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Ecology Unit:The Biosphere
Chapter 3
What is Ecology?• Ecology – the study of interactions among
organisms and their environment
• Biosphere – area of the planet in which all life exists
• Factors within an environment:
a. Abiotic – nonliving
b. Biotic - living
Levels of Organization
Species – Individuals that can breed with one another. (ex: Mallard duck)
Population – All the individuals of the same species in a given area. (ex: all the ducks in a pond)
Community - all the populations that live together in an area
What populations can you see in this picture?
Ecosystem – the abiotic and biotic factors in a given area.
Examples of ecosystems: (they don’t have to be huge!)
Rotting LogKoi PondMountainA hillsideClump of DirtA fieldA maple treeA puddle
Biome – a large area that has a particular climate, and particular species of plants
and animals that live there.
Biosphere - the part of the earth that supports life; Contains all biomes.
Section 3-1
Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of OrganizationEcological Levels of Organization
Energy Flow
Section 3-2
Energy Flow and Producers
• Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth
• Autotrophs – organisms that can use sunlight or chemicals to make their own food. Ex: plants, bacteria, algae
*also known as: PRODUCERS• The two ways to manufacture
food internally: 1. Photosynthesis 2. Chemosynthesis
Consumers
• Heterotrophs - Organisms that rely on other organisms to get their food.
**a.k.a CONSUMERS
• Types of Consumers:– Herbivores– Carnivores– Omnivores– Detritivores/Decomposers
What do these consumers eat?
Feeding Relationship
s• Food Chains – simple
chain of organisms transferring energy by eating and being eaten.
• Trophic Levels – a step in a food chain or web
• Food Webs – complex network of many food chains in an ecosystem.
Why does it matter
which way the arrows
go?
Ecological Pyramids
• A pyramid diagram showing the relative amounts of energy at each trophic level in a food chain.
• Three Types:1. Energy pyramid – amount of energy per trophic level.2. Biomass pyramid – amount of living organic
matter per trophic level.3. Pyramid of numbers – Number of organisms per trophic level.
How much
energy is available at each level?
Energy Energy PyramidPyramid
10%!
Most of the lost energy
is in form of HEAT!
Q: If primary consumers have 870 kcal of energy available, how much will the secondary consumers?
Biomass Pyramid
2 different Pyramid of Numbers