Ecological aspects and spatial analysis of taxa Foraminifera10.1007/s12526-016-0523... · 2 Ecological aspects and spatial analysis of taxa 3 4 Foraminifera 5 ... Sea, Mediterranean)

A multidisciplinary approach to study confined marine basins: the holobenthic and merobenthic assemblages in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Mediterranean). Marine Biodiversity. Ferraro L., Rubino F.*, Belmonte M., Da Prato S., Greco M., Frontalini F.

*CNR-Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero, UOS of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74100 Taranto, Italy; [email protected]

1

Online Resource 4 1

Ecological aspects and spatial analysis of taxa 2

3

Foraminifera 4

5

Species E1 (Exclusive of MPI) 6

All the species assigned to this group (Bolivina variabilis, Bulimina marginata, Discorbinella bertheloti, Elphidium 7

granosum and Lobatula lobatula) have calcareous walls. The genera Bulimina and Bolivina are mainly related to pelitic 8

bottom with high organic matter, while D. bertheloti, E. granosum and L. lobatula are shallow epiphytic species that 9

could testify the presence of a vegetated seafloor (Langer 1993). 10

11

Bolivina variabilis (Williamson) 12

Shallow to intermediate infaunal dweller common worldwide in mesotrophic to eutrophic environments, from the 13

intertidal zone to the upper slope, but most abundant on the shelf (Moncharmont-Zei et al. 1981; Sgarrella and 14

Moncharmont-Zei 1993). 15

16

Bulimina marginata d’Orbigny 17

Widespread in the Mediterranean, reported in the infralittoral zone and frequent from circalittoral and bathyal muds 18

(Sgarrella and Moncharmont-Zei 1993). It is an infaunal species likely to be associated with fine grained sediments and 19

related to organic carbon and good oxygen content (Corliss and Chen 1988; Murray 1991; Conradsen 1993; Alve and 20

Bernhard 1995). 21

22

Lobatula lobatula Walker & Jacob 23

Typical epifaunal dweller, commonly attached and immobile, preferring temperate-warm, shallow, marine 24

environments (Murray 2001; 2006). According to Langer (1993), it normally lives permanently attached on seagrass 25

leaves and rhizomes. It is reported from vegetated bottoms in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas (Jorissen 1987; 1988; 26

Sgarrella and Moncharmont Zei 1993; Coppa and Di Tuoro 1995; Frezza and Carboni 2009). 27

28

Species E2 (Exclusive of MPII) 29

Elphidium oceanensis (d’Orbigny) exclusively characterized this group. 30



2

Euryhaline, calcareous species typical of confined environments characterized by low-salinity and oxygen depleted 1

waters (Murray 1991; Alday et al. 2013). 2

In this study, this species was collected only at 4 stations, with the highest densities at the station 2D (Fig. 2d; Online 3

Resource 2). 4

5

Species T1 (Typical of MPI) 6

The species belonging to this group are widely distributed in the recent sediments of the Mediterranean Sea, from 7

neritic habitats with vegetation cover and circalittoral fine sands and muddy bottoms. 8

9

Asterigerinata mamilla (Williamson) 10

A calcareous hyaline species very common in Mediterranean shelf communities (Jorissen 1987; Cimerman and Langer 11

1991; Sgarrella and Moncharmont Zei 1993). It is an epifaunal suspension feeder and it is permanently or temporarily 12

attached to coarse substrates, such as bioclastic sands and gravel (Sturrock and Murray 1981; Coppa and Di Tuoro 13

1995). 14

15

Bulimina elongata (d'Orbigny) 16

Reported from areas with fine sands and muddy sediments (Pujos 1976; Debenay and Redois 1997; Redois and 17

Debenay 1999; Villanueva Guimerans 2000). It can also tolerate low oxygen concentrations (Diz and Francés 2008; 18

Mojtahid et al. 2009). It appears commonly offshore, in front of stream outlets where the high content of organic matter 19

reflects the increased nutrient input (Sgarrella and Moncharmont Zei 1993; Spezzaferri and Ćorić 2001). 20

21

Buliminella elegantissima (d'Orbigny) 22

Epifaunal, generally lives in marine waters or in transitional environments. 23

It is cited as characteristic of areas with a high load of organic matter, be it derived from sewage or natural, and with 24

low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (Culver and Buzas 1995). 25

