Ecological Tejal

8/8/2019 Ecological Tejal

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Group Members :-

1) Rohneet Singh 032) Tejal Arora 043) Saloni Jain 18 4) Urmi Sampat 205) Neha Pal 256) Arminder Singh 377) Yash Thakkar 3 8 8) Sonia Verma 429) Aakash Wig 4310) Laxmi Rawat 5611) Prakhyat Shetty 60

12) Amit Vaidya 6 1 13) K aushal Chouhan 67



Acknowledgement:We take this opportunity to express our

gratitude to all those without whoseencouragement this project would not haveseen light.

I am also thankful to Prof. Simran Chawlafor guiding us through in completing thisproject.





philosopher Theophrastus was one of the first people to discuss therelationship between living things and their environments.

Ecology is the scientific study of relationship betweenorganisms and their environment.

Ecological systems are the intimate relationship between livingorganisms and the non living surroundings which comprise thebiosphere. Ecology provides the framework within which we live.Ecology is also described as environmental biology. It deals withthe inter-relations with the nature. Ecological systems powered by solar energy are known as eco-systems. They must be protected by special efforts as our life is dependent on them. We can have goodquality food, pure-water, uncrowned shelter and peacefulatmosphere to live only when eco-systems are protected and

maintained properly over a very long period. Indiscriminateindustrial growth in many countries is mainly responsible forecological degradation which is visible in the form of environmentalpollution, deforestation, urbanization, land degradation, soilerosion and poor quality of rural and urban population due to theinadequate and impure water supply, overcrowding of people, lackof sanitation and other essential facilities. This dangerous sideeffect of industrial growth must be avoided or at least minimized.For the legal measures as well as creating awareness among thebusiness communities are required.

Ecology is disrupted by different polluting agents and industrialgroups are one of the agents and not the only agent. The otheragents disrupting ecology include population explosion,deforestation, vehicular traffic, dams and canals and so on. It is,therefore, not fair to blame industrialization alone for pollution andecological imbalance. All of us make our direct and indirectcontribution to ecological degradation and pollution. Naturally, allhave to stare the responsibility for avoiding ecological degradation.However, the major contributor is industrialization within proper

planning. In this regard, it is correct to say that únplannedindustrial growth in a curse to the ecologyµ

Economic and industrial development in recent years has bought

environmental degradation in India, particularly in big cities like

Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata and so on. In the past, our poverty was





Introduction to Business EnvironmentBusiness environment is a set of political, economic, social

and technological (PEST) forces that are largely outside the control

and influence of a business, and that can potentially have both a

positive and a negative impact on the business.

Ecological environment

The natural environment , commonly referred to simply asthe environment, encompasses all living and non-living things

occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof.

The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by components:

y Complete ecological units that function as natural systemswithout massive human intervention, including all vegetation,animals, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and naturalphenomena that occur within their boundaries.

y Universal natural resources and physical phenomena thatlack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as

well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, notoriginating from human activity.

The natural environment is contrasted with the built environment,which comprises the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans. A geographical area is regarded as anatural environment (with an indefinite article), if the humanimpact on it is kept under a certain limited level (similar to section

1 above).

Composition:



The Earth's Atmospheric gases scatter blue light more than otherwavelengths, giving the Earth a blue halo when seen from space.

Main article: Earth science

Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, thehydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere as correspondentto rocks, water, air, and life. Some scientists include, as part of thespheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as adistinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere(corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Earthscience (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the EarthSciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to theplanet Earth [2]. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences,namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These majordisciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology andmathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understandingof the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system.

Geological activity

A volcanic fissure and lava channel.



The Earth's crust, or Continental crust, is the outermost solid landsurface of the planet, is chemically and mechanically different fromunderlying mantles, and has been generated largely by igneousprocesses in which magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies toform solid land. Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, andearthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained interms of energy transformations in the Earth's crust, and might bethought of as the process by which the earth resurfaces itself.Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by theradioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solidand consists of magma which is in a state of semi-perpetualconvection. This convection process causes the lithospheric platesto move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as platetectonics. Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subductedcrust material. Crust material that is forced into the Asthenospheremelts, and some portion of the melted material becomes lightenough to rise to the surface, giving birth to volcanoes!

