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Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Volume 2013, Article ID 416096, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/416096 Editorial Advances in Antenna Array Processing for Radar Hang Hu, 1 Ulrich Nickel, 2 and Krzysztof Kulpa 3 1 Institute of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China 2 Fraunhofer Research Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics (FKIE), 53343 Wachtberg, Germany 3 Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Hang Hu; [email protected] Received 21 November 2013; Accepted 21 November 2013 Copyright © 2013 Hang Hu et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Array processing is classically not considered as an antenna topic but more as a signal processing topic. So why did we publish a special issue on this topic for this journal? Today, with modern array antennas, the separation between the antenna and signal processing worlds becomes more and more obsolete. Printed antennas are oſten designed as arrays that are summed in an analog manner, which is already (analog) array processing. e flexibility that digital processing provides leads antenna engineers to design array antennas with digital summation of the element antennas. But with a digital array antenna all the possibilities of array signal processing are realizable which creates a broad scope for antenna design. is special issue is intended to provide the antenna community with a flavor of the multiple options that antenna array processing offers. is issue cannot cover the complete bandwidth of topics in radar antenna array pro- cessing as this would fill many textbooks and is a continuing process. But we hope that we can give some inspiration of what is possible. Antenna arrays for radar systems, communication, and sonar installations are now an established technology. How- ever, there are close links between the array and the different algorithms and techniques which are oſten not recognized. To fully exploit the advantages of array techniques it is necessary to account for these interrelations in the system design. Ideally digital processing of array data should be done as close to the element as possible, if this is possible given the size, weight, and cost of the hardware. As a cost effective compromise hardwired analog summation of subarrays can be used to reduce cost and weight. is has created a realm of possibilities for building array hardware structures and for multichannel processing schemes. Examples are not only many algorithms of nonlinear wave parameter estimation and adaptive interference suppression but also array configura- tions with sparse arrays and various types of subarrays. ese configurations constitute special solutions of a hardware compromise between analog and digital processing. Further- more, we have sophisticated processing methods involving higher order statistics and methods of compressed sensing, which both lead to virtual arrays of larger size and potentially better resolution properties. And finally, one can combine spatial and temporal processing (in particular space-time adaptive processing, STAP). e purpose of this special issue is to bring together these antenna and processing related aspects, linking the theoretical possibilities with the operational aspects and hardware constraints. From the manifold submissions we have selected 18 interesting papers. Starting with a tutorial on achievements and challenges of array processing (U. Nickel) the papers then cover topics of array optimization and adaptive processing for thinned arrays and subarrayed arrays (P. Lombardo et al.), array configuration and adaptive interference cancellation for passive radar (M. Villano et al.). Array design and array processing for multichannel input/multichannel output radar (MIMO radar) systems are a fascinating extension of array technology exploiting spatial diversity. We have two papers that consider this technique, that is, detection in compound-Gaussian clutter with hybrid MIMO (J. C. Ding et al.) and direction finding for bistatic MIMO with circular array (Y. H. Cao et al.). Space-time array processing (STAP) is another powerful extension of classical spatial array processing. We have contributions on

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Page 1: Editorial Advances in Antenna Array Processing for Radarpassive localization (J. Chen et al.), spectrum sensing under cognitive radar (M. S. Shbat et al.), transmit virtual aperture

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Antennas and PropagationVolume 2013, Article ID 416096, 2 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/416096

EditorialAdvances in Antenna Array Processing for Radar

Hang Hu,1 Ulrich Nickel,2 and Krzysztof Kulpa3

1 Institute of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China2 Fraunhofer Research Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics (FKIE), 53343 Wachtberg, Germany3 Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland

Correspondence should be addressed to Hang Hu; [email protected]

Received 21 November 2013; Accepted 21 November 2013

Copyright © 2013 Hang Hu et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Array processing is classically not considered as an antennatopic but more as a signal processing topic. So why didwe publish a special issue on this topic for this journal?Today, with modern array antennas, the separation betweenthe antenna and signal processing worlds becomes moreand more obsolete. Printed antennas are often designed asarrays that are summed in an analog manner, which isalready (analog) array processing. The flexibility that digitalprocessing provides leads antenna engineers to design arrayantennas with digital summation of the element antennas.But with a digital array antenna all the possibilities of arraysignal processing are realizable which creates a broad scopefor antenna design. This special issue is intended to providethe antenna community with a flavor of the multiple optionsthat antenna array processing offers. This issue cannot coverthe complete bandwidth of topics in radar antenna array pro-cessing as this would fill many textbooks and is a continuingprocess. But we hope that we can give some inspiration ofwhat is possible.

