EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance Ergogenic aids. EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance Lab submission Labs due week 13 Lab groups 1, 2, –Hand in after Monday’s

EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance

Ergogenic aids


Lab submission

• Labs due week 13• Lab groups 1, 2,

– Hand in after Monday’s lecture (11-12) to my office (ed. 3.11)

pick up before 4 pm Monday• Lab groups 3, 4, 5

– Hand in to my office wednesday 9am-10 am Pick up before 4 pm Wednesday


Exam

• Monday 3rd November

• Morning 9am

• Check exam timetable

• Must be done on this day

• 40 M/C- ½ mark each

• 8 medium answer, 10 marks each


Ergogenic aids

• Substances and procedures believed to improve – Physical work capacity– Physiologic function– Athletic performance


Ergogenic aids

• 1- stimulate CNS

• 2- increase storage or availability of a limited substrate

• 3-Supplemental fuel source

• 4- reducing or neutralising performance inhibiting metabolic by-products

• 5- facilitating recovery from strenuous exercise


Pharmacologic Aids to PerformancePharmacologic Aids to Performance

Caffeine

Amphetamines

Alcohol


CaffeineCaffeine

• Enhances endurance performance by– Increased alertness– Increasing time to fatigue– Reducing perception of effort– Mobilizes FFA spares glycogen– Stimulating secretion of epinephrine– Decreased reaction time

• May improve sprint & power performances


Caffeine- Side effects

• May impair endurance performance by– Stimulating diuresis leading to dehydration– Nervousness– Restlessness– Insomnia– Headache– Gastrointestinal problems– Tremours



Amphetamines

Speed, ephedrine,

pseudoephedrine

Stimulants to the CNS, but far more potent than caffeine.

Mimic sympathetic hormones epinepherine and norepinepherine

-Increase BP. HR, Cardiac output

-Breathing rate, metabolism, blood glucose


Amphetamines- Side effects

• Increase risk for;– Physical/emotional dependency & tolerance– Headache, insomnia, nausea, dizziness, – Inhibited pain reflexOver-exertion causing

musculoskeletal injury– Cardiac arrhythmias, Hypertensive responses

to exercise– Irritability, Paranoia


AlcoholAlcohol

• Provides 7 kCal per gram• Ergogenic effects

– May reduce tension and anxiety– Provides no known ergogenic effects on strength,

speed, power, or endurance performances

• Ergolytic effects– Inhibits metabolism– Suppresses ADH secretion, leading to diuresis

and dehydration– Impairs balance, memory, visual perception,

speech, reaction time and motor coordination


Hormonal

Anabolic steroids

Human growth Hormone


Androgenic-Anabolic SteroidsAndrogenic-Anabolic Steroids

• Synthetic derivatives of testosterone

• Designed to maximize anabolic effects– Enhance protein

synthesis– Inhibit protein

degradation

• Increase skeletal muscle hypertrophy and strength


Examples of Anabolic SteroidsExamples of Anabolic Steroids

Oral, patches, injectable • Anavar• Anadrol• Dianabol• Equipoise• Testosterone• Winstrol• “the clear”- Marion

Jones



Associated Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Associated Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids

• Cardiovascular– Increased LDL-C– Decreased HDL-C– Hypertension

• CNS– Mood swings– Violent behavior– Depression

• Hepatic– Decreased Liver

enzymes– Jaundice– Hepatic tumors

• Endocrine– Altered glucose

tolerance– Decreased FSH, LH– Acne


Reproductive Side EffectsReproductive Side Effects

• Male – Testicular atrophy– Gynecomastia– Impotence– Enlarged prostate– Male pattern

baldness

• Female – Menstrual

dysfunction– Altered libido– Clitoral enlargement– Deepening voice


Side effects (Larance & Degenhardt, 2007)

• 97% of users experienced a minor side effect, such as increased appetite

• 10% experienced severe ones such as liver damage

• 87% had some change in their mood and behaviour

• And 27% experienced mental health concerns• 95% exhibited at least one sign of dependance


Reasons for use

• Fuller and LaFountain (1987) - athletes rationalise their use by trying to justify that using steroids caused no harm either to themselves or to others.

