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Human Systems
Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551 877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.14.26 Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. (LOW)
Brain stem includes mid brain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
Frontal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Id parts of the brain
The CNS processes information.
• The brain has three parts. – cerebrum controls
thought, movement, emotion
– cerebellum allows for balance
midbrainpons
medulla oblongata
– brain stem controls (autonomic) basic life functions
Brainstem
Id parts of the Brain
• Handout (copies of label the brain) to label with web quest
• Sheep Brain
Follow up
• Additional activities– Sheep Brain Dissection
– Perception and the Brain- optical illusions
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. (MODERATE)
• Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.
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2 4
3
The heart pumps blood through two main pathways.
• Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs.– oxygen-poor blood enters lungs– excess carbon dioxide and water
expelled– blood picks up oxygen – oxygen-rich blood returns to heart
• Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body.
– oxygen-rich blood goes to organs, extremities
– oxygen-poor blood returns to heart
• The two pathways help maintain a stable body temperature.
ARTERYVEIN
CAPILLARIES
arteriole
endothelium
connective tissue
smooth muscle
venule
valve
Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.– blood under great pressure– thicker, more muscular walls
• Veins carry blood back to the heart– blood under less pressure– thinner walls, larger diameter– valves prevent backflow
• Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells. – One layer, one cell thick
• The factors that most directly affect blood flow are blood pressure, blood volume, resistance and activity level.
• Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls.
– systolic pressure: left ventricle contracts
– diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes
• High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.
How the heart pumps
What makes the blood move through the heart? * cardiac muscle* difference in thickness of wall* valves
• Blood flow animation• Besides the composition of the blood vessels, the heart,
and blood pressure, what else can affect the heart rate? External factors?
• Viscosity refers to the thickness of blood.
• This thickness is caused by the number of red blood cells.
• Thick blood travels through blood vessels at a slower rate than thin blood.
Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.
• Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory diseases.– smoking– long-term stress– excessive weight– lack of exercise – diet low in fruits
and vegetables,high in saturatedfats
• Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries.
– artery walls become thick and inflexible– plaque blocks blood flow in arteries
Atherosclerosis• a condition in which
an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.
• This is linked to high fat diets and lack of exercise.
•Main factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system
• Blood Pressure• Blood volume• Resistance• Disease
– Atherosclerosis
• Exercise and balance diet• Smoking and alcohol
Lab - Effect of exercise on Heart Rate
Follow up
• Additional activities– Interactive Tutorial on Internal Heart Anatomy
– Heart Dissection on You Tube– How to Measure BP and What It All Means
Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (MODERATE)
• HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52
• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems
• Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms
• Benchmark • SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system,
including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. • SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors,
and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.
• HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health.
• HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.
ImmuneBell ringer
Osmosis Jones Vaccine Clip
• Immune System is a body system that fights infection & prevents illnesses
• Immunity: – the ability of the body to defend itself against
infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)
Line of Defense• 1st Line: barriers
– Broad, external defense• “Walls and Moats” • skin & mucus membranes
• 2nd Line: Nonspecific patrol – Broad, internal defense
• “Patrolling soldiers” • phagocytes eating WBC’s
• 3rd Line: Immune System – Specific, acquired immunity
• Elite trained units• lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies
– B & T cells
1st line: Physical Barriers
Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells
•Non-specific defense
•External barriers
•skin –physically blocks pathogens
• mucus membranes- traps particles
in nose and throat
•excretions•sweat
•tears
•mucus
•stomach acids
•saliva (“lick your wounds”)
• Circulatory system – transports cells of the immune system through out the body
Inflammatory reaction
–Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain)
–Histamine is released which cause capillaries to become enlarged and more permeable
– (causes redness, swelling, pain)
•Low grade temperature stimulates
white blood cells
White Blood cells–Non-specific (macrophage)–Phagocytes: cells that engulf
and destroy pathogens
2nd Line of Defense Non-specific
3rd Line of Defense - Specific Defense• Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on
surface (antigens) that activate the immune system because foreign to body
Types of White Blood Cells - all made in the bone marrow- All called in after the non-specific WBCs- Lymphocytes- Bind pathogens to their antigens receptors and
destroy cells
–T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland)
• directly destroy infected cells
• produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells
–B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow)
• produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target particular pathogens
• Produce memory B cells
• Antibody- protein that causes pathogens to clump or become ineffective
• Interferon- protein that stops viruses from reproducing
• After an initial infection with a virus, B cells are able to recognize the virus and produce antibodies against it the second time.
• The person’s reaction to the virus will be lessened.
Immunity
• Active– Body creates an immune response after being
exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine – Memory cells are produced so this immunity
lasts (sometimes even a lifetime)
• Passive – Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies
provide a temporary immune response
Different pathogen cause common infectious diseases
•Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body
•antibiotics cause pathogens to burst
•target on specific bacterium or fungus
•not effective against viruses
• antibiotic resistance issues
Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by weakening its cell wall and causing it to burst. (colored TEM; magnification 55,000X
• Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective.
– Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics.
– These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless.
A bacterium carriesgenes for antibioticresistance on a plasmid.
A copy of the plasmid is transferredthrough conjugation.