Antenna arrays for radar systems, communication, andsonar installations are now an established technology. How-ever, there are close links between the array and the differentalgorithms and techniqueswhich are often not recognized. Tofully exploit the advantages of array techniques it is necessaryto account for these interrelations in the system design.

Ideally digital processing of array data should be doneas close to the element as possible, if this is possible giventhe size, weight, and cost of the hardware. As a cost effectivecompromise hardwired analog summation of subarrays canbe used to reduce cost and weight. This has created a realmof possibilities for building array hardware structures and

for multichannel processing schemes. Examples are not onlymany algorithms of nonlinearwave parameter estimation andadaptive interference suppression but also array configura-tions with sparse arrays and various types of subarrays.Theseconfigurations constitute special solutions of a hardwarecompromise between analog and digital processing. Further-more, we have sophisticated processing methods involvinghigher order statistics and methods of compressed sensing,which both lead to virtual arrays of larger size and potentiallybetter resolution properties. And finally, one can combinespatial and temporal processing (in particular space-timeadaptive processing, STAP).

The purpose of this special issue is to bring togetherthese antenna and processing related aspects, linking thetheoretical possibilities with the operational aspects andhardware constraints. From the manifold submissions wehave selected 18 interesting papers. Starting with a tutorialon achievements and challenges of array processing (U.Nickel) the papers then cover topics of array optimizationand adaptive processing for thinned arrays and subarrayedarrays (P. Lombardo et al.), array configuration and adaptiveinterference cancellation for passive radar (M. Villano et al.).

Array design and array processing for multichannelinput/multichannel output radar (MIMO radar) systems area fascinating extension of array technology exploiting spatialdiversity. We have two papers that consider this technique,that is, detection in compound-Gaussian clutter with hybridMIMO (J. C. Ding et al.) and direction finding for bistaticMIMO with circular array (Y. H. Cao et al.). Space-timearray processing (STAP) is another powerful extension ofclassical spatial array processing. We have contributions on

Page 2: Editorial Advances in Antenna Array Processing for Radarpassive localization (J. Chen et al.), spectrum sensing under cognitive radar (M. S. Shbat et al.), transmit virtual aperture

2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

deterministic aided STAP detection (J. F. Degurse et al.),clutter suppression using cross beam (Y. L. Wang et al.),superresolution using adaptive incremental multiparameterestimator (Z. B. Wang et al.), and applications of STAP in theexciting field of surface wave radar (X. Zhang et al. and Y. J.Li et al.). A special case of STAP with a topical applicationis synthetic aperture radar (SAR). There are three papersthat consider exemplary problems of this kind, that is, phasepattern calibration (M. Bachmann et al.), SAR in the presenceof dictionary mismatch (A. S. Khwaja et al.), and in-flightantenna pattern characterization (G. C. Alfonzo et al.). Andfinally we have a number of papers that present novel ideasand extensions like parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) forpassive localization (J. Chen et al.), spectrum sensing undercognitive radar (M. S. Shbat et al.), transmit virtual aperturearray for through the wall imaging radar (B. Y. Lu et al.),tracking compensation for phased array radar (J. Mar et al.)and operating frequency selection for high-frequency (HF)radar (S. Y. Yang et al.) that are made possible with arrayantennas.

We would like to thank all authors for their highlyprofessional contributions and the reviewers for their timeand effort. We hope that this collection of papers will activatethe curiosity of the readers about these exciting new ideas. Atleast we hope that you will enjoy the compilation of such abroad and rich variety of ideas.

Hang HuUlrich Nickel

Krzysztof Kulpa

Page 3: Editorial Advances in Antenna Array Processing for Radarpassive localization (J. Chen et al.), spectrum sensing under cognitive radar (M. S. Shbat et al.), transmit virtual aperture

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