18
E C Pr Pr UM Ec De Econom Closure repared fo repared by Mass Donah conomic and ecember 20mic Impa r the Frank hue Institute d Public Poli14 acts of klin Region cy Research Vermo nal Counci h ont Yan il of Gover nkee rnments

Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

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Page 1: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

EC Pr Pr UMEc De

EconomClosure

repared fo

repared by

Mass Donahconomic and

ecember 201

mic Impa

r the Frank

hue Instituted Public Polic

14

acts of

klin Region

cy Research

f Vermo

nal Counci

h

ont Yan

il of Gover

nkee

rnments

Page 2: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

Introd

Entergy’stheConnTheTri‐CCounty,Nprovidedregionaljskilled,w

Figure 1

MaintenaStates, prthroughoproductiolossof itsRegion.ToftheecoWhilethemodel,wthe study

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

duction

sVermontYaecticutRiverCountyRegioNewHampshafoundationjobsandamwell‐compens

. The Vermo

ancecostsinrincipally naout the countonandstartshigh‐payaThisstudy,uonomicandj

eeconomicimwillbeimporty also assess

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

ankeeNucler,hasbeenaonincludesFhire (seeFignfortheTrimuchhighersatedjobs.

nt Yankee N

combinationatural gas, htry, includinofdecommindbenefits tusingavailablobimpactso

mpactresulttantastheyses the ramif

Closure

ch

arPowerStacrucialcompFranklinCoungure1). Asa‐Countyeconshareofthe

uclear Powe

nwithcompeave resultedngVermontYssioning),antoworkerswledataonVeontheTri‐Co

ts,includingtillustratethficationsof t

ation(“Vermponentofthnty,Massacha fullyoperanomy,directregion’swa

er Plant and t

etitionfromd in the planYankee. ThenticipatedtowillhaveasermontYankountyRegion

theirmultipleimmediatethe closurea

montYankeeeTri‐Countyhusetts;Windationalelectrtlyaccountinageandsalar

the Tri-Coun

other,lessexnned closuree closure oftakeplaceisignificant imkee’semploynresultingfro

liereffectsasemagnitudeas they relat

e”), located inyRegion’secdhamCountyricpowerplangforslightlyryincomedu

nty Region

xpensivepowe of numerothis facilitynthefourthmpactontheymentandpaomthedecom

sgeneratedfoftheclosurte to the eco

nVernon,Veconomyforoy,Vermont;ant,Vermonylessthanonuetohundre

wersourcesus nuclear p(i.e., cessatiquarterof2e largelyruraayroll,providmmissioning

fromaregioreimpactsoonomic and

2

ermontalongover40yearsandCheshirentYankeehanepercentoedsofhighly

intheUnitedpower planton of energy2014,andthealTri‐Countydesestimategoftheplant

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cn,c

Page 3: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

fundamenhighlypaplant’sskoperationdepth inwage,andThefollowYankee adecline inpowergebasedoncontainednationallThefindifoundatioandthepdiscussiointheTri

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

ntalsof theaid and skillekilledtechnicnsatVermonjob prospecdsalarylosse

winganalysias a fully opn economicenerationanndemonstratdTri‐Countylevelsasthey

ingsarelaidonoftheanaprogressiveronoftheclosi‐CountyReg

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

Tri‐CountyRedworkersciansarealrentYankeehacts to retainesfromthep

isincludesanerational poimpacts as fndgoes throutingtheeconyRegion.Totywouldcapt

outasfollowalysis;b)thereductionofureofVermogion.

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ch

Region. Thisare expectedeadyleavingavestopped.a large porplantclosure

nestimateofower generatfewer and feughsuccessinomicimpactaleconomictureagreate

ws:a)Vermeconomicimf economicimontYankeei

s last compod tomove togforotherpa. Thethree‐tion of Verewilllikelyta

fthedirectating, nuclearewer peopleivephasesotsoftheVercimpactsworrangeofsu

ontYankeeempactsofthempactsbrounthecontex

onent is impoother locatartsoftheco‐countyregiormont Yankeakeyearsto

andtotaleconr facility. Ite are neededofdecommissrmontYankeouldactuallyupplierstoth

employmentefullyoperaghtaboutbyxtofprevailin

ortantasmations. Recenountryevenondoesnotee’s employerecover.

nomicimpact then demod to work atsioning. TheeeclosureonbegreaterifheVermontY

tandpayrollationalVermydecommissngeconomic

anyofVermnt evidencebeforepowepresentlyofees,meaning

ctsgeneratedonstrates thet the propereanalysis, thntherelativefmeasuredaYankeepowe

lvaluesthatontYankeensioning;andcanddemogr

3

montYankee’indicates theergenerationffersufficieng the income

dbyVermone progressiverty as it endhroughout, ielysmallandatthestateoerplant.

tserveasthenuclearplanc)abroaderaphictrend

sente,

tessdr

etrs

Page 4: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

Direct

Overvi

TheVermmajorsupseeVermto six yecomparisthepropeVermont

Direct

In2014,higher thnuclear presponsibpayrollofAfterthethe plantexpects omanagemYankeeinand2016years,20phasewhofdryfueinitialweexisting,levels,wimillioninthattimebylowerin such jstorage.

