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ECONOMIC, SOCIO-CULTURAL AND PHYSICAL IMPACTS OF
TOURISM
(A Case Study of Elephanta Caves, Matheran Hill Station, Janjira Fort and Pali‟s Shri
Ballaleshwar Ganesha)
5.0 INTRODUCTION
5.1 METHODOLOGY
5.2 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPEMNT
5.3 THE SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
DEVELOPEMNT
5.4 THE PHYSICAL IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPEMNT
395
5.0 INTRODUCTION
In the previous topic economic, social and demographic characteristics of
tourist who visited the Raigad district were analyzed on the basis of primary
data. Most of the tourist had came from nearby cities and villages. They were of
different castes, religions and having different economic status. They also
visited various tourist destinations of the Raigad district.
The local persons provide facilities like accommodation, food, transport,
amenities to the tourist. That is why tourists enjoy the destination but some of
the destinations do not provide such facilities and services. Therefore these
problems are the causes of economical, social and cultural impact of the region.
Researcher has found that attitude and responses of tourist on residents and their
impacts are influenced by several factors. Here is an attempt has been made to
evaluate economic, social and cultural impacts for Elephanta Caves, Matheran,
Janjira fort and Pali in Raigad district. These centers are comparaively more
rushed and crowdy than the other tourist centers in the district.
Tourism is an industry with enormous economic impacts. It is also an
industry that has many social and cultural or physical consequences. Tourism
like many other industries is often used as a national or regional development
tool. In general, tourism development within a host community often has impact
on the community both in positive and negative ways. These impacts have been
well documented and are usually classified as economic, social and cultural
impacts.
Tourism is a cause for economic and changes in socio-demographic
factors such as age, gender, income, length of stay, education level ethnicity.
Tourism is a commercial activity and therefore tourism can create employment
opportunities, foreign exchange earnings and also increases the standard of
living of host people.
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Tourism brings more opportunities to upgrade facilities such as outdoor
recreation, park and roads and also socio-economic benefits to the local
community, in terms of faster economic growth, larger jobs, foreign exchange
earnings, balanced development of weaker areas and higher revenue to the state
and causes sustainable human development.
Tourists spend their money on a wide variety of goods and services. They
purchase food and beverage, transport and communication, entertainment
services, and also spend on accommodation, goods from retail outlets and tour
or travel services. This money may be seen as an injection of demand into the
host economy. However the value of tourist expenditure represents only a
partial picture of the economic impacts.
The impact brought about by the interaction of host and guest is a well
documented phenomenon. Positive type of interaction provides a favorable
association between the tourist and their socio-cultural impacts. Tourists
influence on the behavioural change of the host population.
Tourism has been charged not only with the debasement of socio-cultural
factors but also with degradation of the environment. As well as it is
contributing to changes in value system, individual behaviour, family
relationship, collective lifestyles, safety levels, moral conduct and community
organization. Attractions, accommodation, ancillary services and amenities are
the basic element of tourism. These elements help to indicate the development
of tourism in the district. For that purpose Elephanta Caves, Matheran. Janjira
Fort and Pali destinations are evaluated through this point of view.
5.1 METHODOLOGY
The resident‟s attitude survey has been the common method that is used
for the assessment of economic, social and physical or cultural impacts of
tourism. In this approach respondents were asked to indicate their behaviour and
397
attitude towards the impact of tourism development. Attitude survey can
provide useful information about the impacts of tourism on the residents and
society. The impact study is an attempt to examine empirically the residents‟
perception of impacts of tourism rather than measure of actual impacts. For the
assessment of the impacts, community groups residents were selected at four
centers, Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. A questionnaire was
designed exploring respondents perceptions of the wide range of economic,
social and cultural impacts.
For measuring the attitudes of the residents towards tourism development,
indicated descriptive statistic analysis was used. This measurement scale
consists of 11 variables reflecting the perceived economic impacts, 15 variables
reflecting socio-cultural impacts and 8 variables reflecting physical impact of
tourism on residents. Respondents were asked to provide answers on each
variable which was measured by a seven point Likert Scale ranging from -3
strongly disagree to +3 strongly agree with „0‟(zero) no response or undecided.
Likert scale is a measurement instrument which is used in quantitative
research. It contains a number of statements or indicators with a scale. In such
scale no judges are used to rank the scale statements; it is assumed that all
subject will perceive strongly agree a expressing greater favour towards the
attitude statement than moderately agree and strongly disagree with the attitude
represented (Likert, 1967, Lankford, 1994).
The questions or statements help to understand the economical, social and
cultural or physical impacts of the tourists on residents of a respective region.
These impacts should be expressed positively and negatively to encourage
respondents not to respond automatically but to think about every items.
