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Changes in Canada’s Population Over Time
Canadian Geography 1202Unit 2 Populations
Overview
Humans have lived in Canada for many thousands of years.
We will look at turning points in the process of the population of Canada
We will study what happened and why
The points we will look at are:
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples
Trans-Atlantic Migration (1500-1900)
Immigration Since 1900
What To Know
• For each section we will need to know– Who came,– Why they came,– Where they settled,– Infrastructure needs,– Economic needs,– Interactions with other groups– Settlement patterns, and – Effects on natural systems.
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Who came
Aboriginal: Refers to the descendants of the first peoples to inhabit the land that is now know as Canada
First Nation: A distinct group of Aboriginal peoples who share the same culture and historyInuit: Term that describes Aboriginal peoples who live in the arctic
Metis: Descendants of European traders and Aboriginal peoples
Canada's First Nations have been in the country we now call Canada for at least 12,000 Aboriginal spiritual beliefs state that they were always here, but scientists claim other wise
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Why they came:
Again aboriginal belief is that they were always here.Scientifically, there could have been many push factors and pull factors that would have caused the population to move.
During the last Ice age a land bridge formed between Northern Russia and Alaska. This provided a route for people to cross and explore/exploit new territory.
This new land would provide a territory with very little competition, and many new resources.It would be a land of opportunity for anyone willing to make the voyage into the unknown.
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Where they settled
People entered Canada from the North West, and gradually spread to the south east eventually reaching Newfoundland and Labrador.
There are several things that may have influenced the migration and settlement of aboriginal people including:
climate changes
epidemics
changes in the migration routes of animals
one group expanding into another's territories
victory and defeat in warfare
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Infrastructure needs
The Aboriginal people who first inhabited Canada were a nomadic people.
They had to migrate seasonally to get food.
They moved their camps to places where they knew food would be.
All of the infrastructure that they had they would have to create on their own.
They were self governing, meaning that each group was responsible for their own rules and laws.
This would mean developing their own networks of trails.
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Economic Needs
Most of their economic needs were met through their use of the land and the waters.
However different areas have different resources.
Aboriginals developed trade networks to help meet their needs.
Example: The pacific coast was rich in wood from cedars and in foods from salmon and seals. They would trade with other groups who could provide things they didn’t have like pottery, silver, or copper tools.
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Interactions With Other Groups
First Nations people created several distinct cultures, each based on adaptation to a different Canadian environment.
Each cultural group was made up of several nations with similarities in language, social structure, and similar ways of making a living from the environment they lived in.
Groups would interact in economic trade, and even at times through warfare.
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Settlement patterns
As we discussed before, aboriginals entered Canada from the North West, and gradually spread to the South East.
Groups developed their culture from the characteristics of the natural environment in which they lived.
When talking about different cultural groups we can often organize them by the environment or cultural area in which they lived.
This gives us 6 Cultural Areas:
PlainsThe Subarctic
Northwest Coast
PlateauEastern Woodlands
The Arctic
Immigration of Indigenous Peoples Effects on Natural Systems
The Aboriginal people became one with the natural systems.
They had a great respect for nature and all of its creations.
Because of this respect they took great care not to damage the environment.
Since they arrived here they survived very well in a harsh environment, making everything they needed without polluting the water, or air, and without destroying the land or decimating the animal populations.
Trans-Atlantic Migration (1500-1900)
Who came
Discovery of Canada was made by John Cabot in 1497.
He found the waters of this new world were full of fish.
Other European countries including France, Spain, and Portugal began sending ships to exploit this fish resource.
He was on a voyage sponsored by King Henry VII of England.
Trans-Atlantic Migration (1500-1900)Why they came:
Europe was enjoying a period of wealth, and prosperity.
Economic trade with Asia was making many Europeans wealthy.However in 1453 these trade routes were closed as the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople.
They had to find a different way to get from Europe to Asia.
They decided to try to west from Europe around the world.It was because of this that John Cabot found himself in the fish filled waters of Newfoundland.
The population was exploding and they needed food.
Trans-Atlantic Migration (1500-1900)Where they Settled
The voyage from the new world back to Europe would take several months.
This was a problem because the fish that they would catch in Newfoundland would be spoiled by the time they got back to market.
Temporary fishing colonies were set up to dry and salt cod as a measure of preservation for the voyage to market.
In the beginning permanent residency was not officially encouraged, however, over time these fishing outposts became permanent colonies for the fishermen
Trans-Atlantic MigrationWhere they Settled • English Settlement
• Began in Newfoundland (Cupids, NL)• 39 settlers• They brought with them livestock, grain and supplies.
The first settlements were along the coastline.
They exploited the fish resource.As explorers moved on into the mainland they found it was rich with other resources like furs.The exploitation of the natural resources is what encouragedEuropean settlement in early Canada.
Trans-Atlantic Migration (1500-1900)
Infrastructure needs
When settlers arrived there was no infrastructure as they were used to.
They had to develop infrastructure to establish society.
Ports were developed for shipping, roads, houses, buildings, and other sorts of infrastructure were developed as needed.
They needed to make sure that there was a steady flow of goods and resources back to Europe.
Trans-Atlantic migration (1500-1900)Interactions With Other Groups
In the early days of exploration Aboriginals and Europeans in Canada had mostly good relationships.These early relationships were mostly formed around beneficial trade, peace was kept to benefit the trade.However as time passed the relationship became one where the Europeans would take advantage of the natives.
As more Europeans arrived they would take more land for mining, and agriculture.
This changed the relationship from one where Aboriginals and Europeans were partners to one where they were competing over land.
