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8/9/2019 Edge Tutorial 2000
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Enhanced Data-rates for Global
Evolution (EDGE) :
An Overview
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Executive Summary
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WIRELESS COMPUTING
WIRELESS
GROWTH
INTERNET
GROWTH
RF & DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY
MOBILE
SOFTWARE
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DRIVERS FOR
WIRELESS DATA
1995 2000
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
cellular + PCS subs
Milli
ons
annual laptop sales
laptop users
Internet users
USA market
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Wireless Data Terminals
Nokia 9110 Nokia3G visionSierra PCMCIA
CDPD ModemThe new
Ericsson R380
phone, which
features wireless
data functions
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EDGE Technology
Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA
operators
Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) airinterface and networks
Phase 1 (Release99 & 2002 deployment) supports best
effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps
Phase 2 (Release2000 & 2003 deployment) will add Voice
over IP capability
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GPRS Airlink
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Same GMSK modulation as GSM
4 channel coding modes Packet-mode supporting up to about 144 kbps
Flexible time slot allocation (1-8)
Radio resources shared dynamically between speech and
data services
Independent uplink and downlink resource allocation
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EDGE Airlink
Extends GPRS packet data with adaptive modulation/coding
2x spectral efficiency of GPRS for best effort data
8-PSK/GMSK at 271 ksps in 200 KHz RF channels supports
8.2 to 59.2 kbps per time slot
Supports peak rates over 384 kbps Requires linear amplifiers with < 3 dB peak to average power
ratio using linearized GMSK pulses
Initial deployment with less than 2x 1 MHz using 1/3 reuse
with EDGE Compact as a complementary data service
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GPRS Networks
consists of packet wireless access network and IP-based
backbone
shares mobility databases with circuit voice services and
adds new packet switching nodes (SGSN & GGSN)
will support GPRS, EDGE & WCDMA airlinks
provides an access to packet data networks
Internet
X.25
provides services to different mobile classes ranging from 1-slot to 8-slot capable
radio resources shared dynamically between speech and
data services
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EDGE System Performance
0
10
20
30
40
50
6070
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Probability throughput < = X per timeslot
X (kb/s)
26 users/sector at 3.84 kbps average load per user
010
20
30
40
50
6070
80
90
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Probability packet delay < = X
X (msec)
%%
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EDGE Evolution
Best effort IP packet data on EDGE
Voice over IP on EDGE circuit bearers
Voice over IP with statistical radio resource multiplexing
Network based intelligent resource assignment
Smart antennas & adaptive antennas
Downlink speeds at several Mbps based on wideband
OFDM and/or multiple virtual channels
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EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
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3G according to ITU
The ITU vision of global wireless access in the 21st century,
including mobile and fixed access, IMT is aimed at providing
direction to the many related technological developments in
this area to assist the convergence of these essentially
competing wireless access technologies..
3G Proposals
http://www.itu.int/imt/2-radio-dev/index.html/
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IMT-2000:
Terrestrial RTT Harmonization
TD-SCDMAGlobal
CDMA IUTRAWIMS WCDMA/NA
Global
CDMA IIUWC-136W-CDMA DECTcdma2000
WP-CDMA
3GPP2
TDMACDMA
IMT-2000GOAL
3GPP
KoreaUSA USA USAJapanEurope China Europe
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KEY APPLICATIONS
Current: ~10 kb/s, circuit/packet
Fax
Short-messaging
Being evolved to ~50-100 kb/s peak rate
Needed to make wireless data attractive:
Web Browsing - downlink bandwidth hungry
FTP or Emails with file attachment - both links
3G: Multimedia, mainly packet
Wide-area, low mobility, 384 kb/s
Wide-area, high mobility, 144 kb/s
Indoor, 2 Mb/s
Beyond 3G ?
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Radio Technology Evolution
High Speed Services
Nominal Rates:
At least 144 kbps macrocell
At least 384 kbps outdoor pedestrian
At least 2 Mbps indoor
=> 1-2 Mbps or higher in macrocell
Support emerging IP-based services
Real-time and non real-time
Optimized for packet-switched operation Support appropriate QoS definitions
Data and multimedia services
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IMT-2000 Spectrum
WRC 92
50+ MHz x 2
1900 and 2100 MHz
Prospects Europe - UMTS spectrum similar
Japan - yes
Asia - mixed but positive
US - 1900 spectrum allocated for PCS (requiresspectrum clearing for 3G; WCDMA is not attractive)
~30 MHz at 700 MHz to be auctioned
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Technology Evolution to IMT-
2000 RadioAccess
GSM
PDC
TDMA
(IS-136)
CDMA
(IS-95)
GSM+GPRS
TDMA
IS-136+
CDMA 3G-1X
UWC-136 HS
(EDGE)
UMTS/W-CDMA
EDGE/GPRS
cdma2000
IMT-2000
Systems
Existing
SpectrumNew
Spectrum
?