1 Payroll anstudy among

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

tImpacts

iew

montYankeepplierofelemontYankee’ars to be fosonwithanerty. ThisseYankeeplan

Econom

VermontYanhan 600. Thpower plantbilities.Withftheoperatio

cessationoft begins theon‐site jobsment. Thedrn2014tothe6,jobsareex16‐2020,thehichwillreqelmanagemet fuelmanaghighly compillcontinuetn2020ifthee). After202relativewagobs as grou

d wage data werg regional and la

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

sofVermo

nuclearpowctricitytoNeseconomiccllowed by aoperatingnuectionwillbntcompared

ic Activit

nkeeemployhese employt, receive rehanestimatonalVermon

f powergenedecommissito fall fromrop in jobs oedryfuelmapectedtodeeformerVeruirefewerwentcouldbrgementphaspensatedwotobesignificwageandsa21,thesignifgelevelsasounds security

re not available fabor experts fam

Closure

ch

ontYanke

werplantiseewEngland.contributionlong‐perioduclearpowerrieflydescritothenumb

ty

yed550peopyees, most relatively higedaverageantYankeewo

rationatVeroningproce

m 550 in 20over only sixanagementpclineto316montYankeeworkers(appringemploymsesofthederkers. For tcantthroughalarylevelsoficantlyloweccupationssy while the

for 2014, but an miliar with Verm

eeDecom

expectedtoclTheclosurestotheTri‐Cd of continuerplant)assobeandcomperofjobsexp

pleaccordingequiring vergh wage andannualwageouldbeabou

rmontYankess. Presently14 to as fewxor sevenyphasebeginnduringaperenuclearpowproximately1mentlevelsoecommissionthis reason,hatleast202ofVermontYerjoblevelsshiftfromtecsite goes thr

estimate of overont Yankee and

mmissioni

loseinlate2eandensuinCountyRegioed but veryociatedwithparethe jobpecteddurin

gtoEntergyry specialized salary levperworkert$58million

eeinlate201y, the plannew as 24 duryearsbetweeningin2021riodofwetfuwerplantwi127).Finallyon‐sitedownning,Vermontotal payrol20(i.e.,payrYankee’sopeattheVermochnicalworkrough what

r $105,000 per wdeemed consist

ingandCl

2014andthungdecommisonfallsharplow economthedecontasandpayrolngthedecom

y.Asrecentlyed skills to mvels reflectivofapproximnin2014.1

14,joblevelsed timeline fring an exteen theoperawillbesharpuel(hot)manillbeinawey,beginningntoasfewantYankeewill, though onrollin2020cerationphaseontYankeeskerstoahighmay be mo

worker developetent with likely 2

losure

usendits42ssioningprocplyoverthecmic activity (aminationanllatthefullymmissioningp

yat2011,thmanage andve of theirmately$105,0

satthesitewfor the decoended periodational phasep(seeFigurenagement.Fetfuel(cool)gin2021,alas24. Durinillcontinuetnly a fractioncouldbeashearemaintasitemaybeaherproportioore than a d

ed for 2011 was v2014 compensati

4

yearrunasacesswillalsocourseoffive(especially inndsecurityoyoperationaprocess.

hisfigurewad operate thetraining and000,thetota

willdeclineaommissioningd of dry fueeof Vermone2).In2015oraboutfoumanagemenongerperiodgatleastthetoemployitn of previouhighas$13.5ainedthroughaccompaniedonofworkerdecade of dry

vetted for this ion levels.

aoenofal

sedal

sgelt5rtdess5hdsy

Page 5: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

Figure 2and the

Source: ENote: Thedepicted i VermontVermonttheplantemployeeforthereentertaineconomypercent oemployeeCounty.3areheldplantwas

