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EcologyUnit Review
Quiz 1Name the vocabulary term1. The idea that one species will eventually be more successful than the other.2. When similar species settle into separate niches to allow them to coexist.3. When the interaction between two species affect the evolution of both4. A position or role taken by an organism in its communityDescribe an example of5. Mutualism6. Commensalism7. Predation8. ParasitismAnswer9. What bird was studied that led to the discovery of #2, since it was found that they spent time in different parts of a tree to share the resources?10. What do a predator’s adaptations “focus” on? What about prey’s?
The idea that one species will eventually be more successful than the other. Competitive exclusion principle
When similar species settle into separate niches to allow them to coexist. Resource partitioning
When the interaction between two species affect the evolution of both coevolution
A position or role taken by an organism in its community niche
Mutualism - both benefit
Commensalism - one benefits, other meh
Predation - one eats the other for matter & energy
Parasitism - where one lives off the other (tick & dog)
Predator adaptations focus on chasing & killing; prey adaptations focus on are running, defense, & hiding
Quiz 21. Total weight of all living things in an ecosystem2. (2 points) Draw a food chain from producer to tertiary consumer.3. What is the primary source of energy?4. Fungi, earthworms, sea stars, fiddler crabs, and dung beetles are all what?5. What's a common name for a primary consumer?6. What's a common name for a secondary consumer?7. (3 points) List 3 ecosystem services.
Total weight of all living things in an ecosystem biomass
What is the primary source of energy? sun
Primary consumer - herbivoreSecondary consumer - carnivore
Quiz 31) Certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a certain set of
environmental conditions2) The first step in evolution; random changes in DNA that lead to genetic variation3) One species split into two or more4) Ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designated to
kill it 5) When populations are physically isolated for a long period of time6) When mutations and natural selection due to #5 lead to inability to produce viable
offspring7) All of the organisms of a species on the entire planet are wiped out8) All of the organisms of a species are extinct within an area9) Found in only one area, particularly vulnerable
10) Typically low rate of extinction
Certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce under a certain set of environmental conditions natural selection
The first step in evolution; random changes in DNA that lead to genetic variation mutations
One species split into two or more speciation
Ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical designated to kill it chemical resistance
When populations are physically isolated for a long period of time geographic isolation
When mutations and natural selection due geographic isolation lead to inability to produce viable offspring reproductive isolation
All of the organisms of a species on the entire planet are wiped out biological extinction
All of the organisms of a species are extinct within an area local extinction
A dead alligator juniper tree in southeastern Arizona. The species is one of hundreds around the world that have gone extinct in the places where they lived for years. (Ramona Walls)
Found in only one area, particularly vulnerable endemic species
Florida Scrub Jay
Typically low rate of extinction background extinction
Quiz 41. Primary succession does not have _____ and secondary succession does.2. Name 2 conditions that lead to primary succession.3. Name a pioneer species.4. Name a decomposer.
5. The stable group of plants and animals that indicate the endpoint of succession 6. Name two types of #57. (2 points) Name 2 events that lead to secondary succession.
Primary succession does not have soil and secondary succession does.
Name conditions that lead to primary succession.
Volcano or glacier
Name a pioneer species - lichen
Name a decomposer
➔ Bacteria➔ Fungi➔ Worms
The stable group of plants and animals that indicate the endpoint of succession climax community
Types
desert, tundra, temperate forest, rainforest
Name 2 events that lead to secondary succession. Disease, floods, human development, forest fire
Quiz 51) List 2 factors that influence climate. (2 point)2) Give the term for the climate zones (1 point)
a) At the equator with intense sunlightb) At the poles, very little and indirect sunlightc) In between A and B
3) Name that biome! (5 points)a) Near the equator, warm, high humidity, highest biodiversityb) Moderate temperatures, warm summers, cold winters. Contains oaks, hickory, maple, and
beech treesc) Moderate climate, dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires d) Most of the interior of Antarcticae) Contains coniferous trees, which are well adapted to the long, cold, dry winters with short &
mild summers. Covers a lot of Canada.4) Where is most of the animal life found in a tropical rainforest?5) What adaptation do prairie plants have that protect them from drought and freezing temperatures?
