E R INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH FELLOWS ASSOCIATION’S …€¦ · of the Selected Tea Companies in India Dr. Jignesh Vaghela & Prin. Dr. K.N.Chavda 46 10 Agriculture Finance : Need and

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Executive Editor of the issue: Dr. C. G. Dighawkar,

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Indian Agriculture : Problems and Prospectus

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Chief Editor - Executive Editor of the issue: Dr. Dhanraj T. Dhangar, Dr. N. N. Gadhe,

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Indian Agriculture : Problems and Prospectus





ISSN :

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Editorial Board

Chief Editor - Executive Editors :

Dr. Dhanraj T. Dhangar, Prof. Tejesh Beldar, Nashikroad (English) Assist. Prof. (Marathi) Dr. Gajanan Wankhede, Kinwat (Hindi) MGV’S Arts & Commerce College, Mrs. Bharati Sonawane-Nile, Bhusawal (Marathi) Yeola, Dist – Nashik [M.S.] INDIA Dr. Rajay Pawar, Goa (Konkani) Co-Editors -

� Mr.Tufail Ahmed Shaikh- King Abdul Aziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

� Dr. Anil Dongre - Head, Deptt. of Management, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon

� Dr. Shailendra Lende - R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur [M.S.] India

� Dr. Dilip Pawar - BoS Member (SPPU), Dept. of Marathi, KTHM College, Nashik.

� Dr. R. R. Kazi - North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

� Prof. Vinay Madgaonkar - Dept. of Marathi, Goa University, Goa, India

� Prof. Sushant Naik - Dept. of Konkani, Govt. College, Kepe, Goa, India

� Dr. G. Haresh - Associate Professor, CSIBER, Kolhapur [M.S.] India

� Dr. Munaf Shaikh - N. M. University, Jalgaon & Visiting Faculty M. J. C. Jalgaon

� Dr. Samjay Kamble -BoS Member Hindi (Ch.SU, Kolhapur), T.K. Kolekar College, Nesari

� Prof. Vijay Shirsath - Nanasaheb Y. N. Chavhan College, Chalisgaon [M.S.]

� Dr. P. K. Shewale - Vice Principal, Arts, Science, Commerce College, Harsul [M.S.]

� Dr. Ganesh Patil - M.V.P.’s, SSSM, ASC College, Saikheda, Dist. Nashik [M.S.]

� Dr. Hitesh Brijwasi - Librarian, K.A.K.P. Com. & Sci. College, Jalgaon [M.S.]

� Dr. Sandip Mali - Sant Muktabai Arts & Commerce College, Muktainagar [M.S.]

� Prof. Dipak Patil - S.S.V.P.S.’s Arts, Sci. and Com. College, Shindhkheda [M.S.]

Advisory Board - � Dr. Marianna kosic - Scientific-Cultural Institute, Mandala, Trieste, Italy. � Dr. M.S. Pagare - Director, School of Languages Studies, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon � Dr. R. P. Singh -HoD, English & European Languages, University of Lucknow [U.P.] India � Dr. S. M. Tadkodkar - Rtd. Professor & Head, Dept. of Marathi, Goa University, Goa, India. � Dr. Pruthwiraj Taur - Chairman, BoS., Marathi, S.R.T. University, Nanded. � Dr. N. V. Jayaraman - Director at SNS group of Technical Institutions,Coimbatore � Dr. Bajarang Korde - Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, [M.S.] India � Dr. Leena Pandhare - Principal, NSPM’s LBRD Arts & Commerce Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nashik Road � Dr. B. V. Game - Act. Principal, MGV’s Arts and Commerce College, Yeola, Dist. Nashik.

Review Committee - � Dr. J. S. More – BoS Member (SPPU), Dept. of Hindi, K.J.Somaiyya College, Kopargaon � Dr. S. B. Bhambar, BoS Member Ch.SU, Kolhapur, T.K. Kolekar College, Nesari � Dr. Uttam V. Nile - BoS Member (NMU, Jalgaon) P.S.G.V.P. Mandals ACS College, Shahada � Dr. K.T. Khairnar– BoS Member (SPPU), Dept. of Commerce, L.V.H. College, Panchavati � Dr. Vandana Chaudhari KCE’s College of Education, Jalgaon � Dr. Sayyed Zakir Ali , HOD, Urdu & Arabic Languages, H. J. Thim College, Jalgaon � Dr. Sanjay Dhondare – Dept. of Hindi, Abhay Womens College, Dhule � Dr. Amol Kategaonkar – M.V.P.S.’s G.M.D. Arts, B.W. Commerce & Science College, Sinnar.

Published by –

© Mrs. Swati Dhanraj Sonawane, Director, Swatidhan International Publication, Yeola, Nashik Email : [email protected] Website : www.researchjourney.net Mobile : 9665398258





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FOREWORDS

I am proud to be associated with the publication, as the editor-in-chief, being published

on the occasion of a two days National Conference on ‘Indian Agriculture: Problems &

Prospects’ jointly organized by the Department of Economics and Geography of the college,

funded by Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.

Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir is a leading educational institute in North Maharashra.

‘Bahujan Hitay, Bahujan Sukhay’ is the motto of the institution. Late Karmveer Bhausaheb

Hiray established this institute only for this lofty motto. In this institution, students in urban,

rural as well as tribal area are getting primary to higher education. Late Loknete Vyankatraoji

Hiray continued the mission of marching ahead with the social objectives. As years advanced the

pragmatic and progressive thinking, the zeal and enthusiasm of Mahilaratna Smt. Pushpatai

Hiaray and her son Samajshree Dr. Prashantdada Hiray, General Secretary Mahatma Gandhi

Vidyamandir, have helped the string of institute’s progress by leaps and bounds. Presently

Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir is catering to the requirements of the student fraternity across

India in various disciplines. At present Dr. Apoorva Hiray, Co-ordinator of Mahatma Gandhi

Vidyamandir is taking strenuous efforts for the all round development of the institute and

following the footprints of his forefathers.

Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir’s Lokntet Vyankatrao Hiray Arts, Science and Commerce

College, Panchavati, Nashik is one of the best and leading college in Nashik district. The college

has been reaccredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC & Best College Award by Savitribai Phule Pune

University, Pune. It is a testimony of the academic excellence.

Right from the preparation of proposal the challenges from the Department of Economics

and Geography were firm on publishing the selected research papers in the format souvenir

bearing ISSN and having good impact factor.

I kindly expect the active participation and interaction of the participants in the seminar

to make this event memorable one. I am sure that this seminar will be beneficial to students,

research scholars, teachers and common masses. I must congratulate the organizing committee of

the seminar, which has been taking all the efforts for making it a successful event. I also

congratulate all the researchers who took great efforts in sending their research papers for

publication.

Dr. Chandrakant G. Dighavkar

Principal

MGV’s Arts, Science and Commerce College,

Panchavati, Nashik





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EDITORIAL

The Department of Economics and Geography are among the leading Departments of

Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir’s Arts, Science and Commerce College, Panchavati, Nashik. It is

a golden opportunity for both of the departments to organize a National Seminar on ‘Indian

Agriculture: Problems and Prospects’. The theme of the seminar will surely prove to be

appropriate in the contemporary context.

Agriculture is the largest and most important sector of Indian economy. It is the backbone

of our economy. It plays a significant role in the socio economic sphere of our country.

