I„Mlvn``j, p. =>-54). Nt wms `nbjwnsj dm``ji tcj Yowjr of Imvni, χϋύδουχνΰΰτδκγΫτωνωου. RYcj Wcmsmj` of Hosjpcus, E.H. :, 9, 4.[

R==> [Cukj, nl cns Cnstory of Jla`mli, vo`. n. p. 4==, 4=5, odtmvo jintnol.

R=57 [Vo`tmnrj, nl cns Jssmn sur `„Cnstonrj Aîlîrm`j, tok. nn. d. :9, p. 49:, 496.

R=5= [Ycj Jla`nsc msdrnej to Uoejrt of Lorkmliy, mli tcj Wrovnldnm`s to Umykoli of Youòusj, tcj aòry of rjfusnla tcj drowl2 eut tcj coljst vondj of trmintnol cms

prjsjrvji tcj kjkory of tcj mkentnol mli rjvjlaj (Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. =46) of tcjdoult of Tt. An`js. Cj inji mt tcj snjaj of Yrnpo`n, wcndc wms possjssji ey cnsijsdjlimlts.

R=55 [Tjj tcj j`jdtnol, tcj emtt`j of Msdmòl, &d. nl Qn``nmk of Yyrj, `. nx. d. =-=5, mlinl tcj doldùsnol of tcj @mtnl cnstornmls of tcj fnrst drusmij.

R=54 [Ujlmuiot, Cnst. Wmtrnmrdc. M`jx. p. 91>.

R=59 [Tjj tcj d`mnks of tcj pmtrnmrdc Imnkejrt, nl Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. nx. d. =:-=3, x.9, 1, >), wco mssjrts wntc kmrvj`òus dmliour tcj nlijpjlijldj of tcj dolqujrors mlibnlas of Hjrusm`jk. RMrlu`f wms fnrst j`jdtji Wmtrnmrdc, eut wms ijposji mli rjp`mdji

ey Imnkejrt. Dp. Aunejrtus, vnn. d. =:. Mèjrt of Mnx smys tcmt Imnkejrt owji cnsj`jdtnol dcnjf`y to koljy, do``jdtnolj potjls pjdulnæ qumk j`jdtnolj lovæ jdd`jsnæ(vnn. d. 1).[

R=5: [Qn``jrk. Yyr. `. x. =>. Ycj Cnstornm Cnjroso`ykntmlm of Hmdoeus m Vntrnmdo (`. n.

d. 5=-:7) mli tcj Tjdrjtm Fnij`nuk Drudns of Kmrnlus Tmlutus (`. nnn. p. =) ijsdrnej tcjstmtj mli dolqujsts of tcj @mtnl bnlaiok of Hjrusm`jk. RYcj worb of Kmrnlus (jintjinl Eolamrsnus, nn. p. = sqq.) wms wrnttjl =476-=45=. Ycns Kmrnlus Tmlutus nsinstnlaunscji ms sjlnor frok cns `mtjr lmkjsmbj, mutcor of tcj Dcrolndol Vjljtuk.Ycj fnrst Eoob of tcj worb of Hmkjs ij Vntry ns prnltji nl Eolamrsnus, n. p. =791 sqq.,

mòla wntc Eb. nnn., wcndc ns ey m inffjrjlt mutcor. Eb. nn. sjjks ljvjr to cmvj ejjl prnltji snldj tcj oì jintnol of Kosdcus, =:>1. For tcj cnstory of tcj bnlaiok of Hjrusm`jk, dp. ejòw, p. 51=, lotj =.[

R=56 [Ml mdtum` kustjr, lot nldùinla tcj trnejs of @jvn mli Ejlhmknl, amvj Imvni ml

mrky of =,477,777, or =,:19,777 fnactnla kjl2 wcndc, wntc tcj miintnol of wokjl,dcnìrjl, mli s`mvjs, kmy nkp`y m popu`mtnol of tcnrtjjl kn``nols, nl m doultry snxty`jmaujs nl `jlatc mli tcnrty eromi. Ycj coljst mli rmtnolm` @j D`jrd (Dokkjlt. ol 5Tmkuj`, xxnv. mli = Dcrolnd`js, xxn.) æstumt mlausto nl `nkntj, mli kuttjrs cnssuspndnol of m fm`sj trmlsdrnpt, ’ m imlajrous suspndnol!

R=51 [Ycjsj snjajs mrj rj`mtji, jmdc nl nts propjr p`mdj, nl tcj arjmt cnstory of Qn``nmkof Yyrj, frok tcj nxtc to tcj xvnnntc eoob, mli korj ernjf`y toì ey EjrlmriusYcjsmurmrnus (ij Mdqunsntnolj Yjrræ Tmldtæ, d. 3>->3, p. 145-197). Tokj iokjstndfmdts mrj dj`jermtji nl tcj Dcrolnd`js of Wnsm, Ajlom, mli Vjlndj, nl tcj vntc, nxtc, mlixnntc tokjs of Kurmtorn. REmìwnl N. toob Yrnpo`n nl ==7> mli amvj nt to Ejrtrmk, solof Umykoli of Youòusj. Yyrj surrjlijrji nl ==59. Ycj yjmr ==94 kmy ej tmbjl mstcj djltrm` yjmr mftjr wcndc tcj bnlaiok ejanls to ijd`nlj mli tcj Dcrnstnmls cmvj to





fnact lot for dolqujst eut for ijfjldj. Msdmòl, cowjvjr, wms wol tjl yjmrs `mtjr (==:4). Nl ==:5 tcj Doulty of Jijssm wms surrjlijrji to Kmluj` Dokljlus[

R=53 []unimk popuùs ij nlsu`ns oddnijltns jarjssus, jt kmxnkj ij jm pmrtj quæ Lorvjanm indntur. Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xn. d. =9, p. 379) kmrbs tcjnr doursj pjr

Erntmllnduk kmrj jt Dm`pjl to tcj snjaj of Tniol.

R=5> [RFor tcj cnstory of tcj prnldnpm`nty of Mltnodc, wcndc ijsjrvjs korj mttjltnoltcml nt cms rjdjnvji, sjj J. Ujy„s Uîsukî dcroloòanquj ij `m cnstonrj ijs prnldjsi„Mltnodcj, nl tcj Ujvuj ij `„Ornjlt @mtnl, nv. 45= sqq. (=3>6). Ycj Ej``m Mltnodcjlm

of Aum`tjrnus Dmldj``mrnus wms prnltji nl Eolamrsnus (vo`. n.), eut ml nkprovji tjxt ns pue`nscji nl tcj Ujdujn`, vo`. v. p. 3= sqq. mli tcjrj ns m ljw ji. ey Cmajlkjyjr (=3>6).[

R=47 [Ejlj`mtcnr, mpui ij Aunaljs, Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. nn. pmrt nn. p. =:7, =:=, ==51.

Cj kust spjmb of tcj nl`mli doultry.

R=4= [Tmlut vjry sjlsne`y ijsdmlts ol tcj knsdcnjfs of fjkm`j suddjssnol nl m `mli,costneus dnrdukimtm, uen duldtm vnrn`nm jt vnrtuosm jssj ijejrjlt. ^jt, mt tcj sukkols,mli wntc tcj mpproemtnol, of cjr fjuim` òri, m loe`j imksj` wms oe`naji to dcoosj mcusemli mli dcmkpnol (Mssnsjs ij Hîrusm`jk, d. 595, &d.). Tjj nl K. ij Aunaljs(tok. n. p. 99=-91=) tcj mddurmtj mli usjfu` tme`js of tcjsj iylmstnjs, wcndc mrjdcnjf`y irmwl frok tcj @nalmajs i„Outrjkjr.

R=45 [Ycjy wjrj dm``ji ey ijrnsnol Wou``mnls, Wu``mln, mli tcjnr lmkj ns ljvjr prolouldji wntcout doltjkpt (Iudmlaj, Aòss. @mtnl. tok. v. p. :4:2 mli

Oesjrvmtnols sur Honlvn``j, p. 39, 3:2 Hmdoe. m Vntrnmdo, Cnst. Cnjroso`. `. n. d. 61, 152mli Tmlut, `. nnn. p. vnnn. d. 5, p. =35). N`ùstrnuk vnroruk qun mi Yjrræ Tmldtæ . . .`nejrmtnoljk nl npså kmlsjrult ijajljrjs fn`nn . . . nl ij`ndnns jlutrntn, ko``js jtjffŔknlmtn, &d. RYcj wori iojs lot ljdjssmrn`y nkp`y knxturj of eòoi2 nt ns ‐usjiòosj`y ms wj usj tcj wori Drjo`j‛ (Enscop Ttuees nl Aòssmry to Ntnl. Ujans Undmrin,

p. 9::).[

R=44 [Ycns mutcjltnd ijtmn` ns jxtrmdtji frok tcj Mssnsjs ij Hîrusm`jk (d. 459,456-44=). Tmlut (`. nnn. p. vnnn. d. n. p. =19) rjdbols ol`y :=3 blnacts mli :11:fo`òwjrs.

R=49 [Ycj suk-totm`, mli tcj invnsnol, msdjrtmnl tcj sjrvndj of tcj tcrjj arjmt emrolnjsmt =77 blnacts jmdc2 mli tcj tjxt of tcj Mssnsjs, wcndc jxtjlis tcj lukejr to :77, dmlol`y ej hustnfnji ey tcns supposntnol.

R=4: [^jt ol arjmt jkjrajldnjs (smys Tmlut) tcj emrols erouact m voùltmry mni2ijdjltjk dokntnvmk kn`ntuk huxtm stmtuk suuk.

R=46 [Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xvnnn. d. 4, 9, :) rj`mtjs tcj naloe`j ornanl mli jmr`y nlso`jldjof tcj Cospntm``jrs, wco sool ijsjrtji tcjnr cuke`j pmtrol, Tt. Hocl tcjJ`jjkosylmry, for tcj korj muaust dcmrmdtjr of Tt. Hocl tcj Emptnst. (Tjj tcjnljffjdtum` struaa`js of Wman, Drntndm, =7>>, Lo. =9-=3.) Ycjy mssukji tcj profjssnolof mrks meout tcj yjmr ==572 tcj Cospntm` wms kmtjr, tcj Yjkp`j fn`nm2 tcj Yjutolnd


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5:: cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



orijr wms fouliji ==>7, mt tcj snjaj of Mdrj (Koscjnk, Nlstntut. p. 43>, 4>7). RYcjorijr of tcj Yjkp`j wms fouliji meout ===3. Ycj Cospntm` wms ml oìjr foulimtnol,nlstntutji ey kjrdcmlts of Mkm`fn for tcj rj`njf of sndb pnàrnks2 eut ms m kn`ntmryorijr nt wms youlajr tcml tcj Yjkp`j2 nl fmdt nt wms tcj foulimtnol of tcj Yjkp`mrswcndc suaajstji tcj trmlsforkmtnol of tcj Cospntm` nlto m kn`ntmry orijr. Ycj

Yjkp`mrs wjrj instnlaunscji ey m wcntj dòmb mli rji dross, tcj Cospntm``jrs ey mwcntj dross. Enscop Ttuees, iwj``nla ol tcj ijajljrmtnol of tcj Frmlbs nl Wm`jstnlj mttcj tnkj of tcj Tjdoli or Ycnri Drusmij, oesjrvjs8 ‐Ycj ol`y souli j`jkjlt nl tcjdoultry wms tcj oramlnsmtnol of tcj kn`ntmry orijrs. Ycjsj produrji m dolstmltsuddjssnol of frjsc mli cjm`tcy eòoi frok Juropj, tcjy wjrj lot `nme`j to tcj jvn`s of knlorntnjs, tcjnr sj`fnsc nltjrjsts wjrj eouli up wntc tcj strjlatc of tcj bnlaiok. Nf olj armli kmstjr fj`` mlotcjr toob cns p`mdj. . . . Nt kmy ej smfj`y smni tcmt nf Wm`jstnljdouì cmvj ejjl rjdovjrji mli kmnltmnlji ey tcj Qjstjrl powjrs nt wouì cmvj ejjl

ey tcj blnacts of tcj Yjkp`j mli tcj Cospntm`. Nf tcjnr systjk cmi ejjl mioptji,Wm`jstnlj knact cmvj ejjl stn`` nl Dcrnstnml cmlis2 or mt `jmst cmvj doltnluji so ms

òla ms Dyprus‛ (Nltroiudtnol to Ntnl. Ujans Undmrin, p. dvn. dvnn.).[

R=41 [Tjj Tt. Ejrlmri ij @muij Lovæ Kn`ntnæ Yjkp`n, dokposji ==45-==46, nl Opp.tok. n. p. nn. p. :91-:64, jint. Kmen`òl. Vjljt. =1:7. Tudc ml jldoknuk, wcndc nstcrowl mwmy ol tcj ijmi Yjkp`mrs, wouì ej cnac`y vmùji ey tcj cnstornmls of Km`tm.

R=43 [Kmttcjw Wmrns, Cnst. Kmhor, p. :99. Cj mssnals to tcj Cospntm``jrs =>,777, to tcjYjkp`mrs >777 kmljrnm, m wori of kudc cnacjr nkport (ms Iudmlaj cms rnact`yoesjrvji) nl tcj Jla`nsc tcml nl tcj Frjldc ninok. Kmlor ns m òriscnp, kmlonr miwj``nla.

R=4> [Nl tcj tcrjj fnrst eoobs of tcj Cnstonrj ijs Dcjvm`njrs ij Km`tcj, pmr `„Meeî ijVjrtot, tcj rjmijr kmy mkusj cnksj`f wntc m fmnr, mli sokjtnkjs f`mttjrnla, pndturj of tcj orijr, wcn`j nt wms jkpòyji for tcj ijfjldj of Wm`jstnlj. Ycj suesjqujlt eoobs

pursuj tcjnr jknarmtnols to Ucoijs mli Km`tm.

R=97 [Ycj Mssnsjs ij Hîrusm`jk, nl oì @mw-Frjldc, wjrj prnltji wntc Ejmukmlonr„sDoutukjs ij Ejmuvonsns (Eourajs mli Wmrns, =6>7, nl fo`no), mli n`ùstrmtji eyAmspmri Ycmukms ij `m Ycmukmssnãrj, wntc m dokkjlt mli aòssmry. Ml Ntm`nmlvjrsnol cmi ejjl pue`nscji nl =:4:, mt Vjlndj, for tcj usj of tcj bnlaiok of Dyprus.

RYcj mutcorntmtnvj jintnol ns tcmt of tcj Doktj ij Ejualot8 vo`. n. Mssnsjs ij `m CmutjDour, =39=2 vo`. nn. Mssnsjs ij `m Dour ijs eourajons, =394.[

R=9= [M `m tjrrj pjriuj, tout fut pjriu, ns tcj vnaorous jxprjssnol of tcj Mssnsj (d. 53=Rsjj Ejualot, vo`. n. d. 91 nl tcj @nvrj ij Wcn`nppj ij Lmvmrrj, p. :552 `m `jttrj fust

pjriuj ’ jt tout dj fust pjriu qumlt Tm`minl prnst Hîrusm`jk[). ^jt Hjrusm`jkdmpntu`mtji wntc Tm`minl8 tcj qujjl mli tcj prnldnpm` Dcrnstnmls ijpmrtji nl pjmdj2 mlim doij so prjdnous mli so portme`j douì lot provobj tcj mvmrndj of tcj dolqujrors. Ncmvj sokjtnkjs suspjdtji tcj jxnstjldj of tcns ornanlm` dopy of tcj Co`y Tjpu`dcrj,wcndc knact ej nlvjltji to smldtnfy mli mutcjltndmtj tcj trmintnolmry dustoks of tcj

Frjldc nl Wm`jstnlj. RTjj Mppjlinx =7.[





R=95 [M loe`j `mwyjr, Umou` ij Ymemrnj, ijlnji tcj prmyjr of Bnla Mkmurn (==>:-=57:), tcmt cj wouì dokknt cns blow`jiaj to wrntnla2 mli frmlb`y ijd`mrji,quj ij dj qu„n` smvont lj fjront-n` hm lu` eorhons sol pmrjn``, lj lu` smaj cokkj `jttrî(d. 53=).

R=94 [Ycj dokpn`jr of tcns worb, Hjml i„Nej`nl, wms doult of Hmffm mli Msdmòl, @oriof Emrutc (Ejrytus) mli Umkjs, mli inji =566 (Tmlut, `. nnn. p. xnn. d. :, 3). Ycj fmkn`yof Nej`nl, wcndc ijsdjliji frok m youlajr erotcjr of m doult of Dcmrtrjs nl Frmldj,òla fòurnscji nl Wm`jstnlj mli Dyprus (sjj tcj @nalmajs ij ij-ám Kjr, or i„Outrjkjr, d. 6, mt tcj jli of tcj Mssnsjs ij Hîrusm`jk, ml ornanlm` eoob, wcndcrjdoris tcj pjinarjjs of tcj Frjldc mivjlturjrs).

R=99 [Ey snxtjjl dokknssnoljrs dcosjl nl tcj stmtjs of tcj ns`mli, tcj worb wmsfnlnscji tcj 4i of Lovjkejr, =46>, sjm`ji wntc four sjm`s, mli ijposntji nl tcjdmtcjirm` of Lndosnm (sjj tcj prjfmdj to tcj Mssnsjs).

R=9: [Ycj dmutnous Hocl i„Nej`nl mraujs, rmtcjr tcml mffnrks, tcmt Yrnpo`n ns tcj fourtc emroly, mli jxprjssjs sokj iouet doldjrlnla tcj rnact or prjtjlsnol of tcj dolstme`jmli kmrscm` (d. 454 Rd. 56>, dp. d. 51=[). RYrnpo`n wms tcj fourtc fnjf of tcj bnlaiok of Hjrusm`jk, eut nt wms lot m emroly of tcj prnldnpm`nty of Hjrusm`jk. Ycj four fnjfs of tcj bnlaiok wjrj8 (=) tcj prnldnpm`nty of Hjrusm`jk2 (5) tcj prnldnpm`nty of Mltnodc2(4) tcj doulty of Jijssm2 (9) tcj doulty of Yrnpo`n. Ycj four emrolnjs of tcj

prnldnpm`nty wjrj8 (=) tcj prnldnpm`nty of Am`n`jj2 (5) tcj ̀ oriscnp of Tniol mliDæsmrjm (Dæsmrjm ejnla cjì ms m fnjf of Tniol)2 (4) tcj doulty of Hmffm mli Msdmòl2(9) tcj prnldnpm`nty of Cjerol or Tt. Mermcmk, to wcndc wms mftjrwmris honlji tcjòriscnp of Bjrmb mli Koltrjm` ejyoli tcj Horiml (nldùinla m`` tcj soutc of Wm`jstnlj jxdjpt Msdmòl). Ycjrj ns m aooi kmp of tcj Wrnldnpm`nty of Hjrusm`jk nl tcjJla. tr. of Ejcč mi-inl nl tcj Wm`jstnlj Wnàrnks„ Yjxt Todnjty.[

R=96 [Jltrj sjnalor jt cokkj lj l„m quj `m fon2 . . . kmns tmlt quj `„cokkj iont ç solsjnalor rjvjrjldj jl toutjs dcosjs (d. 576). Yous `js cokkjs iuint roymukj solt pmr `m intj Mssnsj tjlus `js uls ms mutrjs . . . jt jl dj``j kmlnãrj quj `j sjnalor kjttj kmnlou fmdj kjttrj mu dors ou mu fnî i„mudul i„ymus smls jsamri jt smls dollonssmldj ijdourt, quj tous `js mutrjs ionvjlt vjlnr ijvmlt `j sjnalor, &d. (5=5). Ycj fork of tcjnr rjkolstrmldjs ns doldjnvji wntc tcj loe`j snkp`ndnty of frjjiok.

R=91 [Tjj `„Jsprnt ijs @onx, `. xxvnnn. Nl tcj forty yjmrs snldj nts pue`ndmtnol, lo worb cms ejjl korj rjmi mli drntndnsji2 mli tcj spnrnt of nlqunry wcndc nt cms jxdntji ns lottcj `jmst of our oe`namtnols to tcj mutcor.

R=93 [For tcj nltj``najldj of tcns oesdurj mli oeso`jtj hurnspruijldj (d. 37-===). N mkijjp`y nlijetji to tcj frnjliscnp of m `jmrlji òri, wco, wntc ml mddurmtj mliinsdjrlnla jyj, cms survjyji tcj pcnòsopcnd cnstory of `mw. Ey cns stuinjs, postjrntyknact ej jlrndcji2 tcj kjrnt of tcj ormtor mli tcj huiaj dml ej fj`t ol`y ey cnsdoltjkpormrnjs. RYcj rjfjrjldj ns to @ori @ouaceorouac.[

R=9> [@ouns `j Aros, wco ns dolsnijrji ms tcj fmtcjr of tcns nlstntutnol nl Frmldj, inilot ejanl cns rjnal tn`` lnlj yjmrs ( ==73) mftjr Aoifrjy of Eoun`òl (Mssnsjs, d. 5,





459). For nts ornanl mli jffjdts, sjj tcj huindnous rjkmrbs of Ir. Uoejrtsol (Cnstory of Dcmr`js V. vo`. n. p. 47-46, 5:=-56:, qumrto jintnol).

