ECC Report Unskilled Labour Final Report

8/9/2019 ECC Report Unskilled Labour Final Report

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ECC

UNSKILLED LABOUR

SECTOR

REPORT


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REPORT OF THE EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS COMMISSION ON THE

INVESTIGATION INTO THE UNSKILLED LABOUR SECTOR, SOUTH AFRICA.

CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................4

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................4

1.1. BACKGROUND TO THIS INVESTIGATION.......................................................................4

1.2. TERMS OF REFERENCE........................................................................................................5

1.3. METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................6

1.3.1. PHASE ONE INFORMATION GATHERING....................................................................6

1.3.2. PHASE TO CONSULTATION ITH STAKEHOLDERS.............................................!

1.3.3. PHASE THREE ECC PROCESS........................................................................................111.4. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT...........................................................................................11

CHAPTER TO.....................................................................................................................................12

2.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRADES........................................................................................12

2.2. T"#$%& '()* +")%-)(..............................................................................................................16

2.2.1. M#/0#-)/"% 0 /-&%, $%)"&%, -"0'%", &)#"-* " %#)(%.......................................16

2.2.2. T*% #/0#-)/"% 0 0%")((&%", P/"(0(-#)(, "($( " +#-( 0 ) &$(/ -*"()%7,

#$ #&)% #&& "%-8%"9..........................................................................................................16

2.2.3. C&)"/-)( +#) *("% &%"8(-%, D%()( 0 :/($(&, E-#8#)(, %8%( #$

+/+( $, &( #$ "#8%, #$ +"%+#"( &()%& 0" :/($( " )*%" +/"+&%&........ ..16

2.2.4. C#"+%)& #$ M%$( 0 *%&&(#, )*%" :#&..........................................................................1!

2.2.5. ;/#""9( #$ S)%-"/&*(.................................................................................................1!

2.2.6. Nightsoil removal,Sale or delivery of sand, Shipping agencies, Delivery services, including

messenger services (except delivery by means of power driven vehicles., and !un"ering....1!

2.2.!. #&)% +#+%" "%-8%"9...............................................................................................................1

3.1.1. G#"$% S%"8(-%&........................................................................................................................1>3.1.2. P%&) C)"...............................................................................................................................2?

3.1.2.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&...................................................................................................................21

3.1.2.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&...................................................................................................................21

3.1.2.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&............................................................................................21

3.1.2.4. ECC R%-%$#)(.............................................................................................................21

3.1.3. T%$( 0 "#-%*"&%&...............................................................................................................21

3.1.3.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&...................................................................................................................22

3.1.3.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&...................................................................................................................22

3.1.3.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&............................................................................................22

3.1.3.4. ECC R%-%$#)(&............................................................................................................22

3.1.4. F/%"# U$%")#(................................................................................................................223.1.4.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&...................................................................................................................23

2

Unskilled Labou Se!"o ECC Re#o"


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3.1.4.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&....................................................................................................................23

3.1.4.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&.............................................................................................23

3.1.4.4. ECC R%-%$#)(..............................................................................................................2$

3.1.5. M#/0#-)/"( 0 :% %#....................................................................................................24

3.1.5.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&....................................................................................................................2$

3.1.5.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&....................................................................................................................2$3.1.5.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(...............................................................................................2$

3.1.5.4. ECC R%-%$#)(..............................................................................................................2$

3.1.6. M#/0#-)/"( 0 0$ 0" $%&)(- #(#&.........................................................................24

3.1.6.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&....................................................................................................................2%

3.1.6.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&....................................................................................................................2%

3.1.6.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&.............................................................................................2%

3.1.6.4. ECC R%-%$#)(&.............................................................................................................2%

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................26

EVALUATION IN TERMS OF ECC CRITERIA................................................................................26

T*% #%8(#)( 0 +8%")9........................................................................................................................26

C&) 0 (8(.............................................................................................................................................2 an*aun*

K'#@// N#)# Duban ;uneal Unde"akin* N!anda ;uneal Palou

Uba)bo Resou!es R !onsul"in*

?aden Se/i!es Rid*e/ie Cus'in* Plan"

Ce)en" ua0 La(a*e

Ri!'adFs Ba0 ;uneal Unde"akin* T'e)balaban"u ;uneal Se/i!e

;uneal Unde"akin* A,BOB (uneal se/i!e

;uneal Unde"akin* I=ele"'u *aden se/i!e

;uneal Unde"akin* Do/es (uneal se/i!e

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Subse:uen" "o "'e in(o)a"ion s'ain* sessions+ #ubli! 'eain*s ee !ondu!"ed in all #o/in!es. T'e

"able belo s'os bo"' #ubli! 'eain* "o*e"'e i"' si"es /isi"s s!'edule and a""endan!e (i*ues&

T#:% 3 S-*%$/% 0 P/:(- H%#"(& P"8(-%, C()9 " T', D#)%&, V%/% #$ A))%$#-%

P"8(-% C()9 " T' D#)% #$T(%

V%/% N/:%" 0 E+9%%&

N/:%" 0E+9%"&

E#&)%" C#+% Po" Eli=abe"' 21


11/32

As #a" o( "'e in(o)a"ion *a"'ein* #o!ess+ "'e De#a")en" as in/i"ed b0 "'e ;uneal Unde"akin*

Se!"o e)#lo0es "o !o)e and )ake a #esen"a"ion duin* "'ei se)ina 'i!' "ook #la!e in Louis

Ti!'ad 4ak'ado5 'eein 1 e)#lo0es a""ended "'e session o( 'i!' "'e0 la"e sub)i""ed "'ei

in#u"s in ela"ion "o "'e in/es"i*a"ion.

1.3.3. PHASE THREE ECC PROCESS

Duin* "'is #'ase "'e De#a")en" #esen"ed i"s (indin*s and #o#osals "o "'e ECC (o i"s !onsidea"ion.

T'e (indin*s and #o#osals o( "'e De#a")en" ae dis!ussed in "'e !'a#"es dealin* i"' "'e dis!ussion

on !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en" and a*es+ (olloed b0 "'e ECCFs e!o))enda"ions.

1.3.4. PHASE FOUR@ PUBLICATION OF THE SECTORAL DETERMINATION

AMENDMENT

T'is #'ase ill see "'e #ubli!a"ion o( "'e se!"oal de"e)ina"ion o )inis"eial e#o"+ on!e a##o/ed b0

"'e inis"e+ in "'e ?o/en)en" ?a=e""e and subse:uen" aaeness aisin*.

1.4. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

T'e e#o" !onsis"s o( $ !'a#"es C*#+)%" 2o( "'is e#o" ou"lines "'e se!"o #o(ile and !uen" s"a"us

o( "'e Sou"' A(i!an Unskilled Labou se!"o. C*#+)%" 3is "'e dis!ussion on a##li!a"ion and s!o#e o(

"'e se!"oal de"e)ina"ion+ a*es and e)unea"ions+ de)a!a"ion+ e*ula"ed 'ous o( ok+ and o"'e

!ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en"+ and "'is is (olloed b0 C*#+)%" 4!on"ainin* "'e ECC e/alua"ion !i"eia.

CHAPTER TO

2.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRADES

A!!odin* "o "'e Te)s o( e(een!e+ "'e esea!' 'ad "o look a" "'e (olloin* 2$ "ades in ode "o

#o/ide in(o)a"ion in ela"ion "o "'e !uen" s"a"us o( !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en". Table $ belo e(le!"s

a lis" o( "'e "ades "'a" "'e esea!' 'ad "o (o!us on.

T#:% 4 T*% 24 )"#$%& "%8(%'%$

Bein* o bo""lin* bee


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Ce)en" Podu!"s anu(a!"ue

#odu!"s "o )ake (lou+ )eal and s"o!k

(eed.

