EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

EARLY ATMOSPHERE

• PRODUCED BY ERUPTING VOLCANOES• CONTAINED NITROGEN AND CARBON

DIOXIDE• EARLY ORGANISMS RELEASED OXYGEN

TODAY’S ATMOSPHERE

• NITROGEN – 78%• OXYGEN – 21%• OTHER GASES – 1%

• WATER VAPOR – UP TO 4%

• DUST, POLLEN, AND SALT

TROPOSPHERE

• THE LOWEST LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

• CONTAINS 99% OF THE ATMOSPHERES WATER VAPOR.

• CONTAINS 75% OF THE ATMOSPHERES GASES.

• EXTENDS UP TO 10 KILOMETERS ABOVE THE EARTH

STRATOSPHERE

• EXTENDS FROM 10 KM – 50 KM ABOVE THE EARTH.

• CONTAINS THE GAS OZONE.

MESOSPHERE

• EXTENDS FROM 50 KM – 85 KM.

• CONTAINS PART OF THE IONOSPHERE.

THERMOSPHERE• EXTENDS BETWEEN 85 KM – 500 KM ABOVE

THE EARTH.

• THE THICKEST LAYER IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

• HAS HIGH TEMPERATURES

• ALSO CONTAINS PART OF THE IONOSPHERE

EXOSPHERE

• THE LAST LAYER.

• WHERE THE SPACE SHUTTLE FLIES.

• IT HAS FEW MOLECULES.

• OUTER SPACE IS BEYOND THE EXOSPHERE.

IONOSPHERE

• A LAYER OF ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES.

• DURING THE DAY SUN ENERGY INTERACTS AND ABSORBS AM FREQUENCIES.

• AT NIGHT, AM TRANSMISSIONS CAN TRAVEL GREAT DISTANCES.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• GRAVITY PULLS GASES TOWARDS THE EARTH’S SURFACE.

• THE AIR IS DENSER AS IT GETS CLOSER TO THE EARTH.

• MORE FORCE OR PRESSURE IS FELT NEARER THE EARTH.

TEMPERATURE

• THE EARTH’S SURFACE WARMS UP THE TROPOSPHERE.

• AS YOU CLIMB HIGHER IT GETS COOLER.

• OZONE MOLECULES ABSORB THE SUN’S ENERGY AND RAISES THE STRATOSPHERE TEMPERATURE AS IT GOES HIGHER

TEMPERATURE

• THE TEMPERATURE GOES DOWN THROUGH THE MESOSPHERE.

• THERMOSPHERE AND EXOSPHERE TEMPERATURES GO UP THE FARTHER YOU GO.

OZONE LAYER• IN THE STRATOSPHERE.

• MADE OF 3 OXYGEN ATOMS TOGETHER.

• SHIELDS US FROM THE SUN’S HARMFUL RAYS (ULTRAVIOLET).

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS(CFCs)

• CHEMICALS USED IN REFRIGERATORS, AIR CONDITIONERS, FOAM PACKAGING, AND HAIR SPRAYS.

• BLAMED FOR DESTROYING THE OZONE.

TROPOSPHERE

STRATOSPHERE

MESOSPHERE

THERMOSPHERE

EXOSPHERE

ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE

CONDUCTION CONVECTIONRADIATION

CONDUCTION

• THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER.

• THE TRANSFER HAPPENS WHEN THE MOLECULES HIT AGAINST EACH OTHER

• TAKES PLACE IN SOLID, LIQUIDS, AND GASES BUT WORKS BEST IN MATERIALS WITH SIMPLE MOLECULES LIKE METAL

CONVECTION

• THE MOVEMENT OF HEAT BY A LIQUID OR A GAS.

• THE LIQUID OR GAS CARRY THE HEAT WITH IT AS IT MOVES.

• THE MOVEMENT OF A MASS OF HEATED WATER OR AIR IS CALLED A CURRENT.

RADIATION

• THE TRANSFER OF HEAT BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.

• WHEN WE FEEL THE HEAT FROM THE SUN OR AROUND LIGHT BULBS, IRONS, OR THE OVEN.

THE WATER CYCLE

• SUN ENERGY CAUSES THE EVAPORATION OF WATER

WATER + HEAT FROM SUN = GAS

IF THE WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE COOLS IT CHANGES BACK TO A LIQUID WHICH IS CONDENSATION

WATER VAPOR + COOL AIR = LIQUID

HYDROSPHERE

• ALL OF THE WATERS OF THE EARTH

CONDENSATION

WHEN WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE COOLS ENOUGH IT CHANGES BACK TO LIQUID.

CLIMATES OF THE WORLD

• THE CLIMATES OF AN AREA ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE ANNUAL AND MONTHLY AVERAGES OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION, WHICH IS AFFECTED BY THE WATER CYCLE.

WIND

• WHEN WARMER AIR EXPANDS IT LOWERS IN DENSITY.

• COLDER AIR HAS A HIGHER PRESSURE AND MOVES INTO THE LOWER PRESSURE AREAS CREATING WIND.

HEATED AIR

• BECAUSE THE EARTH IS CURVED EVERY AREA DOES NOT RECEIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT.

• THE AIR AT THE EQUATOR IS LESS DENSE AND IS DISPLACED BY COLDER AIR CREATING CONVECTION CURRENTS.

CORIOLIS EFFECT

• THE ROTATION OF EARTH CAUSES MOVING AIR AND WATER TO APPEAR TO TURN.

• NORTH OF THE EQUATOR IT TURNS RIGHT.

• SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR IT TURNS LEFT.

SURFACE WINDS

• TRADE WINDS• WESTERLIES• POLAR EASTERLIES• EQUALATORAL DOLDRUMS

JET STREAM• STRONG WINDS NEAR THE TOP OF THE

TROPOSPHERE.

• MOVE STORMS ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

• PILOTS USE THE JET STREAM TO SAVE TIME AND FUEL WHEN FLYING EAST.

SEA BREEZE

• CREATED DURING THE DAY WHEN SOLAR RADIATION WARMS THE LAND MORE THAN THE SEA.

• THE COOLER AIR OVER THE SEA BLOWS TOWARD THE LAND.

LAND BREEZE

• AT NIGHT THE AIR OVER LAND COOLS FASTER THAN THAT OVER WATER.

• MOVEMENT OF AIR TOWARD THE SEA FROM THE LAND.

QUESTIONS?