?
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Current Cellular Approaches
Cellularcoverage is designed for voice service
Area outage, e.g. < 10% or < 5%.
Minimal, but equal, service everywhere.
Cellularsystems are designed for voice 20 ms framing structure Strong FEC, interleaving and decoding delays.
Spectral Efficiency
around 0.04-0.07 bps/Hz/sector
comparable for TDMA and CDMA
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Data Service Approaches
Bursty: Circuit => Packet
Need to widen the data pipe:
Multi-bearer: multi-slot, multi-code Enhanced TX rate:
TDMA: Enhanced/adaptive modulation/coding and Incremental
Redundancy (Generalized Hybrid Type II ARQ) e.g., EDGE
CDMA: Variable processing gain, e.g., WCDMA
New systems, e.g., OFDM with dynamic packet assignment
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EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
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GPRS-136 HS
UWCC sets high speed packet data
requirements (Jan 98)
must support 384kbps packet data
must be deployed within 1 MHz High spectrum efficiency
economy of scale
Results: GPRS-136HS EDGE
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History
In June of 1998 UWCC decided to create a
standard for TDMA Packet Data based on
the GPRS technology
This gave the benefit in economies of scalefor development and production of both
mobile stations and network infrastructure
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History...
Another benefit of this choice was that the existingGPRS standard could be use as a baseline,allowing for a standard that could be developed
very quickly The decision was connected to the decision toutilize the EDGE structure for the 136HS outdoorcomponent of the UWC-136 3G RTT proposal toITU
The use of EDGE channels for TDMA packet datawill be standardized during 1999 and is calledGPRS-136HS
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GPRS-136HS
UWCC has developed an RTT candidate for IMT-
2000 called UWC-136
UWC-136 outdoor component allows for a user bit
rate of 384 kbps and an initial deployment that doesnot require clearance of more than 1 MHz of
spectrum
The work to develop this standard will be done in
the UWCC/GTF/PDFG and TIA TR-45.3 and will beusing the physical layer and the RLC/MAC layers
from EDGE
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Global TDMA Convergence
UWC-136 GSM
Global EDGE
UWCC
PDFG
EDGE
Compact
ETSISMG2
EDGE
Classic
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GSMNetwork
ANSI-136Network
ANSI-136 GSM
IW MAPIW MAPIWIW ANSI-41ANSI-41
EGPRSEGPRS
UWC-136/EDGEUWC-136/EDGE
TCP/IP
Network
Mobility Gateway
Global TDMA Convergence
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EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
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EDGE modulations
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Multi-mode radio link
Scheme Modulation Maximum
rate [kb/s]
Code Rate Header Code
Rate
Blocks
per 20 ms
Family
MCS-9 59.2 1.0 0.36 2 A
MCS-8 54.4 0.92 0.36 2 A
MCS-7 44.8 0.76 0.36 2 B
MCS-6 29.6 / 27.2 0.49 1/3 1 A
MCS-5
8PSK
22.4 0.37 1/3 1 B
MCS-4 17.6 1.0 0.53 1 C
MCS-3 14.8 / 13.6 0.80 0.53 1 A
MCS-2 11.2 0.66 0.53 1 B
MCS-1
GMSK
8.8 0.53 0.53 1 C
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Example: Family A
Coding and puncturing for MCS-9; uncoded 8PSK,two RLC
blocks per 20 ms
P2 P3P1 P2
puncturingpuncturing
1836 bits
USFRLC/MAC
Hdr.
36 bits
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding
135 bits
612 bits
612 bits124 bits36 bitsSB = 8
1392 bits
45 bits
Data = 592 bits BCS TB
612 bits
612 b its 612 b its
1836 bits
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding
EFBIData = 592 bits BCS TBEFBI
612 bits 612 bits 612 bits
P3 P1
3 bits
HCS
puncturing
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Example: Family A...
Coding and puncturing for MCS-6; rate 0.49 8PSK,
one RLC block per 20 ms
P2P1
puncturing
1836 bits
USFRLC/MAC
Hdr.Data = 74 octets = 592 bits BCS
36 bits
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding
99 bits
612 bits
1248 bits100 bits36 bitsSB = 8
1392 bits
33 bits
TBFBI EHCS
3 bits
1248 bits
+1 bit
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Example: Family A...