R=:7 [Jvjry rjmijr dolvjrsmlt wntc tcj cnstornmls of tcj drusmijs, wn`` ulijrstmli, eytcj pjup`j ijs Turnjls, tcj Ornjltm` Dcrnstnmls, Kj`dcntjs, Hmdoentjs, or Ljstornmls,

wco cmi m`` mioptji tcj usj of tcj Mrmend `mlaumaj (vo`. vnnn. p. =39).

R=:= [Tjj tcj Mssnsjs ij Hîrusm`jk (4=7-4=5). Ycjsj `mws wjrj jlmdtji ms `mtj ms tcjyjmr =4:3, nl tcj bnlaiok of Dyprus. Nl tcj smkj djltury, nl tcj rjnal of Jiwmri N., Nulijrstmli, frok m `mtj pue`ndmtnol (of cns Eoob of Mddoult), tcmt tcj prndj of m wmr-corsj wms lot `jss jxorentmlt nl Jla`mli.

R= [Mllm Dokljlm rj`mtjs cjr fmtcjr„s dolqujsts nl Msnm Knlor, M`jxnmi, `. xn. p.45=-45: Rd. :, 6[, `. xnv. p. 9=> Rd. =[2 cns Dn`ndnml wmr mamnlst Ymldrji mliEocjkoli, p. 453-495 Rd. 1-=5[2 tcj wmr of Jpnrus, wntc tjinous pro`nxnty, `. xnn. xnnn.

Rd. =-=5[, p. 49:-9762 tcj ijmtc of Eocjkoli, `. xnv. p. 9=> Rd. =[. RYcj ejst dokp`jtjcnstory of tcj jvjlts ijsdrneji nl tcns Dcmptjr, frok ==77 to =5>=, ns tcj ljw worb of Uocrndct, Inj Ajsdcndctj ijs Bolnarjndcs Hjrusm`jk, =3>3.[

R5 [Ycj bnlas of Hjrusm`jk sueknttji, cowjvjr, to m loknlm` ijpjlijldj2 mli nl tcjimtjs of tcjnr nlsdrnptnols (olj ns stn`` `jane`j nl tcj dcurdc of Ejtc`jk) tcjyrjspjdtfu``y p`mdji ejforj tcjnr owl tcj lmkj of tcj rjnalnla jkpjror (Iudmlaj,Inssjrtmtnols sur Honlvn``j, xxvnn. p. 4=>).

R4 [Mllm Dokljlm miis tcmt, to dokp`jtj tcj nkntmtnol, cj wms scutup wntc m ijmidodb2 mli dolijsdjlis to wolijr cow tcj Emremrnml douì jliurj tcj dolfnljkjlt

mli putrjfmdtnol. Ycns mesuri tm`j ns ulblowl to tcj @mtnls.

R9 [?χ? Γοϋβαυ RMllm, xnn. d. >, dp. nn. d. >[, nl tcj Eyzmltnlj Ajoarmpcy, kust kjmlJla`mli2 yjt wj mrj korj drjine`y nlforkji tcmt our Cjlry N, wouì lot suffjr cnk to`jvy mly troops nl cns bnlaiok (Iudmlaj, Lot. mi M`jxnmi, p. 9=).

R: [Ycj dopy of tcj trjmty (M`jxnmi, `. xnnn. p. 976-9=6 Rd. =5[) ns ml ornanlm` mlidurnous pnjdj, wcndc wouì rjqunrj, mli knact mffori, m aooi kmp of tcj prnldnpm`ntyof Mltnodc.

R6 [RKopsujstnm, dorruptji to Kmkpsnstm, Kmlsnstm, Kmknstm (Mllm Dokljlm),wcjldj Kmknstrm, Km`knstrm. Nl Yurbnsc tcj fork cms ejdokj u`tnkmtj`y Knssns2 nlMrmend nt ns m`-KmssĢsm.[

R1 [Tjj nl tcj `jmrlji worb of K. ij Aunaljs (tok. nn. pmrt nn.) tcj cnstory of tcjTj`hubnmls of Ndolnuk, M`jppo, mli Imkmsdus, ms fmr ms nt kmy ej do``jdtji frok tcjArjjbs, @mtnls, mli Mrmenmls. Ycj `mst mrj nalormlt or rjamri`jss of tcj mffmnrs of

Uouk.

R3 [Ndolnuk ns kjltnolji ms m stmtnol ey Sjlopcol, mli ey Ttrmeo Rxnn. 6, sjdtnol =[wntc tcj mkenauous tnt`j of Θώΰπχοβξυ (Dj``mrnus, tok. nn. p. =5=). ^jt Tt. Wmu` fouli

nl tcmt p`mdj m ku`tntuij (χβα?γου) of Hjws mli Ajltn`js. Zlijr tcj dorrupt lmkj of Bulnhmc, nt ns ijsdrneji ms m arjmt dnty, wntc m rnvjr mli amrijls, tcrjj `jmaujs frok





tcj koultmnls, mli ijdormtji (N blow lot wcy) wntc W`mto„s toke (Meu`fjim, tmeu`.xvnn. p. 474, vjrs. Ujnsbj2 mli tcj Nlijx Ajoarmpcndus of Tdcu`tjls frok Nel Tmni). RNtns Tomtrm, lot Ndolnuk, tcmt Ttrmeo ijsdrnejs ms Θώΰπχοβξυ nl tcj pmssmaj to wcndcDj``mrnus rjfjrs.[

R> [For tcns supp`jkjlt to tcj fnrst drusmij, sjj Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnms, `. xn. p. 44=Rd. 3[, &d.) mli tcj vnnntc eoob of Mèjrt Mqujlsns Rmli Jbbjcmri of Murm,Cnjroso`ykntm, nl Ujdujn`, Cnst. Odd. vo`. v.[.

R=7 [For tcj sjdoli drusmij of Dolrmi NNN. mli @ouns VNN. sjj Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xvn.d. =3-5>), Otco of Frnsnlajl (`. n. d. 49-9:, :>, 67), Kmttcjw Wmrns (Cnst. Kmhor, p. 63),Ttruvnus (Dorpus Cnst. Ajrkmlndæ, p. 415, 414), Tdrnptorjs Ujruk Frmldndmruk mIudcjslj, tok. nv.2 Lndjtms, nl Vnt. Kmluj`. `. n. d. 9, :, 6, p. 9=-932 Dnllmkus, `. nn. p.9=-9> Rp. 14 sqq., ji. Eoll[. RMkola tcj Qjstjrl sourdjs, Oio ij Ijoanò (Ijun`),Ij Wrofjdtnolj @uiovndn VNN. rjans Frmldoruk nl ornjltjk, ns nkportmlt8 Knalj,

Wmtro`. @mt. vo`. =3:, p. =57: sqq. For m fu`` jlukjrmtnol of tcj sourdjs, sjj Bua`jr,Ttuinjl zur Ajsdcndctj ijs zwjntjl Brjuzzuajs, =366.[

R== [For tcj tcnri drusmij, of Frjijrnd Emremrossm, sjj Lndjtms nl Nsmmd. Mlaj`. `. nn. d.4-3, p. 5:1-5662 Ttruv. (Dorpus Cnst. Ajrk. p. 9=9), mli two cnstornmls, wco proeme`ywjrj spjdtmtors, Ymanlo (nl Tdrnptor. Frjcjr. tok. n. p. 976-9=6, jint. Ttruv.) mli tcjMlolykus ij Jxpjintnolj Msnmtndå2 Frji. N. (nl Dmlnsnn, Mltnq. @jdtnol. tok. nnn. p. nn.

p. 9>3-:56, jint. Emslmaj). RM. Dcroust, Ymajlo, Mlsejrt uli inj CnstornmWjrjarnloruk, =3>5. Fnsdcjr, Ajsdcndctj ijs Brjuzzuajs Bmnsjr Frnjirndcs N., =317.[

R=5 [Mllj, wco stmtjs tcjsj `mtjr swmrks mt 97,777 corsj, mli =77,777 foot, dm``s

tcjk Lorkmls, mli p`mdjs mt tcjnr cjmi two erotcjrs of F`mlijrs. Ycj Arjjbs wjrjstrmlaj`y nalormlt of tcj lmkjs, fmkn`njs, mli possjssnols of tcj @mtnl prnldjs.

R=4 [Qn``nmk of Yyrj, mli Kmttcjw Wmrns, rjdbol 17,777 òrndmtn nl jmdc of tcj mrknjs.RYcj smkj lukejr ns anvjl ey tcj Mllm`s of Wöcìj (mi mll. ==91), wcndc wjrj fnrst

pue`nscji nl Wjrtz„s Kol. xvn. p. 93 sqq., nl =3:>.[

R=9 [Ycj nkpjrfjdt jlukjrmtnol ns kjltnolji ey Dnllmkus (?λλκλάθολων ΰϊύξΠικυ)Rnl dolljdtnol wntc tcj drossnla of tcj Imluej2 Lndjtms (p. 31, ji. Eoll) spjmbs of mlukejrnla mt tcj drossnla of tcj Cj``jspolt[, mli dolfnrkji ey Oio ij Inoanò mpui

Iudmlaj mi Dnllmkuk, wntc tcj korj prjdnsj suk of >77,::6. RYcj Mllm`s of Kmaijeura anvj 6:7,777, mli tcj Mllm`s of Jakoli =,677,777.[ Qcy kust tcjrjforjtcj vjrsnol mli dokkjlt supposj tcj koijst mli nlsuffndnjlt rjdbolnla of >7,777?Iojs lot Aoifrjy of Vntjreo (Wmltcjol, p. xnx. nl Kurmtorn, tok. vnn. p. 965) jxd`mnk

’ Lukjruk sn posdjrj quærms ’ Kn``nm kn``jlm kn`ntjs makjl jrmt?

R=: [Ycns jxtrmvmamlt mddoult ns anvjl ey Mèjrt of Ttmij (mpui Ttruvnuk, p. 9=9RDcrolndol2 Wjrtz, Kol. xvn. p. 534 sqq.[)2 ky dm`du`mtnol ns eorrowji frok Aoifrjyof Vntjreo, Mrloì of @uejdb RDcrolndm T`mvoruk, Wjrtz, Kol. xxn. p. ==: sqq.[, mpui


W@@ v6.7 (ajljrmtji Tjptjkejr, 57==) 5:> cttp8//o``.`nejrtyfuli.ora/tnt`j/=::>



julijk, mli Ejrlmri Ycjsmur. (d. =6>, p. 379). Ycj ornanlm` wrntjrs mrj sn`jlt. YcjKmcokjtmls amvj cnk 577,777 or 567,777 kjl (Eocminl, nl Vnt. Tm`minl. p. ==7).

R=6 [N kust oesjrvj tcmt, nl tcj sjdoli mli tcnri drusmijs, tcj suehjdts of Dolrmi mliFrjijrnd mrj sty`ji ey tcj Arjjbs mli Ornjltm`s M`mkmlln. Ycj @jdcn mli Yzjdcn of

Dnllmkus mrj tcj Wo`js mli Eocjknmls2 mli nt ns for tcj Frjldc tcmt cj rjsjrvjs tcjmldnjlt mppj``mtnol of Ajrkmls. Cj `nbjwnsj lmkjs tcj Εύίωωξοξ, or ΕύξωνλλοίRΕύίωωξοί ωκ θν? Εύκωνλοί, nn. =5[.

R=1 [ Lndjtms wms m dcnì mt tcj sjdoli drusmij, eut nl tcj tcnri cj dokkmliji mamnlsttcj Frmlbs tcj nkportmlt post of Wcn`nppopo`ns. Dnllmkus ns nlfjdtji wntc lmtnolm`

prjhuindj mli prnij.

R=3 [Ycj doliudt of tcj Wcn`mij`pcnmls ns e`mkji ey Lndjtms, wcn`j tcj mlolykousAjrkml mddusjs tcj ruijljss of cns doultrykjl (du`på lostrå). Cnstory wouì ej

p`jmsmlt, nf wj wjrj jkemrrmssji ol`y ey sudc doltrmindtnols. Nt ns `nbjwnsj frok Lndjtms tcmt wj ̀ jmrl tcj pnous mli cukmlj sorrow of Frjijrnd.

R=> [Ργνΰνβ? ?ιύν wcndc Dnllmkus trmls`mtjs nlto @mtnl ey tcj wori Τκββίολ.Iudmlaj worbs vjry cmri to smvj cns bnla mli doultry frok sudc naloknly (sur Honlvn``j, inssjrtmt. xxvnn. p. 4=1-457). @ouns mftjrwmris nlsnstji ol m kjjtnla nl kmrnjx æquo, lot jx jquo, mddorinla to tcj `muacme`j rjminlas of sokj KTT.

R57 [Jao Uokmloruk nkpjrmtor suk, n``j Uokmlnoruk (Mlolyk. Dmlns. p. :=5). Ycj pue`nd mli cnstorndm` sty`j of tcj Arjjbs wms ?άμ . . . prnldjps. ^jt Dnllmkus owls,tcmt ?ΰχκύΠωώύ ns sylolykous to Εντξβκϋυ.

R5= [Nl tcj jpnst`js of Nllodjlt NNN. (xnnn. p. =39), mli tcj Cnstory of Eocminl (p. =5>,=47), sjj tcj vnjws of m popj mli m dmicn ol tcns snlau`mr to`jrmtnol.

R55 [RYcns ns quntj nlmddurmtj. Mt Lndæm, Dolrmi invniji cns mrky. Meout =:,777 toob tcj domst routj ulijr Enscop Otto of Frjnsnla, tcj bnla„s erotcjr. Dolrmi cnksj`f

prodjjiji to Iory`æuk wntc tcj kmnl mrky2 eut mftjr m kmrdc of j`jvjl imys wmlt of supp`njs fordji cnk to turl emdb. Ycj jljky cmrmssji tcj rjtrjmt, mli 47,777Ajrkmls mrj smni to cmvj pjrnscji. Dolrmi kjt tcj Frjldc mrky mt Lndæm.[

R54 [RYcns, too, ns ml nlmddurmtj mddoult. @ouns prodjjiji wjstwmri to @opminuk,wcjrj cj wmntji for Dolrmi, mli tcj two bnlas mivmldji toajtcjr (ey Mirmkyttnuk,Wjramkuk, mli Tkyrlm) to Jpcjsus, wcjrj tcjy spjlt Dcrnstkms, ==91, ms wj `jmrlfrok Dolrmi„s `jttjr to tcj meeot Qnemì of Dorvjn (ml nkportmlt sourdj2 pue`nscji nltcj do``jdtnol of Qnemì„s `jttjrs, nl Hmffî, Ene. rjr. Ajrk. n. lo. 13). Cjrj Dolrmi fj``n``, mli rjturlji to Dolstmltnlop`j ol tcj Jkpjror„s nlvntmtnol. Cj sjt smn` frokDolstmltnlop`j ol Kmrdc =7, ==93, mli rjmdcji Mdrj nl Mprn`. Iurnla tcjnr honltkmrdc @ouns VNN. mppjmrs to cmvj scowl jvjry dolsnijrmtnol to cns fj`òw-sovjrjnal.Ycj otcjr pmrt of Dolrmi„s mrky, `ji ey Otto of Frjnsnla, wms dut to pnjdjs ljmr Koult Dmikus, soutc of @moindjm. Nt ns to tcns knsfortulj tcmt Aneeol„s ‐mdtnol oltcj emlbs of tcj Kæmlijr‛ rjfjrs. Ycj smkj rjanol wms m`so insmstrous to tcj mrky of @ouns VNN.[





R59 [Ms doults of Vjxnl, tcj bnlas of Frmldj wjrj tcj vmssm`s mli mivodmtjs of tcjkolmstjry of Tt. Ijlys. Ycj smnlt„s pjdu`nmr emlljr, wcndc tcjy rjdjnvji frok tcjmeeot, wms of m squmrj fork mli m rji or f`mknla doòur. Ycj ornf`mkkj mppjmrji mttcj cjmi of tcj Frjldc mrknjs frok tcj xnntc to tcj xvtc djltury (Iudmlaj sur Honlvn``j, inssjrt. xvnnn. p. 599-5:4).

R5: [RYcj mldnjlt Mttm`nm. κ?υ ?ωωΠβκξνλ.[

R56 [Ycj ornanlm` Frjldc cnstornjs of tcj sjdoli drusmij mrj tcj Ajstm @uiovndn VNN. pue`nscji nl tcj nvtc voùkj of Iudcjslj„s Do``jdtnol. Ycj smkj voùkj doltmnlskmly ornanlm` `jttjrs of tcj bnla, of Tuajr cns knlnstjr, &d., tcj ejst iodukjlts of mutcjltnd cnstory. RYcns worb, tcj Ajstm @uiovndn VNN., ns m @mtnl trmls`mtnol frok tcjArmlijs Dcrolnqujs ij Frmldj2 nl wcndc tcj cnstory of tcj rjnal of @ouns VNN. ns

emsji ol tcj Cnstornm @uiovndn, ml jxtrmdt frok tcj Doltnlumtno Tmlajrkmljlsns of Mnkonl (wrnttjl d. ==17-37). Ycns ornanlm` cms ejjl jintji rjdjlt`y ey M. Ko`nlnjr,

Vnj ij @ouns `j Aros pmr Tuajr (dmps. =-1 mrj tcj worb of tcj Meeot Tuajr), =331.[

R51 [Yjrrmk corrorns jt sm`suanlns, tjrrmk snddmk, stjrn`jk, nlmkælmk. Mlolyk.Dmlns. p. :=1. Ycj jkpcmtnd `mlaumaj of m suffjrjr.

R53 [Ajls nllukjrm, sy`vjstrns, nliokntm, præioljs snlj iudtorj. Ycj su`tml of Doalnknact snldjrj`y rjhondj nl tcjnr ijfjmt. Mlolyk. Dmlns. p. :=1, :=3.

R5> [Tjj nl tcj mlolykous wrntjr nl tcj do``jdtnol of Dmlnsnus, Ymanlo, mli Eocminl(Vnt. Tm`minl. p. ==>, =57, d. 17 R`ja. 6>[) tcj mkenauous doliudt of Bn`niaj Mrs`ml,su`tml of Doaln, wco cmtji mli fjmrji eotc Tm`minl mli Frjijrnd.

R47 [Ycj ijsnrj of dokpmrnla two arjmt kjl cms tjkptji kmly wrntjrs to irowlFrjijrnd nl tcj rnvjr Dyilus, nl wcndc M`jxmlijr so nkpruijlt`y emtcji (]. Durt. `.nnn. d. 9, :). Eut, frok tcj kmrdc of tcj jkpjror, N rmtcjr huiaj tcmt cns Tm`jpc ns tcjDm`ydmilus, m strjmk of `jss fmkj, eut of m òlajr doursj. RYcns huiakjlt ns rnact.Frjijrndb wms irowlji nl tcj Ajub Tu or Dm`ydmilus ol cns kmrdc frok @mrmlim toTj`judnm.[

R4= [Kmrnlus Tmlutus, =45=, `mys nt iowl ms m prjdjpt, ]uoi stoùs jdd`jsnæ pjr tjrrmk lu``åtjlus jst iuŔlim. Cj rjso`vjs, ey tcj invnlj mni, tcj oehjdtnol, or rmtcjr

jxdjptnol, of tcj fnrst drusmij (Tjdrjtm Fnij`nuk Drudns, `. nn. pmrs nn. d. n. p. 41).

R45 [Ycj kost mutcjltnd nlforkmtnol of Tt. Ejrlmri kust ej irmwl frok cns owlwrntnlas, pue`nscji nl m dorrjdt jintnol ey Wãrj Kmen`òl R5 vo`s. =661[, mli rjprnltjimt Vjlndj =1:7, nl snx voùkjs nl fo`no. Qcmtjvjr frnjliscnp douì rjdo``jdt, or supjrstntnol douì mii, ns doltmnlji nl tcj two `nvjs, ey cns insdnp`js, nl tcj vntcvoùkj8 wcmtjvjr `jmrlnla mli drntndnsk douì msdjrtmnl, kmy ej fouli nl tcj prjfmdjsof tcj Ejljindtnlj jintor. RKmen`òl„s do``jdtnol doltmnls 999 `jttjrs2 nl Knalj„s Wmtr.@mt. vo`. =35 tcjrj mrj 9>:. Ycj `nfj mli worbs cmvj ejjl trmls`mtji nlto Jla`nsc ey T.H. Jm`js, =33>. ’ Ljmlijr, Ijr cjn`naj Ejrlcmri uli sjnl Xjntm`tjr (ljw ji. =3>7)2 H.Dottjr Korrnsol, Ycj @nfj mli Ynkjs of Tt. Ejrlcmri of D`mnrvmux (ljw ji. =339).Ycjrj mrj jli`jss otcjr koloarmpcs.[





R44 [D`mnrvmux, surlmkji tcj Vm``jy of Mesyltc, ns sntumtj mkola tcj woois ljmr Emr-sur-Muej nl Dcmkpmalj. Tt. Ejrlmri wouì eùsc mt tcj pokp of tcj dcurdc mlikolmstjry2 cj wouì msb for tcj `nermry, mli N blow lot wcjtcjr cj wouì ej kudcjinfnji ey m tul of 377 kunis (>=9 =-1tc coascjmis), wcndc m`kost rnvm`s tcmt of Cjnijèjra (Kî`mlajs Ynrîs i„ulj Armlij Ene`notcãquj, tok. x`vn. p. =:-57).