Agriculture sector accounts 14 per cent of India’s gross domestic product. Over 58 per cent

population depends for their livelihood on agriculture which provides employment to 50 per cent

of the country’s workforce. Does that mean everything is looking bright for Indian agriculture?

In fact, Indian agriculture faces challenges like farmer suicides, low productivity, lack of

irrigation facilities, lack of finance, the problem of marketing, the problem of instability in the

prices of agricultural goods, world level competition, problem of climate change etc. In this

context there is an urgent need of comprehensive agriculture policy to solve the above mentioned

problems.

This conference will provide an opportunity to exchange ideas, opinions, information and

reforms in the field of agriculture. It is a kind of platform for academicians, researchers and

students to discuss openly the various issues, problems, challenges and suggestions about the

field of agriculture. The seminar will prove to be helpful to students as well as teachers and

researchers.

I am very much thankful to the management of Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir for the

constant support for such kind of academic activities. Our chief mentors Mahilaratna Smt.

Pushpatai Hiray (President MGV Nashik), Samajshree Dr. Prashantdada Hiray (General

Secretary, MGV), Smt. Smitatai Hiray (Treasurer, MGV), Dr. Apoorva Hiray (LMC (M.S.),

Coodinator, MGV), Dr. Advay Hiray (Ex-Chairman, NDCC Bank, Nashik), Dr. V. S. More

(Joint Secretary, MGV). I am also thankful to our Principal Dr. C. G. Dighavkar, Vice - Principal

Dr. A. V. Patil, Faculty Incharge Dr. N. B. Pawar & Dr. Vinit Rakibe for their encouragement

and guidance. I also proposed my sincere thanks to my colleagues. I am also grateful to all the

participants who took great efforts in sending their papers for publication. Last but not least I am

whole heartily thankful to Dr. Dhanraj Dhangar, Chief Editor, Research Journey –

Multidisciplinary International Journal for publish the articles in the journal within expected

time.

Thank You

Dr. N. N. Gadhe

Co-odinator of the seminar &

Associate Professor in Economics

MGV’s Arts, Science and Commerce College,

Panchavati, Nashik





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INDEX

No. Title of the Paper Author’s Name Page

No.

1 Traditional Agricultural Practices in Tribal Region within Nashik District (MS)

Prof. Vijay Ahire 07

2 Need of Organic Farming Prof. B. N. Kumbhar 12

3 To Study Credit Issued of District Central Co-Operative Banks in India to Agriculture Sector. Mr. R. K. Binniwale

17

4 Role of Agriculture in Economic Development Prof. Deepali Chandramore 20

5 Diversification of Crops in Nashik District: A Spatio Temporal Analysis

Mr. Swapnil Dhatrak & Mr. R. A. Jadhav 24

6 Recent Trends in Onion Marketing Management in India (Nashik District)

Dr. Shivaji Thore 30

7 The Role of RBI in Agricultural Dr. Bhavini Patel 38

8 Agricultural Marketing in India – Problems & Challenges Dr. K.T. Khairnar 42

9 A Research Paper on Debt. To Equity Ratio (On The Basis of Total Debt) of the Selected Tea Companies in India

Dr. Jignesh Vaghela & Prin. Dr. K.N.Chavda 46

10 Agriculture Finance : Need and Sources Sandip Ghegadmal 54

11 Need of Organic Farming in India Dr. Sunil Ghuge 58

12 Farm Mechanisation in India Dr. Sanjay Dhanwate & Dr. Ganesh Kad 63

13 Problems of Agriculture Laboure Dr. Suresh Magare 70

14 Alteration of Underground Water Sources & Area under Cultivation in Nashik District of Maharashtra A Geographical Study: 1990-91 To 2010-11

Machhindra Mule 72

15 Agricultural Land –Use and Major Crop Production Detection in Nashik District of Maharashtra : A Geographical Study Ganesh Mungase

82

16 Economics of Strawberry Cultivation and Marketing: A Study of SurganaTehsil

Dr. Narayan Gadhe 88

17 Agri-preneurship Prof. Uday Teke 93

18 Agro-Tourism in Maharashtra Prof. Santosh Bharute 96

19 Challenges To Food Security In India Prof . Ramdas Tuplondhe 102

20 Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture Mr. Jagadish Wetal 106

21 A Geographical Study of Agri-Tourism Potential and Tourist Satisfaction in Igatpuri Region, Nashik District Dr. R. V. Patil

110

22 Geographical Study of Trend in Area, Production and Productivity of Major Crops in Ahmednagar District Dr. P.Y. Vyalij & Mrs. Kavita Ghate

115

23 A Case Study: Ecotourism Potential of Bhramagir Hill Trimbakeshwar Nashik

Mr. Gautam Kolte 122

24 The Temporal Analysis of Area, Production and Productivity of Major Crops in Nashik District Dr. R. S. Deore & Mr. Pradip Date

127

25 Study of Crop Production, Cultivation Area Andrainfall in Dhule District (M.S.) (2005 To 2017) R. P. Chavan, Dr. P. Y. Magare

133

26 Organic Farming: Need and opportunity for Sustainable Agriculture

Dr. Dinkar Bhadane 139

27 The Change of Commercial Cropping Pattern in Nashik District: A Case Study of Sugarcane Farming. Prof. Ganesh Gangurde, Prof. Somnath Arote

143





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28 Study of Rice Production in Thane District M.S. India

J. J. Khandavi, R. P. Chavan 147

29 Micro Finance And Role of Nabard In India Prof. Bharat Basrani 152

30 Scope for Agro-Tourism Development in Nashik District, Maharashtra State

Dr. Sanjay D. Pagar 157

31 Effect of Global Warming on Indian Agriculture Prof. Viral Patel 167

32 Economic Importance of Agriculture For Sustainable Prof. Chhaya K. Patel 172

33 Problems And Prospects of Cooperative Processing Industries in India

Dr. S. K. Pagar 179

34 Constraints of Agriculture Development in India Dr. G. D. Kharat 184

35 Agriculture in India -Globalization and its Impact Dr. Girishkumar 190

36 Minimum Support Price in India: A Study Dr. Vijaykumar Wawle 195

37 भारतातील सीय शेतीचे वा�तव डॉ.डी.एन.सोनवणेडॉ.डी.एन.सोनवणेडॉ.डी.एन.सोनवणेडॉ.डी.एन.सोनवण े 200 38

महारा�ातील शेतीचा आढावा ((((�ी शेतमजुरांचा सहभाग :::: सम�या आिण उपाय)))) डॉ. योती पांडे डॉ. योती पांडे डॉ. योती पांडे डॉ. योती पांडे 205 39 भारतातील रा�ीय फलो!पादन अिभयान स%:ि�थती डॉ.िशवाजी पातेडॉ.िशवाजी पातेडॉ.िशवाजी पातेडॉ.िशवाजी पाते 211 40 भारतीय शेतीची उ!पादकता –––– एक द+ृी,ेप �ा.एम.�ही.िहरे�ा.एम.�ही.िहरे�ा.एम.�ही.िहरे�ा.एम.�ही.िहरे 216 41

