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2009/3/6
1
Waste management and fertility of soil in Japan
(Outline of my research experience)(Outline of my research experience)
Takeshi Suzuki20th February 2009
My profileName: Takeshi SuzukiNationality: JapaneseMajor: Soil Science Education and ExperienceBachelor of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan.1992-1994Master of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan1997Ph. D, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan Supervision under N. Fujitake I worked about simple soil organic matter in natural soilnatural soil.
Professional Experience1997-2000 Research Assistant at Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan2000-present Assistant Professor at Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Japan
Today presentation(Outline)
1997-2004 I worked with H. Otsuka. Management of woody wastes and coal ash for soil amendment and/or soil media.
2004-present I am working with N. Ae. Management of sewage sludge as artificial phosphorous rock and fertility of soil of phosphorous. Little bit nitrogen fertility.
Outline of my research experience(featuring waste management and soil fertility )
Waste management which is relation to soil and plant nutrition
Organic waste Inorganic waste Waste which includes especially high contentespecially high content
Woody wastes Coal ashsewage sludge
(high P contents)
1.Compost
2.Organic soil amendment(difficult to decompose to CO2 (contribution to decrease CO2) )
3.Soil medium for grow revegetation plant 4.Phosphorous
fertilizer and soil fertility of P
5.Soil fertility of N
contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N
Back ground
Why we used woody wastes (clear-cut tree, thinned wood, wood shaving, bark)
for composts in Japan?
•68% of land of Japan is forest.k l i f ki•It takes long time for making mature compost.
•Level of mature of compost is unsure.•It is unsure how much co-materials depend on composts quality.•There is not so many research on compost of woody wastes•It would be sustainable.
Method for making composts
clear-cut tree
Mixing with co-material
chipping swelling
Enter the compost machine (7m3) with air blower
Composting for 5 months
Carry out from composting
machine
Enter the bag
Composting on ground for 5 months (pile)
compost
2009/3/6
2
Mixing ratio of 17 composts (volume%)Wood chip
Chicken Feces
urea Lime nitrogen
City refuse
Coal ash
Volcanic ash
charcoal
1 1001Cs 85.2 14.81Cw 82.6 15.01Us 85.0 14.4 2.91Uw 58.5 14.5 2.91Us-2 45.5 22.1 2.21Us-3 87.4 10.5 2.1
1S 69 3 25 6 5 11S 69.3 25.6 5.11R 54.1 15.02Us 51.7 18.7 1.9 18.72Uw 85.0 19.7 2.0 19.72S 75.7 15.1 3.0 30.23U 69.3 20.9 2.1 20.93S 56.1 17.0 3.4 34.1
4Uw 60.7 21.8 2.3 21.85U-1 73.7 12.0 2.4 12.05U-2 79.2 9.5 1.9 9.5
Chemical analysis• After 5,7,10 month sample
• T-C・T-N, NH3-N・NO3-N, CEC, humus composition, etc
• Determination of maturity of compost.
