ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF IN BRAZIL - swfrec.ifas.ufl.eduswfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hlb/database/pdf/00001934.pdf · ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF. José Roberto P. Parra. Mariuxi Lorena Gomez Torres

ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF

José Roberto P. ParraMariuxi Lorena Gomez Torres

Dori Edson NavaPaulo Eduardo Branco Paiva

Depto. de Entomologia e AcarologiaEsalq/USP, Brazil

IN BRAZIL

USDA, APHISInternational Workshop on Tamarixia speciesMcAllen, TX, Feb. 2-4, 2010

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908

Brazil(1942)

Argentina(1997)

Guadeloupe(1998)

USA - Florida+ Caribbean

(1998)

Venezuela(1999)

Dominican Republic (2001)

Cuba(2001)

USA - Texas(2001)

Puerto Rico(2002)

Mexico(2002)

(COSTA LIMA, 1942)(SILVA et al., 1968)

Halbert & Nuñez (2004)

HOSTSRutaceae

21 species(some of them incomplete development – only egg laying)

Murraya paniculata (Orange jessamine)

FRUITS WITH GREENING SYMPTOMP

hoto

s: P

.T. Y

amam

oto

LIFE CYCLE OF D. citri

adult

nymph

eggs nymph

Host Duration (days) Viability (%)Sex Ratio

Egg Nymph NymphEgg

‘Rangpur’ lime

Orange jessamine

‘Sunki’ mandarin

3.61a

3.63a

3.57a

14.0a

14.1a

13.5a

87.5a

88.4a

89.8a

82.4a

88.8a

44.6b

0.50a

0.50a

0.47a

Duration and viability of egg and nymphal stages at different hosts. 24ºC, RH: 70% and 14h photophase.

Mean values followed by the same letter in the column are not different by Tukey test (P>0.05).

NAVA et al. (2007)

Diaphorina citri

Mean number of eggs of D. citri reared on different hosts. 24ºC, RH: 70% and 14h photophase.

265.1

348.37

166.22

050

100150200250300350400450

‘Rangpur’lime

Orangejessamine

‘Sunki’ mandarin

Num

ber o

f egg

s a

ab

b

NAVA et al. (2007)


Diaphorina citri

18202225

28

30

32

7.7 a6.4 b5.9 b4.5 c

3.2 d

2.9 d

2.6 d

35.8 a24.5 b23.8 b12.6 c

12.2 c

9.4 c

9.4 c

43.5 a30.9 b29.6 b17.1 c

15.4 cd

12.4 d

12.1 d

Biological cycleNymphEggTemperature (ºC)days

Mean duration for the egg and nymphal stages and biological cycle (egg-adult) of D. citri reared on ‘Rangpur’ lime at different temperatures. RH: 70% and 14h photophase.

NAVA et al. (2007)

Diaphorina citri

18202225

28

30

32

95.0 a95.2 a88.4 a93.8 a

89.8 a

90.5 a

81.6 a

70.7 a70.0 a72.5 a74.0 a

77.5 a

73.8 a

15.0 b

69.9 a66.6 a64.1 a69.4 a

69.5 a

66.8 a

12.2 b

Biological cycleNymphEggTemperature (ºC)%

NAVA et al. (2007)

Mean viability for the egg and nymphal stages and biological cycle (egg-adult) of D. citri reared on ‘Rangpur’ lime at different temperatures. RH: 70% and 14h photophase.

Diaphorina citri

Tamarixia radiata(Hym.: Eulophidae)

Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis

(Hym.: Encyrtidae)Coccinelids and green lacewings

EndoparasitoidPredators

Ectoparasitoid

NATURAL ENEMIESentomophages

SUCCESSFUL INTRODUCTIONS OF T. radiata

St. LuciaBarbados

Dominica

Reunión Isles1978

(4,600 adults)

Guadeloupe1999

(1,000 adults)

Etienne et al. (2001)

Tamarixia radiatapolychromatic variation

typical

Highly similar at the molecular level (ITS1 and ITS2 markers).

Itirapina 48.8%(79.2%)

Casa Branca 27.5% (78.5%)

Botucatu 37.5% (62.5%)

Pederneiras 57.9%

(64.5%)

Pongai 36.5%

(43.2%)

Guarantã 39.3%

(79.7%)

São Carlos 76.9% (77.1%)

Barretos 57.7%(67.2%)

Ribeirão Bonito 80.0%

(50.0%)

Parasitization

Emergence

Collected in Jaboticabal and Piracicaba counties, State of São Paulo, in 2006.

mummyadult

Torres et al. (2006)

PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF Phyllocnistis citrella AND Ageniaspis citricola

Chagas et al. (2002)

BIOLOGICAL CYCLE

Torres & Parra (in preparation)

Flushing

Infestation

egg

Population maintenance

Cutting the leaves young

nymphs

Parasitization

Rearing maintenance

Adult releasing

Parasitoid development

15-17 days

24-48 hr

12-15 days

24-48 hr

parasitoid pupae

Tamarixia radiata

Diaphorina citri


Temperature (ºC)18202225283032

Duration (days)17.31 a14.20 b12.46 c10.33 d10.09 d7.55 e7.59 e

Tamarixia radiataMean duration of T. radiata reared on D. citri at different temperatures. RH: 70% and 14h photophase.