Oceanic activity

An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a component of thehydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, acontinuous body of water that is customarily divided into severalprincipal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area isover 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity isaround 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater



has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise oneglobal, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as theWorld Ocean or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as acontinuous body of water with relatively free interchange among itsparts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.

The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continentsand other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size)the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, theSouthern Ocean (which is sometimes subsumed as the southernportions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans), and the ArcticOcean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic). ThePacific and Atlantic may be further subdivided by the equator intonortherly and southerly portions. Smaller regions of the oceans are

called seas, gulfs, bays and other names. There are also salt lakes,which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are notinterconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of saltlakes are the Aral Sea and the Great Salt Lake.

Rivers and lakes

A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towardan ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a riversimply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reachinganother body of water. Small rivers may also be called by severalother names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; thereis no general rule that defines what can be called a river. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; oneexample is Burn in Scotland and North-east England. Sometimes a





Makes water level rise which will effect on residencial places near

beaches and business prevailing there and would be needed to be

shifted into cities.

Global warming would make a rise in temperature which willfurther help businesses producing solar panels as the demand

would increase and use would as well.

Global warming has led Environment education which has made a

sense of importance in business as all business today are opting

for green technology and which inturn earns them income by

selling products which are eco friendly and also provides them

subsidies from government in form of tax benefit, etc. today people

are demanding of products which are eco-friendly as they are

realizing the importance of healthy environment.

Soil pollution affects business running on it which is

agricultural industry. As most of India rely on agriculture for

business if soil pollution increases the agricultural industries like

Mapro, Manama, Real, Tropicana, etc.

U neven rain has made problems for companies dealing with

mineral water companies which inturn is creating business

operations. Due to rain shortage it creates problems for

agricultural business and companies that rely on agriculture for

business. It also effects the forest which affects the wildlife and

companies producing materials which are made from animal skin

commonly leather companies are affected.Pollution also affects forest which has impact companies

producing paper like navneet, sundaram, etc. and companies also

like century ply, etc.

Environment has created opportunities for automotive companies



to produce eco friendly cars which are less polluting and running

on electricity.

Effects of global warming

M ain article: Global warming

The Retreat of glaciers since 1850 of Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps(situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002), due to global warming.

The potential dangers of global warming are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists, who areincreasingly concerned about the potential long-term effects of global warming on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how climate change and global warmingcaused by anthropogenic, or human-made releases of greenhousegases, most notably carbon dioxide, can act interactively, and haveadverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment andhumans' existence. Efforts have been increasingly focused on themitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes,on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assisthumans, animal and plant species, ecosystems, regions andnations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.

L ife



Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life,scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life ischaracterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation,response to stimuli and reproduction. Life may also be said to besimply the characteristic state of organisms.

Properties common to terrestrial organisms (plants, animals, fungi,protists, archaea and bacteria) are that they are cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism,a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce. An entity with these properties is generally considered life. However, notevery definition of life considers all of these properties to beessential. Human-made analogs of life may also be considered tobe life.

The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell ³ including air,land, surface rocks and water ³ within which life occurs, andwhich biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From thebroadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the globalecological system integrating all living beings and theirrelationships, including their interaction with the elements of thelithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air).





felling or a forest fire. Some grasslands have been sustainably exploited for thousands of years.

The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-madeenvironments, such as human ecosystems and human-influenced

ecosystems, and can describe any situation where there isrelationship between living organisms and their environment.Fewer areas on the surface of the earth today exist free fromhuman contact, although some genuine wilderness areas continueto exist without any forms of human intervention.

- Saloni Jain

Biomes

M ap of Terrestrial biomes classified by vegetation.

Biomes are terminologically similar to the concept of ecosystems,and are climatically and geographically defined areas of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of plants,animals, and soil organisms, often referred to as ecosystems.Biomes are defined on the basis of factors such as plant structures(such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and needleleaf), plant spacing (forest, woodland, savanna), andclimate. U nlike ecozones, biomes are not defined by genetic,taxonomic, or historical similarities. Biomes are often identifiedwith particular patterns of ecological succession and climaxvegetation.