• 10 month sample
• T-P, T-K, T-Ca
• To make index of maturity of composts
• To estimate the period for getting mature compost from mixing ratio
Definition of maturity of compost in this study
control:only chemical fertilizer test:chemical fertilizer+compost
I h
×Immature compost :growth
rate was less than 99%
Mature compost: growth rate was more than 100%
N,P2O5,K2O 100g/m3
Growth rate(%)=Dry weight of planton control medium (g)
Dry weight of planton test medium (g)
×100 ○(checking nitrogen starvation)
Index of maturity of compost
C/NNO3-N
(mg/100g)
HA/FA
(%)
index <14 >21.9 >63.3
Red: immature compostBlue: mature compostg
Chemical properties of composts after 10 months
P2O5 K2O CaO NO3-N T-C CN CEC maturity% % % mg 100g % cmol(+) /kg
1 0.08 0.16 0.16 0.4 37.1 68.7 30.7 ×
1Cs 1.19 1.42 1.42 0.6 28.9 19.3 67.3 ×
1Cw 2.07 1.37 1.37 7.9 32.3 16.4 81.8 ×
1Us 1.30 1.54 1.54 147.0 33.5 12.0 81.2 ○
1Uw 1.22 0.76 0.76 356.4 39.6 15.8 78.2 ○
1Us-2 1.23 1.34 1.34 134.3 43.0 13.8 95.0 ○
1Us-3 0.32 0.48 0.48 85.3 25.8 21.4 44.0 ○
1S 4.09 1.17 1.17 154.4 20.4 14.3 53.2 ○
1R 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.0 42.8 32.0 62.8 ×
2Us 0.96 0.72 0.72 38.9 25.2 14.4 65.6 ○
2Uw 0.16 0.64 0.64 332.9 17.3 11.6 48.8 ○
2Ss 0.98 0.30 0.30 127.1 19.7 13.6 43.7 ○
3Sw 2.26 0.90 0.90 139.3 16.6 17.2 41.1 ○
3Uw 2.96 1.22 1.22 59.1 17.9 18.0 50.1 ○
4Uw 1.74 0.95 0.95 314.1 20.2 12.4 41.6 ○
5U1 0.98 0.69 0.69 40.0 39.3 17.8 56.7 ○
5U2 0.94 0.78 0.78 43.2 31.0 14.1 43.3 ○
Prediction of final composts quality (especially indexes of maturity) from Multiple-regression analysis
(
• CN ratio=-1.85M-1.17Mw-1.21Cc +49.53• NO3-N(mg/100gDW)=75.3U-11.6T+25.8L+215.8• HA/FA=0.64M+3.69U-0.41F+50.48
Ratio of mix (M:chicken feces、Mw:city refuse、Cc:charcoalL:limenitrogen、 U:Urea、F:coal ash)、
It become easy to know compost maturity after ten month from mixing ratio
2009/3/6
3
contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N
How old is carbon in soil of Japan?
Brown Red soil Immature Podosol
14C year of Andosols
Virgin soil (include buried layer)
Farming soil (surface layer)
14C year (year B.P.)
200~28,000( Kumada 1987)
460~3,820(yamada 1984)
forest soil soil AndosolsAbout 10 years old Melanic Andosol
(melanic index is less than 1.7)Thick A layer and high C content
(Melanic Andosol is good for reserving CO2 in soil)
Organic
Normal humuscompost
CO2Objective of this studyObjective of this study
compost application
Quick cycle of CUsual way Contribution to
decrease greenOrganic wastes
With volcanic ash
施用
Melanic humuscompost
Long term fixation of CO2 in soil
compost application
ghouse gas
How to make How to make melanicmelanic humushumus
Organic wastesOrganic wastes
Wood shavings (broadleaf)Rice straw Wood shavings(conifer)
Volcanic ash
Waste : volcanic ash=1:4(w/w)
90℃, daily water
ClaryfiyChemical structure of humic acid
Change of colore
0 5025 75 100 160120
Rice straw+volcanic ash
Broadleaf wood shavings
+ volcanic ash
0 5025 75 100 160
0 5025 75 100 160
volcanic ash
Conifer wood shavings
+ volcanic ash
Last samples (after 160 days) contained melanic humus (from measurement of melanic index) This sample is different from charcoal. Because charcoal does not solubleIn real situation, heat would get from waste heat from power plant.
