Ecology I Population Dynamics

Biodiversity Nancy DowJill Hansen

Katie Sutherland

Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium

5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard

Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428

850-769-1551 877-873-7232

www.gulfcoast.edu

Biology Partnership

(A Teacher Quality Grant)

Pre-test

Q and A Board

New member to the 6 footer club!

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

• SC.912.L.17.5* Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (HIGH)

• High Complexity High complexity benchmarks make heavy demands on student thinking. Students must engage in more abstract reasoning, planning, analysis, judgment, and creative thought. These benchmarks require students to think in an abstract and sophisticated way, often involving multiple steps. Skills related to high complexity benchmarks include the following. 

• Construct models for research • Generalize or draw conclusions • Design an experiment • Explain or solve a problem in more than one way • Provide a justification for steps in a solution or process • Analyze an experiment to identify a flaw and propose a method for correcting it • Interpret, explain, or solve a problem involving complex spatial relationships • Predict a long term effect, outcome, or result of a change within a system

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.17.5• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

• Standard Standard 17 Interdependence

• Benchmark SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (Also assesses SC.912.L.17.2, SC.912.L.17.4,

SC.912.L.17.8, and SC.912.N.1.4.)

Benchmark Clarifications • Students will use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic

factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem.

• Students will assess the reliability of sources of information according to scientific standards.

Bell Ringer

• Great White Shark vs Orca • Great White Shark vs Orca

Changes in a population’s size are determined

by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths.

• Four factors affecting size– immigration– births– emigration– deaths

The size of a population is always changing

Population growth is based on available resources

• Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources.

Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources

Logistic vs Exponential Growth Funny Bunnies

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support.

Predator Prey Relationship

The predators keep the prey population under control and the size of the population

of prey limits the amount of predators an ecosystem can support.

Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components

Abiotic– Water– Air– Nutrients– Rocks– Heat– Solar energy– pH

Biotic– Living (or once

living)– Interactions

• Competition• Predator – prey• Symbiosis

Major Biotic and Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem

Ecological Relationships graphic organizer

Concept What I know What I learn

Predation

   

Predator

   

Prey

   

Symbiosis

   

Parasitism

   

Commensalism

   

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• Predators– Use pursuit

– Ambush

– Camouflage

– Chemical warfare (venom)

• Prey– Swift movement

– Shell

– Camouflage

– Chemical to poison

Predation

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PREDATION

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19

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Span worm Bombardier beetle

Viceroy butterfly mimicsmonarch butterfly

Foul-tasting monarch butterfly

Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake

Some ways prey species avoid their prey

Wandering leaf insect

Hind wings of mothresemble eyes of a much larger animal

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Giant swallowtail butterfly larva (Papilio cresphontes).

Hawkmoth caterpillar.

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26

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Symbiosis

• Any interaction between two species

– Parasitism

– Commensalism

– Mutualism

• Live on or in another species

• Host is harmed

– Ex. Tapeworms, ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, Candiru (vampire fish), Lamprey

                     

Parasitism

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– Pollination mutualism (between flowering plants and animals)

– Nutritional mutualism

– Lichens grow on trees

– Birds/rhinos- nutrition and protection

– Clownfish/sea anemones

– Inhabitant mutualism

– Vast amount of organisms like bacteria in an animal’s digestive tract

– Termites and bacteria in gut

                     

Mutualism (benefits both species)

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– Helps one species but does nothing for the other

Ex. Redwood sorrel grows in shade of redwood

- Humans and Eyelash Mites

                          

                                                                                       

Commensalism

Ecosystem Relationships Manipulative Cards

In groups pair each picture with the correct interaction

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation

Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth

Limiting factor principle

Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit (or prevent) growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near optimal range

Range of Tolerance for a Population of Organisms

INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE

Ecological factors limit population growth

• A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down.

• Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.

Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area.

– parasitism and disease

Biotic Factors

– predation

– competition

Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density

Abiotic Factors

– climate change

– natural disasters

– human activities– introduction of invasive

species

– habitat degradation

– pollution

Reduces Biodiversity!

Limiting Factor Lab

• THEN BREAK…..

Follow-up

• Q & A

• Additional activities – predator -prey computer simulation – Human Population - 7 min video

• From 1 AD to future 2030

– Bacteria in a bottle interactive-exponential growth

SC.912.L.17.8* Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species. (HIGH)

Benchmark Clarifications • Students will identify positive and/or negative consequences

that result from a reduction in biodiversity.