Biogeochemical cycles

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Nitrogen Cycle Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Oxygen Cycle

Global biogeochemical cycles are critical to life, most notablythose of water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

y The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describesthe transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containingcompounds in nature. It is a cycle which includes gaseouscomponents.

y The water cycle , also known as the hydrologic cycle ,describes the continuous movement of water on, above, andbelow the surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a"cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change statesamong liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the watercycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come andgo.

y The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by whichcarbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere,geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

y The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describesthe movement of oxygen within and between its three mainreservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the biosphere (living things),and the lithosphere (Earth's crust). The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible forthe modern Earth's atmosphere and life.



- Sonia Verma

Business and Environment taken

togetherIt is generally agreed that environmental sustainability must bebuild on long-term economic and social sustainability and thatthe challenge of sustainable development requires integration of economy and environment in all sectors and at all levels. Theobjectives of private sector led economic growth in a globally competitive world are not necessarily compatible with the stateand/ or community led objectives of social equity andenvironmental protection.

ECOLOGY BALANCE

Ecology balance is a state in which all ecosystem inputs are equalto the system outputs. In the early years of 19th century, many researchers assumed that most mature ecosystems reached astate of balance is attained only in theory and not in practice.Ecology, environment and quality of life are inter-related conceptsand have acquired a new significance in the recent years.Pollution control is essential for better social welfare.All necessary measures should be taken at the business level foravoiding pollution and other adverse effects of industrial growth.For this, additional expenditure on the part of industrialenterprise will be necessary but it should be treated as aninvestment for the protection of ecological balance.

The use of the term ´business ecologyµ is not new. Yet, previousconceptualizations of the term have not yielded a meaning thatsufficiently represents the fullness of either word. Rather,´businessµ is addressed in a narrow economic sense rather thanrelational one. Écologyµ is used more metaphorically thanliterally as much of this section illustrates. Furthermore,´business ecologyµ has not been well defined. As a result, it issubject to different uses, most of which are not grounded inecological theory or method. The term ´business ecologyµ is usedin one of two ways:



1. To define tightly knit, inter-company relationships, or´business ecosystemsµ

2. To survey businesses· impacts on natural systems.

What is the relation betweenecological environment and business.

Ecological environment refers to all living and non living thingaround us within which we live and work. People have a two way relationship with the ecological environment. An individual livesand work is affected by the ecological environment he or she livesin. At the same time ecological environment gets affected by the

people in it.Relevance of ecological environment on the business is very similar to it relevance to individual. After all, business can beconsidered as the activities of of people organized in bigger group.

The activities of an average business is carried out on much largerscale than an average individual. Thus business and ecologicalenvironment influence each other in much bigger way thanindividuals.In recent years the business activities, particularly the onesinvolving intensive use of energy, release of harmful effluents, andusing harmful substances are threatening to damage ourenvironment irreversible to a state in which life itself will becomeunbearable for human beings because of phenomenon like globalwarming.Industrialization in general involves, urbanization. This not only changes the life of people because of living in urban areas but alsocauses deforestation.Some industry such as paper and furniture are fast destroying thesubstantially depleted forests. This has not only contributed toglobal warming, but also destroyed many varieties of flora andfauna.Of course there scan be a positive side of business also. businesscan, because of its economic power and its relationship with itsemployees, customers and other stakeholders, play an importantpart in protecting and improve our ecological environment.



There are various environmental factors which can impact thebusinesses in an economy. These environmental factors can becategorized into external and internal environment of thebusinesses. The internal environment of the company includesthe factors which are within the company and under the control of company like product Organizational culture, Leadership, andManufacturing(quality). On the other hand, the external factorsare not under the control of the company and include Socialenvironment, political conditions, suppliers, competitors of thecompany, Government regulations and policies, accountingagencies like Accounting standard board, Resources in aneconomy and demographics of people.

-U rmi Sampat

F actors Affecting Ecological Environmentin India.

Environment pollution is the result of many reasons / causes.

They include growing population, deforestation, vehicular traffic,

dam and canal and unplanned industrial growth. Pollution is one

unavoidable consequence of industrial production. Smoke, smell,

noise effluent and dust are gerate by industrial units. This leads topollution of different types. even urbanization , extensive use of

transport vehicles and waste arising out of agricultural operation

lead to environment pollution. Today, Pollution is everybody·s

business, everyone creates it and everyone is affected by it.