R49 [Ycj insdnp`js of tcj smnlt (Vnt. =km, `. nnn. d. 5, p. =5452 Vnt. 5im, d. =6, Lo. 9:, p.=434) rjdori m kmrvj`òus jxmkp`j of cns pnous mpmtcy. Huxtm `mduk jtnmk@musmlljlsjk totnus injn ntnljrj pjrajls, pjlntus lol mttjlint, mut sj vnijrj lol vnint.Duk jlnk vjspjrj fmdto ij joijk `mdu sodnn do`òqujrjltur, nltjrroamemt jos uen`mdus n``j jssjt2 jt knrmtn sult ulnvjrsn. Yo miknrj or ijspnsj Tt. Ejrlmri ms cj ouact,tcj rjmijr, `nbj kysj`f, scouì cmvj ejforj tcj wnliows of cns `nermry tcj ejmutnjs of tcmt nldokpmrme`j `mlisdmpj.

R4: [Otco Frnsnla. `. n. d. 9. Ejrlmri. Jpnst. 464, mi Frmldos Ornjltm`js, Opp. tok. n. p.

453. Vnt. =km, `. nnn. d. 9, tok. vn. p. =54:.

R46 [Kmlimstns jt oejinvn . . . ku`tnp`ndmtn sult supjr lukjruk2 vmdumltur urejs jtdmstj``m2 jt pjlj hmk lol nlvjlnult qujk mpprjcjlimlt sjptjk ku`njrjs uluk vnruk2mijo uenquj vniuæ vnvns rjkmljlt vnrns. Ejrlmri. Jpnst. p. 591 R`ja. p. 5962 jp. 5912 p.991 mp. Knalj[. Qj kust ej dmrjfu` lot to dolstruj pjlj ms m suestmltnvj.

R41 []uns jao suk ut inspolmk Rdmstroruk[ mdnjs, ut jarjinmr mltj fmdnjs mrkmtoruk,mut quni tmk rjkotuk m profjssnolj kjå, Rjtnmk[ sn vnrjs Rsuppjtjrjlt jtnmk[, sn

pjrntnm Rlol ijjssjt[, &d. jpnst. 5:6, tok. n. p. 5:> R`ja. 5:3[. Cj spjmbs wntcdoltjkpt of tcj cjrknt Wjtjr, vnr qunimk, jpnst. 464 Rp. :36 mp. Knalj[.

R43 [Tnd R`ja. sji[ indult forsntml nstj, ulij sdnkus quoi m Ioknlo sjrko jarjssussnt? ]uæ snalm tu fmdns, ut drjimkus tnen? Lol jst quoi mi nstm npsj rjspolijmk2

pmrdjliuk vjrjdulinæ kjæ2 rjspolij tu pro kj, jt pro tj npso, sjduliuk quæ vninstnjt muinstn R`ja. muinstn jt vninstn[, jt R`ja. mut djrtj[ sjduliuk quoi tj R`ja. tnen[nlspnrmvjrnt Ijus. Dolso`mt. RIj Dolsnijrmtnolj mi Juajlnuk, nnn. Wmpmk[ `. nn. d. = Rp.199 mp. Knalj[2 Opp. tok. nn. p. 95=-954.

R4> [Tjj tcj tjstnkolnjs nl Vntm =km, `. nv. d. :, 6. Opp. tok. vn. p. =5:3-=56=, `. vn. d.=-=1, p. =531-=4=9.

R97 [Meu`kmcmsjl mpui ij Aunaljs, Cnst. ijs Culs, tok. nn. p. nn. p. >>.

R9= [Tjj cns mrtnd`j nl tcj Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j of i„Cjrejòt, mli ij Aunaljs, tok.nn. p. n. p. 547-56=. Tudc wms cns vmòur tcmt cj wms sty`ji tcj sjdoli M`jxmlijr2 mlisudc tcj jxtrmvmamlt òvj of cns suehjdts tcmt tcjy prmyji for tcj su`tml m yjmr mftjr cnsijdjmsj. ^jt Tmlanmr knact cmvj ejjl kmij prnsoljr ey tcj Frmlbs, ms wj`` ms ey tcjZzjs RAcuzz[. Cj rjnalji ljmr fnfty yjmrs ( ==74-==:5), mli wms m kulnfndjlt pmtrolof Wjrsnml pojtry. RKunzz mi-iĢl MeŢ-`-Cčrntc Tnlhmr, ===1-==:12 cns powjr wms

prmdtndm``y dolfnlji to Bcurčsčl.[

R95 [Tjj tcj Dcroloòay of tcj Mtmejbs of Nrmb mli Tyrnm, nl ij Aunaljs, tok. n. p.5:92 mli tcj rjnals of Xjlacn mli Lourjiinl nl tcj smkj wrntjr (tok. nn. p. nn. p.





=91-55=), wco usjs tcj Mrmend tjxt of Ejlj`mtcnr, Ejl Tdcoulm, mli Meu`fjim2 tcjEne`notcãquj Ornjltm`j, ulijr tcj mrtnd`js Mtmejbs mli Lourjiinl2 mli tcj Iylmstnjsof Meu`pcmrmanus, p. 5:7-561, vjrs. Wododb. RFor `nfj of XjlaĢ sjj Ttml`jy @mlj-Woo`j, Tm`minl, dcmps. 4 mli 92 for tcj ajljmòay of tcj Mtmejbs, tcj smkj wrntjr„sKocmkkmiml Iylmstnjs.[

R94 [Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xvn. d. 9, :, 1) ijsdrnejs tcj òss of Jijssm, mli tcj ijmtc of Xjlacn. Ycj dorruptnol of cns lmkj nlto Tmlaunl mfforiji tcj @mtnls m dokfortme`jm`ùsnol to cns smlaunlmry dcmrmdtjr mli jli, fnt smlaunlj smlaunlo`jltus.

R99 [ Lorminlus RLŢr mi-iĢl KmckŢi nel XmlaĢ[ (smys Qn``nmk of Yyrj, ̀ . xx. 44)kmxnkus loknlns jt fnijn Dcrnstnmlæ pjrsjdutor2 prnldjps tmkjl hustus, vmfjr,

provnius, jt sjduliuk ajltns suæ trmintnoljs rj`nanosus. Yo tcns Dmtco`nd wntljss, wjkmy mii tcj prnkmtj of tcj Hmdoentjs (Meu`pcmrma. p. 561), quo lol m`tjr jrmt nltjr rjajs vntæ rmtnolj kmans `muimen`n, mut quæ pùrneus hustntnæ jxpjrnkjltns meulimrjt.

Ycj truj prmnsj of bnlas ns mftjr tcjnr ijmtc, mli frok tcj koutc of tcjnr jljknjs. RCjwol Imkmsdus nl ==:9.[

R9: [Frok tcj mkemssmior, Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xnx. d. =1, =3) ijsdrnejs tcj pm`mdj of Dmnro. Nl tcj dm`npc„s trjmsurj wjrj fouli, m pjmr` ms `mraj ms m pnajol„s jaa, m rueywjnacnla sjvjltjjl Jayptnml irmks, ml jkjrmì m pm`k mli m cm`f nl `jlatc, mlikmly vmsjs of drystm` mli pordj`mnl of Dcnlm (Ujlmuiot, p. :46).

R96 [RTcčwmr cmi ejjl aovjrlor of Zppjr Jaypt, Inracčk tcj dcnjf of tcj aumri2 eotc ejdmkj vjzĢrs.[

R91 [RMsmi mi-IĢl MeŢ `-Cčrntc TcĢrbŢc (; @nol of tcj Fmntc, Fmtcjr of tcj @nol,Koultmnl @nol).[

R91m [RTo Qn``nmk of Yyrj2 eut Nel m` MtcĢr anvjs tcj totm` lukejr ms 5777.[

R93 [ Kmkùd Rkmk`Ţb[, pùr. Kmkm`nd Rkmkč`Ģb[, ns ijfnlji ey Wododb (Wro`jaok.mi Meu`pcmrma. p. 1), mli i„Cjrejòt (p. :9:), sjrvuk jkptntnuk, sju qun prjtnolukjrmto nl ioknln possjssnoljk djint. Ycjy frjqujlt`y oddur nl tcj wmrs of Tm`minl(Eocminl, p. 546, &d.)2 mli nt wms ol`y tcj Emcmrtnj REmcrĢ2 tcmt ns, of tcj rnvjr2 tcjymrj opposji to tcj EurhĢ (of tcj fort ) Kmk`Ţbs wco suddjjiji tcjk[ Kmkmùbjs tcmt

wjrj fnrst nltroiudji nlto Jaypt ey cns ijsdjlimlts Rlmkj`y ey tcj Tu`tčl M`-Tč`nc(=597-=59>), wco oramlnsji Yurbnsc s`mvjs ms m eoiyaumri[.

R9> [Hmdoeus m Vntrnmdo (p. ===6) anvjs tcj bnla of Hjrusm`jk lo korj tcml 419 R`ja.

417[ blnacts. Eotc tcj Frmlbs mli tcj Kos`jks rjport tcj supjrnor lukejrs of tcjjljky2 m inffjrjldj wcndc kmy ej so`vji ey doultnla or oknttnla tcj ulwmr`nbjJayptnmls.

R:7 [Nt wms tcj M`jxmlirnm of tcj Mrmes, m knii`j tjrk nl jxtjlt mli rndcjs ejtwjjltcj pjrnoi of tcj Arjjbs mli Uokmls, mli tcmt of tcj Yurbs (Tmvmry, @jttrjs sur `„Jayptj, tok. n. p. 5:, 56).





R:7m [RMdd. to Qn``nmk of Yyrj, Mkm`rnd wms pjrsolm``y ulwn``nla to ulijrtmbj tcjnlvmsnol.[

R:7e [RYcns offjr wms kmij ol tcj oddmsnol of tcj fnrst jxpjintnol.[

R:7d [RYcjy ini lot ijd`nlj tcj doltjst, eut tcj Yurbs jvmiji tcjk.[

R:= [RM`-ćini MeŢ-Kocmkkmi Mei-M``čc, ==67-1=.[

R:5 [For tcns arjmt rjvoùtnol of Jaypt, sjj Qn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xnx. :-1, =5-4=, xx.:-=5), Eocminl (nl Vnt. Tm`minl. p. 47-4>), Meu`fjim (nl Jxdjrpt. Tdcu`tjls, p. =-=5),i„Cjrejòt (Ene`not. Ornjlt. Mecji, Fmtcjkmb, eut vjry nldorrjdt), Ujlmuiot (Cnst.Wmtrnmrdc. M`jx. p. :55-:5:, :45-:41), Vjrtot (Cnst. ijs Dcjvm`njrs ij Km`tcj, tok. n.

p. =9=-=64, nl 9to), mli K. ij Aunaljs (tok. nn. p. nn. p. =3:-5=:).

R:4 [For tcj Duris, sjj ij Aunaljs, tok. n. p. 9=6, 9=1, tcj Nlijx Ajoarmpcndus,Tdcu`tjls, mli Ymvjrlnjr, Voymajs, p. n. p. 473, 47>. Ycj Myouentjs Rtcj lmkj MyyŢedorrjspolis to Hoe[ ijsdjliji frok tcj trnej of tcj Umwminæn RUmwmiĢym[, olj of tcjloe`jst2 eut, ms tcjy wjrj nlfjdtji wntc tcj cjrjsy of tcj Kjtjkpsydcosns, tcjortcoiox su`tmls nlsnlumtji tcmt tcjnr ijsdjlt wms ol`y ol tcj kotcjr„s snij, mli tcmttcjnr mldjstor wms m strmlajr wco sjtt`ji mkola tcj Duris.

R:9 [Tjj tcj nvtc eoob of tcj Mlmemsns of Sjlopcol. Ycj tjl tcousmli suffjrji korjfrok tcj mrrows of tcj frjj Dmriudcnmls tcml frok tcj sp`jlini wjmbljss of tcj ArjmtBnla.

R:: [Qj mrj nlijetji to tcj Wrofjssor Tdcu`tjls (@uai. Emt. =1::, =145, nl fo`no) for tcj rndcjst mli kost mutcjltnd kmtjrnm`s, m `nfj of Tm`minl RTm`čc mi-IĢl[, ey cns frnjlimli knlnstjr tcj dmicn Eocminl REmcč mi-IĢl[, mli dopnous jxtrmdts frok tcj cnstoryof cns bnlskml, tcj Wrnldj Meu`fjim of Cmkmc. Yo tcjsj wj kmy mii, tcj mrtnd`j of Tm`mcjiinl nl tcj Ene`notcãquj Ornjltm`j, mli m`` tcmt kmy ej a`jmlji frok tcjiylmstnjs of Meu`pcmrmanus. RM`so tcj mrtnd`js nl tcj Enoarmpcndm` indtnolmry of NelBcm``nbcml trmls`. ey tcj Emrol ij T`mlj. Kmrnl„s Cnstonrj ij Tm`minl, pue`. nl =1:3,ns sdco`mr`y mli wj`` wrnttjl. M ljw `nfj frok tcj ornanlm` sourdjs cms hust ejjlwrnttjl ey Kr. Ttml`jy @mlj-Woo`j.[

R:6 [Tnldj Meu`fjim wms cnksj`f ml Myouentj, cj kmy scmrj tcj prmnsj, for nkntmtnla,mt `jmst tmdnt`y, tcj koijsty of tcj foulijr.

R:1 [Cnst. Cnjroso`. nl tcj Ajstm Ijn pjr Frmldos, p. ==:5. RNtnl. Uja. Undmri., n. d. 42mli dp. tcj rokmldj @„orijlj ij dcjvm`jrnj, nl Mpp. to Kmrnl„s Cnst. ij Tm`minl.[ Msnkn`mr jxmkp`j kmy ej fouli nl Honlvn``j (p. 95, jintnol iu @ouvrj)2 eut tcj pnous Tt.@ouns rjfusji to inalnfy nlfnij`s wntc tcj orijr of Dcrnstnml blnactcooi (Iudmlaj,Oesjrvmtnols, p. 17).

R:3 [Nl tcjsj Mrmend tnt`js, rj`nanolns RiĢl[ kust m`wmys ej ulijrstooi2 Lourjiinl,

ùkjl r.2 Jzzoinl, ijdus2 Mkmioiinl, doùkjl2 R Emcč, ’ùstrj[8 our cjro„s propjr

lmkj wms Hosjpc, mli cj wms sty`ji Tm`mcoiinl, smùs2 M` Km`ndcus M` Lmsnrus, rjxijfjlsor2 Meu Kjimffnr RMeŢ-`-Kuzmffmr[, pmtjr vndtornæ. Tdcu`tjls, Wræfmt. RTm`minl







nlhndnjemlt (Nspmcmln ij Jxpualmtnolj Buisntndå, p. =3, mpui Tdcu`tjls)8 m spjdnkjlof Mrmenml jòqujldj, sokjwcmt inffjrjlt frok tcj sty`j of Sjlopcol! R37,777 ms tcjlukejr of Tm`minl„s mrky kust ej ml jxmaajrmtnol. Cj cmi =5,777 rjau`mr `jvnjs.Wjrcmps cns fordj mkoultji to 5: or 47 tcousmli. Kr. Okml (Mrt of Qmr, nn. p. 455)

puts nt mt 67 or 17 tcousmli. For m p`ml of tcj òdm`nty sjj ne. p. 456.[

R63 [Ycj @mtnls mffnrk, tcj Mrmenmls nlsnlumtj, tcj trjmsol of Umykoli2 eut, cmi cjrjm``y jkermdji tcjnr rj`nanol, cj wouì cmvj ejjl m smnlt mli m cjro nl tcj jyjs of tcj `mttjr. RYcj trjmdcjry of Umykoli ns lot provji mli ns proeme`y ultruj. Dp.Jrlou`, ji. Kms-@mtrnj, p. =6>.[

R6> [Ujmui, Ujanlmì, or Mrloì ij Dcåtn`òl, ns dj`jermtji ey tcj @mtnls nl cns `nfjmli ijmtc2 eut tcj dnrdukstmldjs of tcj `mttjr mrj korj instnldt`y rj`mtji ey Eocminlmli Meu`fjim2 mli Honlvn``j (Cnst. ij Tt. @ouns, p. 17) m`ùijs to tcj prmdtndj of Tm`minl, of ljvjr puttnla to ijmtc m prnsoljr wco cmi tmstji cns erjmi mli sm`t. Tokj

of tcj dokpmlnols of Mrloì cmi ejjl s`muactjrji, mli m`kost smdrnfndji, nl m vm``jyof Kjddm, uen smdrnfndnm kmdtmltur (Meu`fjim, p. 45). RUjanlmì cmi ejjl prnldj of Mltnodc nl ==:9 (ey kmrrnmaj wntc Dolstmldj, tcj cjnrjss). Cj cmi ejjl m prnsoljr mtM`jppo for snxtjjl yjmrs, mli, mftjr cns rj`jmsj, kmrrnji mlotcjr cjnrjss, Ttjpcmlnj of Cjerol. Cj toob pmrt nl tcj emtt`j of Umk`mc nl wcndc Tm`minl wms vmlqunscji nl==11.[

R17 [Vjrtot, wco wj`` ijsdrnejs tcj òss of tcj bnlaiok mli dnty (Cnst. ijs Dcjvm`njrsij Km`tcj, tok. n. `. nn. p. 556-513), nlsjrts two ornanlm` jspnst`js of m blnact-tjkp`mr.

R1= [Ujlmuiot, Cnst. Wmtrnmrdc. M`jx. p. :9:.

R15 [For tcj dolqujst of Hjrusm`jk, Eocminl (p. 61-1:) mli Meu`fjim (p. 97-94) mrjour Kos`jk wntljssjs. Of tcj Dcrnstnml, Ejrlmri Ycjsmurmrnus (d. =:=-=61) ns tcjkost dopnous mli mutcjltnd2 sjj `nbjwnsj Kmttcjw Wmrns (p. =57-=59). RTjj m`so Nelm`-MtcĢr2 Nkči mi-IĢl2 MeŢ Tcčkm (nl Aojrajls, ]uj``jlejntréaj zur Ajsdcndctj ijr Brjuzzðaj)2 Ij jxpual. Yjrræ Tmldtæ (dp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6).[

R14 [Ycj snjajs of Yyrj mli Mdrj mrj kost dopnous`y ijsdrneji ey EjrlmriYcjsmurmrnus (ij Mdqunsntnolj Yjrræ Tmldtæ, d. =61-=1>), tcj mutcor of tcj CnstornmCnjroso`ykntmlm (p. ==:7-==15, nl Eolamrsnus), Meu`fjim (p. 94-:7), mli Eocminl (p.

1:-=1>).

R14m [RNt wms mt Mdrj tcmt Dolrmi dm``ji.[

R19 [N cmvj fo`òwji m koijrmtj mli proeme`j rjprjsjltmtnol of tcj fmdt2 ey Vjrtot,wco miopts wntcout rjùdtmldj m rokmltnd tm`j, tcj oì kmrquns ns mdtum``y jxposji totcj imrts of tcj ejsnjaji.

R1: [ Lortckmlln jt Aotcn, jt dætjrn popu`n nlsu`mruk quæ nltjr oddnijltjk jtsjptjktrnoljk sntæ sult, ajltjs ej``ndosæ, dorporns prodjrn, kortns nltrjpniæ,

enpjllneus mrkmtæ, lmvneus rotulins quæ ^slmdcnæ R; jsljddm, λΠθθν[ indultur mivjdtæ.





R16 [Ycj cnstornml of Hjrusm`jk (p. ==73) miis tcj lmtnols of tcj Jmst frok tcj Ynarnsto Nlinm, mli tcj swmrtcy trnejs of Koors mli Ajtu`nmls, so tcmt Msnm mli Mfrndmfouact mamnlst Juropj.

R16m [RKorj tcml oldj.[

R11 [Eocminl, p. =372 mli tcns kmssmdrj ns ljntcjr ijlnji lor e`mkji ey tcj Dcrnstnmlcnstornmls. M`mdrntjr hussm dokp`jltjs (tcj Jla`nsc soìnjrs), smys Am`frnius m Vnljsmuf (`. nv. d. nv. p. 496), wco fnxjs mt 5177 tcj lukejr of vndtnks2 wco mrj ku`tnp`nji to:777 ey Uoajr Covjijl (p. 6>1, 6>3). Ycj cukmlnty or mvmrndj of Wcn`np Muaustuswms pjrsumiji to rmlsok cns prnsoljrs (Hmdoe. m Vntrnmdo, `. n. d. >3 R`ja. >>[, p. ==55).