Factors that influence climate. Incoming solar energy. Earth’s rotation, global air & water movement patterns gases in the atmosphere, earth’s surface features
(topography)
The climate zones
Where is most of the animal life found in a tropical rainforest? CanopyWhat adaptation do prairie plants have that protect them from drought and
freezing temperatures? Deep root systems
Video Quiz 61. List a negative human impact on the carbon cycle. 2. List a negative human impact on the water cycle. 3. List a negative human impact on the nitrogen cycle. 4. List a negative human impact on the phosphorus cycle. 5. Humans add excess sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere via ________ (list one), which is
harmful because it can convert to ________ (chemical name or formula) which falls to the earth as “acid rain”
6. Phosphorus is important because it is essential for the production of _______ (name 2 of the 4 given)
7. ______ is the name given to the process where decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-rich compounds in waste and dead bodies into simpler compounds like ammonia.
8. ______ is the name given to the process where plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions to be used to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, and proteins.
9. Peanuts, alfalfa, and soy are all types of ________, important for their role in nitrogen fixation due to bacteria that live in their root nodules.
10. Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is bad because it leads to _________.
Negative human impacts are what we do to affect the “natural amounts”
Negative human impacts on the carbon cycleWe burn a lot of fossil fuels, and this takes carbon that’s meant to be stored
underground for a long time… and shoves it into the atmosphere
Negative human impacts on the water cycleWithdrawing too much, draining wetlands,
deforestation
Water pollution is not a negative impact on the CYCLE
Doesn’t affect the amount of water, just its quality
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle. Inorganic fertilizers → runoff → algae bloom, fossil fuel use can release nitrous oxides → nitric acid → acid rain
Human impact on the phosphorus cycle. Inorganic fertilizers, sewage → runoff → algae bloom
Humans add excess sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere via burning coal & other fossil fuels , which is harmful because it can convert to H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
which falls to the earth as “acid rain”
Phosphorus is important because it is essential for the production of ATP, nucleotides, amino acids/proteins, phospholipid bilayer
Ammonification is the name given to the process where decomposing bacteria convert nitrogen-rich compounds in waste and dead bodies into simpler compounds like ammonia.
Assimilation is the name given to the process where plant roots absorb ammonium ions and nitrate ions to be used to make molecules like DNA, amino acids, and
proteins.
Peanuts, alfalfa, and soy are all types of legumes , important for their role in nitrogen fixation due to bacteria that live in their root nodules
Activity HighlightsCats of Borneo
● All of the caterpillars = population; cockroaches, caterpillars, etc = community● It killed the cats more than the caterpillars since it was more concentrated (due to
biomagnification)● DDT is density-independent because it’s going to kill mosquitoes whether it’s a
small population or a large population
Isle Royale
● Top-down population control is from predation, disease, & natural disasters● Bottom-up population control is from food source, habitat, or space
Keystone Species Sea stars - predator
Sea otters - predators
African elephants - modifiers
Fig trees - prey
Hummingbirds - mutualists
Beavers - modifiers
Grizzly bear - predator, mutualist
Gopher tortoise - modifier
Prairie dogs - modifiers, prey
Sharks - predator
Sugar maple trees - host
M&M LabPhytoplankton - producer
Zooplankton - primary consumer
Minnow - secondary consumer
Eel - tertiary consumer
Osprey - quaternary consumer, apex predator
Bioaccumulation - substances that don’t break down and accumulate in tissue
Biomagnification - concentration of said substances increases as you go up a food chain
DDT was found to cause shell-thinning in eagles & osprey, banned in 1972 → bald eagles aren’t endangered anymore
Pocket Mouse Labpre - lab
#4 - with more genetic variation, there is a greater chance of survival since there are more chances of there being a mutation that is favored by the environment
Post - lab
#4 - mutation is random due to random mistakes in DNA replication… but natural selection is not, because if the chance mutation ends up being favorable to survival, the frequency of that gene will increase in the population over time due to those environmental pressures
Ecological Succession WebQuestPrimary - NO SOIL
Glaciers
Secondary - SOIL
Bog & Forest
Carbon Cycle# 5 - CO2 enters the atmosphere as a gas via combustion, diffusion, cellular respiration
# 6 - plants & animals both carry out cellular respiration
#7 - plants (including phytoplankton), protists, & bacteria (like cyanobacteria) carry out photosynthesis
# 8-9 decomposers, like bacteria & fungi, are responsible for breaking waste & dead things back into nutrients that can be reused to make new organisms. Without them, no more nutrient cycling
#10 - fossil fuels store carbon for a long time… we burn them for energy… this puts a lot of CO2 in the atmosphere → global warming
Nitrogen Cycle# 1 - bacteria & lightning help nitrogen leave the atmosphere (nitrogen fixation)
#2 - BACTERIA ARE SO DANG IMPORTANT TO THE NITROGEN CYCLE