However, everyone prefers to pass on the responsibility of

controlling it on other such as government, business, local

authorities, etc. However, other agencies also cause equal damage

to the environment and are equally responsible for disturbing

ecology. Growing population and shifting of rural population to

cities for employment. Large scale deforestation, Natural causes

such as forest fires, dust storms, floods and soil erosion. Rapid



expansion of transport facilities (vehicular traffic) U nplanned

urbanisation i.e Growth of overcrowed cities and industrial areas.

Agriculture, dam and canal and industrial establishments.

Types of Impact There can be two types of effects of ecological

concerns on business.

1. Direct Impact

2. Indirect impact

Direct Impacts They can affect costs or the availability of resources (mining in natural

areas) They can effect consumer demand (Shell)

They effect power balances between competitors in a market

Legislative change may affect the frame work within which businesses

operate.



Indirect Impacts Indirect impacts may manifest themselves

in, for example, pressure form suppliers or

staff as a consequence of concern over

ecological problems.

Issues relevant to business

Among the ecological issues, that are relevant

to business, are the following.

1) Resource Depletion :

Resource depletion may influence operations

through impacts on the availability of raw

material through damage to soil, water, trees,

plant life, energy availability, mineral wealth,

animal and marine species .

2) Genetic Diversity :

More relevant to pharmaceutical firms, firms in bio-technology, the

agriculture and food industry.

Development of many new strains of plants and new types of medicine depend

on the availability of wild species from which genetic resources can be drawn.Opposition to genetically modified food is growing.

Production of organically -produced food is becoming more profitable as

consumer are willing to pay a higher price.

3) Pollution Concerns :

Pollution concerns are at the centre of the most worries about the

environment.

(a) Businesses are under pressure to curtail the impacts of their activities on

the water tables, seas and the oceans. Concern over the quality of

drinking water in Asia has generated a massive increase in the size of the

bottled water market in India

(b) The quality of air has been much discussed.

(c) Concern about the pollution of land and the long term damage wrought by



industry to the land it occupies, is an other important issue.

(d) Noise pollution is also likely to become important and can impact the

operation of all manner of business. In order to take action to remedy these

problems the ´Polluter pays principleµ was adopted by the

OECD in early 1970s and now it has broad

acceptance. Pap aims to relate the damage done by

pollution involved in the production of goods

and services to the prices of these goods.

The intention is to deter potential polluters by

making it uneconomic to produce goods and

services that create pollution. This principle has

been broadly accepted and has been a major

factor. In reaction to major pollution incidents

such as large scale oil and chemical spills.

4 ) Acid rains :

Damaged forests throughout northern Europe and acidificat ion of

water supplies and fish-bearing lakes and rivers.

Not possible to establish direct culpability .

Bills involved are large and political pressure to constrain the effects of

industrial production have increased enormously.

5) Ozone depletion :

Ozone layer has been depleted because of pollution

Some solvents used in electronics industry and coolants in refrigerators are a

threat to the ozone layer.

These are being banned now.

6) Waste :

Example include nuclear waste from power stations, industri al waste and

domestic waste.

National governments are doing legislation to handle the waste.

There are also international agreements about the effects of dumping waste on

the marine life and on beaches.

7) Climatic Change :



Excess of CO2 in the air can produce ún natural weatherµ.

Consequences include average world temperature and sea level rising.

Disastrous for agriculture and low lying areas.

8) Energy Resources :

There are concerns about the usage of energy resources.

Some energy resources are yielding far less of their potential than possible.

For example, coal.

Energy saving programs are underway in most of the developing countries.

New energy efficient products are being developed.

Legislations is required to limit the use of certain scarce and dangerous

resources. A ćarbon taxµ, for example can help.

Classification of Environmental Pollution.Environmental pollution involves the following four types :

1. Air pollution

2. Water pollution

3. Sound pollution

4. Soil pollution

1. AIR POLLUTION:

Air pollution is due to chemicals and particles which are

pumped into air regularly by industrial units. The level of sulphur

dioxide increase due to air pollution Air pollution exists in all

industrial cities in India and is industrial towns suggest the

intensity of air pollution in India .