There are seven response alternatives for every attitude statements. These
are strongly disagree, moderately disagree, disagree, no response or undecided,
398
agree, moderately agree and strongly agree. The resulting ranging from - 3 to +
3 ( - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2, + 3) to find individual overall attitude of the
residents.
5.2 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Tourism alters the economic structure of a destination. The economic
impact of tourism is the subject of analysis at two ways. One is generally
positive about industry prospects while other is negative. Tourism is a major
element of sources of capital and income to the local people. The economic
significance of tourism activity is taking place, but also by the type and nature
of economy being considered.
Tourists spend their money on a wide variety of goods and services and
related tourism products. The economic impacts of tourism more is known
about the economic benefits of tourism than the associated costs. Tourism can
create employment opportunities, earn foreign exchange, produce return on
investment for emerging economics, bring technology and improve standard of
living. Tourism can also help to generate jobs and increase revenue to local
people and shopping facilities. Tourism can cause major effect on economics of
destination area for price of land to rise rapidly.
Tourism development has often received support from the government
and local residents. Therefore for the sustainable development of tourism one
should take balanced view towards the economic impacts of tourism which
assess both the benefits and cost of tourism development.
Here, the economic impact of tourism development on destination is
understood at the local level and mostly to understand the present status of
tourism development in the Raigad district and selected case studies. Tourism
is encouraged at the local level due to ability to generate employment in hotels,
resorts, restaurants, cottages, parks, transport operators, travel agents,
399
entertainment and local business. Also change their lifestyle and it provides
support to the other sectors of the economy.
The economic impact of tourism has been commonly be viewed as a
positive force which increases total income for the host country, direct and
indirect employment and tax revenues; it also stimulates secondary economic
growth. Economist consider the tourism as an „basic income‟ from tourism, it
helps to pay for goods and services, imported from other regions and
contribution to government revenues through taxes, that can be used to develop
community and infrastructural facilities and service to asset in general economic
development.
5.2.1 Economic Impact Indicators of Tourism Development
1. Increase in the income of residents
2. Opportunity for shopping
3. Opportunity for jobs
4. Demand for female labour
5. Increased cost of land and housing
6. Increase in general prices of goods and services
7. Rental houses as a source of income
8. Scarcity of essential goods during season
9. Degradation of cultural and commercial goods
10. Increased the number of hotels / resorts
11. Commercial view point of local people
5.2.2. Perception of Residents Response to Economic Impact of Tourism
400
For the assessment of economic impact of tourism on the residents,
responses were collected at selected destinations in the Raigad district. Impact
of tourism is calculated through mean given in the table
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
ON RESIDENTS OF ELEPHANTA CAVES, MATHERAN, JANJIRA FORT AND PALI
Sr.
No
Indicators
Elephanta
Caves
Matheran Janjira Pali
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
1 Increase in the
income of residents
2.12 0.77 2.24 0.62 2.08 0.72 2.06 0.76
2 Opportunity for
shopping
2.2 0.69 2.14 0.69 2.16 0.73 2.06 0.73
3 Opportunity for
jobs
2.08 0.72 2.12 0.77 1.22 1.36 1.04 1.33
4 Demand for female
labour
-1.8 0.72 -1.96 0.66 -1.78 0.92 -1.9 0.85
5 Increased cost of
land and housing
2.14 0.72 1.78 0.70 2.02 0.76 1.98 0.73
6 Increase in general
prices of goods and
services
2.04 0.77 1.12 0.99 2.08 0.74 2.12 0.71
7 Rental houses as
source of income
-1.92 0.74 1.58 0.78 1.98 0.71 2.06 0.73
8 Scarcity of essential
goods during
season
-1.98 0.73 -1.92 0.72 -1.84 0.70 -1.92 0.74
9 Degradation of
cultural goods to
commercial goods
-1.88 0.68 -1.92 0.67 -1.68 0.93 -1.68 0.93
10 Increased in the
numbers of hotels /
resorts
1.92 0.74 1.46 1.25 1.88 0.77 2.1 0.75
11 Commercial view
point of local
people
1.76 0.91 1.3 1.08 1.04 1.26 0.96 1.18
0.61 2.04 0.71 1.86 0.83 1.86 0.81 1.88
Source: Compiled by Author SD= Standard Deviation
Table 5.1 Economic Impact of Tourism on Residents of Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira Fort and Pali
401
Table 5.1 highlight attitude of the residents at Elephanta caves, Matheran,
Janjira fort and Pali, perception towards the tourism development with positive
economic effects such as increase in the income of residents, increasing
opportunities for shopping, increase in jobs, increasing the cost of land and
housing, increase in general price of goods and services, increase in the number
of hotels/ resorts and commercial view point of local people.