भारतातील कृषी िवपणन .व�थेतील उणीवा –––– कृषी ,े/ासमोरील आ0हान डॉ.आर.के.जाधव डॉ.आर.के.जाधव डॉ.आर.के.जाधव डॉ.आर.के.जाधव 220 42 नािशक िज12ातील जािननीची उपयोिगता व िवतरण डॉ.अिनल पवार डॉ.अिनल पवार डॉ.अिनल पवार डॉ.अिनल पवार 226 43 भारतीय शेती,बदलते संदभ5 : �वामीनाथन आयोग डॉ.गोरखनाथ वाकळेडॉ.गोरखनाथ वाकळेडॉ.गोरखनाथ वाकळेडॉ.गोरखनाथ वाकळे 232 44 शेती िव6पुरवठा आिण िवपणन .व�था �वीण बाचकर�वीण बाचकर�वीण बाचकर�वीण बाचकर 237 45 सीय शेती : काळाची गरज �ा. किवता भोय े�ा. किवता भोय े�ा. किवता भोय े�ा. किवता भोय े 240 46 शेतीचा शा9त िवकास डॉ.डी.एन.कारेडॉ.डी.एन.कारेडॉ.डी.एन.कारेडॉ.डी.एन.कारे 243 47 महारा�ातील शेती िवकासा:या योजनांचा अ;यास डॉ.डॉ.डॉ.डॉ. मिनषामिनषामिनषामिनषा आहेरआहेरआहेरआहेर 246 48 स<य शेतीची आव=यकता �ा. �ा. �ा. �ा. रमेश इंगोलेरमेश इंगोलेरमेश इंगोलेरमेश इंगोले 249 49

छ.िशवाजी महाराज यां:या काळातील कृषी धोरण आिण कृषी िवषयक सधुारणा �ा. क)पना िनकम �ा. क)पना िनकम �ा. क)पना िनकम �ा. क)पना िनकम 252 50 शेती आधाAरत B





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Traditional Agricultural Practices in Tribal Region within Nashik District (MS)

Prof. Vijay Deoman Ahire Head- Department of Geography

Arts, Science & Commerce College,Surgana, Tal: - Surgana, Dist.:- Nashik(Maharashtra)

Mobile No. 9421507525, E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction:

India is second country in the world having the largest tribal population. These tribal

groups take support of the mountain and forest for their protection and occupations. They

acquired unique knowledge about the use of natural resources and agricultural practices.

Agricultural practice develops a balance between present requirement and protecting the

environment. Traditional farming system is not practical for mass food production. This

agriculture represents a farm of self-sufficientagriculture. Farmers grow food only for their own

consumption.

Study Area:

Nashik district is situated in North Maharashtra. Nashik lies between 18033’N to 20053’N

latitude and 73016’E to 75016’E longitudes. Nashik is the third largest district in Maharashtra in

respect of geographical area and population. It has occupied 15530 sq.km. area which is 5.04%

of state land and 61, 09,052 (census-2011) of population. This area is situated partly inupper part

of Godavari and Tapi river basin.

The climate of the district is dry except the south-west monsoon season. The average

annual rainfall is 1035 mm. within the district. Western part of the Sahyadri (Igatpuri,

Trimbakeshwar, Surgana, Peth, Satana, and Dindori) has high rainfall and east part of Sahyadri is

shadow rainfall area. Mostly traditional agricultural practices occur in the Igatpuri,

Trimbakeshwar, Surgana, Peth, Satana, Dindori, Kalwan tehsil.

Objective of the Study:

The prime aim is to study the traditional agricultural in tribal region in Nashik district and

effect on the environment. Other objectives of this researcher as follows.

1. To study traditional agricultural practices.

2. Understand agriculture and environment.

3. To study the change of traditional agriculture and that affecting factors.

Research Methodology:

The study is done on the basic of primary and secondary data. Primary data obtained

from the various sources such as field work, observation and some important data collected from

district gazetteers and socio-economic abstract, journals, periodicals and websites. Research

method is analytical and descriptive. I have focused on the traditional agriculture practices and

affecting factors on the changing agricultural practices and crop patterns.

Traditional Agricultural Practices And Environment:

Traditional system of agricultural practices is mostly adopted according to the

environment conditions. Subsistence farming represents the crudest method of land tillage and

fundamentals cultivation. This is very widely practiced by many tribal groups of people. Sites for





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cultivation are normally selected for sowing the plant.Fire plays a unique role in this primitive

farm of agriculture. This process used to clear the forest and the ashes are added to the soil for

good growth of the seedling.

This cultivation is mostly associated with rice, raze.Other crops are also cultivated. Rice

and raze seeds were readied for planting in six to eight weeks. While preparing for cultivation of

rice, the land is deeply ploughed and mudis created. This method is mostly benefited to the rice

cultivation because grass mixedin the soil increases nutrients and deeply ploughing effect the

lower part of soil, so it doesnot contain much water. Therefore the water stored in this farm and

there is seepage flowof water above soil layer. It maintains water temperature. This process has

favorable results on paddy cultivationbecause of which pathogenic control is there and better

growth of crops. Rice can be best grown in these regions with good fertile soil. It can be grown

under varied conditions of soil but deep clayey loams are best suited for its growth. Rich clayey

soil present, to a great extent, the seepage flow of water and thereby help to keep the necessary

balance of soil moisture. This practice continued for thousands of years. This practice has an

inbuilt mechanism of sustenance and environmental conservation. Shifting cultivation is short

and hasa variable follow period. Surgana, Kalwan, Igatpuri, Dindori, Trimbakeshwar, Peth,

Satana tehsil area mostly adopt this process.

Climate Condition:

Agriculture pattern is strictly dependent on the climatic conditions. Apart from an altitude

and aspect of the slope, the nature of the surface also affects to agricultural activities. Rice

farming requires 150-200 cm rainfall and 240C to 320C temperature.

Cropping Area:

Maharashtra produces a variety of agricultural crops such as food grains, commercial

crops and horticultural crops. Year 2013-14 of the total area of Maharashtra 56.47% land is used

for agriculture. Rice crop occupies 6.86% of the total cropped area.

Talukawise Annual Rainfall in mm (1961 to2015)

Taluka 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2015

Surgana 2916 1857 1960 1863 1854 1121

Kalwan 741 795 795 693 692 544

Deola --- --- --- --- 741 336

Satana 498 552 552 470 543 400

Malegaon 536 548 547 544 572 412

Nandgaon 566 654 654 584 591 168

Chandwad 654 799 780 645 755 414

Dindori 788 733 733 753 772 490

Peth 2335 2095 2097 2352 2365 1104

Trimbakeshwar --- -- --- --- 2566 1022





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Nashik 507 751 784 697 741 696

Igatpuri 3712 3440 3341 3441 3012 2579

Sinnar 567 593 558 556 582 429

Niphad 567 566 567 548 545 383

Yeola 550 519 592 555 548 324

Nashik Dist. 1270 1231 1483 1257 981 696

(Source: Regional Meteorological Dept. Nashik) Talukawise Crop Area in Hectares (Year 2011-12)

Taluka Total Area

Area under Rice Crop

Area under Oven Crop

Area under Raze Crop

Surgana 83746 10090 3265 9410

Kalwan 88665 4222 634 2127

Deola 37051 0 0 0

Satana 84656 1893 79 1754

Malegaon 193765 25 0 0

Nandgaon 109166 0 0 0

Chandwad 95802 55 0 0

Dindori 132315 6002 0 3999

Peth 56332 7968 1237 6794

Trimbakeshwar 90879 10251 2343 9437

Nashik 92133 0 0 915

Igatpuri 111434 Data Not Available

Data Not Available

Data Not Available

Sinnar 98361 1094 0 0

Niphad 105103 85 0 1241

Yeola 106041 0 0 0

Nashik Dist. 1485449 41685 7598 35637

(Source: Regional Meteorological Dept. Nashik)

