EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance Special Populations

EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance

Special Populations


Lab Submission

• Changed from what was advertised last week• Study break

Either– hand in on day of regular lab and pick up that

afternoon– All hand in Monday, pick up Friday– Hand in Friday week 13, pick up morning of exam


Today• Pregnant women• Children• Teenagers

– girls• Asthmatics• Epileptics• Diabetics

• Ex Phys in the primary school


Demands on the body during pregnancy

• Foetus needs calories, nutrients, protein and a physiologically stable environment

• Blood volume increases 40-50%

• O2 uptake slightly higher• HR higher @ rest and exercise• Cardiac output higher at rest 1st

2 trimesters, and then lower 3rd trimester


Safety precautions

• Need Dr’s permisson- full check up• Concerns based around:

– Increased body weight additional discomfort/damage to joints

– Inadequate availability of oxygen for exercising muscle and the foetus

– Thermoregulation Hyperthermia (Too hot) – may cause foetal distress or birth abnormalities

– Increased uterine contraction– Joint laxity– Energy balance


Discomfort

• Urinary frequency and incontinence

• Breast size and tenderness

• Back pain• Centre of balance• General fatigue


What can they do?

• Aerobic continuous exercise (walking, hiking, low impact aerobics, cycling, swimming, rowing etc) at 60=70% MHR for no longer than 45 min (15-20 = ideal)

• Weight supported exercise (swimming) has less potential for injury.

• Resistance exercise at low weight high reps (>10) within limited R.O.M

• Caution during stretching• No supine exercise in 3rd trimester• No risk of falls• No joint stress (jogging, tennis)


Children


Growth

• In females– Muscle mass increases 7 kg 23 kg– % Body fat increases 16% 23%

• In males, between the ages of 6 and 16– Lungs grow which increases total lung

capacity from 1937 5685 ml– Heart grows in weight from 95g to 258 g– Muscle mass increases


Aerobic factors

• Heart rates – may be very high

• Breathing rate- up to 20 breaths/min more

• Ventilatory equivalent for

oxygen- need to breathe more to get same amt oxygen


Energy systems

• Muscular concentration of ATP is similar in children, adolescents, and adults

• The total reservoir of high energy phosphates is lower in children because of their smaller muscle mass relative to structure.

• In exercise, depletion of high-energy phosphates occurs at similar rates for children and adults.


Anaerobic Capacity

Children have a distinctly lower anaerobic capacity compared to adolescents and adults.

low glycolytic capacity

lower lactate production

decreased buffer capacity

decreased rates of glycogenolysis

lower lactate threshold


Thermoregulation

Children are not as effective in dissipating heat as adults:

produce more heat relative to body mass

lower sweat rates at rest and during exercise

greater energy expenditure during exercise

lower cardiac output relative to metabolic intensity

rely more on convective heat loss than evaporative cooling


Training Considerations

Even when controlling for maturation, it is clear that children can adapt to endurance training

Physiologic changes in children resulting from training and growth and maturation

Characteristic ChangeHeart rate, resting and submaximal Decrease

Arterial blood pressure, maximal Increase

Minute ventilation, maximal Increase

Oxygen uptake, maximal (L/min) Increase

Blood and muscle lactate, maximal Increase

Muscular strength Increase

Anaerobic power (Watts/kg) Increase


Benefits of exercise for children

• Caloric balance

• Stimulates growth hormones– Growth Hormone

• Mechanical stresses (overload) triggers musculoskeletal growth– Hypertrophy of muscle– Metabolic efficiency


Adolescents

Pubertal growth spurt


Aerobic capacity

• Muscular concentration of ATP is similar in adolescents, and adults

• Adolescents have significantly lower muscle glycogen stores than adults and also are less capable of generating ATP.

• Young people do not have the same capabilities as adults to perform strenuous exercise for periods between 10 and 60 seconds.

• Gender-related differences -


Strength training

• Resistance training in prepubertal subjects tends to cause increases in strength without increases in muscle size

• 30-40% gains in strength following an 8-12 week program (Payne, Morrow, Johnson., & Dalton, 1997)

• Resistance training effects can be found in young, adult, and aged populations.

• Girls have the potential to improve more than boys. [They start from a lower status.]


Precautions with strength training

• Epiphyseal injuries- Adolescents should avoid competitive weight lifting, power lifting, body building, and maximal lifts until they reach physical and skeletal maturity (~ 17 females and 18.5 males)

• These are mostly caused by maximal lifts, improper technique and improper supervision

• Adolescents should use lower weights and higher reps rather than 3 or 4 reps of a 80-100% max weight


Adolescent Females

• Runners Knee

• Widening of hips

• Menstruation


Widening hips

• Broader hips more steeply angled femurs

• may cause some girls to throw out their heels when running

• attention needs

• to be paid to running technique


Runner’s knee


Menstruation

• Cycle of menstruation involves constant flux of female steroid hormones

• These can have physiological responses on– Substrate utilisation– Electrolyte and water balance– Nervous system– Blood sugar– Circulation– RPE



Affect on performance

• 8-69.7% women reported decreased performance

• 13-43% reported increased performance(LeBrun et al., 1995)

• 11% increase in quadriceps and hand grip strength mid cycle (Sarwar et al., 1996)

• Need to consider stage of menstrual cycle when doing time trials

• Plan cycle around major events


Special Populations


Asthmatics

• Triggers:– Allergies– exercise, – aspirin, – dust, pollutants, – emotion

Mast cell (in resp tract)• Reaction

– Contraction of smooth muscle around bronchii– Swelling/inflammation mucosal cells– Hypersecretion mucous


Prevention

• Avoid allergen

• Medication. Works by;– Inhibiting chemical mediator release

(histamines etc)– Relax bronchiolar smooth muscle (most

inhalers)– Block influx Ca to mast cell


Epilepsy• Epilepsy = brain disorder characterised by recurring seizures or fits

• caused by sudden flurries of electrochemical activity in the brain, which disrupt the ‘conversation’ between neurones


Benefits of exercise for epileptics

• Heavy breathing associated with exercise stops the build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia).