26

Fursenkoina acuta (d’Orbigny) 27

Reported in the Mediterranean from 50-70 m of depth, downwards; its optimum in the Gulf of Taranto (western sector) 28

occurs in the depth-range of 150-650 m (Moncharmont-Zei et al. 1981) and in the Gulf of Salerno and Policastro deeper 29

than 200 m (Sgarrella and Moncharmont Zei 1993). Typical deep infaunal species possessing elongate tests (Corliss 30



3

1985; Corliss and Chen 1988; De Stigter et al. 1998). It is an indicator of suboxic conditions, common in surficial 1

poorly oxygenated sediments (Kaminski et al. 2002). 2

3

Hopkinsina pacifica (Cushman) 4

Highly opportunistic species characteristic of estuarine environments (Jorissen et al. 1992; Barmawidjaja et al. 1995, 5

and references therein), with a marked preference for muddy substrates. It exhibits high motility and responds by 6

increasing its abundance under anoxia when a high input of organic matter is present. 7

8

Rosalina bradyi (Cushman) 9

Typical species of infralittoral bottoms with vegetation cover (mostly Posidonia oceanica) and detritic circalittoral 10

substrates (Sgarrella and Moncharmont-Zei 1993). Langer (1988) reports R. bradyi as abundant on Posidonia rhizomes 11

and living also on Ectocarpus sp. and Udotea petiolata. 12

13

Species T2 (Typical of MPII) 14

This group is dominated by the calcareous species Ammonia inflata and A. parkinsoniana. 15

The genus Ammonia is one of the most extensively studied taxon among modern benthic foraminifera. It is typically 16

reported from both nearshore and marginal marine environments (Murray 1991). Ammonia spp. are established and 17

consistent indicators of low salinity and hypoxic environments in marine pollution monitoring (Alve 1995; Carnahan et 18

al. 2009; Buosi et al. 2010). 19

20

Ammonia inflata (Seguenza) 21

Fairly common in the infralittoral and upper circalittoral zones (Jorissen 1988; Cimerman and Langer 1991), it is typical 22

of muddy bottoms containing high levels of organic matter (Jorissen 1988; Cimerman and Langer 1991; Van der Zwaan 23

and Jorissen 1991; Sgarrella and Moncharmont Zei 1993). 24

This species accounted for one of the highest percentage contribution to the dissimilarity between MPI and MPII 25

(5.81%; Table 6) and resulted one of the most characteristic species of MPII (12.9% contribution to the similarity inside 26

MPII), together with A. tepida and B. spathulata. 27

28

29

30



4

Ammonia parkinsoniana (d’Orbigny) 1

Reported in the Mediterranean Sea in the depth range of 5-15 m; typical of sandy bottoms in the Adriatic Sea in the 2

depth range of 10-20 m, also in front of the Po river mouth, irrespective of substrate type and the percentage of organic 3

matter (Jorissen 1988). 4

5

Species S (Sporadic) 6

All the taxa belonging to this group (Bolivina sp., Bulimina sp., Eggerella scabra, Elphidium crispum, Haynesina 7

germanica, Haynesina sp., Quinqueloculina stelligera and Triloculina trigonula) were present in both the sub-basins of 8

the Mar Piccolo with a very low number of specimens, except for E. scabra which was present in sample 2D with an 9

abundance value of 39.7 ind g-1. This species is widespread all around the Mediterranean Sea and is reported as more 10

frequent on infralittoral fine sands, sandy-muddy bottoms with vegetation and in the upper circalittoral zone (Sgarrella 11

and Moncharmnot-Zei 1993). 12

13

Species S1 (Sporadic in MPI) 14

All the 33 species assigned to this group showed low abundance values and are typical of marine conditions. Among 15

them, several species are epiphytic and related to the presence of vegetated bottoms that are quite widespread in MPI. 16

17

Stainforthia fusiformis (Williamson) 18

Common in many shelf and marginal marine environments, it represents one of the key species on which several 19

retrospective environmental studies are (and probably will be) based (including Quaternary deposits, e.g. Lagoe 1977; 20

Scott et al. 1984). Since its description from samples collected around the British Isles (Williamson 1858), it has been 21

recorded in a range of environments from intertidal to bathyal depths (Gooday and Alve 2001). Widely distributed on 22

the continental shelves and upper slopes around the North Atlantic Ocean. It is able to survive anoxia and even 23

sulphidic conditions for periods up to a few weeks (Bernhard and Alve 1996; Bernhard and Sen Gupta 1999). 24