O"'e ob Ti"les

Ani)al ;eed ill 8oke

S"o!k (eed ille

Lu!ene Pelle"s ake

1T'e O;O is disa**e*a"ed in"o (i/e 4%5 skill le/els+ i"' le/el % e#esen"in* "'e 'i*'es" skill le/el e:uied (o an0 o!!u#a"ion. ;o "'e #u#oses o( "'is

s"ud0+ skill le/el one 415 o!!u#a"ions is used "o e#esen" "'e unskilled okes "'ou*'ou". No"e "'a" "'e lis" o( o!!u#a"ions is onl0 an e9"a!" (o) "'e O;Oand does no" e#esen" all "'e o!!u#a"ions su/e0ed.

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)ineal a"e.

anu(a!"ue o( *lu!ose+ de9"ose+

!on(loe+ s"a!' G !'e)i!als and o"'e

a*en"s 4na"ual (ibes+ e"!5 ae )i9ed+

blended and !o)bined "o )anu(a!"ue "'e

(ood #odu!"s o( *lu!ose+ de9"ose+

!on(loe and s"a!'.

Pui(i!a"ion+ *indin* o #a!kin* o( sal" G

sal" is e9"a!"ed (o) sal" #ans and "'e sea+

and "'en #ui(ied+ *ound and #a!ka*ed.

Beedi**in*+ !leanin*+ dessin* o( dead

bodies and "'e ela"ed a!"i/i"ies.

?aden 8okes 4Skill Le/el 15

Assis"s in !ul"i/a"in* and )ain"ainin*

*adens.

;a) ain"enan!e 8oke 4Skill Le/el 15

Pune 4Skill Le/el 15

Pes" o 8eed Con"olle 4Skill Le/el 15

A##lies #es" o eed )ana*e)en"

"e!'ni:ues "o kill and !on"ol #es"s o

eeds in do)es"i!+ !o))e!ial and

indus"ial aeas+ oadsides+ #i/a"e and

#ubli! lands.

O"'e ob Ti"les

;u)i*a"o

Kna#sa!k S#a0 O#ea"o

C'e)i!al S#a0e'ie se/i!es G

!ons"u!"ion #lan"s ae 'ied ou" and "'e

"enan"s 'ie /aious e)#lo0ees "o

o#ea"e "'e #lan". In "'e o#ea"ion o( "'e

#lan"+ /aious le/els o( e)#lo0ees ae

'ied.

De)oli"ion o( buildin*s G "'is in/ol/es

Ce)en" and Con!e"e Plan" 8oke 4Skill

Le/el 15

Pe(o)s ou"ine "asks in )anu(a!"uin*

!e)en" and !on!e"e #odu!"s su!' as

*easin* and asse)blin* !on!e"e )oulds+

'oldin* ein(o!in* s"eel in #osi"ion duin*

!on!e"e #ous+ s"i#in* )ould (o) died

!on!e"e #odu!"s+ and (inis'in* #odu!"s.

O"'e ob Ti"les

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"'e "eain* don o( e9is"in* buildin*s

and s"u!"ues "o )ake a0 (o ne

buildin*s.

E9!a/a"in*+ le/ellin* and #u)#in* sand+

soil+ *a/el G in/ol/es "'e di**in* o(

sand+ soil and *a/el (o buildin* and

o"'e !ons"u!"ion #u#oses.

Pe#ain* si"es (o buildin* o o"'e

#u#oses G in/ol/es "'e !leain* o(

buildin* si"es and "'e le/ellin* o( "'e

*ound (o "'e #u#ose o( !ons"u!"ion.

Ce)en" ;inis'e 8oke

Con!e"e ;inis'e

Con!e"e Po!essin* 8oke

Ea"')o/in* 8oke 4Skill Le/el 15

Pe(o)s ou"ine "asks in e9!a/a"in* ea"'+

!leain* and le/ellin* si"es+ and di**in*

ii*a"ion !'annels.

BuildeFs 8oke 4Skill Le/el 15

Pe(o)s ou"ine "asks in ee!"in* and

e#aiin* s"u!"ues and (a!ili"ies on

buildin* and !ons"u!"ion si"es and in

(a!"oies #odu!in* #e(abi!a"ed buildin*

!o)#onen"s.

O"'e ob Ti"les

Bi"u)en i9e Roadin*

Bi!kla0es Assis"an"

Ca#en"es Assis"an"

De)oli"ion Con"a!"o


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!oal )ainl0 on"o s'i#s.

S'i##in* a*en!ies G in/ol/es "'e

ad)inis"a"ion o( *oods "'a" ae

"ans#o"ed b0 s'i#.

Di/es a )o"o!0!le o s!oo"e "o deli/e

*oods.

Lea(le" o Nes#a#e Deli/ee 4Skill

Le/el 15

Colle!"s lea(le"s o nes#a#es (o) a

!olle!"ion #oin" and deli/es "'e) "o 'o)es

in a s#e!i(ied aea.

8a"eside 8oke 4Skill Le/el 15

Tans(es !a*o be"een s'i#s and o"'e

(o)s o( "ans#o" o s"oa*e (a!ili"ies.

O"'e ob Ti"les

Boa" and S'i# Ca*o Loade

Do!ke 8'a(

Lon*s'oe)an

8'a( Laboue

;oes"0

anu(a!"ue o( "annin* e9"a!" G

in/ol/es "'e !o)bina"ion o( d0es and

o"'e !olouin* a*en"s "o )ake e9"a!" "o

d0e lea"'es and o"'e )a"eials.

8as"e #a#e e!o/e0 G in/ol/es "'e!olle!"ion o( as"e o e!0!lin* #a#e.

Re!0!lin* o Rubbis' Colle!"o 4Skill

Le/el 15

Colle!"s 'ouse'old+ !o))e!ial and

indus"ial as"e (o e!0!lin* and dis#osal.

Pa#e and Pul# ill 8oke 4?eneal5

4Skill Le/el 15 O"'e ob Ti"les

Pul#+ Pa#e akin* and Pa#e Podu!"s

Laboue

inin* -

)ineals

ua0in* G is "'e e9"a!"ion o(

buildin* s"one o sla"e (o) an o#en

su(a!e :ua0.

inin* Su##o" 8oke 4Skill Le/el 15

Pe(o)s ou"ine "asks in )inin* and

)ineal oe "ea"in* o#ea"ions su!' as

asse)blin*+ o#ea"in* and dis)an"lin*

)inin* e:ui#)en"+ "akin* oe+ o!k and

dus" sa)#les+ and )i9in* oe "ea"in*

!'e)i!als and !a"al0s"s.

O"'e ob Ti"les

?a/el 8oke

Pi" Ce Su##o" 8oke

ua0 and


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2.2. T"#$%& '()* +")%-)(

Ou" o( "'e 2$ "ades "'e esea!' e/ealed "'a" )os" o( "'ese "ades ae !o/eed b0 ei"'e a Ba*ainin*

Coun!il a*ee)en"+ se!"oal de"e)ina"ion o !olle!"i/e a*ee)en"s. T'e (olloin* "ades 'a/e been

iden"i(ied as 'a/in* su!' !o/ea*e&

2.2.#. $anufacture of glucose, dextrose, cornflower, starch or gelatine

T'e Na"ional Ba*ainin* Coun!il (o "'e C'e)i!al Indus"0 'as a uisdi!"ion in "'ese "ades and i" is

bound "o be e9"ended "o all "'e a!"i/i"ies )en"ioned in "'is se!"o.

2.2.2. %he manufacture of fertiliser, &urification, grinding or pac"ing of salt (sodium chlorite, and

'aste glass recovery

Pesen"l0 "'e )anu(a!"ue o( (e"ili=es is sube!" "o "'e Na"ional Ba*ainin* Coun!il (o "'e C'e)i!al

Indus"0. T'e unskilled okes ae *eneall0 no" e*aded as /ulneable due "o "'e a!"i/i"ies o( (ou

e((e!"i/e "ade unions a!"i/el0 en*a*ed in "'e C'e)i!al Indus"0.

