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ECE 2799 ECE 2799 Electrical and Computer Engineering DesignElectrical and Computer Engineering Design
““ANALOG PROCESSING ANALOG PROCESSING TECHNIQUES”TECHNIQUES”
Prof. BitarProf. Bitar
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Analog vs. DigitalAnalog vs. Digital
AnalogAnalog Continuous SignalsContinuous Signals Signal Processing Signal Processing
Using Operational Using Operational AmplifiersAmplifiers
DigitalDigital Discrete ValuesDiscrete Values A/D and D/A A/D and D/A
ConvertersConverters Signal Processing Signal Processing
Using Using Microprocessors/ Microprocessors/ MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Op-Amp Signal ProcessingOp-Amp Signal ProcessingApplicationsApplications
Linear OperationsLinear Operations Scalar Scalar
MultiplicationMultiplication AdditionAddition SubtractionSubtraction IntegrationIntegration Differentiation Differentiation FilteringFiltering
Non-Linear Non-Linear OperationsOperations ComparatorComparator Schmitt TriggerSchmitt Trigger
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Scalar MultiplicationScalar MultiplicationAmplification (Non-Inverting)Amplification (Non-Inverting)
VinAVout
-
+
R1
R2
Vin
Vout
AVin Vout
VinR
RVout
1
21
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Scalar MultiplicationScalar MultiplicationAmplification (Inverting)Amplification (Inverting)
VinAVout
VinR
RVout
1
2
- AVin Vout
Vin
Vout-
+
R1
R2
1RZin
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Scalar MultiplicationScalar MultiplicationAttenuation (Reduction)Attenuation (Reduction)
VinAVout
VinRR
RVout
21
2
AVin Vout
R1
R2
Vin
Vout-
+21 RRZin
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Signal AdditionSignal Addition(Passive)(Passive)
)21( VinVinAVout
2
21
2121
1
21
2
VinVinVout
VinRR
RVin
RR
RVout
ΣVin1
Vin2A
R1
R2
Vin1
Vin2
Vout
( If R1 = R2 )
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Signal AdditionSignal AdditionInverting Summer (Mixer)Inverting Summer (Mixer)
)321( VinVinVinAVout
321 VinVinVinR
RVout F
ΣVin1
Vin3-A
Vin3
Vout-
+
R
RFR
R
Vin2
Vin1
Vin2
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Signal SubtractionSignal SubtractionDifference AmplifierDifference Amplifier
)21( VinVinAVout
211
2 VinVinR
RVout
+-
Vin1
AVin2
Vin2
Vout-
+
R1 R2
Vin1R1 R2
12 RZin
211 RRZin
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Signal SubtractionSignal SubtractionInstrumentation AmplifierInstrumentation Amplifier
)21( VinVinAVout
2111
2 VinVinR
RVout
+-
Vin1
AVin2
Vin2
Vout-
+
R R
Vin1
R R
-
+
-
+
2R1
R2
R2
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
IntegrationIntegration
dtA () dttVinAtVout )()(
dttVinRC
tVout )(1
)(-
+
R
C
Vout
Vin
)(tVin
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
DifferentiationDifferentiation
dt
dA
dt
tdVinAtVout
)()(
dt
tdVinRCtVout
)()(
)(tVin
-
+
R
C
Vout
Vin
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Filter ApplicationsFilter Applications
Low Pass Filter (LPF)Low Pass Filter (LPF) High Pass Filter (HPF)High Pass Filter (HPF) Band Pass Filter (BPF)Band Pass Filter (BPF)
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Low Pass Filter (LPF)Low Pass Filter (LPF)
-
+
R1
C
R2
VoutVin
CRjR
RjH
21
2
1
1)(
T
Frequency (Hz)
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k
Ga
in (
dB
)
0
20
40
CRfC
22
1
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
High Pass Filter (HPF)High Pass Filter (HPF)
CRjR
RjH
1
1
2
11
)(1
CRfC
12
1
-
+
R1 C
R2
VoutVin
T
Frequency (Hz)10 100 1k 10k 100k
Ga
in (
dB
)
0.00
20.00
40.00
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Band Pass Filter (BPF)Band Pass Filter (BPF)
22
11
1
2
111
)(11
CRjCRj
R
RjH
22
11
2
1
2
1
CRf
CRf
H
L
-
+
R1 C1
R2
VoutVin
C2
T
Frequency (Hz)
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Ga
in (
dB
)
0
20
40
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Non-Linear Non-Linear Op-Amp ApplicationsOp-Amp Applications
ComparatorComparator Schmitt Schmitt
TriggerTrigger
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Voltage ComparatorVoltage Comparator
V+
V-
Vin
Vref -
+ +Vout
If Vin > Vref then Vout = +Vsat
If Vin < Vref then Vout = -Vsat
T
Input voltage (V)
-10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Schmitt TriggerSchmitt TriggerInverting TypeInverting Type
(Note Positive Feedback!)(Note Positive Feedback!)
T
Input voltage (V)
-10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00V
olta
ge
(V
)
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
SATLow
SATHigh
VRR
RV
VRR
RV
21
1
21
1
V+
V-
Vin -
+ +Vout
R2R1
S. J. Bitar - 2007S. J. Bitar - 2007
Schmitt TriggerSchmitt TriggerNon-Inverting TypeNon-Inverting Type
(Note Positive Feedback!)(Note Positive Feedback!)
SATLow
SATHigh
VR
RV
VR
RV
2
1
2
1
Note Signs!
V+
V-
-
+ +
R2R1Vin
Vout
T
Input voltage (V)
-10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00V
olta
ge
(V
)
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