1313C C NMR spectra of NMR spectra of humichumic acid from natural and artificial acid from natural and artificial AndosolsAndosols
SD-A-300d
WC-A-300d
RS-B-90d
WC-B-120d
WC-B-90d
TMS
TMS
From 13C NMR spectra, chemical structure is very similar
RS-B-120d
SD-B-90d
SD-B-120d
BK-B-120d
100 0ppm200
bA
A
M
100 0ppm200
Humic acid from natural melanic Andosols
2009/3/6
4
Principal component analysisPrincipal component analysis
N/C
-COOH
Aromaticity
Humic acid from natural melanic Andosols
-OH Mn
Humic acid from natural soil without Andosols
Humic acid from artificial Andosols
If N content is increase in HA from artificial Andosols, it would be same as natural melanic Andosols
contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N
Increase of coal demand
Coal Information 2004(IEA)
Ce: coal equivalent•Alternative energy of oil•Advanced technology for combustion of coal• Coal reserve will not finish after 100 years
Objective of this study
Increase of coal power plant
Difficulty of dump into sea
Wastes increase
Effective use is very low1998年Coal Fly ash 70.9%Coal bottom ash 45.3%
Difficulty of dump into seaThere is no place in Japan
We want to use for agriculture
Experimental design
6m
6m
GS+BCGS+CA+BC
CA+BC CA
) 50cm
Coal ash Granite soil
Bark compost area
(volume%) (m2)
GS+BC 0 90 10 36GS+CA+BC 45 45 10 36
CA+BC 90 0 10 36CA 100 0 0 36
Ten young tree species were planted (domestic plants in Japan)
Method for making revegetation area
Coal ashBefore Bark compost and mix
Coal ash
Finish and tree planting Mulch by rice straw
2009/3/6
5
How to estimate good for plant and environment
•Growth rate measurement of woody plant (D2H: diameter and height of plant)
•Hazard elements (As, B, Cd, Pb, Zn, NO3 etc) leached out from substrate were monitored (30cm×30cm pan lysimeters were used in this study)
•Hazard elements (As, B, Cd, Pb, Zn etc) uptake by plant were monitored
Growth rate D2H
0 month
After
GS+BC CA+GS+BC CA+BC CA
After32months
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
シャリンバイ トベラ ヒサカキ マサキ
D2H生
長量
(%)
GS+BC区
CA+GS+BC区
CA+BC区
CA区
a
bb
ab
a
ab
b
a
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
ウバメガシ シラカシ スダジイ ヤブツバキ ヤマザクラ
D2H生
長量
(%)
GS+BC区
CA+GS+BC区
CA+BC区
CA区
bab
aa
a abb
a
There is no significant difference between GS+BC and CA+BC
element concentration in leachate
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Al
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Ca
10
15
20
25Mg
6080
100120140 K
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
B
0.30.40.50.60.70.8 Na
2
3
4
5
6 Fe
0 2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Mn
0
4
8
12
16
20
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Cu
NO3-
150200250300350
F-
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
60 90 120 150 180 210 2400
2
4
6
8
10
12
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
As
度* ntra
tion
GS+BC1GS+BC2GS+BC3GS+BC4CA+GS+BC2CA+GS+BC4CA+BC4
0
5
60 90 120 150 180 210 2400
2040
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
012345678
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
P
00.10.2
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
0
1
2
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
05
10152025303540
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Si
0
0.1
0.2
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Zn
0
1
2
3
4
5
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Pb
0
100
200
300
400
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
SO42-
050
100
60 90 120 150 180 210 240
濃度
期間(日数) *As, Cu, Pb, Znの単位はmg L-1, その他の単位はmg L-1
conc
en
Period (day) As, Cu, Pb, Zn ppb, other element ppm
Arsenic and boron were little bit high contents (early period)
Elements concentration in leaf
B Na Al Mn Fe Cu Zn Mg P K Ca AsGS+BC 18 524 781 1457 85 5 34 2028 2894 10943 16449 0.11CA+GS+BC 61 410 706 781 104 6 28 2097 3706 14137 16781 0.23
CA+BC 45 280 530 304 108 5 23 1525 3620 17579 15538 0.37
CA 44 282 710 439 98 4 27 1338 2532 17137 14263 0.34Plant species
ウバメガシ 40 139 66 1064 127 4 25 394 3096 10366 9050 0.20
シラカシ 98 53 67 1083 89 4 17 1884 2871 12498 12750 0.51
スダジイ 51 739 60 815 74 3 20 803 2430 15898 10649 0 36スダジイ 51 739 60 815 74 3 20 803 2430 15898 10649 0.36
タブ 54 398 48 500 91 4 16 2315 1530 9801 10673 0.14
ヤブツバキ 37 651 2554 1274 97 4 7 1912 1591 12845 11523 0.16
ヤマザクラ 18 296 79 711 128 6 18 3268 6995 18082 22959 0.43
シャリンバイ 14 83 42 91 63 6 60 2032 3320 14414 18897 0.03
トベラ 36 643 44 626 122 4 86 672 3216 24373 19453 0.20
ヒサカキ 56 548 3913 1157 88 4 11 2406 3209 13065 14861 0.43
マサキ 13 204 76 151 117 8 17 1880 3890 18262 27112 0.22
There is no problem for plant growth from these data. (but there are interesting data. Because plant nutrition of woody plant is few)
contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N
PhosphorousPhosphorous depletiondepletion
from USGS data
After 60-70 years, half of P reserve will be finished
We should recycle P
After that, Heavy metal , radioactive metal would be increase as impurity in P rock
Shortage of Phosphorous fertilizer
Shortage of foods and bio-ethanol
2009/3/6
6
HeatHeat--phosphos method method (recovery of P from sewage sludge)(recovery of P from sewage sludge)
Sewage sludge
Concentrated sewage sludge
Add Ca
High pressure
Dissolved sewage sludge
High temperature + water
Roasted artificial phosphate rock(Roasted APR)
Burned at500℃
It can be used as natural phosphate rock for industry
objectiveobjectiveCan they use as a phosphate Can they use as a phosphate fertilizer?fertilizer?