Modernization and progress have led to air getting more

and more polluted over the years. Industries, vehicles, increase in

the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors

responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among



those that emit a great deal of pollutants into the air: thermal

power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and mines.

2 .WATER POLLUTION :

Water pollution is equally serious as the quality of water is

of vital concern to mankind since it is directly linked with human

welfare. Without water, there would not be life of any kind on the

earth. Water is used for drinking, cooking, irrigation and also for

industries. Shortage of fresh / clean water is a serious problem

faced by all developed countries.

When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers,

oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended

in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of

water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting

aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the

groundwater deposits.

Water pollution is mainly due to chemical plants and

sugar factories. The major sources of water pollution are waste

from urban, rural and industrial areas which discharges into

natural water bodies. Water ecosystems have a self ² regulatory

mechanism.

3.Sound Pollution :

Noise, by definition, is unwanted sound. What ispleasant to some ears may be extremely unpleasant to others,

depending on a number of factors. The natural environment

contains many sources of noise - wind, volcanoes, oceans, and

animal sounds are all familiar intrusions accepted at various



levels. Man-made noises - from machines, automobiles, trains,

planes, explosives and firecrackers, etc. - are more contentious.

Both kinds of noise affect sleep, hearing, communication, as well

as mental and physical health.Pollution is a noun derived from the verb pollute,

meaning: to foul. It is now increasingly understood that pollution

from noise is an important component of air pollution, which was

previously understood as being limited to material pollution. Noise

is an inescapable by-product of the industrial environment, which

is increasing with advances in industrialization and urbanization.

Even in non-industrial areas, noise from such activities as

printing, auto-repair, grinding, affects those living in the immediate

surroundings. Noise not only causes irritation or annoyance but

also constricts the arteries, and increases the flow of adrenaline

and forces the heart to work faster. Continuous noise causes an

increase in the cholesterol level resulting in permanent constriction

of blood vessels, making one prone to heart attacks and strokes.

Health experts are of the opinion that excessive noise can also lead

to neurosis and nervous breakdown.

4 .Soil Pollution :Soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (man-

made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil

environment. This type of contamination typically arises from therupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides,

percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil

and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct

discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common



chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents,

pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This occurrence of this

phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrializations and

intensities of chemical usage.-K aushal Chouhan

Controlling pollution for two reasons.

Polluted air and water are harmful to life. Air pollution

creates problems for healthy living beings, plants and also

material. Water pollution also creates problems for all living beings,agriculture, water bodies, all plants and animals living in water,

land fertility etc. Thus, one·s consciousness should always attempt

to generate means to control pollution of any type.

Most of the governments all over the world have laws by

which no one is suppose to exceed creating pollution in air or water

beyond prescribed limits. Law breakers often face punishments to

the tune of heavy fines and even stoppage of work.

The Pollution Control Measures undertakenby the Indian Government are:

Adoption of cost effective cleaner technologies should be

encouraged.

Implementation of waste minimization techniques and adoption of

appropriate pollution control measures. Discard and discourage

technologies which do not conform to the quality of products.

Spreading awareness messages through programs for the

prospective and existing entrepreneurs on usage of cleaner



technologies and pollution control. Waste minimization for

improvement of productivity and creation of Waste minimization

circle. Assistance for sustainable development to be facilitated by

the Government of India through fiscal incentives, technology,trainings etc.

An additional system of taxation to be introduced based on

concentration of waste.

Encourage industry to regard 'pollution' as an economic problem.

To decide the cost of water, power, fuel, etc through market

instruments.

Tax exemption on waste selling, resource recovery and reuse to be

introduced.

Incentives may be introduced on waste selling, resource recovery,

reuse, etc.

Scattered business units to follow stringent pollution control

regulations.

Allowance for capital investment and cleaner technology from

foreign and private players.

Government Policy on Environment

Protection / Role of Government in

Environment Protection.

Since 1955,number of steps have been taken by the government for the

protection of environment. Government's positive contribution in this regard is

fast improving since 1985. A full fledged ministry of environment and forestry

programmes.