Residents of Elephanta caves felt that the tourist cause the higher effect
on the increase in the income of residents (+2.12), increasing opportunity for
shopping (+2.2), increasing opportunity for jobs (+2.08), increasing the cost of
land and housing (+2.14), increase in general price of goods and services
(+2.04), increase in the number of hotels/ resorts (+1.92) and commercial view
point of local people (+1.76). On the other side residents of Elephanta caves
have observed and noted negligible economic impact on the demand for female
labour ( -1.8), rental houses as source of income (-1.92), scarcity of essential
goods during season (-1.98) and degradation of cultural goods as commercial
goods (-1.88). An Elephanta cave is an island and located very close to
Mumbai, so that tourists have made maximum economic impacts of tourism on
residents of Sheth Bandar and Mora Bandar.
Residents of Matheran feel that the tourist causes positive economic
effects on the increase in the income of residents (+2.24), increasing
opportunity for shopping (+2.14), increasing opportunity for jobs (+2.12),
increase cost of land and housing (+1.78), increase in general price of goods and
services (+1.12), rental houses as source of income (+1.58), increasing number
of hotels and resorts (+1.46) and commercial view point of local people (+1.3).
On the other hand the residents of Matheran have refused the economic effects
of tourism development to the local people for some indicators such as demand
for female labour (-1.96) scarcity of essential goods during season (-1.92) and
degradation of cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.92).
402
The residents‟ attitude towards economic effect of tourism on Janjira fort
(Rajpuri village) felt that, it was found that the positive effects on local
community like increase in the income of residents (+2.08), increasing
opportunities for shopping (+2.16), increased opportunity for jobs (+1.22),
increase in the cost of land and housing (+2.02), increase in general prices of
goods and services (+2.08), rental houses as source of income (+1.98)
increasing numbers of hotels and resorts (+1.88) and commercial view point of
local people (+1.04). But residents of Rajpuri village deny the economic
impacts on demand of female labour (-1.78), scarcity of essential goods during
season (-1.84) and degradation of cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.68)
due to tourism development in this place.
Perception of residents attitude towards the economic effects of tourism
on Pali, there were some positive effects such as increase in the income of
residents (+2.06), increasing opportunities for shopping (+2.06), increased
opportunity for jobs (+1.04), increase the cost of land and housing (+1.98),
increase in general prices of goods and services (+2.12), rental houses as source
of income (+2.06) increasing numbers of hotels and resorts (+2.1) and
commercial view point of local people (+ 0.96). On the other hand resident of
Rajpuri village have noticed negligible effects such as demand of female labour
(-1.9), scarcity of essential goods during season (-1.92) and degradation of
cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.68).
As compared to the other destinations in Raigad district is having more effects
because of the maximum local people depend on tourism activity. So, there is
no alternative for economic development of these tourist centers. These centers
are self significant as cultural, natural, historical and religious attractions.
It is observed that the impact of tourism on the local economy of four
centers is nearer to equal and has good effect. That means the positive effects
help to develop the economy of the region such as increase in income of the
403
residents, increasing jobs and shopping facilities, but the rate of the effect is
very low.
ECONOMIC ATTITUDE INDEX- MEAN AND
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS Sr.
No
Average Score
Percentage of Respondents
Elephanta
Caves
Matheran Janjra
Fort
Pali
1 +2.00 to +2.99 19.46 15.64 18.23 18.35
2 +1.00 to +1.99 28.00 28.27 30.36 30.91
3 +0.00 to +0.99 15.27 23.27 17.45 16.91
4 0.00 1.27 1.82 5.27 5.10
5 -0.00 to -0.99 10.55 10.18 10.64 10.73
6 -1.00 to -1.99 18.00 14.55 11.64 11.64
7 -2.00 to -2.99 7.45 5.64 5.64 6.36
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.2 Economic Attitude Index mean and Percentage of
Respondents
Table 5.2 indicates that, the overall attitude index-mean of economic
impact on residents of Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort (Rajpuri) and
Pali. About 19.46 per cent residents of Elephanta caves have strongly agree with
small positive economic impact other than Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. Now
these tourists‟ centers are popular. Mostly neighboring tourists are frequently
visited to that place during the weekend and holiday time. About 4.64 per cent
residents of Matheran and Janjira fort (Rajpuri), disagree with economic
impacts.
404
RESIDENTS ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN
Destination Index Mean S.D. / 𝝈
Elephanta Caves + 0.61 2.04
Matheran + 0.71 1.86
Janjira Fort + 0.83 1.86
Pali + 0.81 1.88
+ indicates the positive impact
- indicates the negligible impacts
Higher the values larger the effects
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.3 Residents Attitude Index Mean
Table 5.3 highlight that mean attitude index mean for Elephnata caves is
+0.61, Matheran +0.72, Janjira fort is + 0.83 and Pali + 0.81. These values
indicates the overall small positive effects of tourism. Because all above
destinations have become popular and attractive. Elephanta caves is culturally
famous for „World Heritage Site‟, Matheran is famous hill station, during the
summer season large number of tourists get atracted to Matheran for enjoyong
the nature‟s beauty. Janjira fort located near to Murud town and reminders the
history of Siddi‟s Nabab and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, lastly Pali is holy
place and one of the Ashthavinayaks Ganesh, tourist believing this god. So
people visit to that places frequently.