2 Entergy prhttp://public3Countyes

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

. Worker NuDecommissi

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Yankee’s emYankeewort’slocationclesisanimpoegion(seeFinment reverby.TheTri‐Coof the totales lived iInthiseconconstant insoperational

resentation to thecservice.vermontstimatesfor201

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

umbers at theioning Phase

ember 2014. om wet fuel (cribing Vermo

mployees livrkersliveovelosetothecortantpieceoigure6onpberates throountyregionin 2014 priin Windhaomicimpactfutureyearsl,itwillhave

e Nuclear Decomt.gov/sites/psd/fi14arebasedon

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e Vermont Yaes Begin

(hot) to wet fuont Yankee’s

ve and spenderwhelminglenteroftheofthisanalysage11)andough the Triwashometoior to the pm County,analysis,thes (e.g., if thee89percent

mmissioning Citfiles/NDCAP%2nanactual2011

ankee Site W

uel (cool) man staffing trans

d a large parlywithinthe2,250squarsisastheirbtheirspendi‐County Rego481ofVerplant closure 176 inesharesofVregionhadof127emplo

tizens Advisory P0September%201allocationapp

Will Decline a

nagement is asition to deco

rt of their eeTri‐Countyremileregiobuyingpowedingwhethergion, providrmontYankee. In 2014,Cheshire

VermontYank89percentoyeesin202

Panel, Septembe025th%202014%pliedtothe2014

as Power Ge

anticipated toommissioning

earningswheRegion(seen.Theresidrissignificanronhomes,rding criticalee’s550empan estimateCounty, a

keeemployeof550empl20duringdec

er 25, 2014. We%20Presentation4employment

nerating Ope

o occur duringg.2

ere they reseFigure3),adencyofVermntlygreaterrestaurants,support to

ployees,accoued 204 Vermand 101esbycountyloyees in20commissioni

eb: %20-%20Final.ptotalforVermo

5

erations End

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Page 6: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

Figure 3

Source:Vcountynuemployee

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

. Place of R

VermontYanumbersapples

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

esidence for

nkee(2014);ythe2011g

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ch

r Vermont Ya

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ankee Emplo

montYankee’laceofreside

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yRegion;50

Page 7: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

Econo

TheclosuVermont,placeatVreductionimpactspdirectlyaTheeconlevel. Toestimatelabor increported

Jo

Lhp

V

potoingr

O

fisa

The totainducedi

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4 For more i

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

omicImpa

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nomic impactconduct ththedirect, income, busineintermsoft

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aborincomealthandliferoprietaryin

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al economicimpacts.

Direct impacankee,whethases of decworkatthesihesite.

ndirect impmade to supusinessessulectronicequ

information on I

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

actsofVe

ommissioninpshire, andMnkee.Thissesociatedwithn thissectionyintermsof

tsand jobefis analysis,ndirect,andess sales (outhefollowing

representac

econsistsofeinsurancebncome(paym

representstisroughlyequeaddedisthForexamplasoline.Simofrefinedga

roadermeasg.,thesaleofpetroleumth

impacts as

cts are onlyther during tcommissioniite,theirpay

pacts are genpport the diupplyinggoouipment,buil

MPLAN, see htt

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ch

ermontYa

ngofVermonMassachusettectionoftheh the decomn,asestimatfthemultipli

ffectswereewe used ainducedeffeutput), valueg:

changeinave

ftotalemploybenefits,retirmentsreceive

totalbusinesquivalenttogheenhanceme,anoilrefinplistically,thasolineandth

urethatconsfgasolineathatisrequire

s estimated

y those assothe current ong. The diryroll,andthe

neratedwherect activitydsthatthepldingmateria

tp://www.implan

ankeeClo

ntYankeewts and generstudyprovidmmissioningedandrepoereffectsto

estimatedspcustomizedectsoftheVe added, and

erageannual

yeecompensrementpaymedbyself‐em

ssales(outpgrossstate/dmentacompanerytakescrhe“valueaddhelowerval

sistsoftotalaservicestaedtoproduce

by the IMPL

ociated specoperationalrect impactsrevenues(s

enmaterial,y. For Vermplant(ordecals,specializ

n.com/

osureand

will reverberarate impactsdesestimatesand closureorted, reflectthebroader

pecifically forIMPLAN inp

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sation(wagementsandanmployedindiv

put)minusthdomesticproanygivesitsrudepetroleuded”inthisinueofcrudep

businessoration)aswellethegasolin

LAN model

cifically withphase or theof Vermontales)associa

equipment omont Yankecommissioninzedservices,

dDecomm

ate through ts beyond thesoftheovere of Vermonttchanges ineconomy.

r theTri‐Couput‐output mkeeclosure,nue. The re

yearindicat

eandsalarypnyothernon‐vidualsasin

hecostofpuroduct(commproductsbefumasaninpnstanceisthpetroleum.

industrysalelasintermedne).

are the sum

h activities te progressivt Yankee incatedwiththe

or other inteee, indirectngprocess)etc.

missioning

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untyareaatmodel4 for tintermsofesults are ge

ted.

payments,as‐cashcompecome).