precipitationDried artificial phosphate rock
(Dried APR included much organic matter)
Dry by heat
P material C-P2O5(%) TC%
Dried APR 18.0 13.4
Roasted APR 31.5 -
Superphosphate 17.5 -
Control 0.0 -
Method for clarify the quality of phosphorous materialsMethod for clarify the quality of phosphorous materialsas a phosphorous fertilizeras a phosphorous fertilizer
crop:maize(Zea mays)soybean(Glycine max)groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea)
C-P2O5 means 2% citrate acid l bl P O
Vermiculite 100ml
P2O5 20ppm
Soil 300gCultivated for 2 monthsWith nutrient solution without P
P availability by chemical method (Truog, Bray2, Olsen)
soluble P2O5
Mesurement P uptake by crops
Soil name Soil character pH(H2O)
P retention(mgP2O5/100g)
Available-P (mgP2O5/100g)
Truog Bray2 Olsen
Maji Sub-tropical red soil. acid 4.7 160 1.7 1.8 0.4
Fukuyama alluvial soil (Paddy field) 5.7 540 11.2 63.8 13.8
Soil sample used
)
Jyagal Calcium soil (high pH) 8.2 1570 0.6 4.6 0.4
Kitakami Non-allophanicAndosol 6.3 1940 6.3 57.5 4.9
Tsukuba Allophanic Andosol 5.9 2250 2.2 6.9 2.4
Alluvial soil Red soil
Old soilLow pHMiddle P retention(Fe type)
Paddy fieldAlong the riverLow P retentionLow carbon
About Japanese soil for farming
AndosolVolcanic ash soilExtremely high P retention(Al type or allophane type)
JagalImmature calcium soilOn the raised coral reefHigh pHHigh P retention(Ca type)
Photo of pot experimentGroundnut
maize
Control super P dried roasted
Soybean
Soil P material Maize Soybean Groundnut
Maji(pH=4.8)P retention=160
control 0.45 c 1.17 e 1.97 d
Super P 2.69 b 4.27 b 5.28 bc
dried APR 4.05 a 5.28 a 6.42 ab
Roasted APR 4.42 a 3.76 b 5.71 b
Fukuyama(pH=5.7)P retention=540
control 7.80 c 10.0 bc 8.24
Super P 12.0 a 13.0 a 10.4
dried APR 9.68 b 10.5 bc 10.8
Roasted APR 7.60 c 8.60 c 9.62
Jyagal(pH=8.2)P retention
control 0.59 c 1.20 de 1.70 d
Super P 5.65 a 7.43 a 8.46 a
dried APR 3 28 b 4 78 c 4 46 bc
P uptake of each crop (Average mg, n=4)
SP<APRSoil (Maji) is too low pH(Inhibition?)