The policy decisions and measures taken by the government in regard to

environmental protection, pollution control and large -scale tree plantation are

as noted below:

Legal /Statutory Provisions:

There are more than 30 major enacments relating to protection of

environment. The prominent among them are: The wildlife (Protecion)

act,1972; the forest (Conservation) Act,1980, The Water (Prevention and

Control of pollution) Act,1974; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)

Act,1981; The Environment Protecion act,1986, The Public Liability Insurance

Act, 1991, the National Environment Tribunal act,1995 and Industries

(Development and regulation) Act,1951.

These ACTs are being implemented by several organisations such as

Central and State Pollution Control Boards, chief inspectors of factories and

inspectors of agricultural departments. Pollution Control Acts are mainly

applicable to industrial enterprises. The purpose is to check pollution problem

effectively. Wide powers are given to the government under these Acts.

Stringent penalties are also provided for the violation of the provis ions of these

Acts. No distinction is made between government departments and othercompanies while executing these Acts and the jurisdiction of civil courts is

barred under these Acts. U nfortunately, the statutory provisions are not

effective as the provisions are not implemented properly. It is not correct to

say that laws and rules relating to pollution and other environmental matters

affect the business prospects of a company /business unit. The margin of

profit may reduce to some extent but this should be treated as a social cost

and must be accepted by business enterprises for environmental protection

and ecological balance. Laws relating to environmental matters are notrestricting industrial growth. They are for industrial growth without disturbing

ecology. This aspect has wider social significance and business enterprises

should honour such laws relating to environmental matters wit honesty and

also on voluntary basis. Additional expenditure may be necessary for this

purpose but should be accepted by the enterprises for long term social welfare.



It need not be treated as additional liability but one type of social

responsibility on business.

A Note on Environment (Protection ) Act,1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is a comprehensive legisla tion and has

given wide powers to the Central Government for the control of pollution. The

act is in operation in India since November,1986. This landmark legislation is

basically for the protection of environment including environmental pollution.

Wide powers are given to the Central Government under this act for

environment protection. The Act prescribes stringent penalties for the violation

of its provisions.

The environment activities can use the Act for legal action against

enterprises which are careless as regards pollution control. The response of

Supreme Court and High Courts in this regard is extremely positive. Infact,

the courts have now assume the role of pollution (control) boards. According to

CPCB Statistics, the number of court cases field under the air and water

pollution acts has grown from 2,000 in 1987 to 5,900 in 1993. Of these

adjudicated,more than two-thirds were in favour of the pollution controlboards. This suggests that stricts enforcement of anti -pollution legislations

can control the problem of pollution to a considerable extent.

It is necessary to use the Environment (Protection) Act ,1986 effectively by

the Governmant agencies.It is possible to take quick and effective action in the

case of enterprises where any accidenta l discharge or apprehended discharge

of any pollutant in excess of prescribed standards takes place.

Promotion of environmental education

Efforts are also made to promote environmental education,create

environmental awareness among various age groups and disseminate

information through Environmental Information Systems(NNEIS) network to

all concerned. Efforts are also made for the spread of non-formal



environmental education.

Financial assistance is provided to various organisation s to organise

various activities for creating environmental awareness. Financial assistance

is also provided for the production of films on environment.However,efforts in

this regard are extremely inadequate.For example,India's current spending on

environment protection is 0.3 percent of the GNP as against 1.3 percent for

developed countries.

Present Position Of Ecology ConciousnessIn Indian Business

Lack of awareness: The position regarding pollution control, clean

environment and environment protection in India is not at all satisfactory at

the business level. The legal provisions made for pollution control are not

taken in the right spirit by the business enterprises. Business, do not honor

the responsibility in this regard and affair manner.

The government machinery is also not alert In this regard and quick

actions are not taken against enterprises who do not follow the provisions of

the various environment protection acts. Lamenting the poor environment

management, former judge of supreme court justice Krishna Iyer said, µto beor not to be is the question today,µ blaming it on ´moral pollution of our

environmental managers.µ The retired supreme court judge said,µ there is

pollution everywhere because there is corruption ever ywhere.µ[SO U RCE:

Times of India , Mumbai, April 17,1998]this inefficiency of the administrative

machinery is partly responsible for large scale -scale pollution in India. It is

also necessary to improve the enforcement of legislations.