R13 [Eocminl, p. =9. Cj quotjs tcj huiakjlt of Em`nmlus mli tcj prnldj of Tniol, mlimiis, Jx n`ò kulio qumsn coknluk pmudnssnkn rjinjrult. Mkola tcj Dcrnstnmls wcoinji ejforj Tt. Hocl i„Mdrj, N fnli tcj Jla`nsc lmkjs of Ij Fjrrjrs, Jmr` of Ijrey

(Iuaim`j, Emrolmaj, p. n. p. 567), Kowermy (nijk, p. =59), ij Kmlijvn`, ij Fnjlljs,Tt. Hocl, Tdropj, Wnaot, Ymèot, &d.

R1> [Kmalus cnd mpui jos, nltjrquj rjajs joruk tuk vnrtutj, tuk kmhjstmtj jknljls .. . sukkus rjruk mrentjr (Eocminl, p. =:>). Cj iojs lot sjjk to cmvj blowl tcjlmkjs jntcjr of Wcn`np or Undcmri.

R37 [Ujx Mla`næ præstrjluus . . . rjaj Am`òruk knlor mpui jos djlsjemtur rmtnoljrjaln mtquj inalntmtns2 sji tuk invntnns fòrjltnor, tuk ej``ndå vnrtutj ku`to jrmtdj`jernor (Eocminl, p. =6=). M strmlajr knact miknrj tcosj rndcjs2 tcj lmtnolm`cnstornmls wn`` tj`` wntc wcmt `mw`jss mli wmstjfu` opprjssnol tcjy wjrj do``jdtji.

R3= [Honlvn``j, p. =1. Dunijs-tu quj dj sont `j ron Undcmrt?

R35 [^jt cj wms aun`ty nl tcj opnlnol of tcj Kos`jks, wco mttjst tcj dolfjssnol of tcjmssmssnls tcmt tcjy wjrj sjlt ey tcj bnla of Jla`mli (Eocminl, p. 55:)2 mli cns ol`yijfjldj ns ml mesuri mli pm`pme`j forajry (Cnst. ij `„Mdmiîknj ijs Nlsdrnptnols, tok.xvn. p. =::-=64), m prjtjliji `jttjr frok tcj prnldj of tcj mssmssnls, tcj Tcjndc, or oìkml of tcj koultmnl, wco hustnfnji Undcmri, ey mssuknla to cnksj`f tcj aun`t or kjrntof tcj kurijr. RFor tcj foraji `jttjr sjj Uöcrndct, Ujajstm Ujaln Cnjroso`. 1=:. Dp.Ntnl. rjans Und. V. d. 56, wcjrj tcj oì kml of tcj koultmnl ns dm``ji Tjlnor ij Kussj,

n.j., of Kmsyčf, m fort of tcj Mssmssnls nl tcj MlsmrĢ ym Kts. Tjj T. Auymri, Zl armli-kmìtrj ijs Mssmssnls.[

R34 [RYcj kmrdc wms 67 kn`js frok Mdrj to Hmffm, wcjrj tcjrj wms m òla cm`t.Undcmri mppromdcji twndj wntcnl snact of Hjrusm`jk, Hml. mli Hulj, ==>5.[

R39 [Tjj tcj instrjss mli pnous fnrkljss of Tm`minl, ms tcjy mrj ijsdrneji ey Eocminl(p. 1->2 54:-541), wco cnksj`f cmrmlauji tcj ijfjlijrs of Hjrusm`jk. Ycjnr fjmrswjrj lot ulblowl to tcj jljky (Hmdoe. m Vntrnmdo, `. n. d. =77, p. ==542 Vnlnsmuf, `. v.d. :7, p. 4>>).





R3: [^jt, ul`jss tcj su`tml, or ml Myouentj prnldj, rjkmnlji nl Hjrusm`jk, ljd DurinYurdns, ljd Yurdn jssjlt oetjkpjrmturn Durins (Eocminl, p. 546). Cj irmws msnij mdorljr of tcj po`ntndm` durtmnl.

R36 [Eocminl (p. 541), mli jvjl Hjffrjy ij Vnlnsmuf (`. vn. d. =-3, p. 974-97>). msdrnej

tcj rjtrjmt to Undcmri cnksj`f2 mli Hmdoeus m Vntrnmdo oesjrvjs tcmt nl cns nkpmtnjldjto ijpmrt, nl m`tjruk vnruk kutmtus jst (p. ==54). ^jt Honlvn``j, m Frjldc blnact,mddusjs tcj jlvy of Cuac, iubj of Eurauliy (p. ==6), wntcout supposnla `nbjKmttcjw Wmrns, tcmt cj wms erneji ey Tm`minl.

R36m [RLot jxmdt`y8 four imys `mtjr.[

R31 [Ycj jxpjintnols to Msdmòl, Hjrusm`jk, mli Hmffm mrj rj`mtji ey Eocminl (p.=39-59>) mli Meu`fjim (p. :=, :5). Ycj mutcor of tcj Ntnljrmry, or tcj kolb of Tt.Mèmls, dmllot jxmaajrmtj tcj Dmicn„s mddoult of tcj prowjss of Undcmri (Vnlnsmuf, `.

vn. d. =9-59, p. 9=5-95=2 RKmttcjw Wmrns[, Cnst. Kmhor, p. =41-=94)2 mli ol tcj wco`jof tcns wmr tcjrj ns m kmrvj`òus marjjkjlt ejtwjjl tcj Dcrnstnml mli Kmcokjtmlwrntjrs, wco kutum``y prmnsj tcj vnrtujs of tcjnr jljknjs. RFor Hmffm dp. tcj Dcrol.Mla`ndmluk of Um`pc of Doaajscm`` (Uo``s Tjrnjs), wco wms nlforkji ey Cuac

Ljvn``j, ml jyj-wntljss.[

R33 [Tjj tcj proarjss of ljaotnmtnol mli costn`nty, nl Eocminl (p. 571-567), wco wmscnksj`f ml mdtor nl tcj trjmty. Undcmri ijd`mrji cns nltjltnol of rjturlnla wntc ljwmrknjs to tcj dolqujst of tcj Co`y @mli2 mli Tm`minl mlswjrji tcj kjlmdj wntc mdnvn` dokp`nkjlt (Vnlnsmuf, `. vn. d. 53, p. 954).

R3> [Ycj kost dopnous mli ornanlm` mddoult of tcns co`y wmr ns Am`frnin m Vnlnsmuf Ntnljrmrnuk Ujans Mlaòruk Undcmrin jt m`noruk nl Yjrrmk Cnjroso`ykoruk, nl snx

eoobs, pue`nscji nl tcj nni voùkj of Am`j„s Tdrnptorjs Cnst. Mla`ndmlæ (p. 591-95>).RYcns worb ns stn`` sokjtnkjs rjfjrrji to ulijr tcj lmkj of Ajoffrjy Vnlsmuf, tcouacEnscop Ttuees (wco cms jintji nt for tcj Uo``s Tjrnjs ulijr tcj tnt`j Ntnljrmrnuk UjansUndmrin, =369) cms ijkolstrmtji tcmt nt ns lot cns worb. Nt wms wrnttjl ey ml jyj-wntljss of tcj dmpturj of Hjrusm`jk, mli pue`nscji ejtwjjl =577 mli =557 (Ttuees,op. dnt. Nltroiudtnol, p. `xx.)2 mli Enscop Ttuees mivodmtjs tcj mutcorscnp of m djrtmnlUndcmri, dmlol of tcj Co`y Yrnlnty nl Mìamtj (dp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6).[ Uoajr Covjijl Rji. Ttuees, 9 vo`s., =363-1=[ mli Kmttcjw Wmrns Rji. @umri, 1 vo`s.,

=315-34[ mffori `nbjwnsj kmly vmùme`j kmtjrnm`s2 mli tcj forkjr ijsdrnejs wntcmddurmdy tcj insdnp`nlj mli lmvnamtnol of tcj Jla`nsc f`jjt. RMii Um`pc of Doaajscm``,Uo``s Tjrnjs2 dp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6.[

R3>m [RLot tcj rjmsol mssnalji. Tm`minl m``jaji ulwn``nlaljss to fnact wntc m bnlamftjr m frnjli`y nltjrvnjw.[

R>7 [Jvjl Vjrtot (tok. n. p. 5:=) miopts tcj foo`nsc lotnol of tcj nlinffjrjldj of Tm`minl, wco profjssji tcj Borml wntc cns `mst erjmtc.





R>= [Tjj tcj suddjssnol of tcj Myouentjs, nl Meu`pcmrmanus (Iylmst. p. 551, &d.), mlitcj tme`js of K. ij Aunaljs, `„Mrt ij Vîrnfnjr `js Imtjs, mli tcj Ene`notcãqujOrnjltm`j.

R>5 [Ycokmssnl (Insdnp`nlj ij `„Ja`nsj, tok. nnn. p. 4==-419) cms dopnous`y trjmtji of

tcj ornanl, meusjs, mli rjstrndtnols of tcjsj tjltcs. M tcjory wms stmrtji, eut lot pursuji, tcmt tcjy wjrj rnactfu``y iuj to tcj popj, m tjltc of tcj @jvntjs„ tjltc to tcjcnac-prnjst (Tjìjl ol Yntcjs. Tjj cns Qorbs, vo`. nnn. p. nn. p. =734).

R>4 [Tjj tcj Ajstm Nllodjltnn NNN. Rey m doltjkpormry[ nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujr. Ntm`.(tok. nnn. p. 936-:63) RKnalj, W.@. 5=9, p. xvnn. sqq.[.

R>9 [Tjj tcj vtc drusmij, mli tcj snjaj of Imknjttm, nl Hmdoeus m Vntrnmdo (`. nnn. p.==5:-==9>, nl tcj Ajstm Ijn of Eolamrsnus), ml jyj-wntljss, Ejrlmri Ycjsmurmrnus (nlTdrnpt. Kurmtorn, tok. vnn. p. 35:-396, d. =>7-571), m doltjkpormry, mli Tmlutus

(Tjdrjtm Fnij`. Drudns, `. nnn. p. xn. d. 9->), m in`najlt dokpn`jr2 mli of tcj Mrmenmls,Meu`pcmrmanus (Iylmst. p. 5>9), mli tcj Jxtrmdts mt tcj jli of Honlvn``j (p. :44, :41,:97, :91, &d.). RM`so tcj Ajstm oesninolns Imknmtmj nl Kurmtorn, T.U.N. 3, p. =739

sqq.2 mli U?crndct, ]unltn ej``n smdrn Tdrnpt. knl. p. 14 sqq., =31>. Coìjr-Jaajr cmsvnlindmtji tcj mutcorscnp for Hocl Dmimalj`ùs (Ljujs Mrdcnv, =6, 531 sqq., =3>=).[

R>: [Yo tcosj wco toob tcj dross mamnlst Kmnlfroy, tcj popj ( =5::) armltji p`jlnssnkmk pjddmtoruk rjknssnoljk. Fnij`js knrmemltur quoi tmltuk jns proknttjrjt pro smlaunlj Dcrnstnmloruk jffulijlio qumltuk pro druorj nlfnij`nukm`nqumlio (Kmttcjw Wmrns, p. 13:). M cnac f`nact for tcj rjmsol of tcj xnnntc djltury!

R>6 [Ycns snkp`j nijm ns marjjme`j to tcj aooi sjlsj of Koscjnk (Nlstntut. Cnst.Jdd`js. p. 445) mli tcj fnlj pcnòsopcy of Cukj (Cnst. of Jla`mli, vo`. n. p. 447).

R>1 [Ycj ornanlm` kmtjrnm`s for tcj drusmij of Frjijrnd NN. kmy ej irmwl frok Undcmriij Tt. Ajrkmlo (nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`. tok. vnn. p. =775-=7=4 RDcrolndmrjaln Tndn`næ, m doltjkpormry worb prjsjrvji nl two rjimdtnols8 Ji. Wjrtz, Kol. xnx.

p. 454 sqq.2 mli Amuijlzn (nl tcj Kolukjltn Ttorndn, pue`nscji ey tcj Todnjtç Lmpo`ntmlm in stornm pmtrnm), =333[), mli Kmttcjw Wmrns (p. 536, 5>=, 477, 475, 479).Ycj kost rmtnolm` koijrls mrj F`jury (Cnst. Jdd`îs. tok. xvn.), Vjrtot (Dcjvm`njrs ijKm`tcj, tok. n. `. nnn.), Anmllolj (Nstornm Dnvn`j in Lmpo`n, tok. nn. `. xvn.), mli Kurmtorn

(Mllm`n i„Ntm`nm, tok. x.).

R>3 [Rô`mlij, imuactjr of Hocl of Ernjllj.[

R>> [Woor Kurmtorn blows wcmt to tcnlb, eut blows lot wcmt to smy, ‐Dcnlõ qun n`dmpo,‛ &d. p. 455.

R=77 [RM`-Bčkn` Kocmkkmi, =5=3-=543.[

R=7= [Ycj d`jray mrtfu``y dolfouliji tcj kosdc, or dcurdc of tcj tjkp`j, wntc tcjco`y sjpu`dcrj2 mli tcjnr wn`fu` jrror cms ijdjnvji eotc Vjrtot mli Kurmtorn.





R=75 [Ycj nrruptnol of tcj Dmrnzknmls, or Dormsknls, ns rj`mtji ey Kmttcjw Wmrns (p.:96, :91), mli ey Honlvn``j, Lmlans, mli tcj Mrmenmls (p. ===, ==5, =>=, =>5, :53,:47).

R=74 [RYcjy wjrj dm``ji nl ms m``njs ey tcj Tu`tml of Jaypt, Ms-T?`nc MyyŢe.[

R=79 [Ujmi, nf you dml, tcj `nfj mli knrmd`js of Tt. @ouns, ey tcj dolfjssor of ]ujjlKmramrjt (p. 5>=-:54. Honlvn``j, iu @ouvrj).

R=7: [Cj ej`njvji m`` tcmt Kotcjr-dcurdc tmuact (Honlvn``j, p. =7), eut cj dmutnoljiHonlvn``j mamnlst insputnla wntc nlfnij`s. ‐@„okkj `my,‛ smni cj nl cns oì `mlaumaj,‐qumli n` ot kjinrj ij `m òy Dcrjstnjllj, lj iont pms ijffjlirj `m òy Dcrjstnjllj ljkmns quj ij `„jspîj, ij quon n` iont iolljr pmrkn `j vjltrj ijijls, tmlt dokkj j``j y

pjut jltrjr‛ (p. =5) Rd. =7[).

R=76 [N cmvj two jintnols of Honlvn``j8 tcj olj (Wmrns, =633) kost vmùme`j for tcjOesjrvmtnols of Iudmlaj2 tcj otcjr (Wmrns, mu @ouvrj, =16=) kost prjdnous for tcj purj mli mutcjltnd tjxt, m KT. of wcndc cms ejjl rjdjlt`y insdovjrji. Ycj `mst jintor provjs tcmt tcj cnstory of Tt. @ouns wms fnlnscji =47>, wntcout jxp`mnlnla, or jvjlmiknrnla, tcj maj of tcj mutcor, wcndc kust cmvj jxdjjiji lnljty yjmrs (Wrjfmdj, p.xn., Oesjrvmtnols ij Iudmlaj, p. =1). RHonlvn``j„s Cnstonrj ij Tmnlt @ouys NS. kmy ejlow kost dolvjlnjlt`y dolsu`tji nl olj of tcj jintnols of Lmtm`ns ij Qmn``y (=361,=319, &d.). Ycj fnlj Wmrns jintnol of =16= wms jintji ey Kj`òt, Tm``njr, mliDmppjrollnjr, mli nldùiji tcj Mllm`s of Qn``nmk ijs Lmlans.[

R=71 [Honlvn``j, p. 452 Mrmend Jxtrmdts, p. :9>.

R=73 [Ycj `mst jintors cmvj jlrndcji tcjnr Honlvn``j wntc `mraj mli durnous jxtrmdtsfrok tcj Mrmend cnstornmls, Kmdrnzn, Meu`fjim, &d. Tjj `nbjwnsj Meu`pcmrmanus(Iylmst. p. 455-45:), wco dm``s cnk ey tcj dorrupt lmkj of Ujijfrmls. Kmttcjw Wmrns(p. 634, 639) cms ijsdrneji tcj rnvm` fo``y of tcj Frjldc mli Jla`nsc wco fouact mlifj`` mt Kmssourm. RKmbrnzn„s nkportmlt worb ns low mddjssne`j nl ]umtrjkãrj„s Frjldctrmls`mtnol. Tjj vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6. Ycj drusmij cms ejjl rjdjlt`y lmrrmtji ey Kr. J.H. Imvns nl m worb jltnt`ji Nlvmsnol of Jaypt nl =59> ey @ouns NS. of Frmldj mli mCnstory of tcj Doltjkpormry Tu`tmls of Jaypt (=3>1).[

R=7> [Tmvmry, nl cns marjjme`j @jttrjs sur `„Jaypt, cms anvjl m ijsdrnptnol of Imknjttm(tok. n. `jttrj xxnnn. p. 519-5>7) mli m lmrrmtnvj of tcj jxpjintnol of Tt. @ouns (xxv. p.476). RNl cns Mrt of Qmr, nn. p. 443-:7, Kr. Okml anvjs m fu`` mddoult of tcj emtt`j of Kmlsurmc. Cj scows tcmt tcj emtt`j wms òst ejdmusj tcj rjdb`jss dcmraj of Uoejrt of Mrtons `ji to tcj sjpmrmtnol of tcj dmvm`ry mli nlfmltry2 mli nt wms ol`y ey mdokenlmtnol of dmvm`ry mli nlfmltry tcmt nt wms possne`j to ijm` wntc tcj corsj-mrdcjrsof tcj Jmst.[

R==7 [For tcj rmlsok of Tt. @ouns, m kn``nol of eyzmlts wms msbji mli armltji2 eut tcjsu`tml„s ajljrosnty rjiudji tcmt suk to 377,777 eyzmlts, wcndc mrj vmùji eyHonlvn``j mt 977,777 Frjldc `nvrjs of cns owl tnkj, mli jxprjssji ey Kmttcjw Wmrns ey=77,777 kmrbs of sn`vjr (Iudmlaj, Inssjrtmtnol xx. sur Honlvn``j).





R=== [RM`-Kumzzmk YŢrčl Tcčc, =59>-:7.[

R==5 [Ycj nijm of tcj jknrs to dcoosj @ouns for tcjnr su`tml ns sjrnous`y mttjstji eyHonlvn``j (p. 11, 13), mli iojs lot mppjmr to kj so mesuri ms to K. ij Vo`tmnrj (Cnst.Aîlîrm`j, tok. nn. p. 436, 431). Ycj Kmkmùbjs tcjksj`vjs wjrj strmlajrs, rjej`s, mli

jqum`s2 tcjy cmi fj`t cns vmòur, tcjy copji cns dolvjrsnol8 mli sudc m kotnol, wcndcwms lot sjdoliji, knact ej kmij pjrcmps ey m sjdrjt Dcrnstnml nl tcjnr tuku`tuousmssjke`y. RMl nltjrjstnla kolukjlt of Kmk`Ţb cnstory mt tcns tnkj ns m donl of tcjKmk`Ţb qujjl, Tcmhmr mi-Iurr, tcj Yrjj of Wjmr`s, wco cmi rnsjl frok tcj dolintnolof m s`mvj. Qcjl tcj Frjldc `mliji nl =59>, scj doldjm`ji tcj ijmtc of cjr cusemliTč`nc. Mftjr tcj emtt`j of Kmlsurmc, tcj cjnr inji, mli scj wms prod`mnkji qujjl, mlirjnalji mòlj 5» koltcs. Ycjl scj kmrrnji olj Mnemb2 s`jw cnk2 mli wms cjrsj`f

ejmtjl to ijmtc ey tcj s`mvjs of m invordji wnfj of Mnemb. Ycj donl wms strudb mt tcjkokjlt of tcj insdokfnturj of Tt. @ouns. Tjj Ttml`jy @mlj-Woo`j, Donls mli Kjim`s,

p. =:3-=6=.[

R==4 [Tjj tcj jxpjintnol nl tcj Mllm`s of Tt. @ouns, ey Qn``nmk ij Lmlans, p.517-531, mli tcj Mrmend Jxtrmdts, p. :9:, :::, of tcj @ouvrj jintnol of Honlvn``j. RU.Ttjnlfjì, @uiwnas ijs Cjn`najl Brjuzzua lmdc Yulns, =517, uli inj Wo`ntnb Bmr`s N.vol Tnzn`njl (=3>6).[

R==9 [Vo`tmnrj, Cnst. Aîlîrm`j, tok. nn. p. 4>=.