Tamarixia radiata

Temperature (ºC)1520253035

Ro9.88

23.62126.79

58.6321.27

rm0.18260.25310.37420.33780.2528

λ1.20031.28801.45381.40191.2889

Fertility life table of T. radiata reared on D. citri at different temperatures. RH: 70% and 14h photophase.


Par

asiti

zatio

n(%

)100

80

60

40

20

015 20 25 30 35

c

b

aa

b

Temperature (ºC)

22.92

44.79

84.17

72.50

40.63

Tamarixia radiata

Parasitization of D. citri by T. radiata at different temperatures during 24h. RH: 70% and 14h photophase.


100

80

60

40

20

0

b b

a aa

Temperature (ºC)

Em

erge

nce

(%)

45.8349.66

86.49 88.4178.81

15 20 25 30 35

Tamarixia radiata

T. radiata emergence on D. citri at different temperatures. RH: 70% and 14h photophase.


Tamarixia radiataadult feeding x parasitization

(25 2ºC; 70±10%; photophase: 14h)

FoodHoneyHoney + pollen

Honey + yeastNymphs

Without food

Parasitization (%)32.50 b63.64 a

22.86 b37.50 b

19.44 b


Tamarixia radiata biological development

egg prepupa pupaclose to

emergency

adult

female

male


D. citri x T. radiataparasitization

100

80

60

40

20

0

88.75

61.25

13.13c c

b

a

a

1 2 3 4 5

Para

sitiz

atio

n (%

)

Instars

(25 2ºC; 70±10%; photophase: 14h)


b

c

a

c

d

35

30

25

20

15

0 50 100 150 200

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Parasitized nymphs (total)

D. citri x T. radiata


parasitization at different temperatures

Tamarixia radiataparasitization in different varieties

VarietyHamlinPêraNatalValência

35.6 ± 11.519.2 ± 6.57.3 ± 5.98.6 ± 2.3

2005-2007

Parasitization (%)

Paiva (2009)

Tamarixia radiata

90%

70%

50%

30%

RH

ab

a

b

c

b

a

c

bParasitization (%)

Emergence (%)


Parasitization and emergence of T. radiata at different RH. 25ºC and photophase of 14h.

4th – 5th instars nymph reduction after release

100

80

60

40

20

0Control area

Nym

phs

redu

ctio

n (%

)

Area A

Before releaseAfter release

Area B

Araras, SP



parasitization after release

100

80

60

40

20

0Before release

Para

sitiz

atio

n (%

)

8 days after release

Area AArea BControl area

Araras, SP

51.57

72.75

10.004.17

0.00 0.0015 days after release




Before releasing

Releasing (1)

Releasing (2)

Releasing (3)

Before releasing

Releasing (1)

Releasing (2)

Releasing (3)

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

Before releasing

Releasing (1)

Releasing (2)

Releasing (3)

Before releasing

Releasing (1)

Releasing (2)

Releasing (3)

(control)

(control)

Nymphs (4th-5th instar)Parasitization


parasitization after releaseCordeirópolis

Limeira

Tamarixia radiata and Wolbachia

a

b

ab

60

40

20

0

Para

sitiz

atio

n (%

)

Parasitization (%) Emergence (%)

30.29

19.80

46.5241.26

Honey + pollen (W+)Honey + pollen + antibiotic (W-)

Torres, Cônsoli & Parra (in preparation)

Zoning of Diaphorina citri and Tamarixia radiata in the State of São Paulo, Brazil using Geographic Information System (GIS)

D. citriTT = 13.5ºCK = 210.9 DDRH = 70 – 85%

T. radiataTT = 7.1ºCK = 187.5 DDRH = 70%

Development range

18 – 30ºC 25 – 30ºC


Tamarixia radiatacycles

Diaphorina citricycles Isothermal Map

Relationship between D. citri and T. radiata life cycles in São Paulo state

RegionNorthNortheast

SouthwestSoutheast

D. citri : T. radiata1 : 2.6-3.11 : 3.1-4.0

1 : 3.1-6.3

1 : 3.1-6.3


FINAL REMARKS

The most important restriction is the spraying to control the vector;

Then, it is very important to select pesticides (selective products);

Selection of T. radiata strain;

To increase the parasitoid population, release in alternative hosts;

Scale up the parasitoid rearing system in order to release in problem areas;

Validate the parasitoid and vector zoning.

AcknowledgmentsTo CNPq, Fapesp and Fundecitrus for financial support

Documents

ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF IN BRAZIL - swfrec.ifas.ufl.eduswfrec.ifas.ufl.edu/hlb/database/pdf/00001934.pdf · ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF. José Roberto P. Parra. Mariuxi Lorena Gomez Torres