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Ecology
Chapter 3
Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/druclimb/56763994/in/photostream/
ECOLOGY - the study of interactions among organisms with each other and with environment
BIOSPHERE - portion of planet where life exists
Biotic factors: the living factors in an organism’s environment
Abiotic factors: the non living factors in an organism’s environment
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Species - individuals that can breed with one another
Population - all the individuals of the same species (ducks) in an area
A population is always composed of same-species organisms
Community - all the populations that live together in an area
What is in your backyard community?
Ecosystem - the community plus the physical factors in an area (rain, light, soil..)
Examples:
Rotting LogKoi PondLakeClump of DirtA fieldAn old maple tree
Biome - large area that has a particular climate, and particular species of plants and animals that live there (tundra)
Biosphere - the part of the earth that supports life
Ecological methods - how do we study it?
ObservingExperimentingModeling
Models are created by humans to make predictions.
Sometimes, you must be cautious in how a model interprets data....
Imagine graphing a person's height as they age. One could predict that by the time they were age 30, they would be 22 feet tall.
However, the model would need to account for the slowing of growth after adolescence.
Ecosystem Interactions
Niche- the role or position that an organism has in its environment
Predation- the act of one organism pursuing and consuming another organism for food
Symbiosis- the close relationship that exists when two or more species live together
Types of Symbiosis
Mutualism- the relationship between two or more organisms that live closely together and benefit from each other
Commensalism- a relationship in which one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism-a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other (harms them)
Commensalism
Mutualism
1. A group of animals that live in the same area and can interbreed is called a (n) _____________________
2. The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment is known as ___________________________
3. A large area that has a particular climate and distinct plants and animals is called a ____________________________
4. All of the different populations living in an area (plants, rabbits, coyotes...) is called the _________________________
5. An ecosystem includes all the living and ___________ factors in an area.
6. The portion of the planet that can sustain life is the ________
7. Animals that can interbreed are called a(n) _______________
3-2 Energy Flow
Autotrophs (producers) - capture energy from environment and convert it into "food"Heterotrophs (consumers) - must eat things
HerbivoresCarnivoresOmnivoresDetritivores / Decomposers
*SUNLIGHT is the main source of energy*
Photosynthesis - uses light energy to make "food"
Chemosynthesis - makes food from chemicals (some bacteria synthesize food in this way)
Some bacteria live in deep ocean vents, and make their food from chemicals in those vents
FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS - illustrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem
*Note the direction of the arrows, they indicate where the energy is going when
one organism consumes another.
Each step in a chain or web is called a TROPHIC LEVEL
Identify:
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Find the Omnivore.
Ecological Pyramids (fig 3-9)
Energy PyramidBiomass PyramidPyramid of Numbers
3.3 Biogeochemical Cycles(biology + geology + chemical) Matter is not used up, it is transformed, the same molecules are passed around (see images in your book)
Graphics Carbon Cycle Water Cycle Nitrogen Cycle
Water Cycleground watertranspiration (from plants)evaporation (from bodies of water)precipitation (from clouds)
Water Cycle
Summarize in your own words how water cycles through the biosphere
Carbon Cycle
Summarize in your own words how carbon cycles through the biosphere