2.2.3. onstruction plant hire service, Demolition of buildings, )xcavating, levelling and pumping

sand, soil and gravel, and preparing sites for building or other purposes.

Tadi"ionall0 "'is "ade 'as been e*aded as a "ade in i"s on i*'". oe/e+ e)#lo0es and e)#lo0ees

in "'e Ci/il En*ineein* Se!"o 'o e9!a/a"e+ le/el+ #e#ae "'e si"e (o (ounda"ions e"! ae sube!" "o

Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 2. In !ases 'ee an e)#lo0eFs business is onl0 "o #e#ae a si"e+ "'en i" is

!on"ended "'a" su!' a!"i/i"0 does no" (all i"'in "'e s!o#e o( "'e Ci/il En*ineein* Se!"o. T'e nu)bes

o( unskilled okes ae (e in ela"ion "o #lan" o#ea"os 'o ae e*aded as se)i>skilled o skilled

okes. Due "o "'e a*es #es!ibed in Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 2 "'e0 'a/e a i##le e((e!" on "'e 'iin*

o( !ons"u!"ion #lan" e)#lo0ees and unskilled okes ae usuall0 #aid on a !o)#aable le/el.

2.2.4. arpets and $ending of hessian, other bags

In 27+ "'e !olle!"i/e a*ee)en" "'a" as !on!luded in "'e Na"ional Te9"ile Ba*ainin* Coun!il as

de!laed as bindin* on "'e #a"ies 'i!' !on!luded "'e a*ee)en" as ell as on "'e o"'e e)#lo0es and

e)#lo0ees in "'is Indus"0 i"' e((e!" (o) 2 ;ebua0 27. In "'is e*ad "'e "e9"ile indus"0 as

de(ined as an en"e#ise in 'i!' "'e e)#lo0es and "'e e)#lo0ees ae asso!ia"ed+ ei"'e in 'ole o in

#a"+ (o an0 a!"i/i"0 ela"in* "o "'e #o!essin* o )anu(a!"ue o( (ibes+ (ila)en"s o 0ans+ na"ual o

)an>)ade and "'e #o!essin* o )anu(a!"ue o( #odu!"s ob"ained "'ee (o)+ in!ludin* all a!"i/i"ies

in!iden"al "'ee"o o !onse:uen" "'eeon. Due "o ba*ainin* !oun!il in"e/en"ion )an0 unskilled okes

in "'e "ade 'a/e been e#la!ed b0 se)i>skilled okes in a 'i*'l0 )e!'anised indus"0.

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17/32

2.2.5. *uarrying and Stonecrushing

T'is "ade )us" be !onsideed "o*e"'e i"' De"e)ina"ion $6% S"one!us'in* Indus"0 'i!' b0

de(ini"ion in!ludes "'e :ua0in* o )innin* o( s"one i( !aied on b0 e)#lo0es 'o ae en*a*ed in "'e

!us'in* o( s"one. T'e se!"o is one o( "'e se!"os 'i!' is e#esen"ed b0 "'e s"on*es" labou "ade

unions in "'e !oun"0. T'ese "ade unions 'a/e ne*o"ia"ion #oes on issues like a*es and !ondi"ions

o( e)#lo0)en" in "'e )inin* se!"o. 8i"' all "'e ne*o"ia"ion #oe and ba*ain (o be""e salaies in "'e

indus"0 "'ee is no need (o a (u"'e #o"e!"ion (o "'is se!"o.

2.2.6. Nightsoil removal, Sale or delivery of sand, Shipping agencies, Delivery services, including

messenger services (except delivery by means of power driven vehicles., and !un"ering

8'ee ni*'"soil e)o/al is unde"aken b0 )uni!i#ali"ies "'en "'e Sou"' A(i!an Lo!al ?o/en)en"

Ba*ainin* Coun!il 'as uisdi!"ion. 8'en ni*'"soil is "ans#o"ed (o ead "'en "'e Na"ional Road

;ei*'" Indus"0 Ba*ainin* Coun!il !lai)s uisdi!"ion. Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 7 does no" e9!lude "'e

sale o deli/e0 o( sand (o) i"s s!o#e a!"i/i"ies ae sube!" "o De"e)ina"ion 7 in /ie o( "'e

!an!ella"ion o( 8a*e De"e)ina"ion $@6. T'e sale o( sand in!ludes !e"ain basi! unskilled o#ea"ions

and (o e)#lo0es "o #a0 "'e )ini)u) a*e laid don in De"e)ina"ion 7 (o unskilled okes and

di/es o( )o"o /e'i!les )i*'" !ause undue 'ads'i# "o !e"ain e)#lo0es.

;u"'e+ 'ee sand is !on/e0ed (o ead b0 a !a"a*e !on"a!"o su!' o#ea"ions (all unde "'e s!o#e

o( "'e Na"ional Ba*ainin* Coun!il (o "'e Road ;ei*'" Indus"0 as "'e la""e !lai)s uisdi!"ion o/e

su!' a!"i/i"ies. Tans#o" o( sand b0 Tansne" (alls unde "'e uisdi!"ion o( "'e Tansne" Ba*ainin*

Coun!il. Sand sold and deli/eed b0 'adae es"ablis')en"s ae no !onsideed "o (all i"'in "'e

s!o#e o( Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 7. I( e"ained as an unskilled labou se!"o a!"i/i"0 "'en "'e e9!lusion

(ound in !lause 14354a5 o( Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 7 !ould a##l0.

Unskilled okes e)#lo0ed in bunkein* se/i!es b0 Po"ne" ae sube!" "o "'e Ba*ainin* Coun!il

A*ee)en" (o Tansne". T'e "o "ades e9a)ined in "'is #oe!"+ na)el0 bunkein* and s'i##in*

a*en!ies+ belon* "o one o( "'e (ou "ans#o" !'a)bes+ 4"'e )ai"i)e !'a)be o( "'e "ans#o" se!"o5.

oeo/e+ "'e0 e#esen" "'is !'a)be onl0 #a"iall0 be!ause "'is !'a)be !o)#ises )oe "'an

bunkein* and s'i##in* a*en!ies.

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18/32

2.2.!. 'aste paper recovery

8'ils" "'e de(ini"ion o( 8ood and Pa#e Se!"oM !o/es #ul# and #a#e 'i!' in!ludes "'e

)anu(a!"ue o( #ul#+ #a#e+ dissol/in* #ul# and #a#e boad in!ludin* in!iden"al a!"i/i"ies in "e)s o(

"'e Ba*ainin* Coun!il (o "'e 8ood and Pul# Indus"0 is su((i!ien"l0 ide "o !o/e "'e a!"ual !olle!"ion

o( as"e #a#e. Indi/idual #esons 'o on "'ei on (o "'ei bene(i" !olle!" and sell as"e #a#e ae no"

e*aded as e)#lo0ees in "'is "ade.

2.2.


19/32

3.1. T"#$%& '()*/) +")%-)(

3.1.1. G#"$% S%"8(-%&

8'en 8a*e De"e)ina"ion $@6 as in/es"i*a"ed in 1773 b0 "'e 8a*e Boad "'is se!"o as (ound "o

#a0 "'e loes" a*es. No "'a" De"e)ina"ion $@6 'as been !an!elled "'ee is no a*e e*ula"in*

)easue a##li!able "o "'is se!"o. T'e nu)be o( e)#lo0es #o/idin* *adenin* se/i!es 'as in!eased

due "o "'e #ubli!a"ion o( Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 6+ Do)es"i! 8okes. E)#lo0es endein* *adenin*

se/i!es usuall0 e)#lo0 $ "o % unskilled okes #e uni" 'o do *adenin* in "'e #la!e o( do)es"i!

e)#lo0ees 'o ae sube!" "o Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 6. A#a" (o) "'a" "'ee ae e)#lo0es 'o

#e(o) *aden se/i!e (o bo"' 'ouse'old #e)ises and indus"ial #e)ises on a (i9ed "e) !on"a!"

basis.

