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numbernumber time PREY PREDATOR d. note: there is always more of the prey the two cycles are out of synch as there is a delay in the effect as predator #’s increase, prey #’s fall; as prey #’s fall, predator #’s fall
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E. INTERACTIONS WITHIN COMMUNITIES
1. Interspecific competition
a. 2 or more species struggling for the same resource
b. both species will lose
c. eg.
2. Predation a. one species kills and eats another
b. the predator gains but the prey loses c. but if the predator eats too many prey, then
the prey runs out & predator also loses
n
u
m
b
e
r time
PREY
PREDATOR
d. note: there is always more of the prey the two cycles are out of synch as there is a delay in the effect
as predator #’s increase, prey #’s fall;
as prey #’s fall, predator #’s fall
3. Defense mechanisms a. camouflage – don’t get seen by predator OR prey
eg. rabbit OR bobcat
b. toxins – produce or accumulated
eg. Monarch butterfly
eg. sea slug
c. mimicry - pretend to be toxic
eg. Viceroy butterflyNot toxic, but appears to be
eg. Monarch butterflyWings are toxic.
d. distractors – trick the predator in some way
large eyespots distract the predator
4. Symbiosis
a. mutualism - both gain
eg. oxpecker & giraffe
Oxpecker gets to eat insects and giraffe gets rid of parasites
b. commensalism - one gains, one unaffected
eg. algae on back of turtle
Algae gets a sunny perch and turtle which is already green, gets no benefit, nor any harm.
c. parasitism - one gains, one loses
eg. mosquito and you
The mosquito gets blood for its eggs and you lose blood and may get a disease.
what type of defense is this?
rattlesnake
hoverfly
The rattlesnake has to warn off animals so it does not have to use its TOXIN.
The bee has warning colours as its sting is ‘toxic’. But the hoverfly has no sting and so it is a MIMIC.
Questions D from pg 8.