Coding and puncturing for MCS-3; rate 0.80 GMSK,
one RLC block per 20 ms
P1 P3P2
puncturing
948 bits
USFRLC/MAC
Hdr.Data = 37 octets = 296 bits BCS
12 bits
Rate 1/3 convolutional coding
108 bits
316 bits
372 bits68 bits12 bitsSB = 12
464 bits
36 bits
TBFBI EHCS
3 bits
372 bits 372 bits
puncturing
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EDGE Link Throughput
9
GMSK
8-PSK
MCS-1
MCS-9
8-PSK
GMSK
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0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
9 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5
s ing le -s lo t
Mult i - s lo t
Average User Throughput (kb/s)
Multi-slot Gain
Ave. # of users per sector
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Incremental Redundancy(IR)
Send redundancy only ifnecessary
Generalized Type-II ARQ
Finer granularity of code rate Example Data Parity
Rate 11st attempt
Rate 1/22nd attempt
Rate 1/33rd attempt
Transmitter
Receiver
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State Diagram for IR
DataBlock
ErrorDetection
ARQ
Error
Detection
Accept data
block
Block
in error
No error
Initial data
transmission
Block
in error
Transmit
parity or
data sub-block
No error
Deliver to upper layer
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IR Gain
Avg..
throughput
vs..
Loading
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EDGE for 3G Wireless:
Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
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Network Architecture Example
GPRSGPRS+
IPX.25new
protocol ?
GSMGPRSEDGE
WCDMA
Wireless AccessNetwork
CoreNetwork
(IP based)
Packet DataNetwork
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Deployment Scenario
GPRSbackbone
SGSNGGSN
GGSN
BG
PublicInternet
Backbone
router
routerserver
router
SGSN
Edge
Edge
GPRSbackbone
GGSN
GGSNBG
SGSN
WCDMA
Inter-operator
GPRS
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GPRS-136 Architecture
Gf GiGn
Gb'
C-D
Gp
Gs'
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Signalling Interface
TE MT BS TEPDN
R Um'
GrGPRS
HLR
Other PLMN
SGSN
GGSN
ANSI-41
HLR/AC
GGSN
EIR
SGSN
Gn
ANSI-41
Serving
MSC/VLR
ANSI-41
Gateway-
MSC/VLR
E
ANSI-41
MC/OTAF
N
SME
MQ
C-D
Gc
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Relay
NetworkService
GTP
ApplicationIP / X.25
SNDCP
LLC
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
SNDCP
LLC
BSSGP
L1bis
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
BSSGP
L1bis
Relay
L2
L1
IP
L2
L1
IP
GTP
IP / X.25
Um Gb Gn GiMS BSS SGSN GGSN
NetworkService
UDP /TCP
UDP /TCP
GTP GPRS TunnelingProtocolSNDCP Sub-network Dependent Convergence ProtocolBSSGP Base Station System GPRS ProtocolLLC Logical Link ControlRLC Radio Link Control
Protocol Stack:Transmission Plane
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GSM Architecture
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E l f k t
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Example for packet
routing in GPRS
E l f GPRS I t t
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Example of GPRS Internet
Connection
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EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
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Compact versus Classic
Fundamental difference is the frequency reuse and
minimum startup spectrum: Compact (1/3 and 2x 600 kHz)
and for Classic (4/12 and 2x 2.4 MHz)
Classic is specified by ETSI SMG2
Compact is specified by the PDFG of the UWCC Compact achieves 4/12 reuse on control channels by
combining 4/4 time reuse with 1/3 space reuse
Compact achieves 2x spectral efficiency of Classic on
traffic channels by combining 1/3 reuse with partial
loading
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1/3 Frequency Re-use
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1/3 Frequency Re-use
(EDGE Compact)
3 x 200 kHz carrier, reused in every site
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Control Channels for Compact
F2
Time
Group 3
F1
Time
Group 4
F1
Time
Group 1
F3Time
Group 3
F2
Time
Group 2
F1Time
Group 2
F3
Time
Group 4
F2
Time
Group 1F3
Time
Group 2
F2
Time
Group 4
F1
Time
Group 3
F3Time
Group 1
F3
Time
Group 2
F2
Time
Group 4
F1
Time
Group 3
F3Time
Group 1
F2
Time
Group 3
F1Time
Group 4
F3
Time
Group 2
F1
Time
Group 2
F1Time
Group 4
F3
Time
Group 2
F2
Time
Group 3
F1
Time
Group 4
F1
Time
Group 2
F3
Time
Group 4
F2
Time
Group 1
F3
Time
Group 3
F2
Time
Group 4F3
Time
Group 1
F2
Time
Group 2
F2
Time
Group 1
F3
Time
Group 3
F2
Time
Group 2
F3
Time
Group 4
4/99,UWCC.GTF.PDFG: agreed on a time-reusesolution to provide control channels with good reliability
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Compact Prerequisites
Base Station Frame Synchronization - so that all
base stations can be switched on/off synchronously
to achieve reuse in time
Modified air-interface protocols - to be able to
handle the resulting discontinuous nature of
transmissions
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Control/Traffic Channel
Reuse for Compact
Reuse for control and reuse for traffic channels are
independent of each other
The actual reuse employed - for traffic or control - is operator
controlled and limited only by the available spectrum Typically, 4/12 is used for control and 1/3 for traffic.