5.3 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
DEVELOPEMNT
The social impact of tourism development refer to changes in the quality of
life of residents of tourist destionation. Social impacts not only benefit for the
development of tourism but also intraction between residents and visitors and
405
promote social transformation. The speed and concentration and the magnitude
and direction of social impacts must be taken into account when attempting to
attribute the cause of scoial impacts.
The social and cultural impacts of tourism are the way in which tourism is
contributing to change in value system, individual behaviour, family
relationship, life style, safety level, moral conduct, religion, language,
interpersonal relationship at the destination. These social impact affect on the
local people of host communities of their direct and indirect association with
tourists. Firstly, tourist purchasing some goods or services from the local
people. Secondly tourist and local people find themsleves sideby side and
thirdly tourists come face to face with the object of exchanging information and
ideas. This third sitaution is more important for international understandings.
However, the first two are common.
The tourist is mobile,relaxed, free spending, enjoying the leisure and
absorbing the experience of being in a different places whereas the local people
are stationary and employed in the tourist industry, spend a large portion of the
time for needs and desire of visitors.
The demonstration effect is also an aspect of the direct social impact of
tourism. Tourist influence the behaviour of the host population. The local
people tend to observe and learn the life style of the richer visitors from affluent
societies and try to emulate their way of life. However expansion of tourism,
cuase cultural commercialization, increase in crime rate, gambling, drug abuse,
prostitution is common. Thus impacts of tourism on traditional life styles are
important, where these traditions are considered from the basis of the tourism
development.
The impacts of tourism mainly depends on tourist and destination factors.
The tourist factors are those which tourists bring to the destination, it includes
406
demographic characteristics,social differences and number of visitors.
Destination factor are those that are part of the destination itself. It includes
travel linkage and circulation, local acceptance of tourism and local vitality and
leadership.
In respect of social imapcts of tourist destination there is a problem by host
which are of different ways such as positive and negative impacts. The number
of tourists remain below this critical level because of economic impact is
positive. Mostly the presence of tourist in the destination area is welcoming and
accepted by majority of local people. The attitude of the host people towards the
tourism development may unfold through apathy, irritation and potentially
antagonism, when anti-tourist attitude begin gaining among host of people,
when the carying capacity is over which is known as peak point. Because due
to the tourist arrival the size of the local population and their facilities and
services are congested. Therefore over use of the infrastructure ultimately
affects the destination lifestyle on the tourists also shy away from a degraded
destination.
5.3.1 Socio-cultural Impacts Indicators of Tourism
For the assessment of scoial impact of the tourism on residents of Elephnata
caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. The following parameters are taken into
account.
1. Increase in density of population
2. Quality of police protection
3. Strain on police protection
4. Increase in crime rate
5. Commercialization of tradition and customs
6. Improved standard of living
7. Change in occupational structure
407
8. Role of MTDC/ ASI in development of this pilgrimage / cultural centers
9. Spreading of epidemics
10. Active participation of local social organization towards the facilities of
tourists
11. Increase in the activities of drug abuse and gambling
12. Increase in the activities of prostitution
13. Duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining
14. Change in values, norms and customs
15. Awaking general awarness towards the preservation of cultral heritage
and traditions
5.3.2 Perception of Residents Response to Socio-cultural Impact of Tourism
For the assessment of socio-cultural impact of tourism on the residents,
responses at selected destinations in Raigad district are collected. Impact of
tourism is calculated through mean given in the table
408
SOCIO- CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM ON RESIDENTS OF ELEPHANTA CAVES, MATHERAN, JANJIRA
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.4 Socio- Cultural Impact of Tourism on Residents of Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira Fort and Pali
Table 5.4 highlights the resident‟s response to the social impacts of
tourism on Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. The positive social
impacts includes increase in density of population, improved standard of living,
Sr.