These table showing us steady decreasing average rainfall in Nashik district in 1961 to

1981 decades increasing amount of rainfall and 1981 to 2015 average rainfall rate reduce in few

proportions. Tribal region in Peth, Surgana, And Igatpuri tehsil receives1800-3000mm average

rainfall in 1981. But in year 1991-2015 annual rainfall is reduced. It is noticeable that total area





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and area under the crop in Surgana, Kalwan, Dindori, Peth, Trimbakeshwar and Satana tehsil are

more for contributing in rice and raze crops. Remaining Nashik, Malegaon, Chandwad,

Nandgaon, Yeola, Niphad, Sinnar, Deola tehsil area receives 400-700 mm average rainfall. This

climate is not benefited to rice and raze crops.In this tribal region, there are more changes in

agriculture practices and crop patterns. Currently tribal people use various farming systems and

crop combination methods.It mainly consists of strawberries, mango, horticulture and other

commercial crops. Agriculture methods are also modified using tractors and various irrigation

systems.

Causes for Changing Traditional Agricultural Practices:

Change of Climate:

Normally it is seen that rainfall is a highly variable phenomenon from one year to another

and its variability increases with decreasing mean annual rainfall. Temperature also changes in

this region. The optimum temperature for rice crop growing is about 24-320C. But from last two

to three decades average temperature is increased by 2-30C.

Deforestation:

With the tremendous increase in population during last three decades, the demand for

cereals and agricultural raw materials have increased significantly. Consequently, the forest area

has been brought under cultivation leading to a continuous deforestation. These effects of the

change of climate and soil degradation.

New National Agricultural Policy:

The government of India announced the new agricultural policy on July 2000. The aim of

the new policy is to achieve the target of 4% per annum growth in agriculture. The main features

of the policy are efficient use of resources, technology and adequate credit is to be provided to

farmers. Therefore this policy affects highly on agricultural practices.

Fruit Plantation:

The tribal region is characterized by high rainfall, moist or humid weather condition

which favors the fruit plantation. Recently government started providing more fruit plants.

Irrigation:

Government mostly provide Diesel Machine in various schemes. Therefore many farmers

are available well irrigation. This type of irrigation covered smaller area and process of multi

crop cultivation.

Cropping Pattern:

Currently not only traditional cropsare planted. More varieties of crop cultivation are

available. Commercial crops like strawberries, mango, vegetables, etc. and horticulture crops are

grown. Cash crops are also planted.

Use of Facilities:

With modification in technology, agriculture method is also modified. Fertilizers,

chemicals, tractors, modern seeds and various irrigation systems are used in cultivation.

Conclusion:

The above discussion is on traditional agricultural practices. The discussion and result are

clear that traditional agricultural practices mostly adopted according to the environmental

conditions and the traditional knowledge of local communities. This maintains an ecological

balance in the environment. But currently,due to change in climate, government new policies,





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irrigation systems, cash crops, deforestation, fruit plantation and various facilities, traditional

agricultural practices are affected in tribal region.

References:

1. Nashik district social and economic report-2016

2. Economic Geography- A Study of Resources-Prithwish Roy

3. Geography of India Majit Husain-2015

4. http//www.metrological department Nashik.

5. International Journal of Business, Management & Social Science Vol IV, Issue Sept 2014

6. http//shodhganga.in

7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik_district

8. Solomon Ratna Dhas Nadir Jeeva, Roytre Christopher Laloo & Bhanu Prakash Mishra.

Traditional agricultural Practices in Meghalaya (27 Sept.2005).





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Need of Organic Farming

Prof. B.N. Kumbhar, Assistant Professor,

Department of Geography, New Arts, Commerce and Science College,

Ahmednagar. E-mail Id – [email protected]

Contact - 9404788198

After a high use of chemical fertilizers during the periods of green revolution in most of

the parts of the world, people have come to realize that constant use of fertilizers do harm in the

long run. These chemical fertilizers give a huge amount of food production which can help us

to feeding our huge population but they may do more damage with several potentially harmful

effects on the environment, our health and even inside our home because chemical pesticides

not only decreases the nutritional value of our food, but they also contaminate it. Chemical

pesticides are known to pollute the environment. While their intended effects are often short-

lived, studies have shown that chemical pesticides longer in the atmosphere, the ground and in

our waterways long after the job is over. Chemicals have been used on fields across the world

for almost 100 years, creating a buildup of adverse pollution in our environment, which

continues to grow with every application. Research has consistently found pesticide residues in

a third of food, including apples, baby food, bread, cereal bars, fresh salmon, lemons, lettuces,

peaches, nectarines, potatoes and strawberries. Pesticides have been linked to infinite diseases.

The Pesticides Literature Review, which is based on studies conducted by a multi-university

research team in Toronto, concludes, "People should reduce their exposure to pesticides

because of links to serious illnesses. Results of this study found consistent evidence of serious

health risks such as cancer, nervous system diseases and reproductive problems in people

exposed to pesticides…through home and garden exposure." Similar research has linked

exposure to pesticides to increased presence of neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease,

childhood leukemia, lymphoma, asthma and more. Remnants of pesticides have been found in

the bloodstream of certain types of cancer sufferers. James Cleeton claims that "women with

breast cancer are five to nine times more likely to have pesticide residues in their blood than

those who do not. So to avoid these Health and Environmental problems there is need to change

our way from Chemical farming to Organic farming.

What is Organic farming? Organic farming is a phrase coined early in the 20th century in

reaction to rapidly changing farming practices to describe what other species use, and used, to

farm without synthetic chemicals. Organic farming continues to be developed by various

organic agriculture organizations today. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as

compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop

rotation and companion planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of

insect predators are encouraged. In general, organic standards are designed to allow the use of

naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances.

Organic farming refers to agricultural production systems reliant on green manure, compost,

biological pest control, and crop rotation to produce crops, livestock, and poultry. Organic

farming is dependent on developing ecological biodiversity in the plantation farm to interrupt





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the habitation of pests and diseases, and ensuring meaningful maintenance and improvement of

soil fertility. By all necessary means, organic farming does not allow the use of synthetic

chemical fertilizers, antibiotics, herbicides, or pesticides. All agricultural production are done

organically and in the best natural way including the production of fibers, grains, vegetables,

flowers, processed food products, and animal products such as milk, eggs, and meat.

There are various definitions of organic farming which are given by various

agencies and Scholars that are following:

"Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of

soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to

local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines

tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair

relationships and a good quality of life for all involved."

-International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

“Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs

(such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible

rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade

rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection.”

- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

“An integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil

fertility and biological diversity whilst, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides,

antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones.”

- National Agricultural Library (USDA.)

“Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much

more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms,

antibiotics and growth hormones.”

“Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and

fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants,

livestock and people. The principal goal of organic production is to develop enterprises that

are sustainable and harmonious with the environment.”

In simple terms, organic farming is an agricultural practice aimed at attaining balanced

ecological production management system that encourages and improves soil biological activity

and biodiversity. It involves minimum use of synthetic chemicals and inputs outside the farm

while ensuring management practices that preserve, replenish, and enhance ecological stability.