In India, businessman do not accept responsibility to heck pollution

as their moral and social responsibility. There is an attitude of indifference

towards pollution control and protection of ecology. They take some steps in

this regard only when forced by the government agencies or local community.

Recognition of environmental protection: The businessman have to

accept moral; responsibility in regard to pollution control and other

undesirable effects of industrialization. Progressive/professional manage ments



spend money and take suitable measures for environment protection and

pollution control. However, many others ² both fron the private and public

sectors continue to be major offenders against environment.

Impact of additional financial burden: it is rather unfortunate that

some of the public sectors enterprises are notorious for their irresponsibility

towards environmental pollution and ecological balance. This situation much

change an ecology consciousness needs to be promoted in the pri vate as well

as public enterprises. It is true that the preservation of environmental purity

ecological balance and control of pollution will impose additional financial

burden on the enterprise. However this responsibility must be excepted at the

business level. It is the price which business has to pay for social good and

also for the support and co-operation of the entire society for the promotion of

business activities. Business has a duty to protect the rights of mankind (as

suggested by Paul Ehrlich, known human biologist) which include right to eat

well, right to drink pure water, right to enjoy natural beauty, right to

uncrowded shelter and so on.

Need for environmental management : Good business means

business without disturbing environment. At the business level, efforts should

be made to make businessmen alert and conscious about the problem of

pollution and ecological imbalance. There should be self realization on the partof managements of business enterprises. It is necessary to ma ke

environmental management as one integral aspect of total business

management. These problems are social problems but can bring the very

survival and growth of business in danger because if ecology is disturbed,

economics is destroyed. Proper education a nd guidance offered to

businessmen in this regard will give better results in the long run. This will

make the concept of environmental ethics popular at the business level.

Involving common man: environment protection should be made apopular mass movement. Now people should not depend on business or on

government for the protection of their environment. They should do it

independently through self discipline and also by putting pressure on the

government as well as on the business. We need strong enviro nmental

movement throughout the country with non political leadership. Such



movement can put pressure on businessman and government agencies for

effective pollution control and ecological balance. At present even press and

electronic media are playing a positive role in ecological protection.

-N eha Pal and Laxmi Rawat

Suggestions F or Ecology ConsciousnessAt Business Level

Measures for effective pollution control :At the business level special

efforts should be made to reduce industrial pollution to the extent that is

socially and technically reasonable. For this various measures such as

recycling of solid waste, purifying water before sending it to rivers, installing

pollution abatement devices, location of plants at suitable places and proper

training to employees can be taken at the business level. Voluntary measures

at the business level are effective and useful for pollution control.

U se of ¶GREEN TECHNOLOGY·: It is desirable to use technology, which

will not lead to pollution. Such technology may be called ´GREEN

TECHNOLOGYµ. It will not lead to air, water or sound pollution. As a result

,the adverse effects of industrial growth on environment will be considerably

limited.

Business enterprises have to introduce technology which will give the

benefits of industrialization but with limited adverse effects. Even financial

institutions such as ICICI are now helping industries in order to avoid

pollution. Some financial institutions insist that borrowing enterprise must

follow local PCB rules. They avoid offering financial assistance if the enterprise

cannot survive environmentally. Business enterprises should use this

approach of financial institutions for the introduction of green technologies

that is eco-friendly technologies.Respect legal provisions: Business enterprises should honour all legal

provisions (in good spirit) made foe pollution control, environment protection

and ecological balance.

Prevent soil pollution: Business enterprises should prevent soil

erosion and keep rivers and other water reservoirs clean and away from water



pollution. For this, they have to introduce suitable measures as regards

disposal of waste material including water used in production process.

Prevent leakage: Efforts should be made to preve nt leakage of toxic gasses,

explosion and fires from the plants and factories . Developed waste land:

Industrial enterprises should increase the pace of afforestation and waste land

development. Special efforts should be made to preserve wild life.

Ecological harmony: At the business level, suitable measures for

maintaining ecological harmony should be taken.

Protect natural resources: Business enterprises should protect

natural rsources and use them properly and economically a nd thereby to

avoid their wastage.