No
Indicators Elephanta
Caves
Matheran Janjira Pali
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
1 Increases in density of
population in the town /
village
2.24 0.81 2.36 0.77 2.28 0.78 2.24 0.81
2 Quality of police protection
improved
-1.64 0.79 -1.4 1.06 -1.2 1.17 -1.4 0.96
3 Strain on police protection -0.64 1.25 2.1 0.73 -1.7 0.85 -1.88 0.65
4 Increase in crime rate -0.38 1.28 -1.52 0.85 -1.64 0.87 -1.08 1.31
5 Commercialization of
traditions and customs
-0.26 0.56 -0.14 0.63 -0.14 0.63 -0.20 0.63
6 Improved standard of living 1.88 0.77 1.8 0.63 1.98 0.62 1.88 0.65
7 Change in occupational
structure
2.54 0.73 2.58 0.70 2.08 0.66 2.16 0.67
8 Role of MTDC / ASI in
development of this pilgrim/
cultural centre
2.36 0.79 1.66 0.79 2.14 0.75 1.86 0.72
9 Spreading of epidemics -1.16 0.67 -1.08 0.72 -0.72 1.06 -1.74 0.93
10 Increase the activities of drug
abuse & gambling
-1.72 1.02 -1.42 0.98 -1.7 0.92 -1.76 0.88
11 Increase in the activities of
prostitution
-1.92 0.91 -1.96 0.75 -1.62 0.89 -1.4 1.02
12 Active participation of local
social organization towards
the facilities of tourists
2.18 0.77 0.96 1.13 2.12 0.77 2.9 0.30
13 Duel pricing system and
attitude towards bargaining
1 1.28 2.1 0.70 0.7 1.49 1.48 1.27
14 Changes in values, norms
and customs
1.7 0.92 1.76 0.88 2.14 0.72 1.7 0.92
15 Awaking general awareness
towards the preservation of cultural heritage and
traditions
2.36 0.79 2 0.75 2.1 0.73 2.36 0.79
0.64 1.91 0.65 1.83 0.45 1.89 0.47 1.98
409
change in occupational structure of residents, role of MTDC/ ASI in
development of tourism, active participation of local social organizations
towards the facilities of tourist, duel pricing system and attitude towards
bargaining, changes in values, norms and customs and awaking in general
awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions. On the
other side of the socio-cultural impacts is a negative effect on residents. It
includes improved quality of police protection, strain on police protection,
increase in crime rate, commercialization of traditions and customs, spreading
of epidemics, increase the activities of drug and abuse and gambling and
increase in the activities of prostitution.
It reveals from table 5.4, residents in the Elephanta caves felt that the
tourist make positively social effect of increase in density of population (+2.24),
improved standard of living (+1.88), change in occupational structure of
residents (+2.54), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism (+2.36), active
participation of local social organizations towards the facilities of tourist
(+2.18), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+1.00), changes in
values, norms and customs (+1.7) and awaking in general awareness towards
the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.36). On the other hand
other indicators show negative effect on residents, such as the quality of
police protection (-1.64), strain on police protection (-0.64), increase in crime
rate (-0.38), commercialization of traditions and customs (-0.26), spreading of
epidemics (-1.16), increase the activities of drug abuse and gambling (-1.72)
and increase in the activities of prostitution (-1.92).
The residents of the Matheran feel that it has an effect on some social
indicators such as increase in density of population (+2.36), strain on police
protection (+2.1), improved standard of living (+1.8), change in occupational
structure of residents (+2.58), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism
(+1.66), active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities
410
of tourist (+0.96), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+2.1),
changes in values, norms and customs (+1.76) and awaking in general
awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.00).
On the other side all other indicators reflects the negative effect of tourist on
residents such as the improved quality of police protection (-1.4), increase in
crime rate (-1.52), commercialization of traditions and customs (-0.14),
spreading of epidemics (-1.08), increase the activities of drug and abuse and
gambling (-1.42) and increase the activities of prostitution (-1.96).
It reveals from table 5.4 that, the residents of Janjira fort (Rajpuri village)
feel that it has an effect on some positive social indicators such as, increase in
density of population (+2.28), improved standard of living (+1.98), change in
occupational structure of residents (+2.08), role of MTDC/ ASI in development
of tourism (+2.14), active participation of local social organizations towards the
facilities of tourist (+2.12), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining
(+0.7), changes in values, norms and customs (+2.14) and awaking in general
awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.1). On
the other hand, other indicators show negative effect on residents. Such as the
improved the quality of police protection (-1.2), strain on police protection (-
1.7), increase in crime rate (-1.64), commercialization of traditions and customs
(- 0.14), spreading of epidemics (- 0.72), increase the activities of drug abuse
and gambling (-1.7) and increase the activities of prostitution (-1.62).
Tables 5.4 explain that, the assessment of social effect on residents of Pali
village. There are some positive indicators such as increase in density of
population (+2.24), improved standard of living (+1.88), change in occupational
structure of residents (+2.16), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism
(+1.86), active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities
of tourist (+2.9), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+1.48),
changes in values, norms and customs (+1.7) and awaking in general awareness
411
towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.36). On the other
hand other indicators show negative effect on residents Pali village such as the
quality of police protection (-1.4), strain on police protection (- 1.88), increase
in crime rate (-1.08), commercialization of traditions and customs (-0.20),
spreading of epidemics (-1.74), increase the activities of drug and abuse and
gambling (-1.76) and increase the activities of prostitution (-1.4).