Organic farming also excludes antibiotic use in livestock, plant growth regulators, nano-

materials and genetically modified products to attain the goal of environmental sustainability and

enhancing ecological harmony. Some of the fundamental features of organic agricultural

production systems include: natural livestock and crop production through submission to an

organic system plan; detailed record keeping system for all the produce from the point of

production to consumption; and use of buffer zones to prevent synthetic chemicals from

accidentally contaminating bordering conventional farms.

Principles of organic production :

• Protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease

pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health.





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• Maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity

within the soil.

• Maintain biological diversity within the system.

• Recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the

enterprise.

• Provide attentive care that promotes the health and meets the behavioural needs of

livestock.

• Prepare organic products, emphasizing careful processing, and handling methods

in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the products at all

stages of production.

• Rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural systems.

Organic farming promotes the use of crop rotations and cover crops, and encourages

balanced host/predator relationships. Organic residues and nutrients produced on the farm are

recycled back to the soil. Cover crops and composted manure are used to maintain soil organic

matter and fertility. Preventative insect and disease control methods are practiced, including

crop rotation, improved genetics and resistant varieties. Integrated pest and weed

management, and soil conservation systems are valuable tools on an organic farm. Organically

approved pesticides include “natural” or other pest management products included in the

Permitted Substances List (PSL) of the organic standards. The Permitted Substances

List identifies substances permitted for use as a pesticide in organic agriculture. All grains,

forages and protein supplements fed to livestock must be organically grown.

The organic standards generally prohibit products of genetic engineering and

animal cloning, synthetic pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, synthetic drugs,

synthetic food processing aids and ingredients, and ionizing radiation. Prohibited products

and practices must not be used on certified organic farms for at least three years prior to

harvest of the certified organic products. Livestock must be raised organically and fed 100

per cent organic feed ingredients.

Need of Organic Farming:

Organic Food Industry is Growing Fast and Guarantees High Profitability:

Current market trends according to natural marketing institute reveals that organically

produced products are becoming widely accepted throughout the world. Again, the institute

underscores that over the past few years, the annual sales of organic products have increased

three fold with increased establishment of natural food stores selling varieties of organic

products. The farmers markets also offer commercialization of regionally and locally produced

organic products. Accordingly, the retail sales of organic products are expected to continue rising

in the coming years at a rate more than 20% yearly. The increasing variety of consumers spread

all over the world have surely promoted the wider acceptance of organic products and made it to

be the fastest growing agricultural sector. Majorly, the fast growth rate and high profitability

level is attributed to the health benefits and the superior quality as well as taste of the organic

products compared to the conventional agricultural produce. At the same time, people continue

to receive awareness about the significance of organic food products and farming, transforming

the agricultural sector into an attractive economic alternative.





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Environmental Sustainability and Food Security:

Attaining a friendly and green environment has always been a great concern worldwide

and research discloses that organic farming can partly offer a solution. Long term studies about

organic agricultural practice reveal it can provide an impressive mechanism for promoting

ecological harmony, biodiversity, and biological cycles which are vital for environmental

sustainability. The definitive objectives of organic farming are founded on soil management and

conservation, promoting nutrient cycle, ecological balance and conserving biodiversity. On this

basis, the practices marvelously aid in building the capacity to mitigate the impacts of global

climate change and contributing to environmental preservation. In addition to reversing

global climate change impacts, organic agriculture can trim down emissions from fossil fuels

mainly due to the use of cover crops and grass clovers in organic rotations. Organic farming also

saves up energy since its production methods are energy efficient compared to the conventional

methods, thereby lessening depletion of natural resources used for generating energy. Besides, a

recent study in Science-Digest stressed that promotion of organic farming can intensify yield

production particularly in poor countries where inputs for conventional agriculture are highly

expensive, thus contributing to increased food security.

Improvement of Human Health:

Organic produce offer the safest products for human consumption than any other

available food products. They contain lower levels of chemicals and do not contain modified

ingredients compared to the conventional agricultural produce. Organic standards set strict

regulations to ensure final products for consumption are free from synthetic chemical

components and genetically modified production technologies, or any other perceived natural

toxins. As such, organic farm produce improves human health by ensuring risks to disease

conditions like cancer, infertility, and immunodeficiency are minimized.

Natural Livestock and Poultry Production:

By natural production, it means raising livestock and poultry for production of their

products such as meat, eggs, and dairy by providing natural living conditions and feeds. Any

forms of hormones, antibiotics, and medications are unacceptable, especially if used for

promoting growth and productivity. Feeds have to be organic and livestock have to be pastured.

Farm features such as using livestock for plowing, hauling, fuel, and even recycling

their waste for manure are key aspects of organic farming. The control of parasites and diseases

is accomplished through preventative measures such as balanced diet, sanitary housing,

rotational grazing, and stress reduction.

Natural Crop Production:

Natural crop production encompasses crop diversity and organic systems for enhancing

crop fertility as well as controlling pests, weeds and diseases. Organic farming requires a variety

of crops that can support numerous and different types of beneficial soil microorganisms, insects,

and promotes overall soil management for improved farm productivity. Weed and pest

management is to be done without the use of synthetic herbicides or pesticides respectively.

Control measures should be through flame weeding, mechanical tillage, mulching, use of cover

crops, crop rotation, mechanical tillage and hand weeding. Organic farming also needs to depend

on predatory beneficial insects, beneficial soil microorganisms, companion cropping, birds,





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proper sanitation, and crop rotation for pest control. In extreme cases of pest infestation, farmers

can implement measures such as use of barriers and traps, mating disruption, biological

pesticides, and insect predators. Soil biota, building soil structure, use of compost, and

biologically based soil amendments are utilized to promote healthy plants that are tolerant and

resist to diseases. Botanical measures can also be used to control diseases.

Soil Management:

Organic farming extensively relies on nourishing the soil naturally by using compost,

natural mineral powders and green manure. Crop rotation, inter-cropping and minimal tillage is

also used to improve soil fertility, structure, and water holding capacity in organic farming. As a

result, it helps to support the soil microbial activities that transform and release soil nutrients.

So from the above discussion we can easily understand the importance of Organic

Farming in 21st century because if we have to live a healthy life we should be Eat healthy

food. Going organic allows us to start from scratch with the soil. Decreasing soil chemical

contamination creates an overall "return to nature", bringing back nutrients and helpful

organisms, and yielding clean, unaltered produce.





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To Study Credit Issued of District Central Co-operative Banks in India to Agriculture Sector.

Mr. R. K. Binniwale (Assist. Professor, Dept. of Commerce)

Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir’s Arts, Science and Commerce, College Surgana Dist. Nasik – 422211

Email- [email protected] Mob. 8975162085.

Abstract:

District Central Co-operative Banks are federations of primary credit societies in a

District. These Banks provide finance to member societies within the limits of the browning

capacities of societies. A Credit issued is one important function of District Central Co-operative

Banks. As on 31st march 2015 there were 371 District Central Co-operative Banks working in

India. The total loans issued by the banks were amount to Rs. 1402637 Cores in the study period.

Keyword: District Central Co-operative Banks, Credit issued.