An so began the stripping of the natives of their land and culture.
Trans-Atlantic migration (1500-1900)
Settlement patternsSettlement began in the east and spread west.
Settlement followed the coast of the Maritimes, and then spread inland along the St. Lawrence River.
Trans-Atlantic migration (1500-1900)
Effects on Natural SystemsEuropeans immediately began making a lasting impression on the natural systems.They spread a wasteful, pollution society into a world where there was no trace of environmental damage.
Lithosphere: Mining began, Waste begins to pile up.Biosphere: Taking fish, trapping animals, cutting trees.Hydrosphere: Damming of rivers, disposing of waste
in waterways.Atmosphere: Introduction of air pollution from burning of
coal and wood for heat and fuel… this would be minimal in these early days
Immigration Since 1900Why They Came
The Canadian government wanted to establish a population that spread across the country from Atlantic to Pacific.
They wanted to settle the prairies and develop large farms to help with the global wheat demand.
Canada opened immigration knowing that people in other countries would jump at the opportunity to move to Canada as farmers.
Immigration Since 1900Why They Came
In this period there were also two wars. During and after the wars people wanted to flee Europe to the safety of North America.
In the 1970’s Canada’s policy of multiculturalism allowed for people to immigrate and keep their original culture as long as they could speak English and could find work.
Immigration Since 1900Who Came
In the early 1900’s immigrants heading to the farms tendedto come from Eastern European nations like the Ukraine, Russia, and Czechoslovakia.
In the same time period immigrants from Britain tended to work in Canada’s manufacturing industries and settle in cities like Toronto.
Immigration Since 1900Who Came
After the second world war, 1945., many immigrants from European countries, like England ,France, Poland, Germany and Italy, came to Canada to escape the damages of the war and start a new life.
After 1970 immigrants from non-European countries started to increase in numbers due to the changes in Canada’s multiculturalism laws.
German immigrants arriving in Québec City, 1911.
Born in adjacent towns in Le Marche, a region of central Italy, Ilde Tontini and Ettore Saudelli immigrated to Canada in 1923 and 1912 respectively. The couple met in Montreal and married in 1928.
Galician immigrants, QuébecCity, Quebec, 1911
A group of boys from Barnardo homes in England shown after their arrival in Belleville, Ontario, circa 1922.
Japanese coming ashore in Vancouver. The first gentleman was a member of a Japanese parliamentary delegation seeking amendment of British Columbia’s oppressive policies towards immigration from Asia, 1899.
Norwegian immigrants at Grand Trunk Railway Ferry in Québec City, circa 1911.
British immigrants prior to their departure for a new life in Western Canada, circa 1920. Following the First World War, the Canadian government undertook immigration measures that distinctly favoured British immigrants.
A group of Jewish orphans who immigrated to Canada, 1927.
German–Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany reach Montreal seeking a new home, 19 November 1938.
Red Cross workers, a clergyman, and Canadian immigration officers welcome newly arrived European immigrants, circa the late 1940s.
Polish soldier immigrants arriving on the Sea Robin in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 12 November 1946
Displaced person (from Second World War) who emigrated to Canada and worked at Dionne Spinning Mills, St–George, Beauce County, Quebec, 21 May 1948.
Hungarian children waiting in Rouyn–Noranda, Quebec, December 1956.
Immigration Since 1900
Where they Settled
Infrastructure Needs
The most important piece of infrastructure that allows for the East to West movement of immigrants is the railway.
In the early 1900’s the railway had just been finished and was now enabling the movement of people into the prairies, and the shipment of grain out of the prairies.
Road, rail, and sewer networks and other types of infrastructure were also being built and improved to encourage settlement in these cities.
In the 1880s, immigrants travelled by train to Western Canada.
Immigration Since 1900Economic Needs
People entering Canada in this period found work in the many factories of the urban centers, or made a life for themselves on the farms of the prairies.
The great depression of the 1930’s was a tough time for many immigrants, and many of them faced additional hardships.
Immigration Since 1900Interactions with other groups
Not all Canadians were happy to see immigrants enter the country.
They offered competition for some jobs and resources.Racism was also evident in the early to mid 1900’s.
Japanese immigrants were placed in internment camps during the Second World War.Jewish immigrants were turned away during World War 2 to go back to Europe to face the Nazi's.
Chinese immigrants were forced to pay an expensive head tax to enter the country.
• Vancouver's anti-Asian riot of 1907.
Vancouver's anti-Asian riot of 1907. Residents of Vancouver’s Japantown, shown here in 1907, resisted the Caucasian mob.
Komagata Maru
Sikhs on board the Komagata Maru. The infamous Komagata Maru incident, May to July 1914, involved the arrival of 376 emigrants from India, who were barred entry into Canada despite the fact they all had valid British passports.
Immigration Branch certificate for Mah Chew Wah, who paid $500 for the Chinese head tax, June 1921.
Children are shown on the deck of the MS St. Louis in this undated handout photo. Canada's shameful decision in 1939 to turn away a steamship carrying more than 900 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany.
Relocation of Japanese–Canadians to camps in the interior of British Columbia during the Second World War, 1942–1945.
A Japanese–Canadian family being relocated to a camp in the interior of British Columbia during the Second World War, 1942–1945.
Immigration Since 1900Settlement Patterns
Since 1900 the bulk of immigrants settled Western Canada and parts of Ontario.
As immigration continues the focus is increasingly on bringing in skilled workers who can fill jobs that Canadians cannot. This means that immigrant workers are moving to many places across Canada, wherever their skills are needed.
