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Economic GeographyPart III Structural Change in American and
Canadian Cities Industrial Location Theory and
Manufacturing Dynamics Geography of Agriculture: Land Use and
Contemporary Trends
Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis Phases of urban development Prior to 1850: pedestrian city
Horse car era Conventional Railways Trackside manufacturing corridors
Street car era 1890-electricity and traction motor Inter-urban Railways/Radial Railways Streetcar suburbs/Industrial satellites
Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis Recreational automobile from 1940 (?)
NY, NJ, Mass, Penna Turnpikes - tolls Queen Elizabeth Way 1939 Interstate Highway Act 1956 Rapid suburban expansion-residential
Freeway Era from 1970 Suburban commerce/employment Reverse commuting
Trolley Film
Omnibus→horse car Steam locomotion- not in city streets
ElevatedsCable cars
Electric streetcar by 1890sRapid growth large cities and smallOff-peak service to recreational areas
PCC Car Toronto Harbourfront High density
waterfront redevelopment
Obsolescence of working port facilities
Suburbanization: What is new? North American City
Positive income/status-distance gradientLow densityAuto orientedUrban policy
Federal-state/provincial-municipal levels of intervention
Inner city/inner suburban stability in Canada Decline in U.S. Outer suburban growth
U.S. Policies Favour Suburban Growth in Contrast to Canada Housing finance
FHA/VA mortgage guarantees Mortgages tax deductible in U.S.
1956 Interstate Highway Act Inner city freeways Beltways – irony! Transit ridership low Cheap fuel dependence
Inner city housing projects Urban social caricature of U.S.-Canadian contrast ‘White flight’ & ‘Tipping point’
vs. Multiculturalism, diversity, gentrification