25

Species S2 (Sporadic MPII) 26

Adelosina sp. 27

Infaunal, detritivore miliolide widespread all around the Mediterranean Sea, mainly on fine-grained sediments (Hyams-28

Kaphzan et al. 2008). It was the only taxon included into this group and it was found only at station 2D with a very low 29

percentage (0.4% of the living assemblage). 30



5

1

Species U (Ubiquitous) 2

All the species belonging to this group (Ammonia tepida, Aubignyna perlucida, Bolivina dilatata, Bolivina seminuda, 3

Bolivina spathulata and Bolivina striatula) are typical of confined environments characterized by food availability and 4

low oxygen content at the sea floor. In particular, B. dilatata, B. seminuda and B. spathulata are typical of eutrophic 5

environments (Barmawidjaja 1991; Barmawidjaja et al. 1992; Duijnstee 2001). Despite their ubiquitous status, 97% of 6

A. tepida and 99% of A. perlucida total density in the study area were obtained from sample 2D. 7

8

Ammonia tepida (Cushman) 9

Shallow-water taxon, usually found in brackish environments. Typical opportunistic species that flourishes in a wide 10

range of salinity and temperature in near-shore environments like shallow marine, lagoonal and deltaic zones (Jorissen 11

1988; Almogi-Labin et al. 1992; Coccioni 2000; Melis and Violanti 2006; Frontalini et al. 2009), where sediments are 12

rich in organic matter (see reviews in Murray 1973; 1991). Even though ubiquitously found in this study, it accounted 13

for the highest percentage contribution to the dissimilarity between MPI and MPII (6.78%; Table 6), characterizing the 14

MPII community (20.5% contribution to the similarity inside MPII). 15

16

Aubignyna perlucida (Heron-Allen & Earland) 17

Typical of estuarine and shallow marine environments (Murray and Alve 2000; Carboni et al. 2010; Evelpidou et al. 18

2010) and also common in lagoons (Albani et al. 1998). Like A. tepida, this species accounted for a high percentage 19

contribution to the dissimilarity between MPI and MPII (5.86%; Table 6) and was one of the most characteristic species 20

of MPII (11.5% contribution to the similarity inside MPII). 21

22

Ostracods 23

24


Carinocythereis whitei (Baird) 26

Typical of marine sublittoral waters (<5-90 m depth), widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. It is reported from all types 27

of substrate but typically lives on silty, silty sands or sandy bottoms without vegetation (Athersuch et al. 1989; Ruiz et 28

al. 1997; 2000a; Ingram 1998; Montenegro et al. 1998). 29

30



6

Semicytherura incongruens (G. W. Müller) 1

Marine opportunistic species widespread in many coastal and littoral environments of Mediterranean Sea as Adriatic, 2

Tyrrhenian and Marmara seas (Bonaduce et al. 1975; Peypouquet and Nachite 1984; Barra 1997; Ruiz et al. 2006; 3

Perçin-Paçal et al. 2015). Very common on sandy silt also with algae at depths not exceeding 125 m (Bonaduce et al. 4

1975; Ruiz et al. 1997). 5

6

Semicytherura punctata (G. W. Müller) 7

Common in many coastal and littoral marine environments (<5-119 m depth) of the Mediterranean Sea, on bottoms with 8

variable granulometry (Bonaduce et al. 1975; Barra 1997). 9

10

Xestoleberis communis (G. W. Müller) 11

Opportunistic marine sublittoral species, common from bottoms with vegetation cover (Bonaduce et al. 1975; Barra 12

1997; Ruiz et al. 2005). It can occasionally withstand small variations in salinity (Triantaphyllou et al. 2005; Nachite 13

et al. 2010). 14

15


Semicytherura cf. striata (Sars) 17

Sublittoral, marine (15-40 m depth), it lives on bottoms with algae. Widespread in the Mediterranean Sea, along 18

