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Early People
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to Early People. You will learn about the first humans and about the modern scientists and historians who study them.
Section 1: Studying the Distant Past
Section 2: Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Section 3: Populating the Earth
Chapter IntroductionChapter Introduction
Early People
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
myStory
What were Mary Leakey’s early interests?How did her career activities relate to her
early interests?
Mary Leakey:Mary Leakey:Exploring the Stone AgeExploring the Stone Age
Early Early InterestsInterests
Career Career ActivitiesActivities
BothBoth
Early People
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In the myStory, what does the phrase“she got her wish” mean?
What evidence suggests that MaryLeakey was a skilled artist?
Mary Leakey:Mary Leakey:Exploring the Stone AgeExploring the Stone Age
myStory
Early People
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Why was it unusual for Mary Leakeyto supervise an excavation site?
What kind of person was Mary Leakey?
Mary Leakey:Mary Leakey:Exploring the Stone AgeExploring the Stone Age
myStory
Early People
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What did Mary Leakey find? Why was her discovery important?
How did her discovery affect ideas about human development?
Mary Leakey:Mary Leakey:Exploring the Stone AgeExploring the Stone Age
Mary Leakey’s DiscoveriesMary Leakey’s Discoveries
WhatWhatMary Mary
LeakeyLeakeyFoundFound
Why ItWhy ItMattersMatters
Effect on Effect on the Study the Study of Human of Human Develop-Develop-
mentment
myStory
Early People
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What are the consequences of technology?
Your Questions and SkillsYour Questions and Skills Mary Leakey’s Questions and SkillsMary Leakey’s Questions and Skills
myStory
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
What do items leftWhat do items leftbehind say about us?behind say about us?
What I FoundWhat I Found What It SaysWhat It Says
About MeAbout Me
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
evidence—n., something that can be used as proof
A blue tongue was evidence that Jill had eaten a
blueberry snow cone.
conclude—v., to decide as a result of thinking
or reasoning
Smiles and laughter helped me conclude that
the party was a success.
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabulary
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
Scientists use fossils and artifacts to draw conclusions about early humans.
Archaeological evidence indicates that human life began in Africa.
Key IdeasKey Ideas
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
anthropology—the study of how human beings behave
archaeologist—an anthropologist who studies human life by examining the things that people leave behind
prehistory—the time before written records
Key TermsKey Terms
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
fossil—hardened remains or imprints of living things that existed long ago
geologist—a scientist who studies the physical materials of Earth itself, such as soil and rocks
artifact—an object made and used by humans
Key TermsKey Terms
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
Archaeologists find and study fossils of living things to understand the prehistoric past.
Techniques that geologists use to determinethe age of fossils include
• layering;• radioactive dating; and• DNA analysis.
What are some ways thatWhat are some ways thatdifferent scientists study human different scientists study human
prehistory?prehistory?
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
What do fossils and artifacts tell usWhat do fossils and artifacts tell usabout human prehistory?about human prehistory?
Clues About Human PrehistoryClues About Human Prehistory
FossilsFossils ArtifactsArtifacts
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
Important ArchaeologistsImportant Archaeologistsand Their Discoveriesand Their Discoveries
1959 Mary and Louis Leakey: Olduvai Gorge
1974 Donald Johanson: Lucy
2001 Michael Brunet: “oldest” skull
2009 Tim White: Ardi
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
Uncovering the PastUncovering the Past
Step 1Step 1 Step 2Step 2 Step 3Step 3
Early People
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Discoveries such as “Lucy” and “Ardi” lead most scientists to believe that humankind began in East Africa.
Some scientists disagree. For example, Michael Brunet believes human life started elsewhere in Africa. He found a skull in Central Africa that may support that theory.
Studying the Distant Past
Competing TheoriesCompeting Theories
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
What do all fossil finds have in common?
How do fossils form?
What are three ways to date fossils?
What do fossils tell us?What do fossils tell us?