SP>APRSoil (Jyagal) is too high pH
SP>APR (maize, soybean)(Normal results)
P retention=1570
dried APR 3.28 b 4.78 c 4.46 bc
Roasted APR 1.16 c 1.97 d 3.00 cd
Kitakami(pH=6.3 )P retention=1940
control 8.17 c 11.4 bc 7.33 b
Super P 12.5 a 9.98 bc 8 .67 b
dried APR 11.0 a 14.3 ab 13.8 a
Roasted APR 9.19 b 13.8 b 11.3 a
Tsukuba(pH=5.9)
P retention=2250
control 2.55 d 4.69 c 4.99 b
Super P 6.34 a 8.63 a 8.50 a
dried APR 7.07 a 8.62 a 8.99 a
Roasted APR 3.28 d 4.71 c 4.36 b
Same letter means no significant difference in same crop and same soil(P>0.05, Tukey-HSD)
Soil (Jyagal) is too high pH
Roasted APR < SP <=dried APRAndosols are high P retention (Aluminum type)(why?)
2009/3/6
7
Differences of P uptake ability between crops from bi-plot
The points on the black line means same P uptake ability
a: maize < soybeanb: maize<groundnutc:soybean<groundnut
Relationship between P availability from chemical measurement and P uptake by maize
R=0.43R=0.61**
R=0.86**
Truog method is official method for P-availability of soil in JapanBray2 method and olsen method are better than Truog method.
Bra
y2-P
(mg
100g
soil)
Why dried APR is good for soil fertility ?
Al3+ H3PO4
Crop rootAbsorbed to soilsoil
Non organic matter condition
Composition of P (ester or inorganic)Composition of organic compoundby NMR
Al3+H3PO4
Crop rootUptake by plant
soil
Organic matter(Phosphate ester)Organic matter-COO-H2PO4
or
with Organic matter condition
hypothesis
Phosphorous composition of APR by 31P NMR
ts (m
g g-
1)
60
80
100
120
OrthophosphatePyrophosphateOrthophosphate monoestersOrthophosphate diesters
Dried APR
Roasted APR
Almost orthophosphate→determine organic composition
過石
31P NMR spectrum soil extracts at pH>13 (Cade-Menun et al. 2005)
P co
nten
t
0
20
40
Super Phosphate
Chemical composition from NMRChemical composition from NMR
Extract solution
aliphatic Carbo-hydrate aromatic
Hot H2O2 77.4 19.4 3.3 HCl - - -PB 68.4 27.5 4.1
NaOH 71 4 24 6 4 0
Composition of unexchangeable 1H (%)b y 1H-NMR
-8.5
-10.0
-9.5
-10.5
-9.0D2O
sugaraliphatic
LogD(m2/s)
NaOH 71.4 24.6 4.0
Extract solution
-CH2- -OCH3Carbo-hydrate C6H6 -COOH C=O
Hot H2O2 53.9 1.6 15.1 6.4 22.5 0.4 HCl - - - - - -PB - - - - - -NaOH 23.3 3.5 31.1 15.8 18.2 7.9
Composition of C(%)by 13C-NMR
Hot H2O2 :aliphatic acid and saccharideOther: saccharide is main compound
046 28ppm
8.5
Molecular weight from logD1,000~8,000Da
DOSY-1H NMR spectra
Under going experiment
We make some fertilizer in lab scale by co-precipitation
H3PO4
Ca2+
H3PO4 Ca2+
Organic acid
H3PO4 Ca2+
Polysaccharide (chitosan large MW)
H3PO4 Ca2+
Polysaccharide (chitosan small MW)
These fertilizers response will be check by pot experiment
2009/3/6
8
contents 1.Wood chip compost2. Organic soil amendment3 Coal ash as for soil medium3.Coal ash as for soil medium4.Phosphorous fertilizer and soil fertility of P5. Soil fertility of N
Easy determination method for N fertility of soil
1/15M phosphate buffer extractable organic nitrogen is correlated with N fertility of soil by measuring incubation method in Japanese soil.
Phosphate buffer extractable organic nitrogen (PEON) is though to be compounds of concerning N fertility
Prof. Ae et al. have a lot of results and he made presentation here last year.PEON would be MW 8,000da
directory uptake by plantabsorb with soil particle, and it easily become NO3 after desorbmade by bacteria
From purified PEON, PEON-antibody was made for experiment (ELISAWestern blot, etc.)
After I work with prof. Ae, I measured purified PEON by NMR
NMR spectra of purified PEON
-COOHCarbo-hydrate
aliphatic
OCH3
13C NMR spectra 1H DOSY-NMR spectra
LogD(m2/s)Carbo-hydrate
aliphatic