England and Norway coasts (Wagner 1957; Whatley and Maybury 1990) can also tolerate reduced salinities (Cabral et 19

al. 2011). 20

21


Loxoconcha rhomboidea (Fischer) 23

Widespread in the Mediterranean Sea; typically marine, lives on sand, silty sand or silt with or without algae; more 24

frequent on medium and fine sand (Bonaduce et al. 1975; Barra 1997; Montenegro et al. 1998). Ubiquitous 25

opportunistic species capable to colonize all littoral environments and withstand small variations in salinity (Nachite et 26

al. 2010). In this study it accounted for the second highest percentage contribution to the dissimilarity between MPI and 27

MPII (14.87%; Table 8) being one of the most characteristic species of MPI (30.7% contribution to the similarity inside 28

MPI). 29

30



7

Propontocypris pirifera (Müller) 1

Reported from littoral marine and brackish environments also with algae (Rome 1964), not tolerating salinity less than 2

25 psu (Athersuch et al. 1989). 3

It greatly contributed to differentiate MPI from MPII (13.47%; Table 8) and was also a major typical species of MPI 4

(22.1% contribution to the similarity inside MPI). It reached high densities (65.8 ind g-1) at station 2E (Fig. 2g; Online 5

Resource 3. 6

7


Cyprideis torosa (Jones) 9

Brackish coastal species, found in environments with a wide range of salinity. It lives on mud or sandy mud, pure sand 10

and algae (Meisch 2000). 11

In this study it resulted as the most important species in MPII (57.8% contribution to the similarity inside MPII), 12

present at 6 stations with quite high densities, in particular at station 2E (Fig. 2h; Online Resource 3). It was the main 13

responsible for differentiation between MPI and MPII (15.79% of contribution to dissimilarity; Table 8). All the very 14

few individuals found in MPI were instars, i.e. the growth stages originating after each moult up to the adult stage. 15

16

Species S1 (Sporadic in MPI) 17

Aurila woodwardi (Brady) 18

Marine littoral opportunistic species (depths of <5-20 m) widespread in the Mediterranean Sea (Bonaduce et al. 1975). 19

20

Palmoconcha cf. subrugosa (Ruggieri) Maybury 21

Marine sublittoral species found in the Mediterranean Sea, in particular in the Adriatic and in the Bay of Naples 22

(Bonaduce et al. 1975). More frequent on silt and silty sand. 23

Our specimens are very close to Palmoconcha subrugosa but they haven’t got the ventral ridges that are characteristic 24

for the taxon. The few specimens found not allow a certain determination. 25

26

Semicytherura rarecostata Bonaduce, Ciampo & Masoli 27

Marine littoral species common in the Mediterranean area; it has been found mostly on fine and medium sand 28

(Bonaduce et al. 1975; Arbulla et al. 2001). 29

30



8

Species S2 (Sporadic in MPII) 1

Leptocythere castanea (Sars) 2

Brackish-water species, extensively found in estuarine and salt-marsh environments, often associated to mud and 3

algae. 4

In this study high densities (60.5 ind g-1) were recorded at station 2E (Online Resource 3). 5

6

Leptocythere lagunae Hartmann 7

Euryhaline and eurythermal species reported from some Mediterranean lagoons as Venice, Nador, Marano and Grado 8

(Montenegro and Pugliese 1996; Ruiz et al. 2000b). 9

In this study it was found only at one station (2E) in MPII. 10

11


Palmoconcha turbida (Müller) 13

Opportunistic marine sublittoral species, reported also from low salinity environments. 14

It may be found alone or as the dominant species in ostracod assemblages in low oxygen conditions (Bodergat et al. 15

1998; Alvarez Zarikian et al. 2000; Ruiz et al. 2005). 16

In this study, it showed the widest distribution, being present at 12 stations and accounted for the greatest portion of 17

similarity in MPI (30.9% of contribution) and, together with C. torosa, contributed to 90% of similarity inside MPII 18

community. 19

20

21

22

Cysts of plankton 23

24


All the cyst types assigned to the E1 group in this study were produced by dinoflagellates (Follisdinellum splendidum, 26

Scrippsiella lachrymosa and Thoracosphaera sp.) and have calcareous walls. 27

28

Follisdinellum splendidum Versteegh 29



9

Described from lithological strata dating to the upper Pleistocene in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Versteegh 1993). 1

Many records from surface sediments in the Mediterranean testify the modern status of the species (Wall and Dale 2

1968; Montresor et al. 1994; 1998; Rubino et al. 2002; 2009) even though very little information is available about its 3

possible environmental affinities. 4

In this study these cysts were collected at three stations in MPI; two of them (1H, 1L) very close to the Navigable 5