3.1.1.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&

In "e)s o( "'e :ues"ionnaie anal0sis "'e )aoi"0 o( e)#lo0ees su##o" "'e es"ablis')en" o( a se!"oal

de"e)ina"ion. T'e )ain eason '0 *aden se/i!e e)#lo0ees su##o"ed "'e need (o se!"oal

de"e)ina"ion as be!ause o( "'e !uen" le/el o( a*es bein* #aid in "'e se!"o 'i!' an*es (o) R%

"o R@ #e da0.

3.1.1.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&

T'e e)#lo0es su##o" "'e need (o a se!"oal de"e)ina"ion in ode "o e*ula"e "'e se!"o. T'e0

'oe/e a*ued "'a" a se!"oal de"e)ina"ion s'ould no" in!lude all "ades unde one u)bella sin!e ea!'

"ade o#ea"es di((een"l0. T'e e)#lo0es (u"'e indi!a"ed "'a" "'e De#a")en" s'ould "ake in"o

!onsidea"ion "'e !uen" e!ono)i! !li)a"e 'en #e**in* a )ini)u) a*e+ business o#ea"ional !os"+

#odu!"i/i"0 o( "'e oke.

T'e )aoi"0 o( e)#lo0es ee no" in su##o" o( a sin*le )ini)u) a*e in "'e unskilled labou se!"o

and asked "'e de#a")en" "o !'e!k "'e di((een!e 'en in !o)es "o "'e !os" o( li/in* a" ea!' #o/in!e

(o an e9a)#le+ !o)#ain* o'annesbu* and Bloe)(on"ein.

3.1.1.3. D%+#")%)# "%-%$#)(.

T'e De#a")en" !onsideed "'e esea!' (indin*s+ /ies o( /aious s"ake'oldes and is' "o !on!u i"'

"'e /ie "'a" #o"e!"ion is indeed needed (o "'e *aden se/i!e "ade. T'e De#a")en" 'oe/e ould

su**es" a di((een" a##oa!' in "e)s o( dealin* i"' "'is "ade. T'e De#a")en" #o#oses "'a" "'e "ade

s'ould be ali*ned "o Con"a!" Cleanin* Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion no 1 i( i" is #e(o)ed on a !on"a!"

!leanin* basis.

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3.1.1.4. ECC R%-%$#)(.

T'e ECC belie/es "'a" "'e se!"o !an be !o/eed b0 Con"a!" Cleanin* Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion no 1.

Considein* "'e s!o#e and a##li!a"ion o( "'e de"e)ina"ion "'e0 belie/e "'a" i" is "'e sui"able

de"e)ina"ion (o "'e *aden se/i!e "ade al"'ou*' "'e !'allen*e i" ill be "'e issue o( a*es due "o "'e

(a!" "'a" "'e !uen" a*es in "'e !on"a!" !leanin* ae 'i*'e "'an 'a" !uen"l0 *aden se/i!e "ade

ae #a0in*. T'e ECC indi!a"ed "'a" i( a*es ae #e**ed a" "'e !uen" !on"a!" !leanin* )ini)u) a*e

a"e le/el i" ill ne*a"i/el0 i)#a!" on "'e a((odabili"0. T'e ECC "'ee(oe #o#oses "'a" an in/es"i*a"ion

s'ould be !ondu!"ed (o "'is se!"o "o de"e)ine "'e (easibili"0 o( ali*nin* "'is "ade i"' "'e Con"a!"

Cleanin* Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion.

3.1.2. P%&) C)"

A#a" (o) one o "o la*e e*is"eed !o)#anies "'e se/i!es o( #es" !on"ol is in "'e 'ands o( s)all

one and "o e)#lo0ee es"ablis')en"s. T'ee is no ba*ainin* !oun!il (o "'is se!"o and in es#e!" o(

indi/idual businesses "'ee ae (e !olle!"i/e a*ee)en"s in o#ea"ion. T'e )aoi"0 o( okes in "'is

se!"o ae skilled due "o "'e na"ue o( ok 4dealin* i"' 'i*'l0 in"o9i!an" !'e)i!als5. T'e se!"o

e)#lo0s /e0 (e unskilled okes like "'ose okes 'o s#a0 "'e inse!"s and i"Fs onl0 seasonal so

"'e0 )ainl0 use !asual okes "o !o)#le"e "'e "ask.

3.1.2.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&

No in#u"s e!ei/ed (o) e)#lo0ees on "'is )a""e.

3.1.2.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&

T'e E)#lo0es indi!a"ed "'a" "'e0 need a se!"oal de"e)ina"ion bu" (u"'e #oin"ed "'a" "'ei okes

ae "ained as "'e0 deal i"' #oisonous !'e)i!als and "'ose 'o !an be e*aded as unskilled oke in

"'ei ok #la!e is !leanes+ #es" !on"ol assis"an" and 'and0)an. T'e0 (u"'e s"essed "'a" #es" !on"ol

se/i!es s'ould be in!luded+ es#e!iall0 (o "'e abo/e )en"ioned e)#lo0ees. T'e0 #o#osed a sin*le

a*e in o##osi"ion o( "'e #o/in!ial based )ini)u) a*e. T'e0 belie/e "'a" "'e !os" o( e:ui#)en" as

ell as #oisons+ used "o (u)i*a"e+ is )oe o less "'e sa)e e/en ou"side Rus"enbu* de#endin* on "'e

:uan"i"0 "'e0 bu0 and "'e0 also belie/e "'a" "'e )ini)u) a*e s'ould be "'e sa)e as ell.

3.1.2.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&

T'e De#a")en" is o( "'e /ie "'a" #es" !on"ol "ade is a "ade "'a" e)#lo0s )os"l0 skilled e)#lo0ees+

and "'a" )eans "'e se!"o e)#lo0s /e0 (e o( unskilled oke as indi!a"ed abo/e and "'e unskilled

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okes 'o ae e)#lo0ed ae onl0 seasonal so "'e0 )ainl0 use !asual okes "o !o)#le"e "'e "ask.

Takin* "'a" in"o !onsidea"ion "'e De#a")en" #o#ose "'a" i( e*ula"ion o( "'is "ade is needed as !alled

(o b0 e)#lo0es "'e De#a")en" ould su**es" "'a" "'e0 ali*ned "o C'e)i!al Indus"0 Ba*ainin*

Coun!il.

3.1.2.4. ECC R%-%$#)(

A("e !onsidein* all "'e di((een" #o#osals and in(o)a"ion #o/ided+ "'e ECC e!o))ends "'a" "'e

#o!ess s'ould be es"ablis' "o look a" "'e /iabili"0 o( e9"endin* "'e s!o#e o( "'e C'e)i!al Indus"0

Ba*ainin* Coun!il "o !o/e "'is "ade.

3.1.3. T%$( 0 "#-%*"&%&

T'ee is no ba*ainin* !oun!il (o "'e "endin* o( a!e'oses. T'is se!"o !o)#ises )ainl0 o( unskilled

okes and al"'ou*' "e)ed "'e s#o" o( kin*s "'e0 ae no" ala0s #aid 'andso)el0. In so)e !ases "'e

onl0 )ao (inan!ial bene(i"s is i( a 'ose ins o is #la!ed in "'e "o# "'ee a bonus is #aid. In "'e

absen!e o( a "ade union s#e!i(i!all0 (o "'is se!"o i" is doub"(ul "'a" an0 !olle!"i/e a*ee)en"s e9is". As

(a as "'e beedin* o( a!e'oses on (a)s is !on!ened su!' a!"i/i"0 (alls i"'in "'e s!o#e o( Se!"oal

De"e)ina"ion 13+ ;a) 8oke Se!"o. Unskilled okes+ o"'e "'an (a) okes+ 'o "ende

a!e'oses+ ae e*aded as (a) okes. Duin* "'e !uen" in/es"i*a"ion i" as e/ealed "'a" a*es

#aid in "'is se!"o (o "'e e)e*in* a!e'ose "endes ae si)ila "o "'ose #aid in ;a) 8okes se!"o+

'eeas (o bi**e a!e'ose "endes #a0 a )ini)u) o( R1+ #e )on"' i"' bene(i"s like (ee

a!!o))oda"ion+ #o/iden" (und and 13"'!'e:ue.