New energy sources: Business should find out new energy sources in

place of coal and oil.

Eco-friendly products: Business enterprises should develop

environment friendly technologies and prod ucts .

- Y ash Thakkar

Opportunities created for Indian BusinessGreen marketing is a way to use the environmental benefits of a product

or service to promote sales. Many consumers will choose products that do not

damage the environment over less environmentally friendly products, even if

they cost more. With green marketing, advertisers focus on environmental

benefits to sell products such as biodegradable diapers, energy -efficient light

bulbs, and environmentally safe detergents.

People buy billions of dollars worth of goods and services every year ³many

which harm the environment in how they are harvested, made, or used.

Environmentalists support green marketing to encourage people to use

environmentally preferable alternatives, and to offer ince ntives to

manufacturers that develop more environmentally beneficial products.

The concept of green marketing has been around at least since the first Earth

Day in 1970. But the idea did not catch on until the 1980s, when rising public





preferable products and services. Several environmental gr oups evaluate and

certify products and services that meet FTC standards ³or their own tougher

standards. One popular product that has received certification is shade -grown

coffee, an alternative to coffee beans that are grown on deforested land in the

tropics.

During the late 1990s, green marketing received a large boost when President

Bill Clinton issued executive orders directing federal offices to purchase

recycled and environmentally preferable products. Some industries adopted

similar policies.

Examples of environmentally-beneficial products and services:

Paper containing post-consumer wastepaper

Cereals sold without excess packaging

Shade-grown coffee beans

Cleaning supplies that do not harm humans or environment

Wood harvested from sustainable forests

Energy-efficient lightbulbs

Energy-efficient cars

Energy from renewable sources of energy such as windmills and solar power

Companies like Nokia have started recycling of mobile phones.

Aditya Birla Group of Idea communications have made business throughconveying the importance of trees in life.

Oil companies realized the importance of fossil fuels and have started

producing CNG and LPG which are less harmful and cost efficient.

- Amit Vaidya

Need for Green Technology Due to

industrializationFrom the Industrial Revolution to date/We

entered an age of mass production, mass consumption,

and mass disposal. Present Activities Including Environmental

Conservation Activities. The separation of refuse, recycling activities,



and energy conservation activities have spread. In the manufacturing sector,

efforts are being made to develop products with longer lives and that require

less energy, as well as towards downsizing, energy conservation, and recycling.

It has become an important issue to gener ate the largest social and corporate

profits with the minimum resources. Global companies are being required to

provide support for and educate people in developing countries and regions

efficiently, causing only the minimum environmental impact, while making

efforts to preserve forests and allow the natural environment

to regenerate itself through its own powers Environment and business are in a

vicious circle both are interconnected.

- Aakash Wig

Case Study Toyota, Honda and Climate Change :

With the successful rollout of its hybrid gas-electric vehicle, the Prius, Toyota

appears to have gained a substantial competitive advantage in the race to

claim the brand for ćlimate friendly·· vehicles. Global sales of the vehicle

reached the 200,000 mark in May 2004, and Toyota and Honda is nowramping up production to 380,000 vehicles per year, for the World market. It

will soon start its production for Indian markets by the end of the year 2010.

The financial figures are proprietary, but both the companies do seem to have

found a way to turn a global risk ² climate change ² into a profit opportunity.

The Prius was designed as an entirely new vehicle, with fuel economy about

twice that of a typical American passenger vehicle, and, consequently,

substantially lower carbon emissions. The Prius is now the ´green·· vehicle in

the U S, greatly enhancing the image of Toyota·s brand and establishing itself

as the benchmark against which all other ćlimate -friendly·· advances will be

judged. Perhaps more importantly, Toyota recognized early on that creating

the Prius would give them substantial experience in engineering and road

testing electrical components that will be essential for future vehicles running

on hydrogen-powered fuel cells.



BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org

2 .http://en.wikipedia.org

3 .http://www.saching.com

4 .http://www.paryavaranmitra.com

5 .http://www.motivepowers.com

6 .http://www.suite101.com

7 .Business environment -n.g.kale and m.ahmed



8 . http://www.pollutionissues.com/Fo-Hi/Green- M arketing.html



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Ecological Tejal