Introduction:

The Credit requirement of the Indian agriculture sector is grouped into three category

according the period demand and purpose of Credit requirement of farmers. First is short term

loan for the period less than 15 month, second is medium term loan for the 15 months to 5 years

and third one is long term loan for the period more than 5 years. The purpose of these loans is

different and interest rates also different. The economists also classify credit demand of Indian

former into productive and unproductive loans. In India there are two sources of credit available

to the farmers that are institutional and private. There is a lot of variation in interest rate and

defective system in private credit so the government introduces a multi agency approach for

providing credit to agriculture sector in India from independence. In this multi agency

approaches include cooperative banks, commercial banks and regional rural banks have been

adopted to provide cheap and adequate loans to farmers.

The cooperative banks provide short term and medium term credit through three tire

system and long term credit through two tire system. In three tires system credit is supply as

state cooperative bank at state level, district central cooperative bank at district level and at

village level primary agriculture credit societies. The long term credit is provide from primary

cooperative agriculture and rural development banks at district level and state cooperative

agriculture and rural development banks at state level. As on 31.03.2015 in India 371 district

central cooperative bank are working for the Credit requirement of the Indian agriculture.

Objectives:

To Study Progress in Credit issued of District Central Co-operatives Banks in India to

agriculture Sector.

Research Methodology:

For this research paper data has collected from secondary sources. The period of research

paper has ten years from 2005-06 to 2014-15. The present paper is limited to Credit issued.





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Credit issued:

Credit issued creates capital investment and development. Credit is an amount provide by

the banks for agriculture activities. Credit is oxygen mask of farmer’s resources and they

constitute the life blood of the farmer’s. Credit issued is one important function of District

Central Co-operative Banks, Deposit mobilization is an important function of the banks such as

compare to other. Credit issued is an important function of the bank so the amount of Credit

issued depends upon the saving habits of the people and the rate of interest offers by District

Central Co-operative Banks. The banks have to take initiatives to attract deposits Mobilization

because lending operations of the banks depends upon the amount of deposits mobilized by the

bank.

Data Analysis:

The Growth is measured with the help of growth rate for the period 2005-06 to 2014-15.

The Growth rate calculated by considers figures of the year 2005-06 as a base year.

As on the following table shows that a Total loan issued by the District Central Co-

operative Banks is increasing from 9.56% to 11.23% respectively. It is very high i.e. 26.28 % in

the year 2009-10 and it is very low in year 2008-09 i.e. 0.94 %.The overall progress of loan

issued by the District Central Co-operative Banks is nice.

Conclusion:

The mean Growth Rate of loan issued by the District Central Co-operative Banks has

13.67 % in the study period but it has very mixed trends.

Table:

The total loans issued performance of District Central Cooperative Bank over a Decade

(2006 -2015) (Amount in Crore)

Year Total loans issued Increase /Decreases

Over Previous Year

Growth Rate

(%)

2005-2006 69869 - -

2006-2007 76553 6684 9.56

2007-2008 87136 10583 13.82

2008-2009 87956 820 0.94

2009-2010 111076 23120 26.28

2010-2011 137757 26681 24.02

2011-2012 162557 24800 18.00

2012-2013 209371 46814 28.79

2013-2014 217941 8570 4.09

2014-2015 242421 24480 11.23





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Mean 140263.7 17255.2 13.67

S.D. 64268.54 14551.2 10.42

C.V. 45.81 84.32 76.19

(Sources: compiled from the published data by National federation of state co-operative Bank

Ltd. (www.natscob.org.)

Reference:

1. Co-operation in India by Henry Wolff.

2. The co-operative organization in British India by B.G.Bhatnagar.

3. Basic data on perform area of district central co-operative bank by National federation of

state co-operative Bank Ltd. (www.natscob.org.)

4. Various research papers on central co-operative banks





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Role of Agriculture in Economic Development

Prof. Deepali R. Chandramore Department of Commerce,

LokeneteVyankatraoHiray College, Pachavati,Nashik 03,

Abstract : India is an agricultural country and one third population depends on the agricultural

sector directly or indirectly. Agriculture remains as the main stray of the Indian economy since

times immemorial. Indian agriculture contribution to the national gross domestic product (GDP)

is about 25 per cent. With food being the crowning need of mankind, much emphasis has been on

commercializing agricultural production. For this reason, adequate production and even

distribution of food has of late become a high priority global concern.

Agricultural marketing is mainly the buying and selling of agricultural products. In

earlier days when the village economy was more or less self-sufficient the marketing of

agricultural products presented no difficulty as the farmer sold his produce to the consumer on a

cash or barter basis.

Keyword: Agricultural Marketing, Economic Development, GDP.

Introduction :

Agricultural and Economy

Various marketing functions affects on economy, i.e., assembling, preparation for

consumption and distribution. Selling on any agricultural produce depends on some couple of

factors like the demand of the product at that time, availability of storage etc. The products may

be sold directly in the market or it may be stored locally for the time being. Moreover, it may be

sold as it is gathered from the field or it may be cleaned, graded and processed by the farmer or

the merchant of the village. Sometime processing is done because consumers want it, or

sometimes to conserve the quality of that product. The task of distribution system is to match the

supply with the existing demand by whole selling and retailing in various points of different

markets like primary, secondary or terminal markets. Farmers are sold their product in various

ways. For example, it might be sold at a weekly village market in the farmer's village or in a

neighboring village. If these outlets are not available, then produce might be sold at irregularly

held markets in a nearby village or town, or in the mandi.

Under the Agricultural Produce (grading and marketing) Act of 1937, more than forty

primary commodities are compulsorily graded for export and voluntarily graded for internal

consumption. Although the regulation of commodity markets is a function of state government,

the directorate of marketing and inspection provides marketing and inspection services and

financial aid down to the village level to help set up commodity grading centers in selected

markets.

Objective of the Study:

1. To study the contribution of agriculture sector in Indian economy.

2. To study the economic growth of agriculture sector.

3. To study the impact of agriculture activities on economic development.





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Contribution of Agriculture Sector in Indian Economy:

Contribution to National Income:

From the very beginning, agriculture is contributing a major portion to our national

income. In 1950-51, agriculture and allied activities contributed about 59 per cent of the total

national income. Over 70 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture. It contributes

about 17 % to total GDP.Although the share of agriculture has been declining gradually with the

growth of other sectors but the share still remained very high as compared to that of the

developed countries of the world. For example, the share of agriculture has declined to 54 per

cent in 1960-61, 48 per cent in 1970-71, 40 per cent in 1980-81 and then to 18.0 per cent in

2008-09, whereas in U.K. and U.S.A. agriculture contributes only 3 per cent to the national

income of these countries.

Source of Livelihood:

In India over two-thirds of our working population are engaged directly on agriculture

and also similarly depend for their livelihood. According to an estimate, about 70 per cent of our

working population is engaged in agriculture at present in comparison to that of 2 to 3 per cent in

U.K. and U.S.A., 6 per cent in France and 7 per cent in Australia. Thus the employment pattern

of our country is very much common to other under-developed countries of the world.

Source of Food Supply:

Agriculture is the only major source of food supply as it is providing regular supply of

food to such a huge size of population of our country. It has been estimated that about 75 per

cent of household consumption is met by agricultural products.

Role of Agriculture for Industrial Development:

Agriculture in India has been the major source of supply of raw materials to various

important industries of our country. Cotton and jute textiles, sugar, vanaspati, edible oil

plantation industries (viz. tea, coffee, rubber) and agro-based cottage industries are also regularly

collecting their raw materials directly from agriculture.