3.1.3.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&

Duin* "'e si"e /isi" e)#lo0ees in "'is se!"o indi!a"ed "'a" "'e0 donF" "'ink i" is ne!essa0 "o es"ablis'

se!"oal de"e)ina"ion (o "'is "ade as "'e0 ae !uen"l0 e!ei/in* )os" o( "'e bene(i"s as s"i#ula"ed in

"'e Basi! Condi"ions o( E)#lo0)en" A!". T'e0 (u"'e indi!a"ed "'a" "'e0 ae !uen"l0 e!ei/in*

bene(i"s like #o/iden" (und and "'e0 ae also *e""in* a!!o))oda"ion (ee o( !'a*e. T'e e)#lo0ees

!on!u i"' "'e (a!" "'a" "'ei a!"i/i"ies in "'e "ades ae (a)ilia i"' "'ose in (a) okes. os" o( "'e

e)#lo0ees s"a0 in 'os"els 'i!' ae #o/ided b0 "'e e)#lo0es and "'e0 ae no" es"i!"ed 'o "o bin*

alon*.

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3.1.3.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&

E)#lo0es indi!a"ed "'a" "'ei a!"i/i"ies ae (a)ilia i"' "'ose a!"i/i"ies #e(o)ed in (a) oke

se!"o. T'e0 also #oin"ed ou" "'a" "'e loes" eane in "'e se!"o is #aid R1@ #e eek. Bi* e)#lo0es

indi!a"ed "'a" "'e0 'a/e a !on!en abou" "'ose s)all e)#lo0es 'o ae usuall0 #a0in* less in "'e "ade.

3.1.3.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&

T'e De#a")en" is o( "'e /ie "'a" "'e a!"i/i"ies and "'e s!o#e o( "'is "ade is e:ui/alen" "o "'e (a)

oke se!"oal de"e)ina"ion and "'ee(oe "'e De#a")en" #o#ose "'a" "'is "ade s'ould be ali*n "'e

;a) 8oke Se!"oal de"e)ina"ion 13+ "o addess "'ose e)#lo0ees 'o ae e)#lo0ed b0 s)all

e)#lo0es in "'is "ade.

3.1.3.4. ECC R%-%$#)(&

ECC e!o))ends "'a" "'ose okin* on (a)s beedin* a!e'oses "'e0 ae alead0 !o/eed b0 ;a)

8oke Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion 'oe/e "endin* o( a!e'oses s'ould be le(" alone be!ause "'e ECC do

no" (ind aeas o( /ulneabili"0.

3.1.4. F/%"# U$%")#(

;uneal Unde"akin* is a se!"o on i"s on. T'e se!"o e)#lo0s a la*e nu)be o( unskilled okes in

bo"' ual and uban aeas. Sin!e "'e !an!ella"ion o( "'e a*e de"e)ina"ion no $6 "'e e)#lo0es

!o)#lied i"' Basi! Condi"ion o( e)#lo0)en" A!" 'i!' does no" #es!ibe )ini)u) a*es.

E)#lo0ees #a"i!ulal0 "'ose 'o ae e)#lo0ed b0 "'e e)e*in* (uneal unde"akes )os"l0 in ual

aeas ae #a0in* loe a*es as !o)#aed "o "'ose in uban aeas.

3.1.4.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&

T'e )aoi"0 o( "'e e)#lo0ees in "'is "ade a!oss "'e !oun"0 "'e0 indi!a"ed "'a" "'e0 an"ed a se!"oal

de"e)ina"ion "'a" ill addess s#e!i(i!all0 "'e issues in (uneal unde"akin* due "o "'e (a!" "'a" "'ei"ades ae "o"all0 di((een" in o#ea"ion. SACCA8U s"a"ed "'a" unskilled se!"o is /e0 !o)#le9 and "'e

De#a")en" needs "o !ondu!" a "'oou*' in/es"i*a"ion in ela"ion "o "'is se!"o.

T'e0 indi!a"ed "'a" in )os" aeas and indus"ies "'e !on!e#" unskilledM 'as di((een" )eanin*s. T'e0

indi!a"ed "'a" in )an0 se!"os i( 0ou 'a/e oked (o a #a"i!ula #eiod+ 0ou ae !onsideed "o be se)i>

skilled. T'e union e)#'asi=ed "'a" "'e es"ablis')en" o( Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion ill 'a/e ad/ese

!onse:uen!es i( "'oou*' in/es"i*a"ion as no" done. T'e e)#lo0ees in "'e se!"o (u"'e #o#osed "'a"

"'e De#a")en" )us" es"ablis' "'e Se!"oal De"e)ina"ion (o (uneal unde"akin* se#aa"el0.

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3.1.4.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&

T'ee ae di/ese (eelin*s in "e)s o( "'is issue 'eein so)e e)#lo0es (eel "'a" "'e0 donF" need a

se!"oal de"e)ina"ion and s"a"ed "'a" "'e0 !uen"l0 !o)#l0 i"' Basi! Condi"ions o( E)#lo0)en" A!"

'i!' is okin* (o "'e) and 'ile o"'es (eels "'a" in"odu!"ion o( se!"oal de"e)ina"ion in "'e se!"o

ill se" a s"andad "'a" ill basi!all0 assis" in issues o( a*es. E)#lo0es 'o ae a*ains" "'e issue o(

es"ablis'in* a se!"oal de"e)ina"ion "'e0 (u"'e indi!a"ed "'a" i" ill be di((i!ul" "o es"ablis' a Se!"oal

De"e)ina"ion (o unskilled be!ause o( "'e di((een" ba!k*ounds o( "'e Se!"o (o e9a)#le+ (uneal

unde"akin* is !o)#le"el0 di((een" (o) o"'e se!"os.

T'e s)all business e)#lo0es ee !on!ened "'a" a se!"oal de"e)ina"ion ould se" "'e )ini)u)

a*es 'i*' "'a" ill 'a)#e "'e o#ea"in* o( "'e business. T'e e)#lo0e !uen"l0 e)unea"e "'e

e)#lo0ees R6% #e da0+ "'e di/e R 2 and "'e loes" e)#lo0ee is #aid R 1% #e )on"'. So)e

e)#lo0es indi!a"ed "'a" "'e0 !anF" a((od "o e)#lo0 (ull "i)e okes+ s#e!i(i!all0 di/es+ as "'e0 ae

no" bus0 duin* "'e !ouse o( "'e eek bu" onl0 bus0 duin* eekda0s+ "'ee(oe "'e0 e)#lo0 !asual

di/es 'o ill onl0 !o)e 'en "'ee is a (uneal.

3.1.4.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&

?i/en "'e si"ua"ion and !onsidein* e!o))enda"ions (o) bo"' s"ake'oldes in "'is "ade+ "'e

De#a")en" is o( "'e /ie "'a" "'is "ade need "o be in/es"i*a"ed se#aa"el0 "o es"ablis' "'e (easibili"0 o(

e/i/in* a*e de"e)ina"ion $6 ;uneal Unde"akin* i( ne!essa0. In addi"ion "o "'a" ;uneal

Unde"akin* s"ake'oldes !on!u i"' "'e (a!" "'a" "'is "ade i" is /e0 di((een" as !o)#aed "o o"'e

"ades as e)#lo0ees in )an0 o!!asions 'a/e "o ok e9"e)e 'ou in ode "o !o)#le"e "'ei

obli*a"ions.