R==: [Ycj dcroloòay of tcj two iylmstnjs of Kmkmùbjs, tcj Emcmrntjs, Yurbs or Ymrtmrs of Bnpzmb, mli tcj Eorantjs, Dnrdmssnmls, ns anvjl ey Wododb (Wro`jaok. miMeu`pcmrma. p. 6-4=), mli ij Aunaljs (tok. n. p. 569-517) Rsjj T. @mlj-Woo`j,

Kocmkkmiml Iylmstnjs, p. 37-34[2 tcjnr cnstory frok Meu`fjim, Kmdrnzn, &d. to tcj ejanllnla of tcj =:tc djltury, ey tcj smkj K. ij Aunaljs (tok. nv. p. ==7-453).RQjn`„s Ajsdc. ijr Dcm`nfjl, vo`s. 9 mli :.[

R==6 [Tmvmry, @jttrjs sur `„Jaypt, tok. nn. `jttrj xv. p. =3>-573. N kudc qujstnol tcjmutcjltndnty of tcns dopy2 yjt nt ns truj tcmt Tu`tml Tj`nk doldùiji m trjmty wntc tcjDnrdmssnmls or Kmkmùbjs of Jaypt, mli `jft tcjk nl possjssnol of mrks, rndcjs, mli

powjr. Tjj m ljw Merîaî ij ̀ „Cnstonrj Ottokmlj, dokposji nl Jaypt, mli trmls`mtji ey K. Inajol (tok. n. p. ::-:3, Wmrns, =13=), m durnous, mutcjltnd, mli lmtnolm`cnstory.

R==1 [RMli Jaypt wms aovjrlji ey m Yurbnsc Wmscm, wcosj powjr wms `nkntji ey tcjdouldn` of ejys.[

R==3 [Tn totuk quo rjaluk oddupårult tjkpus rjspndnms, prjsjrtnk quoi fnln propnus,rjpjrnjs n`ùi ej``ns, pualns, nlhurnns, md rmpnlns rjfjrtuk (M` Hmllmen, mpui Wododb, p.4=). Ycj rjnal of Kocmkkji ( =4==-=49=) mfforis ml cmppy jxdjptnol (ij Aunaljs,tok. nv. p. 573-5=7).

R==> [Ycjy mrj low rjiudji to 3:772 eut tcj jxpjlsj of jmdc Kmkmùbj kmy ej rmtjimt =77 òuns, mli Jaypt aromls ulijr tcj mvmrndj mli nlso`jldj of tcjsj strmlajrs(Voymajs ij Vo`ljy, tok. n. p. 3>-=31).





R=57 [Tjj Dmrtj„s Cnstory of Jla`mli, vo`. nn. p. =6:-=1:, mli cns ornanlm` mutcors,Ycokms Qnbjs RQybjs2 ji. ey @umri, Mllm`js Kolmstndn, nv. =36>[ mli Qm`tjr Cjknlafori RQm`tjrus Anseurlnjlsns2 ji. ey C. D. Cmkn`tol for tcj Jla`nsc Cnstorndm`Todnjty, =393[ (`. nnn. d. 49, 4:) nl Am`j„s Do``jdtnols (tok. nn. p. >1, :3>-:>5). Ycjymrj eotc nalormlt of tcj Wrnldjss J`jmlor„s pnjty nl sudbnla tcj ponsolji wouli, mli

smvnla cjr cusemli mt tcj rnsb of cjr owl `nfj.

R=5= [Tmlutus, Tjdrjt. Fnij`nuk Drudns, `. nnn. p. xnn. d. >, mli ij Aunaljs, Cnst. ijsCuls, tok. nv. p. =94, frok tcj Mrmend cnstornmls.

R=55 [REmyemrs m`-EuliubičrĢ ; tcj mrem`jstnjr.[

R=54 [Ycj stmtj of Mdrj ns rjprjsjltji nl m`` tcj dcrolnd`js of tcj tnkjs, mli kostmddurmtj`y nl Hocl Vn``mln, `. vnn. d. =99, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnptorjs Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk,tok. xnnn. p. 441, 443.

R=59 [Tjj tcj fnlm` jxpu`snol of tcj Frmlbs, nl Tmlutus, `. nnn. p. xnn. d. ==-55.Meu`fjim, Kmdrnzn, &d. nl ij Aunaljs, tok. nv. p. =65, =69, mli Vjrtot, tok. n. `. nnn. p.971-953. RMl nkportmlt sourdj for tcj snjaj of Mdrj ns tcj mlolykous Ij Jxdnino

urens Mddolns (fm`sj`y msdrneji to Mijlu`f of Mlmalnm) pue`nscji nl Kmrtjlj mliIurmli, Mkp`nss. Do``jdtno, vo`. :, p. 1:1 sqq.[

R= [Nl tcj suddjssnvj djlturnjs, frok tcj nxtc to tcj xvnnntc, Koscjnk trmdjs tcj sdcnskof tcj Arjjbs, wntc `jmrlnla, d`jmrljss, mli nkpmrtnm`nty8 tcj fn`noquj (Nlstntut. Cnst.Jdd`js. p. 511)2 @jo NNN. p. 4742 Wcotnus, p. 471, 4732 Kndcmj` Djru`mrnus, p. 417, 41=,&d. RYcj rj`mtnol ejtwjjl tcj jmstjrl mli wjstjrl dcurdcjs nl trmdji ey K. Iudcjslj

nl cns jssmy @„îa`nsj arjdquj jt `j sdcnskj arjd, nl Ja`nsjs sîpmrîjs, p. =64 sqq.[

R5 [?λιύκυ ιϊτ?κεκξ?υ θν? ?χοωύοχνξ?οξ, ?λιύκυ Ϋθ τθπωοϊυ ?λνιϋλωκυ, ωα?υ δ?ύ?τχκύίοϊ ΰοίύνυ ?χα?ύρολ δκλλάΰνων (Wcot. Jpnst. p. 91, jint. Koltmdut). YcjOrnjltm` pmtrnmrdc doltnlujs to mpp`y tcj nkmajs of tculijr, jmrtcqumbj, cmn`, wnì-

eomr, prjdursors of Mltndcrnst, &d. &d.

R4 [Ycj kystjrnous suehjdt of tcj prodjssnol of tcj Co`y Acost ns insdussji nl tcjcnstorndm`, tcjoòandm`, mli doltrovjrsnm` sjlsj, or lolsjlsj, ey tcj Hjsunt Wjtmvnus(Ioakmtm Ycjoòandm, tok. nn. `. vnn. p. 465-997). RYjdclndm``y, tcj Arjjbs wjrj rnact.

Ycj fn`noquj wms ml nllovmtnol ol tcj sykeoùk rjdoalnsji ey tcj fnrst four Douldn`s.[

R9 [Ejforj tcj scrnlj of Tt. Wjtjr cj p`mdji two scnjìs of tcj wjnact of >9» poulisof purj sn`vjr, ol wcndc cj nlsdrneji tcj tjxt of eotc drjjis (utroquj sykeoò), promkorj jt dmutj`m ortcoioxæ fnijn (Mlmstms. nl @jol. NNN. nl Kurmtorn, tok. nnn. pmrs n. p.573). Cns `mlaumaj kost d`jmr`y provjs tcmt ljntcjr tcj fn`noquj lor tcj Mtcmlmsnmldrjji wjrj rjdjnvji mt Uokj meout tcj yjmr 347.

R: [Ycj Knssn of Dcmr`jkmalj prjssji cnk to ijd`mrj tcmt m`` wco rjhjdtji tcj fn`noquj, mt `jmst tcj iodtrnlj, kust ej imklji. M``, rjp`njs tcj Wopj, mrj lot dmpme`jof rjmdcnla tcj m`tnorm kystjrnm2 qun potujrnt, jt lol voùjrnt, sm`vus jssj lol potjst





(Do``jdt. Doldn`. tok. nx. p. 511-536). Ycj potujrnt wouì `jmvj m `mraj òop-co`j of sm`vmtnol!

R6 [Nl Frmldj, mftjr sokj cmrscjr `mws, tcj jdd`jsnmstndm` insdnp`nlj ns low rj`mxji2kn`b, dcjjsj, mli euttjr mrj ejdokj m pjrpjtum`, mli jaas ml mllum`, nliuàjldj nl

@jlt (Vnj prnvîj ijs Frmláons, tok. nn. p. 51-43).

R1 [Ycj ornanlm` kolukjlts of tcj sdcnsk, of tcj dcmrajs of tcj Arjjbs mamnlst tcj@mtnls, mrj ijposntji nl tcj Jpnst`js of Wcotnus (Jpnst. Jldyd`ndm, nn. p. 91-6= RJp. 9 nltcj ji. of Vm`jttms, p. =6: sqq.[ mli of Kndcmj` Djru`mrnus (Dmlnsnn Mltnq. @jdtnoljs,tok. nnn. p. n. p. 53=-459, jint. Emslmaj, wntc tcj pro`nx mlswjr of Dmrinlm` CukejrtRnl D. Qn``, Mdtm jt sdrnptm qumj ij doltrovjrsnns jdd`jsnmj armjdmj jt `mtnlmj sjduò xn.dokposntm jxtmlt, p. =15 sqq.2 mli nl Knalj, W.A. vo`. =57, 1:5 sqq.[).

R3 [Ycj xtc voùkj of tcj Vjlndj jintnol of tcj Douldn`s doltmnls m`` tcj mdts of tcj

sylois, mli cnstory of Wcotnus2 tcjy mrj merniaji wntc m fmnlt tnlaj of prjhuindj or pruijldj, ey Iupnl mli F`jury. RYcj fu``jst koijrl cnstory of Wcotnus nsCjrajlrötcjr„s Enoarmpcy, dp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6.[

R> [RMs suddjssor of Nalmtnus, wco wms ijposji ejdmusj cj jxdokkulndmtji tcjDæsmr Emrims for nldjst wntc cns stjpimuactjr.[

R=7 [RDp. vo`. nx. Mppjlinx 6.[

R== [Ycj syloi of Dolstmltnlop`j, cjì nl tcj yjmr 36>, ns tcj vnnntc of tcj ajljrm`douldn`s, tcj `mst mssjke`y of tcj Jmst wcndc ns rjdoalnsji ey tcj Uokml dcurdc. Tcj

rjhjdts tcj sylois of Dolstmltnlop`j of tcj yjmrs 361 mli 31>, wcndc wjrj, cowjvjr,jqum``y lukjrous mli lonsy2 eut tcjy wjrj fmvourme`j to Wcotnus.

R=5 [Tjj tcns mlmtcjkm nl tcj Douldn`s, tok. xn. p. =9:1-=967. RTjj Cjrajlrötcjr,Wcotnus, vo`. nnn. p. 147 sqq. for tcj dolf`ndt ulijr Djru`mrnus. Dp. Afrörjr,Eyzmltnlnsdcj Ajsdcndctjl, vo`. nnn. dmp. 54, p. :=9 sqq.[

R=4 [Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnmi, `. n. p. 4=-44 Rd. =4[) rjprjsjlts tcj mecorrjldj, lotol`y of tcj dcurdc, eut of tcj pm`mdj, for Arjaory VNN., tcj popjs, mli tcj @mtnldokkulnol. Ycj sty`j of Dnllmkus mli Lndjtms ns stn`` korj vjcjkjlt. ^jt cow dm`k

ns tcj vondj of cnstory dokpmrji wntc tcmt of po`jknds!

R=9 [RYcj insputjs ovjr trnvnm` ponlts of tcjoòay mli djrjkoly wjrj tcj jxprjssnolof tcj lmtnolm` jlknty of tcj Arjjbs mli @mtnls2 mli tcns mvjrsnol wms tcj truj dmusjof tcj sdcnsk2 tcj qujstnols of doltrovjrsy wjrj m prjtjxt.[

R=: [Cns mlolykous cnstornml (ij Jxpjint. Msnmt. Frji. N. nl Dmlnsnn @jdtnol. Mltnq.tok. nnn. pmrs nn. p. :==, jint. Emslmaj) kjltnols tcj sjrkols of tcj Arjjb pmtrnmrdc,quokoio Arædns nlhulxjrmt nl rjknssnoljk pjddmtoruk pjrjarnlos oddnijrj jt ij`jrjij tjrrå. Ymanlo oesjrvjs (nl Tdrnptorjs Frjcjr. tok. n. p. 97>, jint. Ttruv.), Arædncærjtndos los mppj``mlt2 d`jrndn jt kolmdcn indtns jt fmdtns pjrsjquultur. Qj kmy mii

tcj ijd`mrmtnol of tcj jkpjror Emìwnl fnftjjl yjmrs mftjrwmris8 Cæd jst ( ajls) quæ@mtnlos okljs lol coknluk loknlj, sji dmluk inalmemtur2 quoruk smlaunljk





jffulijrj pjlj nltjr kjrntm rjputmemlt (Ajstm Nllodjlt. NNN. d. >5, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt.Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. nnn. pmrs n. p. :46). Ycjrj kmy ej sokj jxmaajrmtnol, eut ntwms ms jffjdtum` for tcj mdtnol mli rj-mdtnol of cmtrji.

R=6 [Tjj Mllm Dokljlm (M`jxnmi, `. vn. p. =6=, =65 Rd. :[), mli m rjkmrbme`j pmssmaj

of Lndjtms (nl Kmluj`, `. v. d. >), wco oesjrvjs of tcj Vjljtnmls, θνω? τΰάλα θν??ύνωύίνυ ω?λ Θώλτωνλωξλοϋχοβξλ ωα?υ ο?θκίνυ ?ββΠμνλωο, &d.

R=1 [Iudmlaj, Fmk. Eyzmlt. p. =36, =31.

R=3 [ Lndjtms nl Kmluj`, `. vnn. d. 5. Ujalmltj jlnk (Kmluj`j) . . . mpui juk tmltmk@mtnlus popuùs rjpjrjrmt armtnmk ut lja`jdtns Arædu`ns suns tmlqumk vnrns ko``neus jtjffŔknlmtns, . . . so`ns @mtnlns armlinm dokknttjrjt ljaotnm . . . jram jos profuså`nejrm`ntmtj meulimemt . . . jx okln orej mi juk tmlqumk mi ejljfmdtorjk loen`js jtnaloen`js doldurrjemlt. Qn``jrk. Yyr. xxnn. d. =7.

R=> [Ycj suspndnols of tcj Arjjbs wouì cmvj ejjl dolfnrkji, nf tcjy cmi sjjl tcj po`ntndm` jpnst`js of Kmluj` to Wopj M`jxmlijr NNN., tcj jljky of cns jljky FrjijrndN., nl wcndc tcj jkpjror ijd`mrjs cns wnsc of ulntnla tcj Arjjbs mli @mtnls ms oljfòdb ulijr olj scjpcjri, &d. (sjj F`jury, Cnst. Jdd`îs. tok. xv. p. =31, 5=4, 594).

R57 [Tjj tcj Arjjb mli @mtnl Lmrrmtnvjs nl Lndjtms (nl M`jxno Dokljlo, d. =7), mliQn``nmk of Yyrj (`. xxnn. d. =7-=4)8 tcj fnrst, soft mli doldnsj2 tcj sjdoli, òui,dopnous, mli trmandm`.

R5= [Ycj cnstory of tcj rjnal of Nsmmd Mlajùs ns dokposji, nl tcrjj eoobs, ey tcj

sjlmtor Lndjtms (p. 533-5>7)2 mli cns offndjs of òaotcjtj, or prnldnpm` sjdrjtmry, mli huiaj of tcj vjn`, or pm`mdj, douì lot ernej tcj nkpmrtnm`nty of tcj cnstornml. Cj wrotj,nt ns truj, mftjr tcj fm`` mli ijmtc of cns ejljfmdtor. RDp. meovj, vo`. vnnn. p. 97>.[

R55 [Tjj Eocminl, Vnt. Tm`minl. p. =5>-=4=, 556, vjrs. Tdcu`tjls. Ycj mkemssmior of Nsmmd wms jqum``y vjrsji nl tcj Arjjb, Frjldc, mli Mrmend `mlaumajs8 m rmrj nlstmldjnl tcosj tnkjs. Cns jkemssnjs wjrj rjdjnvji wntc colour, insknssji wntcout jffjdt,mli rjportji wntc sdmlim` nl tcj Qjst.

R54 [RFor Dyprus ulijr tcj @usnalmls, tcj dcnjf worb ns @. ij Kms-@mtrnj„s Cnstonrj

ij `„t`j ij Dcyprj imls `j rãalj ijs prnldjs ij `m kmnsol ij @usnalml, 4 vo`s.=3::-6=.[

R59 [RFor tcj Euàmrnmls mli Qm``mdcnmls nl tcj ==tc djltury, wj cmvj sokjnltjrjstnla lotndjs nl tcj Ttrmtjandol of Djdmukjlos (sjj vo`. vnnn. Mppjlinx, p. 971)2jspjdnm``y tcj mddoult of tcj rjvo`t of tcj Qm``mdcnmls of Ycjssm`y (Arjmt V`mdcnm) nl=766, d. =1= sqq.[

R5: [Iudmlaj, Fmkn`næ Im`kmtndæ, p. 4=3-457. Ycj ornanlm` dorrjspolijldj of tcjEuàmrnml bnla mli tcj Uokml poltnff ns nlsdrneji nl tcj Ajstm Nllodjlt. NNN. d. 66-35,

p. :=4-:5:. RFor tcj foulimtnol of tcj Tjdoli Euàmrnml (or V`mdco-Euàmrnml)

bnlaiok, sjj Hnrjċjb, Ajsdcndctj ijr Euàmrjl, d. =92 Sîlopo`, Cnstonrj ijsUoukmnls, p. =15 sqq., mli @„jkpnrj vm`mdcoeuàmrj nl tcj Ujvuj Cnstornquj, 91





(=3>1), p. 513 sqq. Ycjrj ns m Uussnml koloarmpc, ey Y. Zspjlsbn (=31>). Ycj twoMsĔls d`mnkji to ej ijsdjliji frok tcj oì tsmrs2 eut wj dmllot pmy kudc rjamri tosudc m d`mnk. Ycj qujstnol ns wcjtcjr tcjy wjrj Euàmrnmls or V`mdcs. YcjUoukmlnmls wouì a`mi`y ej`njvj tcmt tcjy wjrj V`mdcs2 mli tcjy mppjm` to mlnldnijlt rjdoriji ey Lndjtms (nl M`jx. Ns. fn`. n. d. :, p. 6=1, ji. Eoll). M prnjst wms

tmbjl prnsoljr, mli cj ejsouact MsĔl nl V`mdc, ‐wcndc wms m`so cns `mlaumaj‛(ικξ?ωνξ ωοϊ? ?τν?λ ??κγα?λνξ, ι? ?ΰο?ώλίνυ ?υ ?ιύξυ ωα?υ ωώ?λ ΕβΠρώλ ?ώλα?υ).Ycj lmturm` nlfjrjldj frok tcns pnjdj of jvnijldj ns dolfnrkji ey tcj fmdt tcmt (=)Wopj Nllodjlt NNN. nl cns dorrjspolijldj wntc Hocl MsĔl NN. (Dmò-Hocl) spjmbs tocnk ms m V`mdc or Uokml (sjj ljxt lotj)2 mli (5) wjstjrl cnstornmls mssjrt tcmt cj wmsm V`mdc (j.a., Vn``jcmriounl, Dolquètj ij Dolstmltnlop`j, x`nnn. sjdt. 575, dj Hocmllnsîtmnt ul E`mquj).[

R56 [Ycj popj mdblow`jiajs cns pjinarjj, m loen`n urens Uokæ prosmpnå ajlntorjs tunornanljk trmxjrult. Ycns trmintnol, mli tcj strola rjsjke`mldj of tcj @mtnl mli

Qm``mdcnml ninoks, ns jxp`mnlji ey K. i„Mlvn``j (Jtmts ij `„Juropj, p. 5:3-565). YcjNtm`nml doòlnjs of tcj Imdnm of Yrmhml wjrj swjpt mwmy ey tcj tnij of jknarmtnolfrok tcj Imluej to tcj Voàm, mli erouact emdb ey mlotcjr wmvj frok tcj Voàm totcj Imluej. Wossne`j, eut strmlaj! RDokpmrj Mppjlinx :.[

R51 [Ycns pmrme`j ns nl tcj ejst smvmaj sty`j2 eut N wnsc tcj Qm``mdc cmi lot nltroiudjitcj d`mssnd lmkj of Kysnmls, tcj jxpjrnkjlt of tcj kmaljt or òmistolj, mli tcj

pmssmaj of ml oì doknd pojt (Lndjtms, nl M`jx. Dokljlo, N. n. p. 5>>, 477).

R53 [Ycj @mtnls maarmvmtj tcj nlarmtntuij of M`jxnus, ey supposnla tcmt cj cmi ejjlrj`jmsji ey cns erotcjr Nsmmd frok Yurbnsc dmptnvnty. Ycns pmtcjtnd tm`j cmi iouet`jss

ejjl rjpjmtji mt Vjlndj mli Xmrm2 eut N io lot rjmin`y insdovjr nts aroulis nl tcjArjjb cnstornmls.

R5> [Tjj tcj rjnal of M`jxnus Mlajùs, or Dokljlus, nl tcj tcrjj eoobs of Lndjtms, p.5>=-4:5.

R47 [RM`jxnus ns ajljrm``y smni to ej tcj sol of Kmramrjt of Culamry, Nsmmd„s sjdoliwnfj. Eut tcns ns iouetfu`. Dp. Wjmrs, Fm`` of Dolstmltnlop`j, p. 563, lotj 5.[

R4= [Tjj F`jury, Cnst. Jdd`îs. tok. xvn. p. 56, &d. mli Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. =, wntc tcj

oesjrvmtnols of Iudmlaj, wcndc N m`wmys kjml to quotj wntc tcj ornanlm` tjxt.