• Reduces stress –• The release of serotonin may calm the brain. • Concentration needed during sport may focus

the brain so that seizures are less likely. • The benefits of regular exercise, such as

improved fitness and wellbeing, may contribute to a reduced seizure risk.


Considerations• Before starting any new exercise program, consult with your doctor

or specialist. • Avoid known seizure triggers. • Always take your medication as prescribed and keep an adequate

supply of medication on hand• Make sure your sporting companions are aware of your condition

and know what to do if you have a seizure. • Always wear a medical alert bracelet. • Wear protective gear appropriate to your sport, such as helmet or

knee pads. • Always wear a life jacket when involved in water sports. • Let family or friends know your walking, jogging or exercise route

before you leave and how long you will be out.• Exercise may trigger a seizure- be careful!


Avoiding seizures

• Drink plenty of water before, during and after exercise. • Don’t push yourself to the point of physical exhaustion. • If you are feeling very hot and tired, slow down or stop. • Make sure you have at least two rest days every week. • Make sure your diet is nutritionally adequate. • Get plenty of rest and good quality sleep. • Take all steps to avoid head injuries. • Don’t abuse alcohol. • Make sure you take your medication according to your

doctor’s directions.


Contraindicated• Contact sports• Scuba diving• Bungee jumping• Boxing • Motor sports • Horse riding • Gymnastics • Ice activities, such as skating

or hockey • Skiing • solo water (sailing or wind

surfing) or aerial sports (hang gliding & skydiving)

• High altitude activities such as mountain climbing.


Type 2 diabetics

• Typically adult onset

• 90% of all diabetics

• Does not require insulin to be injected

• Control through food and exercise– Low fat diet

• Exercise is often recommended


Exercise recommendations for Type 2 diabetics

• High frequency – 4-7 x p/week • Achieve 1000 calorie loss• Moderate starting intensity to avoid injury- walking

is the best– Minimises hypoglycaemic response

• Buildup maintain overload• Motivation• Carry emergency glucose


Type 1 Diabetics

Blood Glucose levels• <4 mmol/L – Too low-

give jelly beans/ juice etc• 4-6 mmol/L- Average• 12 mmol/L – Too high,

but doesn’t require insulin yet

• 15 mmol/L- Too high- requires insulin


Ex Phys in primary school

How is all of this stuff relevant??


Bigger kids• Don’t assume they are unfit or unhealthy• Discourage all forms of comparison between kids• Vo2 max• Psychological/ motivational factors• PRE• Thermoregulation• Avoid bias• Increase chances of success in all students

– Pedometers– Strength


Muscle strength

• Number of muscle fibres is fixed at birth• 1 yr – adolescence = increases 3-fold through

hypertrophy• Increases in strength more likely than size• Active muscles = greater increase• Doesn’t mean lifting weights!• Means weight bearing exercise- running,

aerobics anything out of water• And resistance exercise using body weight-

push ups, sit ups, jumping etc


Adaptations to exercise

• Increased endurance in children largely believed to be inherited rather than trained

• Same increases in lung volumes, plasma volume, left ventricular hypertrophy and vo2 max as adults.

• However these things also increase naturally with age and growth

• Therefore measurable increases in fitness may be a combination of both


Heart rate

•Decrease in RHR with increased fitness same as in adults

•This activity allows kids to track the change in their hear rate, and you can explain what is happening as this occurs

•Left ventricle increases ability to pump blood around to the muscles

•Therefore it doesn’t have to pump as often to get the blood to go around

•So a decrease in RHR is a direct representation of your heart getting stronger!


Fitness Testing?

• Don’t call it “fitness testing!!!”

• Focus on individual comparison and improvement

• Gain a holistic understanding of fitness

• Experience feeling of improving fitness

• Needs to be done correctly– Self Esteem– Ensure privacy- secret!


ACHPER AFEA

• Growth: Height and Weight, with Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated by the computer program.

• Cardiorespiratory Endurance: Multi-Stage Fitness Test and 1.6 km run/walk.

• Muscular Strength and Endurance: The Curl-up and the Basketball Throw.

• Muscle and Joint Flexibility: The Sit and Reach Tests and Shoulder Stretch.




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Vertical jump



Programmes

• Kids should be active for an hour a day

• Map out all school and after school activities to see if you are getting enough

• Ensure that it is private

• Suggest FUN stuff that counts as activity!


Young kids


Older kids


Summary

• Need to consider individual populations

• Find out more information if student/client has anything

• Exam revision lecture next week

Documents

EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance Special Populations