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

Content Limits Items referring to reduction in biodiversity may include examples of catastrophic events, climate changes, human activities, and the introduction of invasive and nonnative species, but they will not assess specific knowledge of these.

Items referring to reduction in biodiversity will focus on the consequence and not require

knowledge of the specific event that led to the reduction.

Items addressing climate change are limited to biodiversity and population dynamics contexts.

Stimulus Attributes None specifiedResponse Attributes None specified

Bell Ringer

• Pet Pythons gone wild

• Pythons in the Everglades

Biodiversity of Earth

Insects751,000

Protists57,700

Plants248,400

Prokaryotes4,800

Fungi69,000

Other animals281,000

Known species1,412,000 (Estimates range between 3.6 - 100 million)

Species Diversity: the variety of species in an area

Two subcomponents: species richness species evenness

Species Richness vs. Evenness

Species Richness: the number of a species Richness: measurement of then a given areaSpecies Evenness: measurement of how evenly distributed organisms are among species

Community A Community Bspecies 1 25 1species 2 0 1species 3 25 1species 4 25 1species 5 25 96

• Richness (number of species)

• Relative abundance

• How do we describe these differences?

Comparison of Two Communities

Something’s Fishy

• Population study lab– Mark & Recapture

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Loss of biodiversity caused by:

Human-Caused Factors of Biodiversity Loss

Habitat Destruction Exotic Species

Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite Image of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest

June 1975 May 2003

Biodiversity loss caused by:

Human-Caused Factors of Biodiversity Loss

Pollution Overhunting/Overharvesting

Invasive Species Lab

Lion Fish Video Lion Fish Video

Changes in Biodiversity due to Changes in Biodiversity due to Climate ChangeClimate Change

Die-offs

Extinctions

Life Cycles

Physiology

Coral bleaching die-offs of up to 50% in the Indian Ocean

Golden Toads, Harlequin Frogs, ...

Gothic, CO marmots emerge from hibernation about a month earlier than 30 years ago

The average weight of adult female polar bears has decreased by more than 20% over the last 25 years

Biomes Shift of Alpine biomes up mountains and

further North/South

Migration Multiple areas affected; fish and birds

Endangered and Threatened Species Are Ecological Smoke Alarms

• Endangered species– has so few individual survivors that the species could

soon become extinct over all or most of it natural range– Examples: California condor and whooping crane

• Threatened species, vulnerable species still abundant but because declining numbers they are likely to become endangered

• Examples: Grizzly bear and the American Alligator

Figure 12-3aPage 226

Grizzly bear(threatened)

Arabian oryx(Middle East)

White top pitcher plant

Kirtland's warbler

African elephant(Africa)

Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)

Swallowtail butterfly

Humpback chub

Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)

Siberian tiger(Siberia)

Endangered /Threatened Natural Capital

Figure 12-3b Page 226

West Virginiaspring salamander

Giant panda(China)

Knowlton cactus

Mountain gorilla(Africa)

Swamp pink

Pine barrens tree frog (male)

Hawksbill sea turtle

El Segundo blue butterfly

Whooping crane

Blue whale

Endangered Natural Capital

Characteristic Examples

Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)

Specialized niche

Narrow distribution

Feeds at high trophic level

Fixed migratory patterns

Rare

Commercially valuable

Large territories

Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros

Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite

Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish

Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear

Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles

Many island species,African violet, some orchids

Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds

California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

Characteristics of organisms that are prone to ecological and biological extinction.

Investigating Endangered Species

Extinctions Are Natural but Sometimes They Increase Sharply

• Background extinction– Continuous low level of extinction of species

• Extinction rate is expressed as a % of number of species that can go extinct within a certain time period

• Mass extinction: – The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of

geological time

– Five mass extinction (50-95%)

– Causes: global climate change, large scale catastrophe like asteroid hitting earth

There have been 5 mass extinction events during the history of the earth 

Extinction

Are we on the verge of a 6th?

+ and – consequences of biodiversity loss

• Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of human well-being, for instance by providing raw materials and contributing to health.

• Biodiversity loss has-direct and indirect negative effects on several factors including food security, vulnerability, health as well as energy security and clean water.

All things come from earth, and to earth they all return. MENANDER (342 –290 B.C.)

Follow up

• Q & A • Wanted Poster- Invasive Species • Endangered Species Poster

• Post Test• Give-a-ways• See you on May 14th!

– Ecology II: Aquatic Systems & Food Webs

Oh Deer Me!