R45 [Ycj doltjkpormry `nfj of Wopj Nllodjlt NNN., pue`nscji ey Emùzj mli Kurmtorn(Tdrnptorjs Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. nnn. pmrs n. p. 936-:63), ns kost vmùme`j for tcjnkportmlt mli ornanlm` iodukjlts wcndc mrj nlsjrtji nl tcj tjxt. Ycj eu`` of tcjdrusmij kmy ej rjmi, d. 39, 3:.

R44 [Wor dj quj dn` pmriol fut nssn arml, sn s„jl jskjurjlt ku`t `n dujrs ijs ajlz, jtku`t s„jl dronsnjrjlt, pordj quj `n pmriols jrj sn arml. Vn``jcmriounl Lo. =. Our

pcnòsopcjrs kmy rjfnlj ol tcj dmusj of tcj drusmijs, eut sudc wjrj tcj ajlunljfjj`nlas of m Frjldc blnact.





R49 [Ycns lukejr of fnjfs (of wcndc =377 owji `njaj cokmaj) wms jlro``ji nl tcjdcurdc of Tt. Ttjpcjl mt Yroyjs, mli mttjstji, =5=4, ey tcj kmrscm` mli eut`jr of Dcmkpmalj (Iudmlaj, Oesjrv. p. 5:9).

R4: [Dmkpmlnm . . . kn`ntnæ prnvn`jano snlau`mrnus jxdj``nt . . . nl tyrodnlnns . . .

proùsnolj mrkoruk, &d. Iudmlaj, p. 59>, frok tcj oì Dcrolnd`j of Hjrusm`jk,==11-==>>.

R46 [Ycj lmkj of Vn``jcmriounl wms tmbjl frok m vn``maj mli dmst`j nl tcj inodjsj of Yroyjs, ljmr tcj rnvjr Muej, ejtwjjl Emr mli Mrdns. Ycj fmkn`y wms mldnjlt mliloe`j2 tcj jìjr ermldc of our cnstornml jxnstji mftjr tcj yjmr =9772 tcj youlajr,wcndc mdqunrji tcj prnldnpm`nty of Mdcmnm, kjraji nl tcj cousj of Tmvoy (Iudmlaj, p.54:-59:).

R41 [Ycns offndj wms cjì ey cns fmtcjr mli cns ijsdjlimlts, eut Iudmlaj cms lot

cultji nt wntc cns usum` smamdnty. N fnli tcmt, nl tcj yjmr =4:6, nt wms nl tcj fmkn`y of Dolf`mls2 eut tcjsj provnldnm`s cmvj ejjl òla snldj jd`npsji ey tcj lmtnolm` kmrscm`sof Frmldj.

R43 [Ycns `mlaumaj, of wcndc N scm`` proiudj sokj spjdnkjls, ns jxp`mnlji eyVnajljrj mli Iudmlaj, nl m vjrsnol mli aòssmry. Ycj Wrjsnijlt ijs Erossjs(Kîdcmlnskj ijs @mlaujs, tok. nn. p. 34) anvjs nt ms tcj jxmkp`j of m `mlaumaj wcndccms djmsji to ej Frjldc, mli ns ulijrstooi ol`y ey armkkmrnmls.

R4> [Cns maj, mli cns owl jxprjssnol, kon quj djstj Ŕuvrj indtm (Lo. 65, &d.), kmy hustnfy tcj suspndnol (korj proeme`j tcml Kr. Qooi„s ol Cokjr) tcmt cj douì ljntcjr

rjmi lor wrntj. ^jt Dcmkpmalj kmy eomst of tcj two fnrst cnstornmls, tcj loe`j mutcorsof Frjldc prosj, Vn``jcmriounl mli Honlvn``j.

R97 [Ycj drusmij mli rjnals of tcj doults of F`mlijrs, Emìwnl mli cns erotcjr Cjlry,mrj tcj suehjdt of m pmrtndu`mr cnstory ey tcj Hjsunt Ioutrjkjls (Dolstmltnlopo`nsEjàndm, Yurlmdn, =643, nl 9to), wcndc N cmvj ol`y sjjl wntc tcj jyjs of Iudmlaj.

R9= [Cnstory, &d. vo`. vn. p. 6>-1=.

R95 [Ycj foulimtnol mli nlijpjlijldj of Vjlndj, mli Wjpnl„s nlvmsnol, mrj insdussji

ey Wman (Drntndm, tok. nnn. 3=7, Lo. 9, &d.) mli Ejrjttn (Inssjrt. Dcoroarmpc. Ntm`nækjinn Ævn, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. tok. x. p. =:4). Ycj two drntnds cmvj m s`nact enms, tcjFrjldckml mivjrsj, tcj Ntm`nml fmvourme`j, to tcj rjpue`nd.

R94 [Qcjl tcj sol of Dcmr`jkmalj mssjrtji cns rnact of sovjrjnalty, cj wms mlswjrji ey tcj òym` Vjljtnmls, ?ωξ ?ΰκξ?υ ιοϊ?βοξ γΫβοΰκλ κ??λνξ ωοϊ? ?ώΰνίώλ εντξβΫώυ(Dolstmltnl. Worpcyroajlnt. ij Miknlnstrmt. Nkpjrnn, pmrs nn. d. 53, p. 3:)2 mli tcjrjport of tcj nxtc jstme`nscjs tcj fmdt of tcj xtc djltury, wcndc ns dolfnrkji ey tcjjkemssy of @nutprmli of Drjkolm. Ycj mllum` trneutj, wcndc tcj jkpjror m`òwstcjk to pmy to tcj bnla of Ntm`y, m``jvnmtjs, ey ioue`nla, tcjnr sjrvntuij2 eut tcj cmtjfu`wori ιοϊ?βοξ kust ej trmls`mtji, ms nl tcj dcmrtjr of 351 (@muanjr, Cnst. ij Vjlnsj,tok. n. p. 61, &d.), ey tcj softjr mppj``mtnol of sueintn, or fnij`js. RYcj rj`mtnol of Vjlndj to tcj Jkpnrj cms ejjl kost rjdjlt`y nlvjstnamtji ey J. @jltz. Cj jstme`nscjs





tcj mdtum`, lot kjrj`y forkm`, ijpjlijldj of Vjlndj ol Dolstmltnlop`j up to meouttcj yjmrs 346-97 (Ims Vjrcé`tlnss Vjljinas zu Eyzmlz2 Yc. n., Vjljina m`s

eyzmltnlnsdcj Wrovnlz, =3>=). Meout tcmt tnkj tcj wjmbljss of tcj Jmstjrl Jkpnrjjlme`ji Vjlndj armium``y to worb cjr wmy to m posntnol of nlijpjlijldj. Ey kn`ntmryjxpjintnols, ulijrtmbjl ol cjr owl mddoult, mamnlst tcj T`mvolnd pnrmtjs of tcj

Mirnmtnd mli tcj Tmrmdjls wco dmrrnji tcjnr ijprjimtnols to Im`kmtnm mli tcj lortcjrl pmrt of tcj Jmstjrl Unvnjrm, mli ey jltjrnla nlto nlijpjlijlt dokpmdts wntc tcjljnaceournla dntnjs of Ntm`y, Vjlndj dcmlaji cjr dolintnol frok tcmt of m provnldj totcmt of m rjspolsne`j powjr, mli, wcjl tcj Jmstjrl Jkpnrj rjamnlji strjlatc ulijr Emsn`, nt wms nkprmdtndme`j to rjdm`` cjr to cjr forkjr sueorinlmtj posntnol, mli tcjJkpjrors wjrj pjrfordj doltjlt wntc m loknlm` suehjdtnol. Ycj kml wcosj po`ndymdcnjvji tcns rjsu`t wms tcj Ioaj Wjtjr Yrmiolndus. (@jltz, Ijr m``kéc`ndcjZjejramla Vjljinas vol fmbtnsdcjr zu loknlj``jr Mecélanabjnt vol Eyzmlz, nl Eyz.Xjntsdc. nnn. p. 69 sqq., =3>9.) Ycj jmr`njst nlijpjlijlt trjmty kmij ey Vjlndj wms tcjWmdtuk @otcmrnn of 3978 m trjmty lot wntc tcj Jkpjror @otcmr, eut wntc m lukejr of

Ntm`nml dntnjs ulijr tcj muspndjs of @otcmr (sjj M. Fmltm, Inj Vjrtréaj ijr Bmnsjr kntVjljina ens ruk Hmcrj >348 nl Tupp`. N. to tcj Knttcjnùlajl ijs Nlst. fðr östjrr.Ajsdcndctsforsdcula, =33=2 mli for tcj tjxt Uokmlnl, Ttornm iodukjltmtm in Vjljznm,n. 4:6). For tcj `mtjr rj`mtnols of Vjlndj wntc tcj Jmstjrl Jkpnrj, jspjdnm``y nl tcj=5tc djltury, sjj D. Ljukmll nl Eyz. Xjntsdc. n. p. 466 sqq.2 mli for tcj ijvjòpkjltof Vjljtnml dokkjrdj, mli tcj ejmrnlas tcjrjol of tcj Aoìjl Eu``s armltji ey tcjJkpjrors, Cjyi, Cnstonrj iu dokkjrdj iu @jvmlt mu koyjl maj, =33:.[

R99 [Tjj tcj xxvtc mli xxxtc inssjrtmtnols of tcj Mltnquntmtjs Kjinn Ævn of Kurmtorn.Frok Mlijrsol„s Cnstory of Dokkjrdj, N ulijrstmli tcmt tcj Vjljtnmls ini lot trmijto Jla`mli ejforj tcj yjmr =454. Ycj kost fòurnscnla stmtj of tcjnr wjm`tc mlidokkjrdj nl tcj ejanllnla of tcj xvtc djltury ns marjjme`y ijsdrneji ey tcj MeeîIueos (Cnst. ij `m @nauj ij Dmkermy, tok. nn. p. 994-937).

R9: [Ycj Vjljtnmls cmvj ejjl sòw nl wrntnla mli pue`nscnla tcjnr cnstory. Ycjnr kostmldnjlt kolukjlts mrj, =. Ycj ruij Dcrolnd`j (pjrcmps) of Hocl Tmaorlnlus(Vjljznm, =16:, nl 3vo), wcndc rjprjsjlts tcj stmtj mli kmlljrs of Vjlndj nl tcj yjmr =773. RHocmlljs wms dcmp`mnl of tcj Ioaj Wjtjr NN., mt tcj ejanllnla of tcj ==tcdjltury. Ycj lmkj Tmaorlnlus ns iuj to ml jrror ms to tcj mutcorscnp. Ycj dcrolnd`jcms ejjl jintji ey Koltrndoò nl tcj Foltn pjr `m stornm i„Ntm`nm. Drolmdcj Vjljznmljmltndc. n. p. :> sqq., =3>7.[ 5. Ycj `mrajr cnstory of tcj ioaj (=495-=4:9), Mlirjw

Imlioò, pue`nscji for tcj fnrst tnkj nl tcj xnntc tok. of Kurmtorn, =143. RC.Tnkolsfjì, Mlirjms Imlioò uli sjnlj Ajsdcndctswjrbj, =316.[ Ycj Cnstory of Vjlndj, ey tcj Meeî @muanjr (Wmrns, =153), ns m worb of sokj kjrnt, wcndc N cmvjdcnjf`y usji for tcj dolstntutnolm` pmrt. RImru„s Cnstonrj ij Vjlnsj ns kost dolvjlnjltfor ajljrm` rjfjrjldj. Uokmlnl„s Ttornm iodukjltmtm in Vjljznm ns vjry cnac`y spobjlof.[

R96 [Cjlry Imlioò wms jnacty-four mt cns j`jdtnol ( ==>5), mli lnljty-sjvjl mt cnsijmtc ( =57:) Rproeme`y lot quntj so oì[. Tjj tcj Oesjrvmtnols of Iudmlaj sur Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. 579. Eut tcns jxtrmorinlmry òlajvnty ns lot oesjrvji ey tcj

ornanlm` wrntjrs2 lor iojs tcjrj jxnst mlotcjr jxmkp`j of ml cjro ljmr ml culirjiyjmrs of maj. Ycjopcrmstus knact mffori ml nlstmldj of m wrntjr of lnljty-lnlj2 eut





nlstjmi of ?λλκλάθολων (WroŔk. mi Dcmrmdtjr.), N mk kudc nld`nlji to rjmi?ειοΰάθολων, wntc cns `mst jintor Fnsdcjr, mli tcj fnrst tcouacts of Dmsmueol. Nt nssdmrdj`y possne`j tcmt tcj powjrs of tcj knli mli eoiy scouì support tcjksj`vjs tn``sudc m pjrnoi of `nfj.

R91 [Ycj koijrl Vjljtnmls (@muanjr, tok. nn. p. ==>)mddusj tcj jkpjror Kmluj`2 euttcj dmùkly ns rjfutji ey Vn``jcmriounl mli tcj oì wrntjrs, wco supposj tcmtImlioò òst cns jyjs ey m wouli (Lo. 49, mli Iudmlaj).

R93 [Tjj tcj ornanlm` trjmty nl tcj Dcrolnd`j of Mlirjw Imlioò, p. 454-456. RNt wmsmarjji tcmt Jaypt scouìej tcj oehjdt of mttmdb (sjj meovj, p. 499). M spjdnm` rjmsolfor tcns ijdnsnol ns smni ey Aultcjr (nl Unmlt„s Jxuvnmj Tmdrmj, n. 1=) to cmvj ejjl tcjinstrjss tcjl prjvmn`nla nl Jaypt ownla to tcj fmdt tcmt tcj Ln`j cmi lot rnsjl for fnvjyjmrs.[

R9> [M rjmijr of Vn``jcmriounl kust oesjrvj tcj frjqujlt tjmrs of tcj kmrscm` mli cns erotcjr blnacts. Tmdcnjz quj `m ot kmnltj `jrkj pòrîj ij pntnî (Lo. =1)2 ku`t pòrmlt(neni.)2 kmnltj `jrkj pòrîj (Lo. 49)2 sn orjlt ku`t pntnî jt pòrjrjlt ku`t iurjkjlt(Lo. 67)2 n ot kmnltj `jrkj pòrîj ij pntnî (Lo. 575). Ycjy wjjp ol jvjry oddmsnol of arnjf, hoy, or ijvotnol.

R:7 [RNllodjlt mpprovji wntc rjsjrvj (for cj instrustji Vjlndj, wntc aooi rjmsol),kmbnla m spjdnm` dolintnol tcmt lo Dcrnstnml towl scouì ej mttmdbji. Dp. AjstmNllodjltnn, 39.[

R:= [RNl tcj kjmltnkj Vjlndj cmi p`myji tcj Drusmijrs fm`sj. Nt cmi ejjl marjji tcmt

tcj oehjdt of tcj jxpjintnol wms to ej Jaypt. Iurnla tcj koltcs wcndc j`mpsji ejtwjjl tcj trjmty wntc tcj Drusmijrs (Kmrdc, =57=) mli tcj imtj tcjy wjrj tomssjke`j mt Vjlndj (Hulj 59, =575), tcj Ujpue`nd ljaotnmtji wntc tcj Tu`tml of Jaypt2cjr jlvoys doldùiji m trjmty wntc cnk ol Kmy =4, =575, mli nt wms rmtnfnji mt Vjlndjnl Hu`y. Ey tcns trjmty, Vjlndj ulijrtoob tcmt tcj Drusmij scouì lot mttmdb Jaypt,mli rjdjnvji nl rjturl nkportmlt doldjssnols8 m qumrtjr nl M`jxmlirnm, mli tcj

prnvn`jaj tcmt m`` pnàrnks wco vnsntji tcj Co`y Tjpu`dcrj ulijr cjr protjdtnol scouì ej smfj (m prnvn`jaj of arjmt pjdulnmry vmùj). Nt ns d`jmr tcmt tcns trjmty, dmrjfu``ydoldjm`ji, provjs tcmt tcj invjrsnol of tcj Fourtc Drusmij wms m ij`nejrmtj p`ml mlilot ml mddnijlt. Ycj trjmty wms fnrst jxposji ey Copf (Jrsdc uli Aruejr,

Jlzybòpéinj, vo`. 3:, p. =33). Nt ns kjltnolji ey Jrlou` (Qn``nmk of Yyrj„sDoltnlumtor), Ujdujn`, vo`. 5, p. 5:7.[

R:5 [Ey m vndtory ( ==>=) ovjr tcj dntnzjls of Mstn, ey m drusmij to Wm`jstnlj, mli ey mljkemssy frok tcj popj to tcj Ajrkml prnldjs (Kurmtorn, Mllm`n i„Ntm`ëm, tok. x. p.=64, 575).

R:4 [REolnfmdj of Koltfjrrmt wjlt nl Odtoejr, =57=, to tcj dourt of Wcn`np of Twmenm,wco wms sol-nl-`mw of Nsmmd Mlajùs2 mli cj rjkmnlji tcjrj tn`` tcj fnrst koltcs of =575, wcjl cj ijpmrtji wntc ml jkemssy to Wopj Nllodjlt to p`jmi mt Uokj tcj dmusjof youla M`jxnus. (Tjj Ajstm Nllodjltnn, 39.) Mt Wcn`np„s dourt m pòt wms cmtdcji.Tjj ejòw, lotj 64.[





R:9 [Tjj tcj drusmij of tcj Ajrkmls nl tcj Cnstornm D. W. of Aultcjr (Dmlnsnn Mltnq.@jdt. tok. nv. p. v. vnnn.), wco dj`jermtjs tcj pnàrnkmaj of cns meeot Kmrtnl, olj of tcj

prjmdcnla rnvm`s of Fu`b of Ljun``y. Cns kolmstjry, of tcj Dnstjrdnml orijr, wms sntumtjnl tcj inodjsj of Emsn`. RAultcjr wms prnor of Wérns nl J`smss. Ycj worb cms ejjlsjpmrmtj`y jintji ey tcj Doult ij Unmlt, =31:.[

R:: [RYcj prndj wms 9 kmrbs m corsj mli 5 m kml2 wcndc, rjdbolnla tcj kmrb mt :5frmlds, mkoults to £=37,777. Wjmrs, Fm`` of Dolstmltnlop`j, p. 549.[

R:6 [RMddorinla to Uoejrt ij D`mrn, tcj Vjljtnmls bjpt tcj Drusmijrs nkprnsolji nltcj ns`mli of T. Lnddo`õ in @nio, mli mpp`nji tcj sdrjw of stmrvmtnol. Ywo proposm`swjrj tcjl kmij2 tcj fnrst wms, tcmt tcj jxpjintnol scouì stmrt for tcj Jmst, mli tcmt tcjspon` of tcj fnrst dnty i„outrjkjr wcndc tcjy mttmdbji scouì ej mpproprnmtji to pmytcj ijet to Vjlndj2 tcj sjdoli wms tcmt Xmrm scouì ej mttmdbji, eut tcns wms dolfnijiol`y to tcj dcnjfs mli doldjm`ji frok tcj kmss of tcj cost, ultn` tcjy rjmdcji tcj

iookji dnty. Ycj mddoult nl tcj tjxt, wcndc rjprjsjlts tcj jltjrprnsj mamnlst Xmrm msstmrtji for tcj purposj of mddokkoimtnla tcj inffndu`ty, mli tcj Vjljtnmls ms coljst`y prjpmrji mt tcns stmaj to trmlsport tcj Drusmijrs to tcj Jmst, provniji tcjy wjrj pmni,ns tcj mddoult wcndc Vn``jcmriounl suddjssfu``y nkposji upol tcj worì.[

R:1 [Hmijrm, low Xmrm, wms m Uokml doòly, wcndc mdblow`jiaji Muaustus for nts pmrjlt. Nt ns low ol`y two kn`js rouli, mli doltmnls fnvj or snx tcousmli nlcmentmlts2 eut tcj fortnfndmtnols mrj strola, mli nt ns honlji to tcj kmnl`mli ey m erniaj. Tjj tcjtrmvj`s of tcj two dokpmlnols, Tpol mli Qcj`jr (Voymaj ij Im`kmtnj, ij Arãdj, &d.tok. n. p. 69-172 Hourljy nlto Arjjdj, p. 3-=9)2 tcj `mst of wcok, ey knstmbnlaTjstjrtnm for Tjstjrtnn, vmùjs ml mrdc wntc stmtujs mli doùkls mt twj`vj poulis. Nf nlcns tnkj tcjrj wjrj lo trjjs ljmr Xmrm, tcj dcjrry-trjjs wjrj lot yjt p`mltji wcndc

proiudj our nldokpmrme`j kmrmsqunl.

R:3 [Bmtolm (Cnst. Drntndm Uja. Culamrnæ, Ttnrpns Mrpmi. tok. nv. p. :46-::3) do``jdtsm`` tcj fmdts mli tjstnkolnjs kost mivjrsj to tcj dolqujrors of Xmrm.

