Medicine has evolved based on sustained scienti�c research. Medicine is a biological science and biology is never stationary. �e biology evolve with time, hence medicine has to evolve by research [1]. India is a second most populous country in the world and about 30% population of India is below the poverty line. India is a land of contrasts inhabiting most affluent to the poorest of the poor [2]. On one hand we have best of the treatment facilities available while on other hand a basic treatment is not available to the masses. �e orthopaedic surgeons in India come across large number of low and high velocity trauma, neglected trauma, poor man's disease such as tuberculosis and other infections, nutritional de�ciency diseases. We have vast number of clinical cases in various stages of natural history of disease. Most of the treatment facilities have limited health care budget [2]. �e orthopaedic surgeons in our country keep on treating such cases at various stages of natural history, by small modi�cations/innovations. If any innovation, small or big is evaluated scienti�cally, this becomes a credible research [3]. �e research i s nothing but summation of smal l solutions/innovations evaluated scienti�cally to make the outcome predictable [3]. �e research includes a clinical research and basic science research. Basic research gives us a new and deeper understanding of health, disease and healing whereas clinical research guides us to improve diagnosis and treatment. �e basic and clinical researches are two sides of one coin both inseparable [4].In spite of huge clinical material in India, the articles published by Indian orthopaedic surgeons are very scarce. �is is because they are burdened with large number of patients, poor infrastructure to conduct research, less

incentives for research and lack of enthusiasm to publish. Further most of the indexed journals are published from developed countries and are less inclined to accept articles on problems of developing countries [5]. We have to provide scienti�c evidence for treatment to the clinical problems unique to our land . Sc ient i �c communicat ions (presentations and publications) are needed for growth of science and to improve the quality of clinical practice.Any clinician si�ing in his hospital/clinic should document all consecutive cases on a computer excel sheet. �e identical cases treated in an identical manner over a length of time and evaluated by the same evaluation method every time becomes a credible data. �e statistically signi�cant difference in the outcome becomes a conclusion to a research question “whether the reported method has solved the clinical problem or not.While performing a study the following issues are to be kept in mind. �e study should have a clear research question, what is evaluated, how it is evaluated, what is observed, whether observation differences are statistically signi�cant to provide a valid conclusion, which should be the answer to the research question [6]. Any study if published in a journal is available to others practicing far away and beyond human life and a basis for future research.Before writing, the author should thoroughly go through the instructions to author of that particular journal. Author should follow the style of journal. Introduction should be 25% of manuscript. It should cover current state of knowledge on the subject and lacunae in current knowledge. �e introduction should end with the statement as to what is the study with its methodology (research hypothesis).Materials and Methods section should be very clearly wri�en.

It should be wri�en in such a manner that anybody a�er reading the article can perform study. If one is doing a clinical study, he must include period of study, place of study, design of study, number of patients chosen, inclusion and exclusion criteria, consent of patients, approval from Institutional review board and statistical analysis of data. It should be explicitly clear about the variables chosen, evaluation method adopted and how

Research and Publication – Must Know Tips

Editorial

Anil K Jain¹, Ish Kumar Dhammi²

Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases| Aug - Dec. 2016 | 31;(2):2-3

1Director, Professor and Head, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi–95 India.² Consultant, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi - 95, India.

Address of CorrespondenceDr. Anil K JainDepartment of Orthopaedics, University College of Medical Sciences & Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi – 110095Email:profakjain@gmail.com

© 2016 by Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases | Available on www.jbjdonline.com | doi:10.13107/jbjd.0971-7986This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits

unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases Volume 31 Issue 2 Aug-Dec 2016 Page 2-33| | | | |

Dr. Anil K. Jain

Jain & Dhammi www.jbjdonline.com

Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases Volume 31 Issue 2 Aug-Dec 2016 Page 2-33| | | | |

How to Cite this Article

Jain AK, Dhammi IK. Research and publication – must know tips. Journal of Bone and Joint Diseases Aug-Dec 2016;31(2):2-3 .

Conflict of Interest: NILSource of Support: NIL

the data was recorded. If the study is experimental, appropriate consent from animal welfare commi�ee is to be taken as per Helsinki declaration. �e details about animal selection, number of animals, selection of variables, tests conducted, observations made must be given.�e results should be analysed a�er appropriate follow-up. �ese should be assessed by established criteria. �e results should be clear and concise, explained by tables and �gures. �e patients who have been lost to follow-up and died, should be identi�ed and excluded from overall results.�e discussion should discuss the variation in your study, method of study. �e outcome of the study should be discussed in light of articles published in the literature. �e limitations of the study are discussed. Lastly conclusion statement should contain answer to the research question.�e abstract should be wri�en at the end. It is most commonly read part of the manuscript [6]. It should stimulate readers to read full paper. �e structured abstract, has four parts – Background about study, its aim and research question. �en materials and methods should explain what was done. Results – What was observed or what was found and �nally in conclusion what was concluded.�e title should be crisp and informative. �e references

should be in Vancouver style as per journal's requirement. In Vancouver style references are cited consecutively in text as they come. �e tables should be numbered and quoted in text at appropriate place. �ere should not be mismatch of data in text and table. �e graphs, bar diagrams, histograms are required to highlight some observations which are difficult to understand.�e photographs selected should highlight speci�c �ndings. �ere should be proper legend to each photograph. Only selected photographs should be given, journals are not photo album [6]. At the end of abstract 3-8 key words should be given.�e article then should be read carefully for grammatical correction. Any study, if methodically conducted with clear concise writing will �nd a place in literature. We conduct almost 1500 thesis/dissertation in India by MS/DNB students. �ese thesis/dissertations if methodically conducted could contribute signi�cantly to Indian literature and help in improving patient care.�e research is nothing but summations of critically well thought of conclusions about the outcome of treatment we offer to the patients every day and well thought innovations we undertake [6].

1. Jain AK. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics dedicated to education, care and research. Indian J Orthop. 2012;46(1):1-32. Jain AK. Current state of orthopedic education in India. Indian J Orthop. 2016 Jul;50(4):341-43. Jain AK. Cultivate… research an attitude and learning a passion. Indian J Orthop. 2014;48(2):125-6

4. Jain AK. Research in orthopedics: A necessity. Indian J Orthop. 2009;43(4):315-7.5. Jain AK. Teaching-learning: an integral component of sound patient care. Indian J Orthop. 2008;42(3):239-406. Jain AK. Innovations in Orthopaedics: Hypothesis to publication. Indian J Orthop. 2012;46(6):605-7

References