3.1.4.4. ECC R%-%$#)(8i"' es#e!" "o "'e ;uneal Unde"akin* "ade+ "'e ECC e!o))ends "'a" "'ee s'ould be a se#aa"e

in/es"i*a"ion (o "'e se!"o in/es"i*a"in* a*es and !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en".

3.1.5. M#/0#-)/"( 0 :% %#

T'e )anu(a!"ue o( bone )eal in i"sel( is la*el0 )e!'anised bu" "'e so"in* o( bones e)ains "'e "ask o(

"'e unskilled oke. T'is "ade is no" sube!" "o an0 a*e e*ula"in* )easue sin!e De"e)ina"ion $@6

as !an!elled. T'e nu)be o( unskilled okes in "'is "ade is !onsideed "o be s)all and !ondu!"ed in

23



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/e0 (e aeas. T'e unskilled okes in "'is "ade ae #o"e!"ed b0 Basi! Condi"ions o( E)#lo0)en"

A!" 'i!' does no" e*ula"e a*e.

3.1.5.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&

No in#u"s e!ei/ed (o) e)#lo0ees on "'is )a""e.

3.1.5.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&

No in#u"s e!ei/ed (o) e)#lo0es on "'is )a""e.

3.1.5.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(

T'e De#a")en" is o( "'e /ie "'a" "'is "ade needs a (u"'e in/es"i*a"ion "o de"e)ine 'e"'e i" is

(easible "o ali*n i" "o ei"'e ba*ainin* !oun!il+ o se!"oal de"e)ina"ion o !olle!"i/e a*ee)en".

3.1.5.4. ECC R%-%$#)(

T'e ECC belie/es "'a" )anu(a!"uin* o( bone )eal and )anu(a!"uin* o( (ood (o do)es"i! ani)als is

"'e sa)e "'in* and ould e!o))ends "'a" "'e0 s'ould be !'e!ked and i( /iable *ou# "'e) "o*e"'e.

3.1.6. M#/0#-)/"( 0 0$ 0" $%&)(- #(#&

T'is "ade 'as been li)i"ed b0 "'e e9!lusion o( e)#lo0es 'ose unde"akin* is in !onun!"ion i"' "'e

*indin*+ *is"in* o !us'in* o( !eeals o "'e #odu!"ion o( an0 a !eeal #odu!"s b0 *indin*+

*is"in* o !us'in*. T'ee a##eas "o be no !o)#ellin* eason (o "'e said e9!lusions. oe/e+ "'e

)ain eason (o "'e e9!lusion a##eas "o be "'a" so)e e)#lo0ees ae sube!" "o "'e Ba*ainin* Coun!il

a*ee)en" (o "'e ?ain Co>o#ea"i/e Tade. T'is "ade does e)#lo0 a s)all labou !o#s 'i!' is

!onsideed "o be unskilled. T'e unskilled okes in "'is "ade )os" o( "'e) ae !o/eed b0 "'e

Ba*ainin* Coun!il A*ee)en". E)#lo0es 'o do no" (o) a #a" o( ba*ainin* !oun!il 'a/e indi!a"ed

"'a" "'e0 !o)#l0 i"' "'e BCEA in "e)s o( !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en" and in "e)s o( a*es "'e0 #a0

R%+ . T'ou*' "'e e9"ension o( "'e ba*ainin* !oun!il a*ee)en" "o "'ese e)#lo0ees "'e ele)en"s o(

/ulneabili"0 !ould be alle/ia"ed.

3.1.6.1. V(%'& 0 E+9%%&

T'ee as no #o#osal (o) "'e e)#lo0ee e!ei/ed (o) "'is "ade.

3.1.6.2. V(%'& 0 E+9%"&

E)#lo0es in "'is "ade indi!a"ed "'a" "'ee is a need (o a se!"oal de"e)ina"ion "'a" ill e*ula"e

a*es and !ondi"ions in "'e se!"o. T'e0 e:ues"ed "'a" *eneal okes )us" be !o/eed as "'e use o

2$



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e)#lo0 !asual s"a(( (o #a!ka*in* (ood in "'ei !on"aines. T'e0 also indi!a"ed "'a" "'is okes s"a" b0

#a!ka*in* (ood in!ludin* loadin* in "'e "u!ks "'en a("eads "'e0 !lean "'ei ok s"a"ions as ell as

"'e en"ie buildin*. E)#lo0es also indi!a"ed "'a" i"Fs no (easible (o "'e) "o 'a/e ea!' e)#lo0ee

dele*a"ed "o do a s#e!i(i! "ask e.*. be!ause "'e0 #a!ka*e (ood "'en "'e (loo and< o ok s"a"ions

be!o)es di"0 and "'e0 !anF" !lean as "'e0 *o ins"ead "'e0 'a/e "o do "'e sa)e ok (is" "'en a("e "'e0

all !lean. E)#lo0es su**es"ed a #o/in!ial based )ini)u) a*e and (u"'e indi!a"ed "'a" i" s'ould be

de)a!a"ed o !a"e*oi=ed in"o Aea A and Aea B.

3.1.6.3. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&

Considein* "'e (a!" "'a" "'ee is an e9is"in* ba*ainin* !oun!il (o ?ain Co>o#ea"i/e Tade+ "'e

De#a")en" is o( "'e /ie "'a" "'ou*' "'e e9"ension o( "'e ba*ainin* !oun!il a*ee)en" "o "'ese

e)#lo0ees "'e ele)en"s o( /ulneabili"0 !ould be alle/ia"ed.

3.1.6.4. ECC R%-%$#)(&

T'e ECC e!o))ends "'a" "'e "o "ades )anu(a!"uin* o( bone )eal and )anu(a!"uin* o( (ood (o

do)es"i! ani)als s'ould be ali*ned "o "'e ba*ainin* !oun!il (o ?ain Co>o#ea"i/e.

3.2. T*% 0%#&(:(()9 0 *#8( # &%-)"# $%)%"(#)(.

T'e s"ud0 (ound "'a" )os" o( !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en" in "'e in/es"i*a"ed "ades ae ali*ned "o "'e

Basi! Condi"ions o( E)#lo0)en" A!". T'e )aoi"0 o( e)#lo0es ae !o)#l0in* i"' su!' !ondi"ions o(

e)#lo0)en" as odina0 'ous o( ok+ )eal in"e/als+ Sunda0 ok and !on"ibu"ions "o UI;. T'e

)aoi"0 o( e)#lo0ees e#o"ed no" *e""in* an0 )edi!al bene(i"s+ bonuses o 13 "' !'e:ues and an0

#ension o #o/iden" (unds.

In )os" o( "'e "ades+ i""en !on"a!"s ae idel0 used. T'e esea!' (u"'e e/ealed "'a" )os"

e)#lo0ees ok $ "o $% 'ous 'i!' is in line i"' "'e )a9i)u) odina0 'ous #es!ibed in BCEAe*ula"ions.

In "e)s o( a*es "'e esea!' indi!a"ed "'a" %1 o( unskilled okes in 2$ "ades eaned )oe "'an

R2+ #e )on"'.T'e s"andadised anal0sis s'os "'a" in )os" "ades+ )oe "'an % o( unskilled

okes e#o"ed "'a" "'ei salaies )ee" "'ei basi! needs. T'e esea!' !on!ludes "'a" 'ile a s)all

)aoi"0 o( e)#lo0ees in "'e "ades unde e/ie ean )oe "'an R2+ #e )on"'+ )os" o( "'e) 'a/e

la*e 'ouse'olds 4)oe "'an (i/e )e)bes5+ do no" 'a/e )edi!al bene(i"s and do no" ean bonuses o

13"'!'e:ues.