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taking placevedownsizinlude the emeactivitiesta

ermediate pimpacts comneedstoope

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ntyRegion inivities takingcimpactsandThe economictivity–both

t theregionathe region toemploymentenerated and

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ermediateedtoasGSPgtheproducttransformsibetweenthe

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indirect, and

e at Vermonngduring themployeeswhoakingplacea

purchases areme from theeratesucha

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alot,d

d

te

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ees

Page 8: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

In

wlore

ThelowegeneratioanalysisiofVermofor foursYankeesi

Figure 4

Vermontoperationoperationbeyond pemployedjobs)andmany loc

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

nducedimpworkers (wheocaleconomyestaurants,h

erlevelsofeon will transincludesestiontYankeebyspecifiedphaite).Theecon

. Economic

Yankeehasnalpowerplnal, employsprevailing red550peopled induced (3cal businesse

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

pactsaregenether in they.Forexamhairsalons,et

conomicactslate to fewimatesoftheyphase(e.g.,asesofdeconomicimpac

Impact Anal

beenakeyant.Duetots a large numegional averaewithapayr87 jobs) impes such resta

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ch

neratedbythoperationalple,spendintc.

tivityemanater dollars avedirectandt,thecurrentmmissioningctmethodolo

lysis Method

driverof ththeadvancedmber of higages. Durinroll(includinpacts, shownaurants, real

helocalconsordecommgbyVermon

tingfromVevailable to ctotal(sumooperationalgshowingaogydescribed

dology

eTri‐Countydnatureofnghly‐skilled eg its last yengbenefits)on indetail inl estate, reta

sumerspendmissioningphntYankeeem

ermontYankconsumers ffdirect,indiphaseasanprogressivedaboveisvis

yRegion’secnuclearpoweengineers thear of operatof$82millionnTable1, thail shops, he

ding,primarihases) spendmployeessup

keeafterthefor spendingirect,andindactivenuclereductionosuallypresen

conomy forergenerationhat receive ction, 2014, Vn.Byalsoinhat include thealthcare, an

ilyfromVermding their eapportsjobsin

endingofnug. The econduced)econoearpowerplaofactivityatntedinFigur

wellover40n,VermontYcompensationVermont Yanncludingthehepositive ind suppliers

8

montYankeernings in thenlocalstores

uclearpowenomic impacomicimpactantaswellatheVermonre4.

0yearsasanYankee,whilen levels welnkee directlyindirect(282influencesonto the plant

ees,

rctsst

nelly2nt,

Page 9: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

Vermontthese Veagriculturegionaleinitslast

Table 1.

Direct

Em

Lab

Va

Indirect

Em

Lab

Va

Induced

Em

Lab

Va

Total*

Em

Lab

Va

Source:RNotes:Alrepresenindicated*TotalimAs canbeexpectedtheinitiatouseexireplacek

5TheecontheTri‐CouaroundtheYankeewor

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

Yankee is eermont Yankral related jeconomicpilyearofoper

The Econom

mployment

bor Income

alue Added

Output

mployment

bor Income

alue Added

Output

d

mployment

bor Income

alue Added

Output

mployment

bor Income

alue Added

Output

Resultsarefrlleconomicattheannualdperiod;theympactsrepres

e seen inTatodeclineplwetfuelmaistingVermokeyVermont

nomicimpactanuntyareatoworcountry.Enterrkerswhohave

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

stimated tokee generatejobs in thellar.Theoverationin201

mic Activity

Operation

550

$82,099,12

$244,286,9

$402,707,4

282

$10,425,32

$31,131,26

$47,691,30

387

$14,377,22

$26,575,15

$43,008,07

1,220

$106,901,6

$301,993,4

$493,406,8

romsimulatioactivitylevelcontributionyarenotmulsentthesum

able1, the ecprogressivelyanagementsontYankeeeYankeewor

nalysis,throughrkorstarttheirrgyisneedingtealreadyleft.