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
What did scientists conclude from the skull that Mary Leakey found?
Why was Donald Johanson so surprisedto find a complete skeleton?
How would you sequence the fossil findsof Johanson, Brunet, and White?
What have scientists found?What have scientists found?
Early People
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Studying the Distant Past
Studying the PastStudying the Past
Many kindsMany kindsof scientistsof scientists
work togetherwork togetherto study early to study early
humans. humans.
Scientists Scientists have have
discovereddiscoveredseveralseveral
important important cluesclues
to earlyto earlyhuman life.human life.
Many Many questions still questions still exist about the exist about the beginnings of beginnings of
human life.human life.
What are the consequences of technology?
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
How do tools help you learn more easily?How do tools help you learn more easily?
Paper and Paper and
PencilPencilCalculatorCalculator ComputerComputer
Tools You Use to LearnTools You Use to Learn
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
element—n., basic part of a wholeCostumes, music, and special effects can all beelements that make a film successful.
complex—adj., having many related parts; not simpleThe problems in our community are complex and willrequire the work of many different people and groups tosolve.
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabulary
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
The development of new skills allowed hunter-gatherer societies to survive.
Modern humans and Neanderthals both appeared late in the Stone Age.
Key IdeasKey Ideas
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
hunter-gatherers—people who lived byhunting small animals and gathering plants
technology—tools and skills that people useto meet their wants and needs
Key TermsKey Terms
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
culture—the many different elements thatmake up the way of life of a people
nomads—people who move from place toplace with the seasons
Key TermsKey Terms
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Humans began to make stone tools about 2.5 million years ago.
This era is called the Paleolithic Age, or Old Stone Age.
How can tools make it easierto solve a problem?
The Development of ToolsThe Development of Tools
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Stone Age ToolsStone Age Tools
Cutting tools for Cutting tools for
chopping trees, chopping trees,
cutting meat, cutting meat,
and scraping and scraping
animal skinsanimal skins
Sharp spearSharp spear
andand
arrow tipsarrow tips
ToolsTools
from bonefrom bone
and antlerand antler
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Using FireUsing Fire
Fire
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Stone Age hunter-gatherers lived in bands of 10 or 12 adults and their children.
They were nomads who moved with the seasons to find food.
Groups sometimes found shelter in caves. They also built temporary shelter from branches or animal skin.
Finding food was the main activity for hunter-gatherers. Men and boys hunted. Women and girls gathered.
Early Stone Age CultureEarly Stone Age Culture
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
How Early Hunter-Gatherers LivedHow Early Hunter-Gatherers Lived
Why is the Paleolithic era named for stone?
How might changing tools change hunting practices for early humans?
Describe an early Stone Age community.
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
• first appeared about 200,000 years ago.
• had short, sturdy skeletons.
• had only very simple communication skills.
• made no art or music.
• had simple burial practices.
NeanderthalsNeanderthals
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
• first appeared about 100,000 years ago.
• had taller, slimmer bodies.
• had complex language skills.
• made art and music.
• had more complex burial practices.
Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
• made hunting tools.
• used fire.
• had large brains.
• lived in the same region
about 30,000 to 40,000 years ago.
Both NeanderthalsBoth Neanderthalsand and Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Later Stone Age PeopleLater Stone Age People
What are some similarities betweenHomo sapiens and Neanderthals?
What are some differences?
How do modern humans comparewith Homo sapiens?
What did language allowHomo sapiens to do?
Early People
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
What are the consequences of technology?
Development of Development of
toolstoolsBecause of tools,Because of tools,
early humans couldearly humans could
Use of fireUse of fireBecause of fire,Because of fire,
early humans couldearly humans could
Development of Development of
languagelanguageBecause of language,Because of language,
early humans couldearly humans could
Development of Development of
culturecultureBecause of culture,Because of culture,
early humans couldearly humans could
Early People
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Populating the Earth
Why do people move?Why do people move?