However, other combinations are also possible subject to
performance requirements, environment and spectrum
availability.
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010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3/9 reuse
4/12 reuse
Prob. (BLER > =X) (%)
X
(%)
Control Channel Performance
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EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system
GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
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Performance Enhancements for EDGE
Link Improvement:
Terminal diversity and interference suppression
Base smart antennas
Base and terminal diversity: MIMO Transmit diversity: e.g., S-T codes
Medium Access Control:
Mode 0
Time-slot management (Dynamic Packet Assignment)
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Improvement by Terminal Diversity and
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0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0
Bps/Hz/site (%)
Ave. # of users per sector
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
100 200 300 400 500
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)
Throughput per site (kb/s)
Improvement by Terminal Diversity and
Interference Suppression for Compact: System
Implication
Improvement by Downlink Smart Antenna
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p o e e t by o S a t te a
for Compact: User Experience
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Baseline
Smart Antenna
Prob. (throughput
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0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0
0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0
Bps/Hz/site (%)
Ave. # of users per sector
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
100 200 300 400 500
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)
Throughput per site (kb/s)
Improvement by Downlink Smart Antenna for
Compact: System Implication
4 beams/sector; fixed
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Mode 0
No transmission mode: Mode 0 Delay assigning resource to a user if its channel quality is not
good
Cutoff Threshold to delay transmissions
Features Reduce unnecessary retransmissions
Control traffic load
Improve spectrum efficiency
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Improvement by Mode-0for Compact:
User Experience
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
w/o Mode-0
with Mode-0
Prob. (throughput
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Improvement by Mode-0:
System Implication
Bps/Hz/site (%)
Ave. # of users per sector
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
100 200 300 400 500
Without Mode-0
With Mode-0
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)
Throughput per site (kb/s)
Interference Management
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Synch CDMA
Dynamic Power Channel Allocation Algor 1
Dynamic Power Channel Allocation Algor 2
Dynamic Channel Allocation Algor 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
5 7.5 10 12.5 15
SNR (dB)
Efficie
ncy
Results are from G. J. Pottie, System Design Choices in Personal Communications,
IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Oct. 1995, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 50-67.
g
(Averaging vs. Avoidance)
Efficiency: IS-136 4%; IS-95 4 to 7%; GSM 4%(3 Sectors/cell)
TDMA with Dynamic Assignment
can achieve better efficiency than CDMA!
Measurement Based
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Measurement-Based
Dynamic Packet Assignment
RPA: random packet
assignment
LI-DPA: least interference
based dynamic packet
assignment
15%-30% gain in capacity
Implementation requirements
SINR measurements at
terminal
Low latency signaling
channel over the air
240 320280
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EDGE for 3G Wireless: Outline
3G Wireless Data Overview
EDGE history & standards activity
The EDGE radio link & radio system
GPRS/EDGE networks
EDGE Classic and EDGE Compact
Technology Roadmap for PerformanceEnhancements
Conclusions
C l i
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Conclusions
EDGE is a 3G technology offering a common migration
path and convergence for GSM and TDMA operators
EDGE Compact can be deployed with < 2x 1 MHz of
spectrum
EDGE supports IP packet data at peak rates > 384 kbps Voice over IP is planned for EDGE R2000 standards
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Conclusions, cont.
Link adaptation and Incremental Redundancy improve wireless datathroughput
High rates @ good SIR, smoothly adapting to low rates
Less redundancy transmitted if not needed
Tight reuse (1/3) improves spectrum efficiency
Soft capacity with partial loading Also good for initial startup with small spectrum
Uses time reuse with synchronized base stations to address common
control channel performance issues
Possible Enhancements:
PHY: Diversity & Interference Suppression, smart antennas, MIMO... MAC: Intelligent channel assignment