All the tourist destinations are very attractive, pleasant and recently
developed tourism site. There can be both positive and negative social impacts
resulting from tourism. These impacts depend on the type and intensity of the
tourism developed as well as the characteristics of the host society. It is found
that different community groups have varying reactions to their tourism
development, with no consequences reached by the whole community. The
social impact shows the positive effect as compared to other destination, it
shows maximum impact. But these positive and negative effects should change
seasonally. Therefore positive impact shows the remarkably starting the
development of tourism in Raigad district but this rate is low.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN AND PERCENTAGE
OF RESPONDENTS Sr.
No
Average Score
Percentage of Respondents
Elephanta
Caves
Matheran Janjra
Fort
Pali
1 +2.00 to +2.99 22.67 17.73 16.13 20.13
2 +1.00 to +1.99 18.93 23.60 22.93 19.87
3 +0.00 to +0.99 14.53 18.67 15.07 13.87
4 0.00 10.27 7.20 8.27 8.53
5 -0.00 to -0.99 15.73 15.73 16.80 15.60
6 -1.00 to -1.99 13.07 13.20 15.33 15.07
7 -2.00 to -2.99 4.80 3.87 5.47 6.93
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.5 Social Attitude Index Mean and Percentage Respondents
412
As shown in Table 5.5, the perceived impacts of tourism by residents
were measured by 15 impact items embodying both the benefits and costs of
tourism. Based on the mean and measures of impact items, some of the social
impacts that were most favored by Elephanta caves residents about 22.67 per
cent of resident‟s strongly agree with 15 items which is index score range from
+2.00 to +2.99. About 18.93 per cent residents moderately agree with social
indicators ranges from +1.00 to +1.99, About 14.53 per cent of residents on
Elephnata caves agree with such facilities which is index mean in +0.00 to
+0,99. About 10.27 per cent of residents no response towards social impact.
Index mean score ranges from -0.00 to -0.99, 15.73 per cent residents disagree
with social indicators on Elephnata caves. About 13.07 per cent resident‟s index
score in between -1.00 to -1.99.and about 4.80 per cent residents index score
ranges from -2.00 to -2.99, that means strongly disagree with social impact.
The resident‟s of Matheran, about 23.60 per cent resident moderately
agree with the 15 social indicators. About 3.87 per cent resident‟s response is
strongly disagree with the social parameters and about 7.20 per cent resident‟s
no response towards the social attitude . Resident‟s of Janjira fort (Rajpuri
village) observed the 22.93 per cent local people moderately agree with social
attitude, about 5.47 per cent residents strongly disagree with the social attitude
and 8.27 per cent no response towards the social attitude of positive and
negative indicators. For Pali, about 20.13 per cent resident‟s have noticed
strong agreement with social attitude, about 6.93 per cent resident‟s have put
result strongly disagree with social attitude and 8.53 per cent resident‟s have no
response with this attitude ,
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RESIDENTS ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN
Destination Index Mean S.D. / 𝝈
Elephanta Caves +0.64 1.91
Matheran +0.65 1.83
Janjira Fort +0.45 1.89
Pali +0.47 1.98
+ indicates the positive impact
- indicates the negative impacts
Higher the values larger the effects
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.6 Residents Attitude Index Mean
As shown in table 5.6 resident‟s attitude index mean for Elephanta caves
is + 0.64 , for Matheran + 0.65, for Janjira fort + 0.45 and for Pali + 0.47.
That means there is a less effects of tourism on resdent‟s of all tourist centers
agree with this effect of tourism on the social environment. The positive socio-
cultural indicators indicate good sign for the development of tourism in the
Raigad district.
The local ecomony of all tourist centers depends on tourism activity.
Majority of domestic and foreign tourists visit Matheran, Elephnata caves, and
Janjira fort during the summer and winter season. Both tourist enjoy the natural
beauty and experience the joy of toy train of Matheran, for taking pleasure of
sculpture carved in one stone of Maheshmurti. On Janjira fort tourists reminds
the history of Siddhi Nabab and Chhtrapati Shivaji Maharaj. But in case of Pali
holy place, tourists get attracted throughout the year for praying tributes Lord
Ganesh. Mostly devotees visit on the occasion of Ganesh Jayanti (Maghi
Chathurthi), Ganesh Chathurthi, Sankasthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi.
All the tourist places are located very close to Mumbai and Pune, tourist
do not accommodate for a long period of time. So there is no high rate of social
impact on the such tourist centers. Therefore positive social impact is a good
sign for the development of tourism in the Raigad district.
