The Documentation of

Instructional Materials

Submitted By:Edmond B.Bagunas

MODELSPUPPET’S

•Models are three dimensional representation of real things, witch could be smaller, larger or of the same size as the real thing. It may complete details or simplified for instructional purposes. •Examples are globes and puppets.

ADVANTAGE•Models can be viewed, handled and examined by students from various angles.•Some models simplify real objects for better study by removing some significant details and reducing or enlarging objects to desirable sizes.

LIMITATION•Some models demand classroom space in terms of storage.•Models are generally more expensive than pictures and graphics.•Availability of models could be a problems.

Diorama•Dioramas are statistic display creating a realistic scene that consist of a three dimensional foreground, usually models of people, animals, equipment, vehicle or buildings and flat back ground, usually a photograph , drawing or painting and also called “Exhibits in the box”.

ADVANTAGE•Exhibits can be used to reproduced scenes from the past or depict scenes in the future.

LIMITATION•Exhibits demand enough space in a room.•Preparation of exhibits may take a lot of time.

Utilization Guidelines The exhibit must be large enough to be easily

seen. The exhibit must attract attention. The exhibit must be well lighted.

The exhibit must be built around one central idea.

The captions of the exhibit must be short and simple.

The exhibit must convery the message at a glance.

The materials in the exhibit must not be crowded together.

Pop-up’s

•Pop-ups containing folded cut-out pictures that rise up to form a three dimensional scene or figure when the page is turned.

ADVANTAGE• Pop-ups can lend visual stimulation. They also

stimulate students creativity an interest.• Pop-ups provide students with additional learning.• Preview of the lesson to be presented can be illustrated

in the flip chart to motivate students.

Limitation• In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is

tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings rather than on the words accompanying them.

• Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which could lead to misinterpretation.

FLASH CARDS

•Flash cards are valuable materials for drill activities particularly in the teaching of mathematics, english , and filipino. Flash cards come in form of picture cards, word cards, phrase cards, sentence cards.

ADVANTAGE• Flash cards can be an important means of fixings

skills and automatizing responses of students• Flash cards can be easily made from recycled

materials.• Flash cards are easy to use and can be easily

carried.

• LIMITATION• Flash cards may be small to be seen by the entire

class.• If flashing is too snappy, the student could find

difficulty in recognizing what is in the flash cards.

Utiliztion Guidelines

• The flash cards must be bold and big enough to be seen by everybody in the class.

• Flash cards in a snappy manner to develop fast thinking or response.

• Flash cards from back to the front.• Answers or labels should be written at the back of

the flash cards so that the teacher will be able to check whether the answer is correct.

• Hold the flash cards firmly at the chest level.

GRAPHICS ORGANIZER

•Graphic organizer are non-photographic reconstructions or representations of reality, etched or drawn by an illustrator, like the teacher or students. Illustrations can be black or white or in full color.

ADVANTAGE• Graphic organizers could be prepared ahead of time

by having it drawn and covered until the class starts.• Graphic organizers can be easily prepared once

materials are available. They are also easy to utilize because they do not require special equipment.

They are less detailed, hence, learners can easily understand their message.

LIMITATION• Drawing could be subject to misinterpretation.• Technical expertise in drawing could be needed to

produce good drawings and illustrations.

FLIP CHART

•Flip chart is a pad of large paper fastened together at the top and mounted on an easel. Individual sheets of the flip chart each hold a limited verbal/visual message and can be arranged for sequential presentation to a small group.

Advantage• Flip charts can lend visual stimulation. They also

stimulate students creativity an interest.• Flip charts provide students with additional learning.• Preview of the lesson to be presented can be

illustrated in the flip chart to motivate students.• Displays in flip charts can allow many students to

browse contents at the same time.

LIMITATION• Flip charts could easily fade and fall down.

Cartoon and strip drawing•Cartoon and comic strips are colorful line drawings with exaggerated features or symbols that provide humor or satire. Usually appear in newspapers, periodicals and textbooks.

Advantage• Strip drawings can be easily read and understood,

thus encourages reading• Cartoons satisfy children’s idea and art.• Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip drawings

contain illustrations.

LIMITATION• In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is

tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings rather than on the words accompanying them.

• Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which could lead to misinterpretation.

Utilization Guidelines

Symbolism in graphs should be taught by terchers to facilitate

understanding of graphs.