2%



26/32

3.2.1. D%+#")%)# R%-%$#)(&

T'e De#a")en" !onsideed "'e esea!' (indin*s+ /ies o( /aious s"ake'oldes and "'e De#a")en" is

o( "'e /ie "'a" #o"e!"ion is indeed needed (o "'e "ades i"'ou" #o"e!"ion+ 'oe/e "'ee s'ould be

!ae(ul "o 'a" e9"end ae "'is "ades e9#loi"ed+ "akin* i" !onsidea"ion "'a" !uen"l0 )os" o( "'is "ades

!o)#l0 i"' BCEA. T'e De#a")en" ould like "o #oin" ou" "'a" (o "'e (a!" "'a" "'is in/es"i*a"ion deals

i"' )oe "'an one "ade i"' di((een" !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en" i" does #ose a !'allen*e in "e)s o(

es"ablis'in* a uni(o) le*isla"ion 'i!' ill !a"e "'is si9 di((een" "ades.

T'e De#a")en" is )ind(ul o( "'e di((een!e e9is"in* in !ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en" in "'is "adeFs and "'e

(a!" "'a" "'e issue o( a*es de#ends on "'e a((odabili"0 in "'ose "ades. 8i"' "'a" no"e "'e De#a")en"

ould like "o #o#ose "'a" (o "'ose "ades 'i!' 'a/e been iden"i(ied "o be i"'ou" #o"e!"ion s'ould be

ei"'e lookin* a" "'e #ossibili"0 o( ali*nin* "'e) i"' "'e a##li!able ba*ainin* !oun!il o es"ablis' a

se#aa"e in/es"i*a"ion (o "'is s#e!i(i! "ades. In essen!e "'e De#a")en" #o#oses "'a" "'e se!"oal

de"e)ina"ion (o unskilled labou s'ould no" be es"ablis'ed as i" ill !on(use "'a" labou )ake".

3.2.1. ECC R%-%$#)(&

T'e ECC su##o"s "'e /ie #u" (oad in "'e de#a")en"al e#o".

CHAPTER FOUREVALUATION IN TERMS OF ECC CRITERIA

T*% #%8(#)( 0 +8%")9

T'e in"odu!"ion o( so!ial #o"e!"ion )easues in "'e (o) o( so!ial *an"s 'as #la0ed an i)#o"an" ole

in bin*in* )u!' sou*'">a("e elie( "o #eo#le li/in* in #o/e"0+ 'oe/e+ a!!elea"ed e!ono)i! *o"'

is s"ill a ne!essa0 in*edien" "o assis" in "'e ba""le a*ains" #o/e"0 in !onun!"ion i"' s"en*"'ened

labou )ake" #oli!ies and an i)#o/ed edu!a"ion s0s"e).

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Sou"' A(i!an business leades 'a/e ala0s a*ued "'a" "'e need o( unskilled e)#lo0ees "o 'a/e "'e

alle/ia"ion o( #o/e"0 addessed s'ould be !onsideed a*ains" "'e ba!kdo# o( "'e need (o )oe

ela9a"ion o( !uen" labou las. oe/e+ Banad 4275 'as (ound "'a" o/eall+ e)#lo0)en"

#o"e!"ion le*isla"ion 4EPL5 in Sou"' A(i!a a##eas "o be ela"i/el0 (le9ible+ i"' es#e!" bo"' "o "'e

a/ea*e o( OECD !oun"ies and "o "'ose o"'e non>OECD )e)be e!ono)ies 4Ba=il+ C'ile+ C'ina+ and

India5+ and "'a" Sou"' A(i!aFs labou le*isla"ion see)s "o li/e u# "o i"s !ea"osF ai) o( #o/idin* (o

e*ula"ed (le9ibili"0M. e does #oin" ou" "'a" i" is "ue "'a" ease o( (iin* is one aea 'ee Sou"' A(i!a

s'os u# as bein* less (le9ible+ bu" "'a" e/en in "'is !ase+ Sou"' A(i!a s!oes belo "'e a/ea*e (o

OECD e!ono)ies in "'is e*ad.

T'is (indin* su**es"s "'a" "'e #e!e#"ion o( business "'a" "'e Sou"' A(i!an labou )ake" is

o/ebudened b0 e*ula"ion is dis"o"ed and "'a" !o)#aed "o de/elo#ed and de/elo#in* !oun"ies+ Sou"'

A(i!aFs e)#lo0)en" #o"e!"ion le*isla"ion is ela"i/el0 (le9ible.

T'e )aoi"0 461.$5 o( ele)en"a0 okes in "'e di((een" se!"os s"udied indi!a"ed "'a" "'ei salaies

do no" !o/e "'ei basi! needs. T'is 61.$ s#ans bo"' "'e *ou# "'a" eaned )oe "'an R2+ #e )on"'

4%15 and "'e *ou# "'a" eans unde "'is a)oun" 4$75. T'is su**es"s "'a" unskilled okes (eel "'a"

"'e0 ae li/in* in #o/e"0. T'a" e/en "'e *ou# eanin* o/e R2+ )on"'l0 (el" "'a" "'ei salaies do

no" !o/e "'ei basi! needs e)#'asises "'e de#i/a"ion e9#eien!ed b0 "'e *ou# eanin* less.

T'e e#o" a*ues "'a" "'is )us" be balan!ed i"' 'a" "'e #o/e"0 line in Sou"' A(i!a is. I( "'e loe

boundM #o/e"0 line+ 'i!' #o/ides (o essen"ial (ood and non>(ood !onsu)#"ion and a)oun"s "o R322

#e !a#i"a #e )on"' in 2 #i!es is used+ "'en onl0 32.$ o( "'e s"ud0 sa)#le !an be said "o be li/in*

belo "'e #o/e"0 line. T'is !ooboa"es "'e (indin* b0 A)s"on* e" al 425 "'a" "'e !onsu)#"ion

le/els o( 33.2 o( all 'ouse'olds ee belo "'e loe>bound #o/e"0 line.

A)s"on* e" al used "o absolu"e #o/e"0 lines "'a" "'e0 indi!a"e ee #o#osed b0 S"a"is"i!s Sou"'

A(i!a. T'e loe boundM #o/e"0 line+ 'i!' #o/ides (o essen"ial (ood and non>(ood !onsu)#"ion+

a)oun"s "o R322 #e !a#i"a #e )on"' in 2 #i!es. T'e u##e boundM #o/e"0 line+ 'i!' in!ludes

an addi"ional R261 (o non>essen"ial non>(ood i"e)s+ a)oun"s "o R%73 #e !a#i"a #e )on"'.

T'e0 (ound "'a" "'e !onsu)#"ion le/els o( 33.2 o( all 'ouse'olds ee belo "'e loe>bound

#o/e"0 line+ 'ile %3.3 o( 'ouse'olds !onsu)ed less "'an "'e u##e>bound #o/e"0 line. Pooe

'ouse'olds ee bi**e+ on a/ea*e+ "'an i!'e ones 'en!e+ "'ee as e/en )oe #o/e"0 'en

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)easued in "e)s o( "'e #o#o"ion o( indi/iduals a"'e "'an "'e #o#o"ion o( 'ouse'olds 'o ee

#oo. T'e #o#o"ions o( "'e #o#ula"ion "'a" !onsu)ed less "'an "'e loe>bound and "'e u##e>

bound #o/e"0 lines ee $6.1 and @6.@ es#e!"i/el0.

T'e in!o)e eaned (o) e)#lo0)en" ill be i)#o"an"+ #a"i!ulal0 sin!e "'e ai) is "o edu!e

une)#lo0)en" and#o/e"0. S"en*"'enin* boad>based e!ono)i! #a"i!i#a"ion !an be "'e bes" a0 "o

ensue a )oe e:ual dis"ibu"ion o( in!o)e. T'is e:uies+ no" onl0 lo a"es o( une)#lo0)en"+ bu" also

isin* in!o)e eaned (o) ok. In o"'e ods+ so)e #a"' is needed "'a" ould !ea"e obs andalso

enable eal a*e *o"' in a a0 "'a" is su##o"i/e o( lon* un e!ono)i! e9#ansion.