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5.4 THE PHYSICAL IMPACT OF TOURISM
Tourism lends itself to interaction between hosts and guests which can be
catalyst for change in cultural and community life (Smith, 1998). The physical
impact of tourism can be more difficult to assess as they are more of a
subjective or qualitative measures of impact on a destination in contrast to
quantitative economic measurement (Mason, 2003),
The cultural or physical impact of tourism needed careful consideration
as impacts can influence a community either positively or negatively. Tourism
can create great pressure on local resources like energy, food and other raw
materials. Greater extraction and transport of these resources exacerbates the
physical impacts associated with the exploitation.
Physical congestion experienced at the destination, increasing demand for
natural resources and also contributes to the source of solid waste residual
which creates the problem of air pollution, water and noise pollution,
degradation of environmental factors, development of construction for
accommodation, parking, water supplies, restaurants and recreational facilities.
Therefore the physical impacts are on the local communities of their direct and
indirect association with the tourists.
Generally, tourist generate a great deal of waste, tourist on expedition
leave behind their garbage, toilet papers, plastic bags, cups, wastage of food,
such practices degrade the environment. Physical impacts are caused not only
by tourism but by continuing tourist activities and long term change in local
economics and ecologies. Many types of physical or cultural indicators may be
generated by tourism development, however tourism is well planned. Developed
and managed it may also generate positive impacts.
Improvement that help tourism like better transportation and
communication, tree planting, restoration of historic sites, holly places, urban
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beautification and cleanliness, also improve the physical factors for the local
population. Tourism development can help to stimulate general community
improvement.
5.4.1 Physical Impact Indicators of Tourism Development
1. Overcrowding and congestion
2. Noise and air pollution
3. Quality of sewage and garbage disposal
4. Strain on public utility service and recreational facilities
5. Road conditions / ferry services
6. Need of separate place for parking
7. Availability of pure and adequate water supply
8. Development of basic infrastructure
5.4.2 Perception of Residents Response to Physical Impact of Tourism
Tourism is a basic element for the change of social attitude of the local
people. Physical aspects are the main attraction of tourists. For the assessment
of physical impact of tourism on the residents of Elephanta caves, Matheran,
Janjira fort and Pali. Impact of tourism is calculated in the table 5.7.
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PHYSICAL IMPACT OF TOURISM ON RESIDENTS OF ELEPHANTA CAVES,
MATHERAN, JANJIRA FORT AND PALI Sr.
No
Indicators Elephanta
Caves
Matheran Janjira Fort Pali
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
1 Overcrowding
and congestion
2.10 0.64 2.02 0.76 1.7 0.92 2.1 0.66
2 Noise and air
pollution
-1.58 1.04 -2.10 0.75 -0.36 1.21 -1.7 0.99
3 Quality of sewage
and garbage
disposal
1.70 0.78 1.70 0.90 2.14 0.69 1.8 0.80
4 Strain on public
utility services
and recreational
facilities
2.08 0.69 2.06 0.73 2 0.69 2.1 0.69
5 Road conditions/
Ferry services
2.12 0.65 2.02 0.65 1.54 1.28 1.8 0.64
6 Need of separate
place for parking
2.10 0.75 1.92 0.77 -1.06 1.39 1.9 0.69
7 Available pure
and adequate
water supply
-2.14 0.85 -2.12 0.77 -0.04 1.52 -1.9 1.14
8 Development in
basic
infrastructure
0.50 1.50 0.64 1.61 -0.24 1.87 0.6 1.61
0.86 1.89 0.77 1.95 0.71 1.73 0.83 1.85
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.7 Physical Impact of Tourism on Residents of Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira Fort and Pali
As shown in Table 5.7, it is clear idea regarding the residents attitude
towards the physical impact of tourism on the destination. Resident‟s of
Elephanta caves feel that, the positive physical impact such as overcrowding
and congestion (+2.10), quality of sewage and garbage disposal (+1.70), strain
on public utility services and recreational facilities (+2.08), ferry wharf service
(+2.12), need for separate place for parking (+2.10) and development of basic
417
infrastrucure (+0.50). On the other hand negative physical impacts affect on
resident‟s of the destination such as noise and air pollution (- 1.58) and
available pure and adeqaute water supply ( - 2.14).
Table 5.7 gives the idea about the perception of resident‟s response to
physical impact of tourism on the destination. Resident‟s of Matheran felt that,
the positive impact such as overcrowding and congestion (+2.02), quality of
sewage and garbage disposal (+1.70), strain on public utility services and
recreational facilities (+2.06), road condition (+2.02), need for separate place
for parking (+1.92) and development of basic infrastrucure (+1.50). On the
other hand negative physical impacts affect on resident‟s of the destination such
as noise and air pollution (- 2.10) and available pure and adeqaute water
supply ( - 2.12).