About 50 per cent of income generated in the manufacturing sector comes from all these agro-

based industries in India. Moreover, agriculture can provide a market for industrial products as

increase in the level of agricultural income may lead to expansion of market for industrial

products.

Commercial Importance:

Indian Agriculture is playing a very important role both in the internal and external trade

of the country. Agricultural products like tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, spices, cashew-nuts etc. are

the main items of our exports and constitute about 50 per cent of our total exports. Besides

manufactured jute, cotton textiles and sugar also contribute another 20 per cent of the total

exports of the country. Further, agriculture is helping the country in earning precious foreign

exchange to meet the required import bill of the country.

Source of Government Revenue:

Agriculture is one of the major sources of revenue to both the Central and State

Governments of the country. The Government is getting a substantial income from rising land

revenue. Some other sectors like railway, roadways are also deriving a good part of their income

from the movement of agricultural goods.





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Role of Agriculture in Economic Planning:

The prospect of planning in India also depends much on agricultural sector. A good crop

always provides impetus towards a planned economic development of the country by creating a

better business climate for the transport system, manufacturing industries, internal trade etc.

A good crop also brings a good amount of finance to the Government for meeting its planned

expenditure. Similarly, a bad crop lead to a total depression in business of the country, which

ultimately lead to a failure of economic planning. Thus the agricultural sector is playing a very

important role in a country like India and the prosperity of the Indian economy still largely

depends on agricultural sector. Thus from the foregoing analysis it is observed that agricultural

development is the basic precondition of sectoral diversification and development of the

economy.

Economic Growth of Agriculture Sector :

As per the second advance estimates of national income released by CSO on 28th

February 2018, the growth of GDP at constant market prices for the year 2017-18 is estimated at

6.6 per cent. The growth rate of GDP was 7.1 per cent in 2016-17 and 8.2 per cent in 2015-16.

The growth in GVA at constant basic prices for the year 2017-18 is estimated to be 6.4 per cent.

At the sectoral level, agriculture, industry and services sectors are estimated to grow at the rate of

3.0 per cent, 4.8 per cent and 8.3 per cent respectively in 2017-18 As per the quarterly estimates,

the growth of GDP for third quarter (October-December) of 2017- 18 is 7.2 per cent, as

compared to 6.8 per cent in the corresponding quarter of the previous year. The share of total

final consumption in GDP at current prices in 2017-18 is estimated to be at 70.2 per cent, as

compared to 69.9 per cent in 2016-17. The fixed investment rate (ratio of gross fixed capital

formation to GDP) is expected to remain same at 28.5 per cent in 2017-18 (as per 2nd revised

estimate) as was in 2016-17. The saving rate (measured as a share of gross saving to GDP) for

the years 2016-17 was 30.0 per cent, as compared to 31.3 per cent in 2015-16. The investment

rate (measured as a share of gross capital formation to GDP) was 30.6 per cent in 2016-17, as

compared to 32.3 per cent in 2015-16.

Long run agricultural performance: The focus on agriculture is warranted by its long run

economic performance. Chand (2012) and Gulati (2009), among others have analysed the

temporal and spatial performance of agriculture. Real agricultural growth since 1960 has

averaged about 2.8 percent in India. The period before the Green Revolution saw growth of less

than 2 percent; the following period until 2004 yielded growth of 3 percent; in the period after

the global agricultural commodity surge, growth increased to 3.6 percent

Impact of Agriculture activities on economic development :

As we have a tradition of agricultural production, marketing and allied commercial

activities, now it is the time for us to brainstorm and come out with new ideas of value added

services. These value added services will give the existing agricultural engine a new dimension.

The next logical step could be food-processing which not only could be another revenue

generating area but also can provide lots of full-time employment to our youths. With the

changing agricultural scenario and global competition, there is a need of exploiting the available

resources at maximum level.

There was a survey undertaken by the directorate of marketing and inspection in the ministry of

agriculture in 1970-71 and 1971-72, of five hundred regulated markets was, with a view to





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assessing the adequacy and efficiency of the existing regulated markets and highlighting their

drawbacks and deficiencies and suggesting measures to develop them. One of the most important

drawbacks has been the inadequate financial resources of some of the market committees.

During the fourth plan, a central sector scheme was drawn up by the ministry of agriculture to

provide a grant at 20 per cent of the cost of development of market, subject to a maximum of Rs.

2 lakhs. The balance will have to be provided by the commercial banks.

Another important development in the field of regulated markets is the keen interest taken by the

International Development Agency (IDA) in the development of the infrastructure in regulated

markets. The IDA is financing the development of infrastructure in 50 markets of Bihar.

There are also some good news on the front of irrigation, rural infrastructure, restoring water

bodies and water harvesting. Another action initiated to improve the governance of the Small

Farmers Agri-business Consortium (SFAC) including the appointment of a banker as the chief

executive; necessary additional capital to be provided to SFAC.

Here are 10 takeaways from the Economic Survey 2017-18's:

1. The impact of temperature and rainfall is felt only in the extreme - when temperatures are much higher, rainfall significantly lower

2. The impact was found to be twice as large in un-irrigated areas compared to irrigated ones

3. Estimating long-term, climate change could reduce annual agricultural incomes in the range of 15-18% on average, and up to 20-25% for unirrigated areas

4. Rainfall extremities - the proportion of dry days (rainfall less than 0.1 mm per day) and wet days (rainfall greater than 80 mm per day) has increased steadily in last one decade

5. Temperature extremities have been particularly felt in the North-East, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Rajasthan and Gujarat

6. Extreme temperature shocks have resulted in a 4% decline in agricultural yields during the kharif season and a 4.7 percent decline in rabi yields

7. Extreme rainfall shocks have resulted in a 12.8% decline in kharif yields and a 6.7% in rabi yields

8. Temperature shocks (where temperatures are 1 degree Celsius higher) farmer incomes have fallen by 6.2% during the kharif season; 6% during rabi in unirrigated districts.

9. Minimising susceptibility to climate change requires drastically extending irrigation via efficient drip and sprinkler technologies

Conclusion:

Agriculture plays a vital role in economic development of developing countries. The role of agriculture in economic development is crucial because a majority of the population of developing countries make their living from agriculture. The strong domestic linkages of agriculture with manufacturing, through both the demand and the input sides, lead to high domestic demand multipliers for agricultural output; Investment in agriculture is less import- intensive and more labour-intensive than investment in industry and so is agricultural production;The rate of return to investment in agriculture is high, equal or be exceeding that of investment in industry.

References : � Agriculture and economic development, SubrataGhatak, 1984 � Development Economics: The role of agriculture in economics, P. N. Raja (Junankar),

2016 � www.agriculture.gov.in � www.agricoop.nic.in





ISSN :

2348-7143

January-2019


Diversification of Crops in Nashik District : A Spatio Temporal Analysis

Mr. Swapnil P. Dhatrak Mr. R. A. Jadhav Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

L. V. H. College, Panchavati, Nashik., Surgana College, Surgana, Nashik

Abstract :

The Present investigation aims in studying the crop diversification in Nashik District.

The present study is based on sundry data collected from different government organizations.

The data covers 30 years i.e. from 1980-81 to 2011-12. All the types of crops were considered

for the study. In order to study the economics of crop diversification, land concentration was

computed for selected years. Talukawise study showed that area under kharif crop has found to

be decreased in all the Tehsils of Nashik District. The area under Igatpuri, Trimbakeshwar &

Peth have high production of Rice. The diversification from subsistence crop to more

commercial crops to more commercial crops were took place in selected Tehsils. In Nashik

Districts main horticultural Crops are mango, Pomegranate and Grapes. Because of wine made

of Grapes Nashik is known as Wine Capital of India.