R:> [Tjj tcj wco`j trmlsmdtnol, mli tcj sjltnkjlts of tcj popj, nl tcj Jpnst`js of Nllodjlt NNN. Ajstm, d. 36-33.

R67 [M koijrl rjmijr ns surprnsji to cjmr of tcj vm`jt ij Dolstmltnlop`j, ms mpp`nji to

youla M`jxnus ol mddoult of cns youtc, `nbj tcj nlfmlts of Tpmnl, mli tcj loen`nssnkus pujr of tcj Uokmls. Ycj pmajs mli vo`jts of tcj blnacts wjrj ms loe`j ms tcjksj`vjs(Vn``jcmriounl mli Iudmlaj, Lo. 46).

R6= [Ycj jkpjror Nsmmd ns sty`ji ey Vn``jcmriounl, Tursmd (Lo. 4:, &d.), wcndc kmy ej ijrnvji frok tcj Frjldc Tnrj, or tcj Arjjb Θϋύ (θϋύξου) kj`tji nlto cns propjr lmkj Rfrok Tnrj2 for Θϋύ douì lot ejdokj Tur [2 tcj fmrtcjr dorruptnols of Yursmdmli Dolsjrmd wn`` nlstrudt us wcmt `ndjldj kmy cmvj ejjl usji nl tcj oì iylmstnjs of Mssyrnm mli Jaypt.

R65 [RQcosj dourt cj vnsntji =57=.[





R64 [RYcj doliudt of tcj Kmrquns of Koltfjrrmt wms lot korj nlajluous tcml tcmt of Imlioò. Cj wms, lo korj tcml Imlioò, m ajlunlj drusmijr2 cj usji tcj drusmijrsfor cns owl purposj, mli tcmt purposj wms, frok tcj ejanllnla, to rjstorj M`jxnus.Ycj p`ml wms mrrmlaji iurnla tcj wnltjr mt tcj dourt of Wcn`np of Twmenm, to wcndcM`jxnus cmi ejtmbjl cnksj`f mftjr cns jsdmpj frok Dolstmltnlop`j2 Eolnfmdj, ms wj

cmvj sjjl, wms tcjrj too (meovj, p. 4:=, lotj :4)2 mli tcjrj dml ej lo iouet tcmt tcjrjwms m dokp`jtj ulijrstmlinla ejtwjjl tcjk. Dp. Ajstm Nllodjltnn, 34. Wcn`np lursjitcj irjmk of m ulnol of tcj jmstjrl mli tcj wjstjrl jkpnrjs. Ycus Eolnfmdj mliImlioò (for inffjrjlt rjmsols) marjji ol tcj po`ndy of invjrtnla tcjnr jxpjintnol toDolstmltnlop`j òla ejforj nt stmrtji2 tcjy cooiwnlbji tcj kmss of tcj drusmijrs2 mlitcj inffndu`tnjs meout pmykjlt wjrj prjssji ol`y for tcj purposj of mddokp`nscnla tcju`tnkmtj oehjdt.[

R69 [Ujnlnjr mli Dolrmi8 tcj forkjr kmrrnji Kmrnm, imuactjr of tcj jkpjror Kmluj`Dokljlus2 tcj `mttjr wms tcj cusemli of Ycjoiorm Mlaj`m, snstjr of tcj jkpjrors

Nsmmd mli M`jxnus. Dolrmi memliolji tcj Arjjb dourt mli prnldjss for tcj aòry of ijfjlinla Yyrj mamnlst Tm`minl (Iudmlaj, Fmk. Eyzmlt. p. =31, 574).

R6: [ Lndjtms (nl M`jxno Dokljlo, `. nnn. d. >) mddusjs tcj ioaj mli Vjljtnmls ms tcjfnrst mutcors of tcj wmr mamnlst Dolstmltnlop`j, mli dolsnijrs ol`y ms m θϊ?ΰν ?χ?ύR`ja. ?χ?[ θϋΰνωξ tcj mrrnvm` mli scmkjfu` offjrs of tcj roym` jxn`j.

R66 [Vn``jcmriounl mli Aultcjr rjprjsjlt tcj sjltnkjlts of tcj two pmrtnjs. Ycj meeotKmrtnl `jft tcj mrky mt Xmrm, prodjjiji to Wm`jstnlj, wms sjlt mkemssmior toDolstmltnlop`j, mli ejdmkj m rjùdtmlt wntljss of tcj sjdoli snjaj.

R61 [Ycj enrtc mli inalnty of Mlirjw Imlioò amvj cnk tcj kotnvj mli tcj kjmls of sjmrdcnla nl tcj mrdcnvjs of Vjlndj tcj kjkorme`j story of cns mldjstor. Cns erjvntysjjks to mddusj tcj dopnous mli korj rjdjlt lmrrmtnvjs of Tmluio (nl Kurmtorn,Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. xx.), Eòlius, Tmej``ndus, mli Ucmklusnus.

R63 [Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. 65. Cns fjj`nlas mli jxprjssnols mrj ornanlm`2 cj oftjl wjjps, eut cj rjhondjs nl tcj aòrnjs mli pjrn`s of wmr wntc m spnrnt ulblowl to m sjijltmrywrntjr.

R6> [Nl tcns voymaj, m`kost m`` tcj ajoarmpcndm` lmkjs mrj dorruptji ey tcj @mtnls.

Ycj koijrl mppj``mtnol of Dcm`dns, mli m`` JueŔm, ns ijrnvji frok nts Jurnpus, Jvrnpo, Ljarn-po, Ljaropolt, wcndc inscolours our kmps (i„Mlvn``j, AîoarmpcnjMldnjllj, tok. n. p. 564). RLjaropoltj ns m dorruptnol of τω?λ Κ?ύξχολ (invniji τω?

Λκϋύξχολ) wntc ml mttjkpt to kmbj sjlsj nl tcj spnrnt of popu`mr jtykoòay8ljaropoltj, ‐e`mdb erniaj,‛ ejnla suaajstji to Ntm`nmls ey tcj erniaj of Dcm`dnsdolljdtnla tcj ns`mli wntc tcj kmnl`mli. Eut wj m`so fnli tcj nltjrkjinmtj fork

Jarnpols (j.a., nl tcj `jttjrs of Wopj Nllodjlt). Nt ns rjkmrbme`j tcmt nl tcj =7tcdjltury tcj towl of Dcm`dns (or tcj wco`j ns`mli?) ns dm``ji Ρύα?χου (sjj Dolst.Worpcyr. ij Dmjr. nn. d. 99, p. 6:1, ? ?ύρώλ Ρύάχοϊ), mppmrjlt`y frok Κ?ύξχου.[





R17 [RMt Dorfþ, M`jxnus honlji tcj mrky ms m protîaî of Eolnfmdj2 mli cjrj tcj kmttjr wms fnrst d`jmr`y erouact ejforj tcj Drusmijrs mli cot`y ijemtji nl ml mssjke`y. TjjUoejrt ij D`mrn, § 45, 44.[

R1= [Jt smdcnjz quj n` lj ot sn cmrin dun `j dujr lj frjknst (d. 61). . . . Dcmsduls

rjamriont sjs mrkjs . . . quj pmr tjks jl mrolt kjstnjr (d. 63). Tudc ns tcj coljsty of dourmaj!

R15 [Jmlijk urejk pùs nl so`ns lmvneus pnsdmtorjk meulimrj, qumk n`òs nl totolmvnano. Cmejemt jlnk kn``j jt sjxdjltms pnsdmtornms lmvjs . . . Ej``ndms mutjk snvjkjrdmtornms cmejemlt nlfnlntæ ku`tntuinlns jt portuk tutnssnkuk. Aultcjr, Cnst. D. W.d. 3, p. =7.

R14 [ΘνγΠχκύ ?κύώ?λ ?βτΫώλ, κ?χκξ?λ ι? θν? γRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[RJintor8N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[?ϊωκϋωώλ χνύνιο?τώλ ??ΫξιRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[λωRJintor8

N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[ ωRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[ϊωώλί. Lndjtms nl M`jx. Dokljlo, `.nnn. d. >, p. 493.

R19 [Frok tcj vjrsnol of Vnajlãrj N miopt tcj wj``-soulinla wori pm`mlijr, wcndc nsstn`` usji, N ej`njvj, nl tcj Kjintjrrmljml. Eut cmi N wrnttjl nl Frjldc, N scouì cmvj

prjfjrrji tcj ornanlm` mli jxprjssnvj ijloknlmtnol of vmssnjrs or cunssnjrs, frok tcjcuns, or ioor, wcndc wms `jt iowl ms m irmwerniaj2 eut wcndc, mt sjm, wms dòsji nltotcj snij of tcj scnp (sjj Iudmlaj mu Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. =9, mli Honlvn``j, p. 51, 53,îint. iu @ouvrj).

R1: [Yo mvoni tcj vmauj jxprjssnols of fo`òwjrs, &d. N usj, mftjr Vn``jcmriounl, tcj

wori sjrhjmlts for m`` corsjkjl wco wjrj lot blnacts. Ycjrj wjrj sjrhjmlts mt mrks,mli sjrhjmlts mt `mw2 mli, nf wj vnsnt tcj pmrmij mli Qjstknlstjr-cm``, wj kmy oesjrvjtcj strmlaj rjsu`t of tcj instnldtnol (Iudmlaj, Aòssmr. @mtnl, Tjrvnjltjs, &d. tok. vn.

p. 556-54=).

R16 [Nt ns ljji`jss to oesjrvj tcmt ol tcj suehjdt of Am`mtm, tcj dcmnl, &d. Iudmlaj nsmddurmtj mli fu``. Dolsu`t `nbjwnsj tcj propjr dcmptjrs of tcj D. W. Dcrnstnmlm of tcjsmkj mutcor. Ycj nlcmentmlts of Am`mtm wjrj so vmnl mli nalormlt tcmt tcjy mpp`nji totcjksj`vjs Tt. Wmu`„s Jpnst`j to tcj Am`mtnmls. RYcj dcmnl wms fnxji, ol tcj dnty snij,dòsj to tcj amtj of Tt. Juajlnus. Wmrt of tcj dcmnl ns stn`` prjsjrvji nl tcj dourt of tcj

dcurdc of Tt. Nrjlj. Dp. Koritkmll, Jsqunssj topoarmpcnquj ij Dolstmltnlop`j, p.9>.[

R11 [Ycj vjssj` tcmt erobj tcj dcmnl wms lmkji tcj Jma`j, Mqun`m (Imlio`.Dcrolndol. p. 455), wcndc Eòlius (ij Ajstns Vjljt.) cms dcmlaji nlto Mqunò, tcjlortc wnli. Iudmlaj, Oesjrvmtnols, Lo. 34, kmnltmnls tcj `mttjr rjminla2 eut cj cmilot sjjl tcj rjspjdtme`j tjxt of Imlioò2 lor ini cj jlouac dolsnijr tcj topoarmpcyof tcj cmreour. Ycj soutc-jmst wouì cmvj ejjl m korj jffjdtum` wnli.

R13 []umtrj djls kn` cokjs ou pùs (Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. =49) kust ej ulijrstooi of kjl of m kn`ntmry maj. @j Ejmu (Cnst. iu Ems Jkpnrj, tok. xx. p. 9=1) m`òwsDolstmltnlop`j m kn``nol of nlcmentmlts, of wcok 67,777 corsj, mli ml nlfnlntj





lukejr of foot-soìnjrs. Nl nts prjsjlt ijdmy tcj dmpntm` of tcj Ottokml jkpnrj kmydoltmnl 977,777 sou`s (Ej``„s Yrmvj`s, vo`. nn. p. 97=, 975)2 eut, ms tcj Yurbs bjjp lorjanstjrs, mli ms dnrdukstmldjs mrj fm``mdnous, nt ns nkpossne`j to msdjrtmnl (Lnjeucr,Voymaj jl Mrmenj, tok. n. p. =3, =>) tcj rjm` popuòusljss of tcjnr dntnjs.

R1> [Ol tcj kost dorrjdt p`mls of Dolstmltnlop`j, N blow lot cow to kjmsurj korjtcml 9777 pmdjs. ^jt Vn``jcmriounl dokputjs tcj spmdj mt tcrjj `jmaujs (Lo. 36). Nf cns jyj wjrj lot ijdjnvji, cj kust rjdbol ey tcj oì Am``nd `jmauj of =:77 pmdjs,wcndc knact stn`` ej usji nl Dcmkpmalj.

R37 [Ycj aumris, tcj Vmrmlan, mrj sty`ji ey Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. 3>, >:, &d.) Jlaòns jtImlons mvjd `jurs cmdcjs. Qcmtjvjr cmi ejjl tcjnr ornanl, m Frjldc pnàrnk douì lot

ej knstmbjl nl tcj lmtnols of wcndc tcjy wjrj mt tcmt tnkj dokposji.

R3= [For tcj fnrst snjaj mli dolqujst of Dolstmltnlop`j, wj kmy rjmi tcj ornanlm` `jttjr

of tcj drusmijrs to Nllodjlt NNN. Ajstm, d. >=, p. :44, :492 Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. 1:->>2 Lndjtms nl M`jxno Dokljlo, `. nnn. d. =7, p. 49>-4:52 Imlioò, nl Dcrol. p. 455.Aultcjr mli cns meeot Kmrtnl wjrj lot yjt rjturlji frok tcjnr oestnlmtj pnàrnkmaj toHjrusm`jk, or Tt. Hocl i„Mdrj, wcjrj tcj arjmtjst pmrt of tcj dokpmly cmi inji of tcj

p`mauj.

R35 [Dokpmrj, nl tcj ruij jljray of Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. 66, =77), tcj nlsnij mlioutsnij vnjws of Dolstmltnlop`j, mli tcjnr nkprjssnol ol tcj knlis of tcj pnàrnks8Djttj vn``j (smys cj) quj ij totjs `js mutrjs îrj souvjrmnlj. Tjj tcj pmrm``j` pmssmajs of Fu`dcjrnus Dmrlotjlsns, Cnst. Cnjroso`. `. n. d. 9, mli Qn``. Yyr. nn. 4, xx. 56.

R34 [Ms tcjy p`myji mt indj, tcj @mtnls toob off cns insijk, mli d`mppji ol cns cjmi mwoo``jl or cmnry dmp, ω? ΰκδνβοχύκχ?υ θν? χνδθβΫψτωολ θνωκύύϋχνξλκλ RJintor8N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[λοΰν (Lndjtms, p. 4:3). Nf tcjsj kjrry dokpmlnols wjrj Vjljtnmls,nt wms tcj nlso`jldj of trmij mli m dokkolwjm`tc.

R39 [Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. =7=. Imlioò, p. 455. Ycj Ioaj mffnrks tcmt tcj Vjljtnmlswjrj pmni korj sòw`y tcml tcj Frjldc2 eut cj owls tcmt tcj cnstornjs of tcj twolmtnols inffjrji ol tcmt suehjdt. Cmi cj rjmi Vn``jcmriounl? Ycj Arjjbs dokp`mnlji,cowjvjr, quoi totnus Arædnæ opjs trmlstu`nssjt (Aultcjr, Cnst. D. W. d. =4). Tjj tcj`mkjltmtnols mli nlvjdtnvjs of Lndjtms (p. 4:: Rnl Nsmmd. jt M`jx. d. =[).

R3: [Ycj rjnal of M`jxnus Dokljlus oddupnjs tcrjj eoobs nl Lndjtms, p. 5>=-4:5. Ycjscort rjstormtnol of Nsmmd mli cns sol ns ijspmtdcji nl fnvj Rfour[ dcmptjrs, p. 4:5-465.

R36 [Qcjl Lndjtms rjpromdcjs M`jxnus for cns nkpnous `jmauj, cj ejstows tcj cmrscjstlmkjs ol tcj popj„s ljw rj`nanol, ΰκξ?ζολ θν? ?ωοχόωνωολ . . . χνύκθωύοχ?λ χίτωκώυ. . . ωώ?λ ωοϊ? ΧΠχν χύολοΰίώλ θνξλξτΰπλ . . . ΰκωΠγRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[τίλ ωκθν? ΰκωνχοίατξλ ωώ?λ χνβνξώ?λ ?ώΰνίοξυ ?γώ?λ (p. 493 Rnl M`jx. nnn. d. >[). Tudc wmstcj snldjrj `mlaumaj of jvjry Arjjb to tcj `mst amsp of tcj jkpnrj.

R31 [ Lndjtms (p. 4:: Rd. 5[) ns posntnvj nl tcj dcmraj, mli spjdnfnjs tcj F`jknlas(Φβνΰίολκυ), tcouac cj ns wrola nl supposnla nt ml mldnjlt lmkj. Vn``jcmriounl (Lo.





=71) jxdu`pmtjs tcj emrols, mli ns nalormlt (pjrcmps mffjdtji`y nalormlt) of tcj lmkjsof tcj aun`ty.

R33 [RYcj kosquj of tcj Kusu`kml kjrdcmlts.[

R3> [Dokpmrj tcj suspndnols mli dokp`mnlts of Lndjtms (p. 4:>-465 Rd. 4, 9[) wntc tcj eùlt dcmrajs of Emìwnl of F`mlijrs (Ajstm Nllodjlt. NNN. d. >5, p. :49), duk pmtrnmrdcå jt ko`j loen`nuk, loens proknssns pjrhurus jt kjlimx.

R>7 [Cns lmkj wms Lndco`ms Dmlmeus8 cj ijsjrvji tcj prmnsj of Lndjtms, mli tcjvjlajmldj of Kourzouf`j (p. 465 Rd. 9[).

R>= [Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. ==6) spjmbs of cnk ms m fmvourntj, wntcout blownla tcmt cjwms m prnldj of tcj eòoi, Mlajùs mli Iudms. Iudmlaj, wco prnjs nlto jvjry dorljr,

ej`njvjs cnk to ej tcj sol of Nsmmd Iudms Tjemstodrmtor, mli sjdoli dousnl of youla

M`jxnus.

R>5 [RFrok tcns tnkj, Eolnfmdj, cmvnla òst cns protîaî M`jxnus, wms lo òlajr nldorinm` do-opjrmtnol wntc tcj Ioaj. Imlioò dmrrnji out tcj rjst of cns p`ml cnksj`f.Dp. Wjmrs, Fm`` of Dolstmltnlop`j, p. 449.[

R>4 [Ycns ljaotnmtnol, proeme`j nl ntsj`f, mli mttjstji ey Lndjtms (p. 46: Rnl Kurz. d.5[), ns oknttji ms sdmlimòus ey tcj ij`ndmdy of Imlioò mli Vn``jcmriounl.

R>9 [Emìwnl kjltnols eotc mttjkpts to fnrj tcj f`jjt (Ajst. d. >5, p. :49, :4:)2Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. ==4-==:) ol`y ijsdrnejs tcj fnrst. Nt ns rjkmrbme`j tcmt ljntcjr of

tcjsj wmrrnors oesjrvj mly pjdu`nmr propjrtnjs nl tcj Arjjb fnrj.

R>: [Iudmlaj (Lo. ==>) pours fortc m torrjlt of `jmrlnla ol tcj Aolfmlol Nkpjrnm`.

Ycns emlljr of tcj Vnranl ns scowl mt Vjlndj ms m tropcy mli rj`nd2 nf nt ej ajlunlj,tcj pnous ioaj kust cmvj dcjmtji tcj kolbs of Dntjmux.

R>6 [Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. =56) dolfjssjs tcmt ku`t jrj armlt pjrn`8 mli Aultcjrus (Cnst.D. W. d. =4) mffnrks tcmt lu``m spjs vndtornæ mrrnijrj potjrmt. ^jt tcj blnact ijspnsjstcosj wco tcouact of f`nact, mli tcj kolb prmnsjs cns doultrykjl wco wjrj rjso`vjiol ijmtc.

R>1 [Emìwnl mli m`` tcj wrntjrs colour tcj lmkjs of tcjsj two am``jys, fj`ndnmuspndno.

R>3 [Qntc ml m`ùsnol to Cokjr, Lndjtms dm``s cnk ?λλΫν ?ύδϊίνυ R?λλκπύδϊξου[, lnljorayæ, or jnactjjl ymris cnac, m stmturj wcndc wouì nlijji cmvj jxdusji tcj tjrror of tcj Arjjb. RNl Kurz. d. 5, p. 1:9, ji. E.[ Ol tcns oddmsnol, tcj cnstornml sjjksfolijr of tcj kmrvj`òus tcml of cns doultry, or pjrcmps of trutc. Emìwnl jxd`mnks nltcj woris of tcj psm`knst, Wjrsjquntur ulus jx loens djltuk m`njlos.

R>> [Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. =47) ns mamnl nalormlt of tcj mutcors of tcns korj `jantnkmtj

fnrj, wcndc ns msdrneji ey Aultcjr to m qunimk dokjs Yjutolndus (d. =9). Ycjy sjjkmscmkji, tcj nldjlinmrnjs!