Closure

ch

contribute aed jobs is tTri‐Countyeralltotaleco14isestimate

Levels of Ve

nal 201

27 $38,

92 $66,

28 $81,

25 $3,5

67 $5,5

02 $10,

20 $6,1

52 $11,

77 $21,

72 $48,

11 $82,

06 $113

onsruninIMsshownarenstotheeconlti‐yearcumuofdirect,ind

conomic conyas theplantepsofthedmployeesorrkerswhoha

hout,assumesthrownbusinesseobringinrepla

a total of1,2hat they arRegion, thuonomicactivedtobealmo

ermont Yanke

5-2016

318

564,486

121,377

769,337

93

547,281

541,555

528,954

165

106,431

297,051

464,397

577

218,198

959,983

,762,689

MPLAN.annual(e.g.,nomythatarulativecontrdirect,andin

ntributionsontmoves thrdecommissiorbring‐insubavealready

hatveryfewofes.Theyarealracementemploy

220 jobs in tre not seasous underscorvityintheregost$500mill

ee to the Tri-

2017-2020

126

$15,508,264

$26,547,585

$32,091,293

37

$1,426,498

$2,224,922

$4,227,352

66

$2,455,631

$4,535,741

$8,617,908

229

$19,390,393

$33,308,248

$44,936,552

,thelevelsshreexpectedfributions).nducedimpa

ofVermontYroughsuccesning(througbstitutesfromleft forposit

theskilledVermreadybeingsucyeesfromother

the region inonal or cycliring the plagionassociatlioninoutpu

-County Reg

2021 Plu

58

$2,675,75

$7,849,91

$10,573,1

16

$618,52

$968,23

$1,734,17

10

$361,32

$667,94

$1,081,54

84

$3,655,60

$9,486,09

$13,388,9

howninthe“foreachindiv

acts.

Yankeeon thssivephasesghabout202maroundthetionselsewh

montYankeeemccessfullyrecrurplantstodoth

n2014. Anical as arent’s long‐tertedwithVerut.

gion Over Tim

us 2021 P

2

50 $1,10

19 $3,24

88 $4,32

2 $246

3 $386

71 $692

7 $148

6 $275

49 $445

3

00 $1,49

99 $3,90

908 $5,46

“2017‐2020”vidualyeard

heTri‐Countsofdecomm20),Entergyecountry,ifhere.5 Thoug

mployeesareliitedandmovinheworkofthef

9

advantageotourism andrm role as amontYankee

me

Plus (2)

24

00,406

42,067

28,235

6

6,311

6,153

2,314

4

8,855

5,168

5,562

34

95,572

03,388

66,111

”columnduringthe

tyRegionaremissioning. Inwillcontinuenecessary,toghdrastically

kelytostayinngtonewjobsformerVermon

ofdae

eneoy

t

Page 10: Economic Impacts of Vermont Yankee Closure Economic... · model, w the study Impacts of Ver ... progressive ty as it end roughout, i ... 4 employment nerating Ope o occur during.2

Economic

UMaEcon

reducedcVermontCountyRexpectedshorttiminducedjbythespAfter202completespent fueYankee scontributindicatedvarying dplaceattonlybemjobscontFigure5of jobs (tupcomingregionwtheclosuduringce

Figure 5in jobs co

Source:RTable2ditsoperatheplant

Impacts of Ver

ass Donahue Insnomic and Public

comparedtoYankee dec

Regionthrougdeclineto2

meframe)whejobs–thejobendingofVe

21,whentheed, Vermontels) thatmaysite will shitions from td inTable1,degrees of ethesite.Atthmakingatottributionoft

showstheimthedifferencgdecommissillhave643rewillincreaertaindryfue

. Total Job Iompared to a

Resultsareba

demonstratestionalaswetsupported1

rmont Yankee C

stitute c Policy Researc

otheoperaticommissioningh2020.By229compareenthepowerbsinsuchinermontYanke

wetfuel(deYankeewilly last a decaift to morethe closed nthe long‐terconomic conhelowestlevalcontributitheoperation

mpactsofthecebetween tsioningphasfewerjobscaseto991feelmanageme

Impacts of thn operational

asedonsimu

stheeconomellas its four1,220jobsin

Closure

ch

onalplantinng will conty2020,thenedto1,220irplantwassndustriesasreeworkersi

e‐fueling)mal enter a proade or longeconstructio

nuclear powermperiodofntributions tvel,“2021Pluionof34 jobnalpowerpla

eVermontYathe total jobses) intheTcomparedtoewerregionaentphases.

he Vermont Yl Vermont Yan

ulationsruni

miccontributrdecommissntheTri‐Cou

n2014,theseinue tomaknumberofjobin2014(a lostillgeneratirestaurants,ntheTri‐Cou

anagementpolonged phaser. During tn and secuer plant to tf interimcarto the Tri‐Cous(2)”(aterbstotheTriantin2014.

ankeeclosurnumbers inri‐CountyRehavinganoaljobsbetwe

Yankee Deconkee)

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Figure 7.

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Figure 9.

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Figure 10

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