Keywords: Crop diversification, Cropping pattern, Cropping Method, Crop Combination

Introduction :

Crop diversification is becoming important as farmers are facing multiple problems. The

market imbalance between demand and supply and famers do not get desired price for their crops

therefore farmers must get aware of market trends.

Crop diversification is addition of new crops or cropping system agricultural production.

It can also be defined as producing increased variety of agricultural commodities. The study of

diversification assumes a great importance as it is one of the important path for balanced

development of agriculture to meet requirement.

Crop diversification has emerged as an important alternative to attain objectives of output

growth, employment generation and natural resources sustainability in developing countries.

The recent experience in Asia, particularly Southeast Asia, Middle East and North Africa

indicates that policy makers and Planners are increasingly focusing on crop diversification to

promote agricultural development. (Petit and Barghouti, [1972])

Bhatia (1965) in his study on “Pattern of crop concentration and diversification in

India” has observed that physical socio-economic and technological factors have affected the

magnitude of crop diversification. He also evolved a new technique of measuring crop

diversification in India. He has taken all the crops which having 10% or more that 10 % of

cropped area. He summed up the total area under those crops and divided the sum of number of

crops.

The crop diversification having following objectives to study the extent of crop

diversification and study benefits, crop productivity and intensity of cropping.

Selection of Area:

The Nashik District of Maharashtra has been selected for this study. The

Nashik and and and





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total area 15,582 kilo meter square and total population of district is 6, 109, 05 which is third

largest in Maharashtra. Nashik district is bounded by Dhule district to North, Jalgaon district to

East, Aurangabad district to Southeast. Nashik is well known for production of wines. Godavari

reiver passes through Nashik. In Nashik District Malegaon is a largest district and Peth is

smallest district and other districts are Igatpuri,Sinner, Chandwad, Nandgaon, Surgana, Kalwan,

Yeola, Buglan, Dindori, Niphand, Deola and Trimbak.

Map of Nashik District

https://nashik.gov.in/about-district/map-of-district/

Aims and Objectives:

1. To investigate Tehsil wise crop diversification change.

2. To identify temporal crop diversification.

Data base and Methodology :

The present study is mainly based on secondary data sources collected from Agricultural

Department and Statistical Department of Nashik District. Simple statistical method was used

and calculates the crop ranking for crop combination. Bahtia’s Method (1965) has been applied

to crop diversification for following formula:

Bhatia’s Method

Formula % of sown area under ‘X’ crop Index of crop diversification = ______________________________ Number of ‘X’ crops

Interpretation: (A) Crop Diversification in Nashik District Year 1980-81

Sr. No

Name of Tehsil

Crop Diversification Index

Crops Area in Hectors

% of total Area

1 Nashik 18.66 B/R/J/Tp/To 4784 6.82

2 Peth 28 Ra/R/Tp 35648 5.08

3 Dindori 24.33 Ra/R/Tv 22789 3.25

4 Surgana 28.2 Ra/R/Tv 59874 8.54

5 Kalwan 16.33 Ra/Tp/O/R 34561 4.93

6 Baglan 11.24 B/R/J/Tp/To 52361 7.47

7 Malegaon 9.25 B/J/R/W/V/M/S/O/Co 87456 12.47 8 Chandwad 14.35 R/B/J/W/Ra/S 49561 7.07





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9 Nandgaon 7.33 R/W/R/J/Ra/S/F/Tp/Tv/S 58974 8.41

10 Yeola 11.2 W/Tp/Ra/Tv/O/B/R/J 70124 10

11 Niphan 13.22 Tp/S/O/F/B/J/Tv 71245 10.18

12 Sinner 14.5 Tv/F/Tp/R/W/O/S 62546 8.95 13 Igatpuri 24 Ra/R/Tp 47895 6.83

Total 700888 100 1. Socioeconomic abstract Nashik District

2. Crop Diversification Index Computed by Research Scholars.

R-Rice, W-Wheat, J-Jawar, B-Bajara, V- Vari, Tp-Total Pulses, Ra-Ragi, M-Maize, S-Sugarcane, Tv-Total Vegitable, F-Fruits, O-Oil Seeds, C-Condiments, D-Drugs & Narcotics, Co-Cotton.

(B) Crop Diversification in Nashik District Year 1990-91 Sr. No

Name of Tehsil



% of total Area

1 Nashik 14.22 R/B/J/W/Ra/S/F 57412 7.99

2 Peth 26 R/Ra/W/O 38945 5.42

3 Dindori 23 Ra/Tv/W/B 59846 8.33 4 Surgana 25.3 R/Ra/O 34561 4.8

5 Kalwan 15.22 B/R/J/Tp/To/F 37645 5.24

6 Baglan 9.66 B/J/R/W/V/M/S/O/Co 54126 7.53

7 Malegaon 8.22 B/J/R/W/V/M/S/O/Co 84579 11.78

8 Chandwad 11.33 B/R/J/Tp/To/F 52143 7.26

9 Nandgaon 6.66 R/J/B/F/Tv/Tp/S/C/Co/D/W 60124 8.4 10 Yeola 10.3 W/Tp/Ra/B/J/R/S/C 68457 9.53

11 Niphan 12 Tv/F/Tp/R/W/O/S 67548 9.4

12 Sinner 12.66 R/B/J/W/Ra/S 58461 8.16

13 Igatpuri 23.33 Ra/Tv/W/B 44127 6.16

Total 717884 100

(Ibid) R-Rice, W-Wheat, J-Jawar, B-Bajara, V- Vari, Tp-Total Pulses, Ra-Ragi, M-Maize, S-Sugarcane, Tv-Total Vegitable, F-Fruits, O-Oil Seeds, C-Condiments, D-Drugs & Narcotics, Co-Cotton.

(C) Crop Diversification in Nashik District Year 2000-01

Sr. No

Name of Tehsil



% of total Area

1 Nashik 12.43 R/Ra/B/J/M/S/ 36457 4.7

2 Peth 19.36 B/J/Tp/Tv/O 33478 4.32

3 Dindori 22.11 R/Ra/B 60478 7.8 4 Surgana 21.23 Ra/Tp/O/R 32471 4.19

5 Kalwan 12.96 R/Ra/B/J/M/S 33415 4.3

6 Baglan 9 B/W/R/J/Ra/S/F/Tp/Tv/S 58978 7.6

7 Malegaon 8.21 R/J/B/F/Tv/Tp/S/C/Co/D/W 88790 11.45

8 Chandwad 11 Tv/B/W/J/F/Tp/OM/V 54781 7.07

9 Nandgaon 7 Tp/B/V/S/W/Ra/R/O/Tv/F 60002 7.74

10 Yeola 12.33 Tp/Tv/F/B/J/S/O 70478 9.1





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11 Niphad 13.22 R/B/J/W/Ra/S 72589 9.37

12 Sinner 18.33 Ra/R/B/F 65813 8.5

13 Igatpuri 20.54 Ra/Tp/O/R 47812 6.2

14 Trimbak 25.33 Ra/R/Tv 28412 3.66 15 Devala 18.22 Ra/Tv/w/b 30

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