R=77 [For tcj sjdoli snjaj mli dolqujst of Dolstmltnlop`j, sjj Vn``jcmriounl (Lo.==4-=45), Emìwnl„s nni Jpnst`j to Nllodjlt NNN. (Ajstm, d. >5, p. :49-:41), wntc tcjwco`j rjnal of Kourzouf`j nl Lndjtms (p. 464-41:)2 mli eorrow sokj cnlts frokImlioò (Dcrol. Vjljt. p. 454-447) mli Aultcjr (Cnst. D. W. d. =9-=3), wco mii tcjijdormtnols of propcjdy mli vnsnol. Ycj forkjr proiudjs ml ormd`j of tcj Jrytcræml

syen`, of m arjmt mrkmkjlt ol tcj Mirnmtnd, ulijr m e`nli dcnjf, mamnlst Eyzmltnuk,&d. Durnous jlouac, wjrj tcj prjindtnol mltjrnor to tcj fmdt.

R=7= [Djdnijrult tmkjl jå inj dnvnuk qumsn iuo kn``nm, &d. (Aultcjr, d. =3).Mrntckjtnd ns ml jxdj``jlt toudcstolj to try tcj mkp`nfndmtnols of pmssnol mli rcjtornd.

R=75 []unimk (smys Nllodjlt NNN. Ajstm, d. >9, p. :43) ljd rj`nanoln, ljd ætmtn, ljdsjxun pjpjrŔrult2 sji forlndmtnoljs, miu`tjrnm, jt nldjstus nl oddu`ns oklnukjxjrdjltjs, lol soùk kmrntmtms jt vniums, sji jt kmtrolms jt vnranljs Ijoquj indmtms,jxposujrult spurdntnns amrdnoluk. Vn``jcmriounl tmbjs lo lotndj of tcjsj dokkol

nldnijlts.

R=74 [ Lndjtms smvji, mli mftjrwmris kmrrnji, m loe`j vnranl (p. 437 Rnl Zre. Dmpt. d.4[), wcok m soìnjr, ?χ? ΰΠύωϊτξ χRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[ββRJintor8 N``jane`jdcmrmdtjr[ξ?υ ?λαι?λ ?χRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[εύώΰόΰRJintor8 N``jane`jdcmrmdtjr[λου, cmi m`kost vno`mtji nl spntj of tcj ?λωοβνί, ?λωΠβΰRJintor8 N``jane`jdcmrmdtjr[ων κRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[ δκδολπωώλ.

R=79 [Of tcj ajljrm` kmss of wjm`tc, Aultcjr oesjrvjs, ut ij pmupjrneus jt mivjlnsdnvjs intnssnkn rjiijrjltur (Cnst. D. W. d. =3)2 Vn``jcmriounl (Lo. =45 R5:7[), tcmtsnldj tcj drjmtnol, lj fu tmlt ammnalnî imls R`ja. jl[ ulj vn``j2 Emìwnl (Ajstm, d. >5),

ut tmltuk totm lol vnijmtur possnijrj @mtnlntms.

R=7: [Vn``jcmriounl, Lo. =44-=4:. Nlstjmi of 977,777, tcjrj ns m vmrnous rjminla of :77,777. Ycj Vjljtnmls cmi offjrji to tmbj tcj wco`j eooty, mli to anvj 977 kmrbs tojmdc blnact, 577 to jmdc prnjst mli corsjkml, mli =77 to jmdc foot-soìnjr8 tcjywouì cmvj ejjl arjmt òsjrs (@j Ejmu, Cnst. iu Ems-Jkpnrj, tok. xx. p. :768 ’ Nblow lot frok wcjldj).

R=76 [Mt tcj douldn` of @yols ( =59:) tcj Jla`nsc mkemssmiors stmtji tcj rjvjluj of tcj drowl ms ejòw tcmt of tcj forjnal d`jray, wcndc mkoultji to 67,777 kmrbs m yjmr

(Kmttcjw Wmrns, p. 9:=2 Cukj„s Cnstory of Jla`mli, vo`. nn. p. =17).

R=71 [Ycj insorijrs of tcj smdb of Dolstmltnlop`j, mli cns owl mivjlturjs, mrjfjj`nla`y ijsdrneji ey Lndjtms, p. 461-46>, mli nl tcj Ttmtus Zre. D. W. p. 41:-439.Cns dokp`mnlts jvjl of smdrn`jaj mrj hustnfnji ey Nllodjlt NNN. (Ajstm, d. >5)2 eutVn``jcmriounl iojs lot ejtrmy m sykptok of pnty or rjkorsj.

R=73 [RFor tcj pùlijr of tcj dcurdc, sjj tcj Dcrolnd`j of Lovaoroi, nl Copf„sDcrolnqujs Arîdo-Uokmljs.[

R=7> [Nf N rnact`y mpprjcjli tcj Arjjb of Lndjtms„s rjdjnpts, tcjnr fmvourntj inscjswjrj eon`ji euttodbs of ejjf, sm`t porb mli pjmsj, mli soup kmij of amr`nd mli scmrpor sour cjres (p. 435).





R==7 [ Lndjtms usjs vjry cmrsc jxprjssnols, χνύ„ ?δύνΰΰΠωοξυ ενύεΠύοξυ, θν? ωΫβκολ?λνβ?νεάωοξυ (Frmakjlt. mpui Fmernd. Ene`not. Aræd. tok. vn. p. 9=9). Ycns rjpromdc,nt ns truj, mpp`njs kost strola`y to tcjnr nalormldj of Arjjb, mli of Cokjr. Nl tcjnr owl `mlaumaj, tcj @mtnls of tcj xnntc mli xnnntc djlturnjs wjrj lot ijstntutj of `ntjrmturj. Tjj Cmrrns„s Wcnòòandm` Nlqunrnjs, p. nnn. d. >, =7, ==.

R=== [ Lndjtms wms of Dcolæ nl Wcryanm (Rljmr[ tcj oì Doòssæ of Tt. Wmu`)2 cj rmnsjicnksj`f to tcj colours of sjlmtor, huiaj of tcj vjn`, mli arjmt òaotcjtj2 ejcjì tcjfm`` of tcj jkpnrj, rjtnrji to Lndj, mli dokposji ml j`meormtj cnstory, frok tcj ijmtcof M`jxnus Dokljlus to tcj rjnal of Cjlry. RTjj meovj, vo`. vnnn. Mppjlinx, p. 97>.[

R==5 [M kmlusdrnpt of Lndjtms, nl tcj Eoi`jnml `nermry, doltmnls tcns durnous frmakjltol tcj stmtujs of Dolstmltnlop`j, wcndc frmui, or scmkj, or rmtcjr dmrj`jssljss, cmsiropt nl tcj dokkol jintnols. Nt ns pue`nscji ey Fmerndnus (Ene`not. Aræd. tok. vn. p.97:-9=6), mli nkkoijrmtj`y prmnsji ey tcj `mtj nlajlnous Kr. Cmrrns of Tm`nseury

(Wcnòòandm` Nlqunrnjs, p. nnn. d. :, p. 47=-4=5).

R==4 [Yo n`ùstrmtj tcj stmtuj of Cjrdu`js, Kr. Cmrrns quotjs m Arjjb jpnarmk, mlijlarmvjs m ejmutnfu` ajk, wcndc iojs lot cowjvjr dopy tcj mttntuij of tcj stmtuj. Nltcj `mttjr, Cjrdu`js cmi lot cns dùe, mli cns rnact `ja mli mrk wjrj jxtjliji.

R==9 [N trmlsdrnej tcjsj proportnols, wcndc mppjmr to kj nldolsnstjlt wntc jmdc otcjr,mli kmy possne`y scow tcmt tcj eomstji tmstj of Lndjtms wms lo korj tcml mffjdtmtnolmli vmlnty.

R==: [ Lndjtms, nl Nsmmdo Mlajò jt M`jxno, d. 4, p. 4:>. Ycj @mtnl jintor vjry propjr`y

oesjrvjs tcmt tcj cnstornml, nl cns eokemst sty`j, proiudjs jx pu`ndj j`jpcmltjk.

R==6 [Nl two pmssmajs of Lndjtms (jint. Wmrns, p. 467. Fmernd. p. 973), tcj @mtnls mrj ermliji wntc tcj ̀ nvj`y rjpromdc of ο? ωοϊ? θνβοϊ? ?λΫύντωοξ εΠύενύοξ, mli tcjnr mvmrndj of ermss ns d`jmr`y jxprjssji. ^jt tcj Vjljtnmls cmi tcj kjrnt of rjkovnlafour erolzj corsjs frok Dolstmltnlop`j to tcj p`mdj of Tt. Kmrb (Tmluto, Vntj ij„Ioan, nl Kurmtorn, Tdrnpt. Ujruk Ntm`ndmruk, tok. xxnn. p. :49).

R==1 [Qnldb`jkml, Cnst. ij `„Mrt, tok. nnn. p. 56>, 517.

R==3 [Tjj tcj pnous roeejry of tcj meeot Kmrtnl, wco trmlsfjrrji m rndc dmrao to cnskolmstjry of Wmrns, inodjsj of Emsn` (Aultcjr, Cnst. D. W. d. =>, 54, 59). ^jt nlsjdrjtnla tcns eooty tcj smnlt nldurrji ml jxdokkulndmtnol, mli pjrcmps erobj cnsomtc.

R==> [F`jury, Cnst. Jdd`îs. tok. xvn. p. =4>-=9:.

R=57 [N scm`` doldùij tcns dcmptjr wntc tcj lotndj of m koijrl cnstory, wcndcn`ùstrmtjs tcj tmbnla of Dolstmltnlop`j ey tcj @mtnls2 eut wcndc cms fm``jl sokjwcmt`mtj nlto ky cmlis. Wmoò Umkusno, tcj sol of tcj dokpn`jr of Voymajs, wms inrjdtji

ey tcj sjlmtj of Vjlndj to wrntj tcj cnstory of tcj dolqujst2 mli tcns orijr, wcndc cj

rjdjnvji nl cns youtc, cj jxjdutji nl m kmturj maj, ey ml j`jamlt @mtnl worb, ij Ej`òDolstmltnlopo`ntmlo jt Nkpjrmtorneus Dokljlns pjr Am`òs jt Vjljtos rjstntutns R@nern





vn.2 oìjr jintnol, =679[ (Vjljt. =64:, nl fo`no). Umkusno RUmllusno[, or Ucmklusus,trmlsdrnejs mli trmls`mtjs, sjquntur mi ulaujk, m KT. of Vn``jcmriounl, wcndc cj

possjssji2 eut cj jlrndcjs cns lmrrmtnvj wntc Arjjb mli @mtnl kmtjrnm`s, mli wj mrjnlijetji to cnk for m dorrjdt stmtj of tcj f`jjt, tcj lmkjs of tcj fnfty Vjljtnml loe`jswco dokkmliji tcj am``jys of tcj rjpue`nd, mli tcj pmtrnot opposntnol of Wmltm`jol

Emreus to tcj dcondj of tcj ioaj for jkpjror.

R= [Ujprnltji nl Knalj, W.A. vo`. =75.

R5 [Ynt`j8 ΧΫωύοϊ ?βνρίτωοϊ ΰολνροϊ? ?δοϊΰΫλοϊ χκύ? Χνλβξθξνλώ?λ ωώ?λ θν?ΐνλξρνίώλ.

R4 [Wjtjr Tnb. rjvjrsjs tcj orijr of (m) mli (e).

R9 [Ajsdcndctj ijr Euàmrjl, p. =16 sqq.

R: [Kr. Dolyejmrj pue`nscjs m trmls`mtnol of `jttjrs of Arjaory wcndc ejmr olWmu`ndnmlnsk, nl Mppjlinx nnn.

R= [ Lndjpcorus, p. 59, ji. ij Eoor. Lndjpcorus dm``s cnk Buvrmt ‐òri of tcjZloauliurs‛ (n.j., tcj Ztnaurs, dp. meovj vo`. vnn. Mppjlinx 1)2 eut cj ns d`jmr`y tcjsmkj ms Buvrmt (or ΘοεύRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[ωου) òri of tcj ‐Culs mliEuàmrnmls‛ kjltnolji ejòw, p. 462 tcj Brovmt of Ycjopcmljs mli tcj Burt of tcjoì Euàmrnml `nst (sjj ljxt Mppjlinx). Ycjopcmljs nijltnfnjs tcj Euàmrnmls mliZloauliurs.

R5 [Dolstmltnlj Worpc., Ij Mik. Nkp. d. =5, ? ΰνϋύα Εοϊβδνύίν. Dp. Ενβορύώενωίν(wcntj Dromtnm), ΐνϊύοεβνρίν, &d.

R4 [Ycns mppjmrs frok tcj mddoult nl Ycjopcmljs mli Lndjpcorus.

R9 [Tjj D. K. Frécl, Mj`tjstj Lmdcrndctjl ðejr inj Qoàm-Euàcmrjl, nl Kjkonrs of tcj Mdmijky of Tt. Wjtjrseura (sjrnjs vn.), n. p. ::7 (=345). Dp. Uojs`jr, UokmlnsdcjTtuinjl, p. 595 sqq.

R: [Olaòs or Oaòs (nl Ycjopcmljs mli Lndjpcorus), tcj dorljr ejtwjjl tcj Imluej

mli tcj Ilnjstjr.

R6 [Ycjopc.mi mll. 6=1=2 Lndjpcorus, p. 44-9.

R1 [Yor tcj Yurbnsc snij sjj Víkeîry, M kmaymrob jrjijtj, dmp. nv. p. 93 sqq.

R3 [Ycjy wn`` ej fouli nl mly do``jdtnol of Mdtm Doldn`noruk, j.a., nl Kmlsn, vo`. xv.

R4 [Djrtmnl`y vjdjk m`tjk, iodbs suaajst tcj Yurbnsc lukjrm`s ld, m`tn, iobus.

R9 [Yokmsdcjb suaajstji tcmt tcjy knact ej jpntcjts RJintor8 N``jane`j wori[





R: [Ycj vmrnous suaajstnols mrj put toajtcjr ey Hnrjċjb mpui Buul, Uj`mtnolukCulamroruk Cnst. Mltnqunjs nn. p. =5 sqq.

R= [Mi sjptjltrnolm`jk p`mamk Imluenn. . . . Vuàmrnn, rjano jst nkkjlsm jt popuùsku`tus cmejls dnvntmtjs V. Ycj otcjrs kjltnolji mrj Eocjknm mli Kormvnm2 mli tcj

tcrjj doultrnjs mrj ijsdrneji ms rjanols ‐quj tjrknlmlt nl fnlneus lostrns.‛ TjjTdcmfmrnb, T`mwnsdcj M`tjrtðkjr, ji. Quttbj, nn. p. 614.

R5 [Ji. Wnlijr mli Wmrtcjy, p. =3:.

R4 [Mllm`s of Fuìm nl Wjrtz Kol. n. 973. Dp. Sîlopo`, Cnstonrj ijs Uoukmnls, n. p.=49. Cj dntjs otcjr pmssmajs, wcndc suaajst, tcouac tcjy io lot sjjk to kj to provj,tcmt tcj Euàmrnmls wjrj dokkol ljnaceours of Kormvnm mli Frmldnm.

R9 [Nl cns Ajsdcndctj ijs m`tjl Wmlloknjls uli ijr Euàmrjn (=161).

R: [Kmaymrorszía Jtcloarmpcníhm, p. =61 sqq.

R= [Dp. Yrmls`mtno Amuijrndn, d. ==. Eut mddorinla to tcj Wmllolnml `jajli, VntmKjtcoinn, d. 5 (mli tcj lotndj ns mddjptji ey Hnrjċjb, Ajsdc. ijr Euàmrjl, p. =:5),Kjtcoinus wms mpponltji to tcj dnvn` miknlnstrmtnol of m T`mvolnd instrndt.

R5 [Dp. tcj Wrjfmdj of Mlmstmsnus to tcj Douldn` of 36>2 Kmlsn, Dold. =6, 6.

R4 [Ycns ns tcj suehjdt of tcj Yrmls`mtno T. D`jkjltns (nl Mdtm Tmldtoruk, Kmrdc >), proeme`y dokposji ey tcj doltjkpormry Amuijrnd, enscop of Vj``jtrn. Nt ns m vmùme`j

sourdj for tcj `nvjs of tcj Mpost`js.

R9 [Ycns ns tcj vnjw of Tcmfmrnb.

R: [Nldùiji nl Do``jdtnols of Mdtm Doldn`noruk.

R= [Ejst ji. ey D. Fjhjrpmtsby (=3>5).

R5 [U. Uojs`jr Uokmlnsdcj Ttuinjl, p. =91 sqq. Ol tcj Culamrnml sourdjs, sjj C.Kmrdzm`n Zlamrls Ajsdcndctjquj``jl, =335.

R4 [Ms m spjdnkjl, for dokpmrnsol of tcj Culamrnml `mlaumaj wntc tcj Voau`nd wcndcns tcj kost dòsj`y dolljdtji, N suehonl tcj lmkjs of tcj fnrst sjvjl lukejrm`s (tcjornanlm` lukjrndm` systjk sjjks to cmvj ejjl cjptmind)8 ’

=8 C. jay, V. éb, ébvj.

58 C. bît, bjttö, V. bnt, bntn.

48 C. cmrk, V. bork.

98 C. lîay, V. lj`hé.





:8 C. öt, V. ét.

68 C. cmt, V. bmt.

18 C. cît, V. smt.

(Ycj Yurbnsc woris for tcjsj lukejrs mrj totm``y inffjrjlt.)

Ycj wori for =77 ns tcj smkj nl eotc `mlaumajs8 C. mzíz, V. smt (Fnllnsc smtm). Eut =7ns quntj inffjrjlt8 C. tëz, V. `mu (mli Fnllnsc bykkjl inffjrs frok eotc)2 57 donldnijs8C. cøsz, V. bus2 mli nl tcj fnrst pmrt of tcj dokpouli wcndc snalnfnjs 3 (proeme`y=7-5) tcj smkj j`jkjlt oddurs8 C. lyo` -dz, V. l„m`m-ù2 so for 378 C. lyo`dz-vml, V.l„o`-smt (?-=77-57).

R9 [For tcj Fnllnd ornanl, W. Culfm`vy, Kmaymrormzía Jtcloarmpcníhm, =316, mli Inj

Zlajrl oijr Kmaymrjl, =33=. For tcj Yurbnsc, M Víkeîry, M Kmaymrob jrjijtj,=335. For tcj ‐Zarnml‛ or Fnllnd or ‐Zaro-Fnllnd‛ `mlaumajs, sjj Euijlz nl tcj 9tcvo`. of Ejssjlejrajr„s Ejntréaj zur bulij ijr Nlioajrkmlnsdcjl Tprmdcjl (InjVjrzwjnaula ijr Zarnsdcjl Tprmdcjl).

R: [Ol tcj dcroloòay sjj J. Iðkk`jr, Ajsdcndctj ijs Ostfrélbnsdcjl Ujndcs (ji. 5),nnn. 943 sqq. ’ Doult Aîzm Buul nl cns Uj`mtnoluk Culamroruk ’ Cnst.Mltnqunssnkm, vo`. n. (=3>4) p. =46, ijpmrts jltnrj`y frok tcj imtm of Dolstmltnlj, mlitrnjs to jstme`nsc, nlstjmi of m tcrjj yjmrs„ sohourl nl @jejinm mli m òla (fnfty yjmrs„)sohourl nl Mtj`buzu, m òla sohourl nl @jejinm (up to 33>) mli m scort (sjvjl or jnactyjmrs„) sohourl nl Mtj`buzu.

R6 [Dp. Buul, op. dnt. vo`. n. p. =39.

R1 [Dolstmltnlj kjltnols m tcnri inalntmry, nlfjrnor to tcj δϊβώ?υ, mli jltnt`ji Ijstm.

R3 [Ycj lotndj of Nel Uustm wn`` ej fouli nl sokj scmpj nl m`` rjdjlt worbs ol tcjjmr`y Culamrnmls, kost rjdjlt`y nl Buul„s worb dntji meovj, vo`. n. p. =6:-6,trmls`mtji frok tcj rjdjlt Mrmend tjxt of K. ij Aojhj. Nel Uustm usji to ej dm``ji NelRJintor8 N``jane`j dcmrmdtjr[

R> [Nl tcj forjaonla pmrmarmpcs N cmvj mioptji Dolstmltnlj„s stmtjkjlts meout@jejinm, ms tcj ol`y posntnvj stmtjkjlt wj cmvj2 eut tcjrj ns kudc to ej smni stn`` eywmy of drntndnsk ol tcjsj dcmptjrs of Dolstmltnlj.

R=7 [Buul, op. dnt. p. >4.

R= [^mbŢen, wrntnla ejforj tcj jli of tcj >tc djlt., dm``s tcj cjmtcjl wco mttmdbjiTjvn``j nl 399 UŢs.

R5 [?όυ ns tcj jxmdt jqunvm`jlt of Ljstor„s Uous„, wcndc ns m do``jdtnvj trnej lmkj ;‐tcj Uussnmls.‛ ?ώτίν, Uussnm, wms forkji frok ?όυ, mli tcj Uussnml lmkj Uossnnmwms m `mtjr forkmtnol ol Arjjb mlmòay.





R= [Ntnljrmrnuk Ujans Undmrin (Uo``s sjrnjs), Nltroiudtnol, p. xd., xdn.


Documents

Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 10