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Geography of the New WorldGeography of the New WorldNew World = Atlantic SeaboardNew World = Atlantic SeaboardGeographyGeography
–RiversRivers
–HarborsHarbors
–MountainsMountains
–ValleysValleys
ClimateClimate–almost identical to Europe’salmost identical to Europe’s
ResourcesResources–SoilSoil
–MineralsMinerals
–TimberTimber
Native Americans & The New World
Approximately 50-100 million natives in New World circa 1500– ~ 4-10 million Native Americans
in North America in 1492
Developed civilizations–Incan, Aztec, Mayan
–Based in corn/maize agriculture
–North American tribes were less developed
Eve of European arrival:–numerous scattered tribes with
different languages, culture, economies, etc.
–discouraged unity against common enemy
Populated Area = “moral decision”
Different from Europeans:–Socially
–Religiously
–Warfare
Cultural differences made conflict inevitable
Results:–By 1600, nearly 90% of Native
American population wiped out
Renaissance (14th-15th Centuries)–rebirth of learning
–“Man is the measure of things.”
Rise of Nation-States–Political unification and the rise of
absolute monarchs
–Ferdinand & Isabella, Tudors, Valois
–Created strong feelings of Nationalism
Trade–Marco Polo (1271-1295)
–Italian spice monopoly
–fall of Constantinople
–eliminate the middle man
–new route needed to India
Reformation & Counter-Reformation–competition to spread religious
beliefs
Spanish Reconquista–excess soldiers in Spain
–restless class of adventurers left
Technological Advances–Printing Press, Caravel,
Astrolabe, Quadrant, Compass, Portolano, Lateen Sail
Quickwrite:
How should European discovery of the New World be viewed today – triumphant, genocidal, or something else?
Early ExplorationVikings
–Leif Erikson establish colonies of Vinland in Nova Scotia - c. 1000 A.D.
Irish? Japanese?Mali?
Portugal Leads the Way
Prince Henry the Navigator (1425)–School for Navigators
African Trading Posts–Plantation slavery is established
in Africa by the Portuguese (~1441)
Bartholomew Dias (1488) – reached tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama (1498) – sailed around tip to India
Pedro Cabral (1500) – Brazil
Spain and GloryChristopher Columbus
- Genovese sailorConvinces Queen
Isabella of Spain to try western route to Cathay and spices
Made four voyages total Completely wipes out Arawok
tribe while gathering gold Died thinking he reached Asia
An Equitable SettlementPope tries to prevent fighting
over new lands 1493 – Line of Demarcation 1494 – Treaty of Tordisillas
–Portugal gets Africa and Brazil
–Spain gets rest of New World
–Ignored by England & France
Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of
the Worldthe World
Ferdinand Magellan & the Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of First Circumnavigation of
the Worldthe World
Amerigo Vespucci (1499) – “America”
Vasco Balboa (1513) – Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan (1519-22) –
circumnavigates globe
Cabeza de Vaca (1527) – explores the Gulf Coast
Ponces de Leon (1573) – explores Florida
Francisco Coronado (1540-42) – explores the desert southwest
Hernando de Soto (1541) – explores the South and crosses the Mississippi
Spanish empire by the 1600’s
consisted of the part of North
AmericaCentral America
Caribbean Islands Much of South
America.
Spanish Colonization
Motives: “Gold, Glory, God”Rigid control from Madrid
–no self rule
Encomiendas System –large feudal estates
–brutal Native American slavery
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish
ancestoryancestory
PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish
ancestoryancestoryCreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish
and Black and Black mixture.mixture.
CreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish
and Black and Black mixture.mixture.
MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish
and and Indian Indian
mixturemixture
MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish
and and Indian Indian
mixturemixture
MulattosMulattosWhite White
American American and Black and Black mixturemixture
MulattosMulattosWhite White
American American and Black and Black mixturemixture
Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves
Very stratified society–peninsulares, creoles, mestizos
“Black Legend”–Myth that Spanish only brought
evil to New World
St. Augustine (1565): oldest European settlement
Columbian ExchangeEurope gave the New World:
–Diseases (smallpox, influenza, cholera…)
–Horses, Cattle, Sheep–Sugar, Tea, Coffee
New World gave Europe:–Foods (corn, chocolate, potatoes)–Tobacco–Furs
* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis
* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough
Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
Overview (Big Ideas) By 1600, Europe created a global economy. In 15th & 16th centuries, the cultural
differences between Europeans & Native American were so immense that conflict was inevitable. (huge human catastrophe)
Relationships between three major colonial powers & the Native Americans.
– Spain, France, & England
French ExplorationGiovanni Verrazano (1524) –
Atlantic coast & NY Harbor Jacques Cartier
(1535-36) – St. Lawrence River
Samuel Champlain (1608) – founds town of Quebec
Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet (1673) – Great Lakes and Mississippi river
Robert de La Salle (1682) – follows Mississippi River to its mouth
French ColonizationFrench ColonizationMotives: Trade & ConversionGOOD RELATIONS WITH
NATIVE AMERICANSNo one would come!
–Fur-traders & missionaries
–No Protestants (Huguenots)
Not a high priority for Paris