Channel, but the third (1A) near to the MPII sub-basin. 6

7

Scrippsiella lachrymosa Lewis 8

Coastal species with a broad distribution going from cold temperate to tropical waters (Lewis 1991; Nehring 1994; 9

Wang et al. 2011). Widely distributed also in the Mediterranean along the coasts of Italy (Montresor et al. 1998; Rubino 10

et al. 2009; 2015; Satta et al. 2013). 11

In this study its cysts have been collected at four stations in MPI, resulting more abundant at 1C (Fig. 2i; Online 12

REsource 4). 13

14


Dissodinium pseudocalani (Gönnert) Drebes ex Elbrächter et Drebes 16

Parasite of the copepod Pseudocalanus eggs. It was originally described from the North Sea, but is reported also from 17

the eastern coast of Canada (Hoppenrath et al. 2009). In the Mar Piccolo its cysts have been observed for the first time 18

in 2006, and that represents the first record for the Mediterranean (Cecere et al. 2015). 19

20


Posoniella tricarinelloides (Versteegh) Streng 22

The cysts of this species are widely distributed in recent sediments in the Mediterranean Sea, both in neritic and open 23

areas (Montresor et al. 1994, 1998; Meier and Willems 2003; Rubino et al. 2010a, 2010b), but are reported also from 24

the deep South China Sea (Gu et al. 2011) and West Atlantic (Wall and Dale 1968, as "bi-carinate type"). Recently, the 25

correspondence to the motile stage has been established (Gu et al. 2013), proving the modern status of the species. 26

In this study the cysts were found at 9 stations in MPI and only at 2 in MPII, indicating a clear preference for "marine" 27

conditions (Online Resource 4). 28

29

Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Balech 30



10

Widely distributed warm water species, commonly found in neritic babitats. It produces blooms often associated with 1

fish and shellfish mortalities (Faust and Gulledge 2002). 2

In this study its cysts have been found at 8 stations in MPI and only at 3 in MPII, indicating a clear preference for 3

"marine" conditions, even though the highest density was registered at station 2L, in the centre of MPII (Fig. 2k; Online 4

Resource 4). 5

6

7

Melodomuncula berlinensis Versteegh 8

Very little information is published for this species as to its possible environmental affinities. It was described from 9

lithological strata dating to the upper Pleistocene in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Versteegh 1993). 10

In this study these cysts were collected at 7 stations in MPI and only at 2, with very low densities in MPII. This pattern, 11

together with the recent reports of this species from open sea areas in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, tropical Atlantic 12

and Indian Ocean (Montresor et al. 1994; Elbrächter et al., 2008; Rubino et al. 2009; 2010b), suggests this could be a 13

cosmopolitan warm water species. 14

It resulted one of the species mostly responsible for the variance between MPI and MPII, with 3% of contribution to 15

dissimilarity (Table 10). 16

17

Strombidium conicum (Lohman) Wulff 18

Ciliate typical of neritic waters, worldwide distributed (Agatha 2011). Its cysts are quite common in coastal sediments 19

(Kim and Taniguchi 1997; Rubino et al. 2009). 20

In this study they were found mainly in MPI, even though they were collected also at the most confined station in MPII 21

(2F) (Online Resource 4). 22

23


Alexandrium minutum (Halim) 25

Well-known dinoflagellate responsible for massive blooms and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) events. It seems to 26

be restricted to coastal sites, particularly harbours, estuaries or lagoons at warm and temperate latitudes (Giacobbe et al. 27

1996; Vila et al. 2005). In the field it has been related to low salinities and nutrient-rich freshwater inputs so that the 28

existence of local freshwater outflows seems to be an important factor correlated to the blooms of this species (Erard-Le 29

Denn et al. 1993; Vila et al. 2005). However, its euryhaline and eurythermal character is well known and has been 30



11

proved from culture experiments (Grzebyk et al. 2003). Cysts are associated with fine organic estuarine and coastal 1

sediments. 2

In this study its cysts were more abundant and widely distributed in MPII (7 vs 3 stations) and the SIMPER analysis 3

confirmed this pattern (2.7% of contribution to dissimilarity; Table 10). 4

5

Gymnodinium impudicum (Fraga & Bravo) G. Hansen & Möestrup 6

Marine and coastal species (Fraga et al. 1995) reported also from coastal lakes (Fusaro lagoon, Campania, Italy) where 7

it can forms massive blooms (Carrada et al. 1991; as Gymnodinium catenatum Graham). 8