Resistance is quicklyspread throughmany bacteria.
Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity.
• Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.
– given to prevent illness
– contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen
• Vaccination provides acquired immunity.– stimulates a specific
immune response
– allows immune system to respond quickly to infection
– causes memory cells to be produced
– has such a fast response, a person will not get sick
A memory B cell isstimulated when the real pathogen binds to it.
2
The B cell quickly activates and makes antibodies that fight the pathogens before you get sick.
3
Antigens in a vaccinetrigger an immune response, and memory B cells are made.
1memory B cells
Allergies
• A strong response to a harmless antigen in the environment
• Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky
• Histamine causes the mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens – This produces cold-like symptoms
• With anaphylatic shock, the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops
Immunity from Disease ActivityWe’ve got a problem!
Then……
• HIV lab
• Glow germs
Follow up
• Problem solving issues in class
• Additional activities: – Malaria interactive game
– Id agents of disease research activity– Antibodies Virtual Lab /
Human reproductive systemfetal development
SC.912.L.16.13
Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. (MODERATE)
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13
• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems
• Standard 16 Heredity and Reproduction
• Benchmark • SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and
physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.
•
Male Reproductive System
Scrotum contains:
• Testes– produce sperm and testosterone
– Require a low temperature
– Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female
• Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long)
– Lies on top of the testes
– Sperm mature here
• Vas deferens– Connects the external scrotum to the internal pathway.– Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties into the urethra– Sperm travel through this during ejaculation
• Urethra– glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid that combines
with the sperm to produce semen, enters here– semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during
ejaculation (out the penis)
Female Reproductive system
(oviduct)
Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries - pair, internal– Mature and release one egg/month– Matures in the follicles within the ovaries– Born with all the eggs a female will ever have– 2 million at birth; 200-400 thousand at puberty; 400 will
mature and be released– Once the egg has been released by the follicles, the
follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place
• Oviducts or Fallopian tubes– Feathery like projections– After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the egg enters one
of the oviducts– This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only lives 6-24 hrs.– The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines the duct to
cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation)
– Fertilized egg zygote blastocyst embryo fetus
Female Reproduction
• Uterus– Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus
• This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result)
– Embryo will develop into a fetus– Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm– Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder
• Cervix – This opening connects the vagina to the uterus– Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth, expands
to 10 cm• Vagina
– Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons
Fetal Development
The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord.
• The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.
blastocyst
uterine wall
Implantation of blastocyst
placenta
umbilical cord
uterus
amniotic sac
• The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
• Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo.
– amniotic sac cushions embryo.
– amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac
– placenta connects mother and embryo.
– umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.
• Human gestation is divided into two phases: the embryonic phase, which lasts through the 8th week, and the fetal stage, which lasts from 9 weeks until birth.
• Most major organs and structures are formed during the embryonic stage.
• The fetal stage is characterized by rapid growth.
• Construct a three-page flip-chart• Label the exposed tabs as
– First trimester
– Second trimester
– Third trimester
• Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class
FETAL DEVELOPMENTInstruction on how to make a foldable
Insert info as we go through the content
A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks.
• Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. – 1st trimester: body plan and early development
– Most genetic issues occur here
– 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed
Second Trimester
– 3rd trimester: all organs fully formed
– Most rapid rate of overall growth
• After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.
Third Trimester
Birth occurs in three stages.
• Stage one of birth is the dilation of the cervix.
• Stage two is the emergence of the baby.
• Stage three is the expulsion of the placenta.
STAGE 1As regular, strong contractions occur,the cervix dilates and the baby turns.
STAGE 2The baby is pushed through the cervixand out of the vaginal canal.
STAGE 3Contractions continue, expelling theplacenta and helping to control bleeding.
Human growth and aging also occur in stages.
• Genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment affect all stages.– during infancy, growth is rapid– during childhood, motor and
language skills develop
–during adolescence, growth is rapid and the brain rewired; puberty, sexually maturity begins–adulthood marks the peak of skills and independence
• Aging is also affected by genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment.
Jerry Peel at age 1 1/2 Jerry Peel at age 17 Jerry Peel at age 71
• Effects of aging can be reduced with good diet, exercise, and continued learning.
Fetal development
• Interactive Developmental Time Line • Activity - Human fetal growth
Follow-up
• Additional activities:
• Fetal Development sonograms by weeks
EOC Study Guide{SC.912.L.14.52} Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.
– 1. Give an example of specific and non specific responses.
– 2. How do vaccines prevent disease?
– 3. How do antibiotics prevent disease?
{SC.912.L.14.26} Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.
– Draw a brain and label the major parts: Cerebellum, Cerebrum, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, Pons, stem
{SC.912.L.14.36} Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system.
– 1. Describe plaque and the relation to cholesterol and heart attacks
– 2. Describe high blood pressure/ low blood pressure
– 3. Describe normal events (i.e. exercise, relaxation) that effect blood flow
– 4. Compare and Contrast arteries, veins and capillaries
{SC.912.L.16.13} Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
– 1. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy (i.e. fertilization, embryo formation, tube formation, organ system formation, heart beat, movement.
– Define embryo•