People move becausePeople move because
Early People
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network—n., a closely interconnected group ofpeople or thingsI have a network of friends that helps methrough difficult times.
potential—n., possibility to grow or change inthe futureThe coach said that Anna had great potentialas a basketball player.
Populating the Earth
Academic VocabularyAcademic Vocabulary
Early People
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Over time, modern humans populated most
regions of the world.
As they migrated, humans learned to adapt to
various environments.
Populating the Earth
Key IdeasKey Ideas
Early People
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Art and other evidence reveal that human
societies became more complex and
developed religious beliefs.
Populating the Earth
Key IdeasKey Ideas
Early People
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populate—become inhabitants of
migration—process in which people leavetheir homeland to live somewhere else
environment—surroundings
Populating the Earth
Key TermsKey Terms
Early People
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adapt—change one’s way of life
clan—group of families with a commonancestor
animism—belief that the natural world isfilled with spirits
Populating the Earth
Key TermsKey Terms
Early People
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Populating the Earth
Homo sapiensHomo sapiens Migration Theories Migration Theories
Two Migration TheoriesTwo Migration Theories
Out of AfricaOut of Africa Separate OriginsSeparate Origins
Homo sapiensHomo sapiensoriginatedoriginatedin Africa.
They then migratedto other partsof the world.
Large-brained Large-brained humans developed humans developed separately in many separately in many
places.places.Different types Different types
mixed together and mixed together and eventually became eventually became
Homo sapiens.Homo sapiens.
Early People
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List evidence scientists use to supportList evidence scientists use to supporteach main migration theory.each main migration theory.
How did the skull found in 2007How did the skull found in 2007support the out of Africa theory?support the out of Africa theory?
Populating the Earth
Out of Africa TheoryOut of Africa Theory
Separate Origins TheorySeparate Origins Theory
Early People
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Why did it take so long for populationto spread from Africa to Australia?
Populating the Earth
Early MigrationsEarly Migrations
Early People
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Homo sapiens had to adapt to new environments as they migrated:
What were some main waysthey adapted?
Each place had different climate,plants, and animals:
Why was it necessaryto understand differences?
Populating the Earth
Challenges of MigrationChallenges of Migration
Early People
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Populating the Earth
Characteristics of the Ice AgeCharacteristics of the Ice Age
The Ice Age ComesThe Ice Age Comes
• Temperatures dropped.• Thick sheets of ice
covered the land.• Rainfall decreased and
ocean levels dropped.• Land bridges were
exposed.•
Early People
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Populating the Earth
Ice Age ChangesIce Age Changes
People in the Ice AgePeople in the Ice Age
•• needed new shelters and needed new shelters and clothing to stay warm.clothing to stay warm.
•• had to keep fires burning had to keep fires burning all the time.all the time.
••
••
Early People
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Populating the Earth
What does the cave artWhat does the cave artat Lascaux and Altamiraat Lascaux and Altamira
tell us about life in the Ice Age?tell us about life in the Ice Age?
What Prehistoric Art Tells UsWhat Prehistoric Art Tells Us
Early People
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Scientists believe that Ice Age people buried their dead.
Burial practices show evidence of rituals, such as burying bodies with jewelry or decoration.
Burial rituals suggest that early humans had developed beliefs in deeper meanings of the natural and social world.
These beliefs could be the beginnings of religion.
Populating the Earth
Burial PracticesBurial Practices
Early People
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What burial practices didIce Age people perform?
What do prehistoric burial sites suggestabout human cultures of that time?
Populating the Earth
Religion in the Ice AgeReligion in the Ice Age
Early People
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What are the consequences of technology?
Populating the Earth
In what important ways did human culturechange during the Paleolithic Era?
About 100,000 About 100,000 years agoyears ago
About 70,000 About 70,000 years agoyears ago
About 30,000 About 30,000 years agoyears ago
About 16,000–About 16,000–25,000 years 25,000 years
agoago
About 10,000 About 10,000 years agoyears ago