• Also, individuals perceived their competitors were taking anabolic drugs, so they needed to use to compete at the same level.


Usage- university athletes

• Australia (NSW) = 0.3% of adults (>12 yrs)– 12-17 yr olds 3.6%males and 2.2% female athletes(Larance & Degenhardt, 2007)

• use ranges within each sport from – 0% to 5% in males– 0% to 1.5% in females, with an – overall mean prevalence of 1.1% (Green et al., 2001)

• These findings are believed to be underestimates due to fears of legal or personal consequences of using prohibited ergonomic aids



Human Growth HormoneHuman Growth Hormone

• A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

• Facilitates tissue-building processes and normal growth and development– Enhanced muscle and

bone growth• Enhances lipolysis

(releases FFA’s) and elevates blood glucose levels

• Healing after musculoskeletal injuries


Growth Hormone Growth Hormone

• Combined with resistance training, GH may facilitate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and strength gains– Or just fluid retention

• Also needs to be combined with testosterone

• May be associated with age


Side effects

Chronic elevations in GH are associated with

• acromegaly,

• hypertrophy of soft tissue organs,

• diabetes,

• elevated blood pressure, and

• atherosclerotic diseases


Physiological aids

Blood dopingErythropoieten (EPO)Bicarbonate loadingPhosphate loading


Red blood cell reinfusion (blood doping)

• Practice of illicitly boosting the number of RBC in order to enhance athletic performance. – >Increased RBC can carry more O2, which

can improve an athlete’s aerobic capacity and endurance.

• Two types– homologous transfusion– autologous transfusion


EPO

• Peptide hormone that occurs naturally in the body. EPO is released from the kidneys to stimulate increased red blood cell production in the bone marrow (erythropoiesis).– improve endurance performance (Increased Vo2

max)– improved recovery from anaerobic exercise.


Side effects

• Increase in blood viscosity heart has to work harder to pump the thicker blood and the blood is more prone to clot.

• Increased risk of heart attack, stroke and blood clots in the lung.

• The risk is exacerbated by dehydration which often occurs during endurance exercise.

• Differing individual responses to EPO


How detected?

• Measure Hematocrit - the fraction of blood cells by volume that are RBCs.

• Normal HCT is 41-50% in adult men and 36-44% in adult women

• New way- compare the levels of mature and immature RBCs in an athlete's circulation. – If a high number of mature RBCs is

not accompanied by a high number of immature RBCs it suggests that the mature RBCs were artificially introduced by transfusion.


Buffering solutions

• In exercise 30-120 seconds, anaerobic energy transfer is used

• Significantly– Increases lactate production– decreases intracellular pH ( towards acidic)

• These decreases in pH – inhibit energy transfer– reduce ability of muscle fibres to contract

• Buffering solutions guard against acidosis (decrease in pH)


Sodium bicarbonate• Benefits athletes in events at near maximum

intensity for 1-7 minutes

• Acute loading (one time dose) – dosage = 300 mg per kg bodyweight – increase total work (joules) from 9 - 27%– increase peak power output (watts) by 5.3 - 8.7%

• Chronic loading - 500 mg/kg body mass in 4 doses every 3-4 hours for 5-6 days.


Benefits

35

36

37

38

39

40

Wo

rk (

jou

les

)

Acute vs Chronic Bicarb Loading

Control 37.16

Acute 38.44 36.85 36.60

Chronic 39.21 39.36 39.14


Side effects

• Nausea, bloating, vomiting, and diarrhea • Most common when loading includes the

NaHCO3 water mixture. • If athletes drink large quantities of water in

acute loading method, the gastrointestinal distress is often reduced

• NaHCO3 gelatin capsules help to effectively reduce or eliminate the likelihood of gastrointestinal discomfort.