In this study, its cysts were collected only at one station in MPI and at all the stations of MPII. It should be emphasized 9

that this is the only cyst type described in literature for this species. Another type we have found in this study, 10

germinated producing an active stage identical under light microscopy to G. impudicum. The different distribution of 11

this other type (U) might suggest that it could be produced by at least one another species, so it is here reported as 12

Gymnodinium sp.6, even because these cysts are very different from G. impudicum "classical" cyst. 13

14

Protoperidinium quinquecorne (Abé) Balech 15

Warm water species, with a wide distribution at temperate latitudes. It forms blooms in eutrophic and polluted brackish 16

environments with temperatures up to 30°C (Horstmann 1980). It also well tolerates a wide range of salinity (from 31 to 17

38 psu) and it is considered as harmful as it is associated to fish mortalities caused by oxygen depletion. Their dormant 18

stages are identical to the active forms (Rubino et al. 2009; Satta et al. 2010). In this study the benthic dormant forms 19

were found at 4 stations in MPII (Online REsource 4), confirming its capacity to tolerate very fluctuating conditions. 20

21

Scrippsiella spinifera Honsell & Cabrini 22

Cosmopolitan species, typical of neritic and open sea waters from cold temperate to warm latitudes. 23

In this study its cysts have been found at 7 stations in MPII, with high densities at station 2L (Online Resource 4). For 24

this reason it resulted one of the most important species to differentiate MPI from MPII (2.8% of contribution to 25

dissimilarity; Table 10). 26

27

Species S (Sporadic) 28

Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech 29



12

Full marine species associated with Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) episodes (Faust and Gulledge 2002). 1

Distributed in areas with a broad range of temperature, nutrient and upper water chlorophyll-a, it showes highest 2

relative abundances in mesotrophic to eutrophic environments while it is normally absent where hypoxic and anoxic 3

bottom waters prevail (Lilly et al. 2007; Anderson et al. 2012). 4

In this study it was reported from 3 stations in MPI and only at station 2A in MPII, the most “marine” of this sub-basin. 5

6

Species S2 (Sporadic in MPII) 7

Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef 8

Cosmopolitan species typical of warm temperate and tropical waters (Steidinger and Tangen 1996). It is a well-known 9

"red water" species associated with fish kills. In the Mediterranean Sea, the resting cysts of this species have been 10

reported from the Adriatic (Saracino and Rubino 2006) and the Ionian seas (Rubino et al. 2010a) and along the Catalan 11

coast (Satta et al. 2013). 12

In this study these cysts were found only at two stations in the centre of MPII (stations 2I, 2L). 13

14


Calciodinellum albatrosianum (Kamptner) Janofske & Karwath 16

Calcareous dinoflagellate with a geographic distribution clearly correlated to warm surface waters (25-28°C surface) 17

and low salinity (Vink 2004). Common in neritic and also oceanic waters. 18

In this study, despite its common presence also in MPII, it showed a preference for MPI and the SIMPER analysis 19

accounted it as the third more important species contributing to similarity in this sub-basin (7.6% of contribution). 20

21

Scrippsiella acuminata complex (Ehrenb.) Kretschmann, Elbr., Zinssmeister, S. Soehner, Kirsch, Kusber & Gottschling 22

Well-known euryhaline species, cosmopolitan in neritic environments where it can constitute the major bulk of 23

dinoflagellate community (Gu et al. 2011). In this study it was by far the most abundant species, representing more than 24

57% of the total cyst abundance in both the sub-basins and contributing for more than 17% to the similarity inside each 25

sub-basin community. 26

27

Paracartia latisetosa (Krizcaguin) 28

Copepod abundant in the Mediterranean Sea, particularly in confined waters (Belmonte and Potenza 2001) also with 29

wide fluctuations in salinity levels. Its resting eggs are commonly found in neritic sediments, mainly in confined basins. 30



13

In this study it resulted as ubiquitous but greatly contributed also to differentiate the two sub-basins (2.8% of 1

dissimilarity contribution; Table 10) resulting more abundant and widely distributed in MPI. 2

3



14

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4

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