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Chapter 4: Population Ecology. Wood. 4.1 Population Dynamics. Population Characteristics 92 Population-Limiting Factors 94 Population Growth Rates 97. I. Population Characteristics. Population Density The number of organisms per unit of area. Spatial Distribution - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 4: Population Ecology
Wood
4.1 Population DynamicsI. Population Characteristics
92
II. Population-Limiting Factors 94
III. Population Growth Rates 97
I. Population CharacteristicsA. Population Density
i. The number of organisms per unit of area.
B. Spatial Distributioni. Dispersion the pattern
of spacing of a population.
ii. 3 patterns of dispersiona) Uniform
b) Clumped
c) Random
C. Population Rangesi. A species might not be
able to expand its population range because it cannot survive the abiotic conditions found in the expanded region.
II. Population-Limiting Factors
A. There are two categories of limiting factors—density-independent factors and density-dependent factors.
B. Density-Independent Factors
i. Any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area is a density-independent factor.
Ex) Weather, fires, pollution, and natural disasters
C. Density-Dependent Factors
A. Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area is a density-dependent factor.
Ex) Disease, parasites, competition, and predation.
III. Population Growth RatesA. The population growth
rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows.
B. The natality of a population is the birthrate in a given time period.
C. Mortality is the death rate.
D. Exponential Growth Modeli. Exponential growth
occurs when the growth rate is proportional to the size of the population.
ii. Also known as a “J-Curve”
iii. All populations grow exponentially until some limiting factor slows the population’s growth
E. Logistic Growth Modeli. The population’s growth
slows or stops following exponential growth, at the population’s carrying capacity.
ii. Also known as a “S-Curve”
iii. A population stops increasing when the number of births is less than the number of deaths, or when emigration exceeds immigration.
iv. Emigration is people moving out of a population.
v. Immigration is people moving into a population.
F. Carrying Capacityi. The maximum number of
individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term is the carrying capacity.
ii. Carrying capacity is limited by the energy, water, oxygen, and nutrients available.
G. Reproductive Patternsi. Species of organisms
vary in the number of births per reproduction cycle, in the age that reproduction begins, and in the life span of the organism.
R-strategist vs. K-strategist• An r-strategist is
generally a small organism.
• Short life span
• Produces many offspring
A k-strategist is generally a larger organism.
Long life span
Produces few offspring
4.2 Human PopulationI. Human Population
Growth p.100
II. Zero Population Growth p. 104
III. Age Structure p. 104
IV. Human Carrying Capacity p. 105
I. Human Population GrowthA. The study of human
population size, density, distribution, movement, and birth and death rates is demography.
B. For thousands of years, environmental conditions kept the size of the human population at a relatively constant number below the environment’s carrying capacity.
C. Humans have learned to alter the environment in ways that appear to have changed its carrying capacity.
D. Although the human population is still growing, the rate of its growth has slowed.
E. Population trends can be altered by events such as disease and war.
F. Human population growth is not the same in all countries.
II. Zero Population GrowthA. Zero population growth
(ZPG) occurs when the birthrate equals the death rate.
B. The age structure eventually should be more balanced with numbers at pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive ages being approximately equal.
III. Age StructureA. A population’s age
structure is the number of males and females in each of three age groups:
i. Pre-reproductive stage
ii. Reproductive stage
iii. Post-reproductive stage
IV. Human Carrying Capacity
A. Scientists are concerned about the human population reaching or exceeding the carrying capacity.
B. An important factor is the amount of resources from the biosphere that are used by each person.