Another buffer- Phosphate loading

• Increasing intra and extra cellular phosphate levels:– Facilitates release of oxygen from RBC to

muscles– Increases ATP phosphorylation– Increases myocardial functional capacity

increased aerobic performance


Nutritional Ergogenic AidsNutritional Ergogenic Aids

Creatine

Weight loss


Creatine

• Most popular ergogenic aid used among NCAA college athletes (USA)

• Found in meat, fish and poultry

• Sold as a supplement in powder, tablet, capsule, liquid (dosage = 6-30g)

• Not illegal


How does it work?

• Buffer- maintains acid base balance

More ATP • Enhanced use of ATP-PC system increased

peak power– Remember Cr was needed to bond to the spare

phosphate in the ATP-PC system– Therefore Cr is critical in replenishing ATP and for all

out effort lasting up to 10 seconds

• Facilitates recovery as ATP not fully depleted


Creatine(Cr)

CrP + ADP ATP + Cr

Anaerobic capacity

rate of CrP resynthesis

muscular power

hydration

lean body mass




Side effects of Creatine

• Increase in muscle swelling due to the storage of more water around the muscles may increase the chances of injury, especially between muscle and tendon connections

• Nausea • Cramping possibly due to water retention • Dizziness if excessive quantities taken • Diarrhoea • Kidney problems


Young athletes and creatine

• 148 male college recreational resistance trainers (USA) (Williams et al., 2004)– 47.3 % reported creatine use and – 74.3 % of the creatine users were also using protein

in an effort to increase muscle bulk

• LaBotz, & Smith, 1999 NCAA athletes– 68% of athletes had heard of creatine and 28%

reported using it. – 48% of men had used creatine, and 4% of women. – all men's teams had at least 30% use – 1/3 had first used it in high school



Sources of information LaBotz & Smith, 1999

• Friends

• Team mates

• Trainers

• Coach

• Over 80% of athletes using creatine said that someone had specifically recommended it to them


Supplements claiming to assist weight loss


Green TeaOprah Winfrey Show • “Oprah: Now I've read in your book that you said

if I just replaced coffee with green tea instead, that I could lose 10 pounds in six weeks.

• Dr. Perricone: Absolutely.• Oprah: Now really. How could that -- what is the

big deal about this?• Dr Perricone: Coffee has organic acids that raise

your blood sugar, raise insulin. Insulin puts a lock on body fat. When you switch over to green tea, you get your caffeine, you're all set, but you will drop your insulin levels and body fat will fall very rapidly. So 10 pounds in six weeks, I will guarantee it.

• Oprah: I'm gonna do that. OK. That is so good! Whoo! That is great.”


Duloo et al 1999- Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure

and fat oxidation in humans

• Argued that increases in BMR by increase in thermoegenesis leads to weight loss

• Thermogenesis contributes 8–10% of daily EE in a typical sedentary man (760–950 kJ in our subjects)

• 4% increase in 24-h EE (328 kJ) due to the green tea extract would extrapolate to a 35–43% increase in the thermogenesis compartment of daily EE.

• 328 kj = 80 calories = 4/5 of a tim tam


Saper et al. 2004

• 50 individual dietary supplements and more than 125 commercial combination products are available for weight loss.

• Currently, no weight-loss supplements meet criteria for recommended use.



Performance Enhancing Genetics

• Gene doping

• Manipulate DNA to improve speed, power or performance– In Vivo- viruses modified to deliver artificial

gene to target tissue/organ– Ex Vivo- gene transfer to cells occurs outside

the body and is then implanted into the recipient



Summary

• Good to be aware of all of these to dispel myths/ talk kids out of using stuff

• Give correct information

• Be careful with medications

• Investigate fully

Documents

EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance Ergogenic aids. EDU2EXP Exercise & Performance Lab submission Labs due week 13 Lab groups 1, 2, –Hand in after Monday’s