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Art History Timeline30,000 BC- present
Stone Age30,000-10,000
b.c.
• 40,000 years ago
• Humans were hunter-gatherers– day revolved around food
• Portable art- could take with them
• Stationary art- cave walls, stayed forever
• Art was about FOOD or FERTILITY
• Artists unknown
England Ireland
Egyptian5,000 b.c.- 300 a.d.
• Painting and sculpture
• Symbolic: animals, colors, size
• Emphasis on life after death
CLASSICAL ARTGreek & Roman1700-1400 b.c.
• Classical Art’s main medium was sculpture
• Greek: Athletics, Mythology, Daily life, Doric/Ionic columns
• Athens
• Most famous temple: Parthenon (dedicated to Athena)
• Perfection, balance, idealism
• Roman: Mythology, Real people, Historical events, Corinthian columns
• Rome
• Most famous temple: Pantheon (dedicated to 7 gods)
• Practical, realism
Roman Art
Sarcófago Ludovisi– The Battle of Rome
Vatican City- St. Peter’s BasillicaColosseum
Pantheon
Ancient Ruins
The Senate
Asian653 b.c-1900 a.d
• Chinese, Japanese, Indian
• Oldest and continuous kind of art– traditional
• Painting, sculpture, pottery, decorative arts
• Ceramic factories showed wealth and power of emperors (still have today)
• Serene, meditative art; Nature
• Ink on silk or paper
Chinese Art
Terracotta Soldiers– more than 7,000
total
Buddha- Yungang Grottoes- over 51,000 Buddha statues in this
cave
Hanshan Temple- bell rings at Chinese New Year- there is one in
Japan too
Hanging Temple- for 3 religions: Buddhism, Confucianism, and
Taoism
Byzantinea.d. 476-
1853• Eastern Rome
• More abstract & symbolic than Roman art
• Flat or One-dimensional
• Why the change? Debate over whether there was a decline in artistic talent or if there was an oriental influence.
• Artists were members of the religious house
• Long, Narrow, Solemn faces– Bodies faced front
• Religion- icon image of Jesus Christ
• Dedication of Constantinople- capitol city, ruled by Constantine
• Illumination of biblical texts
• Ivory reliefs, no sculptures-- idolatry
Byzantine Art
Giunta Pisano, Crucifix
in Bologna, Italy
San Vitale Basillica in
Ravenna, Italy
Mosaics
Islamica.d. 476-
1453
• Architecture, calligraphy, painting, glass, ceramics, textiles (rugs)
• Maze-like designs, repeating elements- arabesques
• Only God is perfect
• Infinite and indivisible nature of God
• People were not portrayed in art- idolizing
• Secret miniatures
• Architecture: Mosque, Tomb, Palace, Fort
Middle Ages500-1400
• Also known as the Dark Ages: decrease in prosperity, stability, and population
• Art was associated with churches because it was costly, so almost all art was religious
• Over 1,000 years of art in Europe; includes many major art movements:
• Romanesque: Piestic paintings- religious, large churches, no portraits, muted colors
• Gothic art: brighter colors, sculptures, realism, naturalism, stained glass, symmetry
Middle Ages Art
frescoVaulted ceilings & Flying buttresses
Renaissance1400-1550
• Rebirth of Classical traditions– but apply scientific advancements & religious changes
• Naturalism, 3D, lifelike
• “rescuing and restoring art” from the “crude Byzantine style”
• Anatomy & human emotion
• Themes: religious altar pieces, fresco cycles, and small works for private collections
• Techniques: perspective, foreshortening, sfumato, chiaroscuro, balance, proportion
Renaissance Techniques
foreshortening
sfumato chiaroscuro
Mannerism1527-1580
• Break rules
• Artifice over nature
• Intellectual sophistication
• Beautiful, “has style”
• Compositional tension & instability rather than balance & clarity of the Renaissance
• Elongated proportions, stylized poses, no clear perspective, theatrical lighting, strange settings
Baroque1600-1750
• Started by Catholic church- the arts should communicate religious themes
• Art as a weapon in the religious wars- church wanted to speak to the illiterate, not just the well informed
• To impress visitors– express triumph, power, & control
• The name was at first given as an insult– too many unnecessary details, noisy--translates to “elaborate”
• Exaggerated motion, clear details
Romanticism1780-1850
• Not love romance, but GLORIFICATION– glorified concepts such as liberty, survival, ideals, hope, awe, heroism, despair, and the various feelings that nature evokes in humans (views & sunsets)
• First start seeing feelings of the artist, not everyone feels the same
• Creation from nothingness– originality
• Characteristics:
• Emotional emphasis
• Nature can kill you (shipwrecks, lots of shipwrecks)
• Current events
• No exact style, technique, or subject matter
The Raft of the Medusa
Sea of Ice, Wreck of Hope
Liberty Leading the People
The Nightmare
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
Realism1848-1900
• Focus on every day life
• Represent art truthfully– portray exactly what they saw
• Rejected Romanticism– avoided over exaggerated emotionalism and drama, instead portrayed things as they really were with no emotions involved
• Included all classes of people in all aspects of life (even if it was ugly)
• Ordinary people in ordinary life
• Photography was introduced and became popular
The End of the Working Day
Bonjour, Monsiuer Corbet
The Arnolfini Portrait
Impressionism1865-1885
• Began in Paris by a group of artists
• Name comes from Monet’s painting, “Impression Sunrise”
• Characteristics
• Small, thin, visible brushstrokes
• Ordinary subject matter
• Capturing effects of natural light & how it changes
• Unusual visual angles
• Movement
• Colors often aren’t mixed, instead laid side by side
• Avoids using black paint, grays (complimentary colors to shade)
• Didn’t wait for paint to dry
• Painted in evenings to create shadows & studied natural colors of light
Haystacks
Lydia Leaning on Her Arms
Post-Impressionism1885-1910
• Continued impressionist style, but emphasized geometric forms
• Exaggerated an aspect of impressionism
• Impasto- thick application of paint– shows off texture and paint marks
• Used unnatural color
• Pointillism
Fauvism1900-1910
• Led by Matisse and Derain
• Only had 3 exhibitions, lasted a short time
• Wild brushstrokes
• Strong color
• Not realistic; abstract; simple
• Color theory study
Cubism1905-1920
• Considered most influential movement of 20th century
• Objects are analyzed, broken up, and rearranged
• Many viewpoints instead of just one
• Abstract
• Inspired movements in other art forms (music, literature, theatre)
Surrealism
1917-1950• Painting dreams
• Exploring the unconscious– automatic writing
• Illogical scenes that looked realistic
• Made creatures out of every day objects
• Element of surprise
Abstract Expressionism1940-1960
• First American-only influenced movement-- NYC
• Spontaneous, automatic, subconscious
• “It’s better to catch the spirit of the sea, rather than all it’s tiny ripples.”
Modernism1960-present
• Freedom of expression
• Experimentation
• Pop-Art
• Consumerism
• Radicalism
• Startled audiences
• Collage, installations
• “ready-mades”
• Performance art