Table 5.7 depict that the physiacl effects of tourism on resident‟s of
Janjira fort, the positive impact helps to promote the tourism activity. Such
positive indicators are overcrowding and congestion (+1.7), quality of sewage
and garbage disposal (+2.14), strain on public utility services and recreational
facilities (+2.00), road condition (+1.54). On the other side tourist do not attract
or visit / revisit due to negative physical impacts such impacts are noise and air
pollution (- 0.36), need for separate place for parking (+1.06), available pure
and adeqaute water supply (- 0.04).and development of basic infrastrucure (-
0.24).
Table 5.7 shows that, about the attitude of physical effects of tourism
on Pali Resident‟s felt that, the positive physical impact such as overcrowding
and congestion (+2.1), quality of sewage and garbage disposal (+1.8), strain on
public utility services and recreational facilities (+2.1), road condition (+ 1.8) ,
need for separate place for parking (+1.9) and development of basic
infrastrucure (+0.60). On the other hand negative physical impacts affect on
resident‟s of the destination such as noise and air pollution (-1.7) and available
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pure and adeqaute water supply( - 1.9). This is a very famous and recently
developed tourist center, there physical impacts shows the positive effect and as
compared to other destinations it shows flow of tourist is much more during the
summer and winter season. The positive impacts are good indicator for tourism
development but this rate is slow.
PHYSICAL ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN AND PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS
Sr.
No
Average Score
Percentage of Respondents
Elephanta
Caves
Matheran Janjra
Fort
Pali
1 +2.00 to +2.99 16.00 16.50 12.25 13.75
2 +1.00 to +1.99 37.75 33.50 29.00 37.00
3 +0.00 to +0.99 16.25 19.25 26.25 20.75
4 0.00 1.00 1.25 2.25 0.75
5 -0.00 to -0.99 12.00 8.75 13.50 9.25
6 -1.00 to -1.99 9.25 12.00 13.75 11.25
7 -2.00 to -2.99 7.75 8.75 3.00 7.25
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.8 Physical Attitude Index Mean and Percentage of Respondents
Table 5.8 depicts the clear cut idea about the respondents‟agreement or
disagreement with the physical impacts of tourism on Elephanta caves,
Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. For assessment of all destinations it should
easily understand with eight items of physical impacts.
For the Elephanta caves, about 37.75 per cent resident‟s moderately
agreed with physical factors which range from +1.00 to +1.99. About 7.75 per
cent residents strongly disagree and only 1.00 per cent residents have noted no
response with physical impacts. For Matheran, about 33.5 per cent residents
moderately agree, about 12.00 per cent moderately disagree and only 1.25 per
cent residents no response towards this impacts. For Rajpuri village (Janjira
419
fort), about 29.00 per cent residents moderately agree, 12.25 per cent residents
strongly agree, 13.75 per cent residents moderately disagree and about 3.00 per
cent residents strongly agree with physical items. Only 2.25 per cent residents
provided no response towards the physical indicators. Lastly, for Pali village
residents, about 37.00 per cent residents moderately agree, about 13.75 per cent
residents strongly agree, about 11.75 per cent residents moderately disagree and
about 7.25 per cent residents of Pali strongly disagree with physical indicators.
Only 0.75 per cent residents provided no response for positive and negative
physical items.
Mostly residents of Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali has
moderately agree with physical impacts of tourism. That means there is no high
rate of physical impacts on residents of selected case studies. Therefore physical
impacts are the good indication of development of tourism in the Raigad
district.
RESIDENTS ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN
Destination Index Mean S.D. / 𝛔
Elephanta Caves +0.86 1.89
Matheran +0.77 1.95
Janjira Fort +0.71 1.73
Pali +0.83 1.85
+ indicates the positive impact
- indicates the negligible mpacts
Higher the values larger the effects
Source: Compiled by Author
Table 5.9 Residents Attitude Index Mean
As shown in table 5.9 resident‟s attitude index mean for Elephanta caves
is + 0.86 , for Matheran + 0.77, for Janjira fort + 0.71 and for Pali + 0.83. That
420
means there is a less effects of tourism of all tourist centers and they agree with
this effect of tourism on the physical environment. The positive physical
indicators are good signs for the development of tourism in the Raigad district.
421
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Cooper, C et.al (1999), Tourism Principles and Practices, Addison Wesley
Longman Publishing, New York, p-124-182.
2. Smith, M. K. and Robinson, M. (Eds), (1998), Cultural Tourism in a
Changing World: Politics, Partcipation, and (re) presentation United
Kingdom. Channel View Publications Ltd.
3. Mason, P. (2003), Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management. Jordan
Hill, Oxford
4. Likert, R. C. (1932), A Technique for the Measurement of Attitude, Archives
of Psychology.
5. Potdar, M. A. (2003), Tourism Development in South Konkan, Unpublished
Doctoral Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
6. Fariborz Aref, (2010), Residents‟ Attitudes Towards Tourism Impacts: A
case Study of Shiraz, Iran. Tourism Analysis, Vol. 15, e-journal.