In Sou"' A(i!a+ eanin*s (o) e)#lo0)en" and sel(>e)#lo0)en" ae lo ela"i/e "o "'e !os" o( li/in*.

T'e Labou ;o!e Su/e0 s'os "'a" abou" @% o( all okes eaned less "'an R2+ % #e )on"'+ and

37 eaned less "'an R1+ #e )on"'. Lo eanes ae no" onl0 (ound in "'e in(o)al se!"o& us"

o/e 'al( o( (o)al se!"o okes eaned less "'an R 2+% #e )on"'. Lo eanes in "'e (o)al se!"o

ae no" onl0 (ound in lo le/el obs& abou" "o>"'ids o( !a(" okes and #lan" and )a!'ine0

o#ea"os eaned R2+ % #e )on"' o less. 8'a" does "'is )ean (o #o/e"0 T'ee is no o((i!ial

#o/e"0 line+ bu" "'e Na"ional Teasu0 e!en"l0 eleased a dis!ussion #a#e su**es"in* "'a" i" )i*'"

ini"iall0 be se" a" "'e e:ui/alen" o( R $3 #e #eson #e )on"' in 2@ Rand. Abou" % o( "'e

#o#ula"ion ould (all belo "'is le/el. 8'a" i( "'e une)#lo0)en" #oble) ee /i"uall0 esol/ed and

(ell (o) abou" 2% "o 13 "o @.% os" o( us assu)e "'a" "'is ould di* dee#l0 in"o "'e #o/e"0

#oble).

C&) 0 (8(

Absolu"e eanin*s (o A(i!an okes ae s"ill :ui"e lo ela"i/e "o li/in* !os"s+ i"' 2.% o( okes

eanin* less "'an R1+ #e )on"' in 2$+ and @$.6 eanin* less "'an R2+% #e )on"' 4Al")an+

2@5. ?ea" ine:uali"0 #esis"s. As dis!ussed ealie in "'is e#o"+ a*e di((een"ials b0 a!e !on"inue "o

be si*ni(i!an" and i" 'as been s'on "'a" "'ee is no oo) "o edu!e eal a*es+ all "'in*s bein* e:ual.

As dis!ussed else'ee in "'is e#o"+ "'e o#"ion o( in!easin* "'e so!ial a*e "o edu!e "'e #essue on

#i/a"e a*es (o (i)s and 'ouse'olds "'ou*' a idened so!ial se!ui"0 ne" 'as alead0 been e9e!ised

"o a*uabl0 "'e #oin" 'ee (u"'e idenin* !ould be unsus"ainable in "'e lon* un.

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In "'ese !i!u)s"an!es+ o"'e (o)s o( ensuin* "'a" "'e !onsu)#"ion le/els o( lo #aid okes ae a"

leas" )ain"ained o i)#o/ed need "o be e9a)ined "akin* in"o a!!oun" "'ei #o"en"ial i)#a!" on

in(la"ion.

In(la"ion in "e)s o( 'ouse'old e9#endi"ues #a"i!ulal0 a((e!"s "'e #oo. T'ose 'o ae os" a((e!"ed

b0 isin* in(la"ion ae "'e #oo be!ause "'e0 s#end "'e bulk o( "'ei 'ouse'old in!o)e on basi!

ne!essi"ies su!' as (ood+ "ans#o"+ edu!a"ion and )edi!al !ae 4NALEDI+ 25.

T'e NALEDI e#o" (u"'e obse/es "'a" on a/ea*e+ lo in!o)e *ou#s e9#eien!e 'i*'e a"es o(

in(la"ion in !o)#aison i"' "'ose in "'e )iddle> and 'i*'>in!o)e ba!ke"s. I)#o"an"l0+ #eo#le in "'e

/e0 lo> "o lo>in!o)e *ou#s s#end "'e bulk o( "'ei 'ouse'old in!o)e on ne!essi"ies+ su!' as (ood+

"ans#o"+ )edi!al !ae and edu!a"ion a)on* o"'es. So 'en !o)#aed i"' "'ose in "'e )iddle> and

'i*'e>in!o)e *ou#s+ "'e 'i*'e a"es o( (ood in(la"ion and o"'e basi! ne!essi"ies a((e!" "'e)

dis#o#o"iona"el0.

8i"' "'e )aoi"0 o( okes eanin* less "'an R2+% #e )on"'+ in!easin* in(la"ion and /e0 'i*'

(ood #i!es+ i" is sa(e "o su**es" "'a" be"een 2@ and 26+ a*es 'a/e no" ke#" #a!e i"' in(la"ion.

Conse:uen"l0+ "'e #u!'asin* #oe o( "'e )aoi"0 o( okes 'as !on"inuousl0 been eoded.

O)*%" (0"#)( )*#) -/$ :% "%%8#) ) )*% ECC

A si*ni(i!an" #o#o"ion 4@%5 !o)#anies indi!a"ed "'a" ee )o/in* "oads a %>% labou>!a#i"al>

in"ensi/e s#li" in "'ei )ode o( #odu!"ion+ su**es"in* "'a" !o)#anies ae *eneall0 no" lookin* "oads

)ao in/es")en"s in "ans(o)in* "'ei )odes o( #odu!"ion "o )oe !a#i"al>in"ensi/e and au"o)a"ed

)odes. T'is !ould )ean "'a" "'e nu)be o( !uen" obs is no" *eneall0 o i))inen"l0 in dan*e due "o

a s'i(" in "'e )ode o( #odu!"ion+ 'oe/e+ i" !ould 'a/e an i)#a!" on "'e a/ailabili"0 o( obs and a*es

eaned #a"i!ulal0 b0 unskilled okes in "'a" "'ese okes el0 on labou>in"ensi/e obs "'a" do no"

e:uie )u!' skills and i( "'e )ode o( #odu!"ion e:uied )oe skilled okes+ "'ese okes ould

be ne*a"i/el0 a((e!"ed.

T'e (indin*s e/ealed "'a" in s)all and )ediu)>si=ed o*anisa"ions+ a*e a*ee)en"s ee #i)ail0

)ade on a one>on>one basis i"' "'e )aoi"0 o( e)#lo0es su/e0ed e#o"in* "'a" "'e0 e!ui"ed a

la*e nu)be o( unskilled okes "'ou*' alk>ins and in(o)al e(eals. In la*e o*anisa"ions+ "'ese

a*ee)en"s ee e:uall0 ne*o"ia"ed a" indus"0>le/el and on a one>one>one basis.

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T'e s"ud0 also (ound "'a" al"'ou*' se!"oal and a*e de"e)ina"ions (o unskilled labou ee !an!elled

in 26+ !e"ain se!"os !on"inue "o 'a/e Ba*ainin* Coun!ils 'i!' )ee" annuall0 "o ne*o"ia"e a*es+

!ondi"ions o( e)#lo0)en" and o"'e ela"ed issues. A nu)be o( subs"an"i/e a*e a*ee)en"s ee

ea!'ed i"'in "'ese se!"os and indus"ies in 27 and a su))a0 o( a*ee)en"s "'a" ae ele/an" "o "'e

"ades unde e/ie in "'is s"ud0 is #o/ided belo.

F#&) M8( C&/%" G$& &%-)"

T'e (olloin* "ades ee in!luded&

anu(a!"ue o( *lu!ose+ de9"ose+ !on(loe+ s"a!'.

Bein* o bo""lin* bee


31/32

anu(a!"uin*


32/32

T'e esea!' su**es"s "'a" "'e ECC !onsides a a*e de"e)ina"ion (o unskilled okes a!oss "'e

"ades iden"i(ied as /ulneable b0 "'is s"ud0 and "akin* in"o a!!oun" "'a" "'ese okes do no" 'a/e an0

o"'e (inan!ial bene(i"s o"'e "'an "'ei salaies.

Documents

ECC Report Unskilled Labour Final Report