1 - testbankdirect.eu€¦ · Web viewabiotic. environmental factor affecting the distribution and abundance of species? a. disease b. toxins c. intraspecific competition d. interspecific

Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/

Test Bank for Ecology 2nd Canadian Edition by FreedmanComplete downloadable file at:https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-by-Freedman MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Who was the first person to use the term “ecology” (oekologie)? a. Charles Darwinb. Theodosius Dobzhanskyc. Ernst Haeckeld. Aristotle

ANS: cPTS: 1REF: p. 5OBJ: BLM: Remember

2. The word “ecology” is derived in part from the Greek word for oikos. What does this word mean?a. natureb. housec. earthd. interactions

ANS: bPTS: 1REF: p. 5OBJ: BLM: Remember

3. Which of the following describes a fundamental difference between natural history and ecology?a. Natural history focuses on the study of animals; ecology includes the study of

other types of organisms. b. Natural history ignores the effects of abiotic processes on organisms; ecology

explicitly considers these effects.c. Natural history rarely involves the systematic collection of quantitative data;

ecology considers data collection essential.d. “Natural history” is an old-fashioned term for the study of nature; “ecology” is a

more modern word.

ANS: cPTS: 1REF: p. 5OBJ: BLM: Higher order

1-1Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.

https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-by-Freedman


4. Which statement best describes a butterfly collector who travels the world looking for unusual specimens to capture and display?a. The collector is a natural historian.b. The collector is an ecologist.c. The collector is conducting research in applied ecology.d. The collector is an environmental biologist.

ANS: aPTS: 1REF: p. 5OBJ: BLM: Higher order

5. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of ecological studies?a. They are conducted over large spatial scales. b. They are conducted over large temporal scales. c. They focus on many species at a time. d. They involve the collection of quantitative data.

ANS: dPTS: 1REF: p. 5OBJ: BLM: Higher order

6. Which of the following is a biotic factor affecting the distribution and abundance of redwood trees?a. the effect of soil salinity on pathogens that attack redwood treesb. the effect of microbes in the soil on the uptake of nutrients by rootsc. the effect of temperature on growth rated. the effect of groundwater pollutants on the survival of seedlings

ANS: bPTS: 1REF: p. 6OBJ: BLM: Higher order

7. Which of the following is an example of a biotic environmental factor affecting the distribution and abundance of species?a. temperatureb. disturbancec. herbivory d. nutrients




8. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic environmental factor affecting the distribution and abundance of species?a. diseaseb. toxinsc. intraspecific competition d. interspecific competition


9. In a herd of wild horses, dominant individuals frequently chase lower-ranking individuals from areas where the grasses are most nutritious. What is the name for this type of ecological interaction?a. interspecific competition b. intraspecific competitionc. herbivoryd. aggression

ANS: bPTS: 1REF: p. 6OBJ: BLM: Higher order

10. In a decaying log, many types of fungi invade the wood and break it down to extract nutrients. What is the name for this type of ecological interaction?a. interspecific competition b. intraspecific competitionc. cooperationd. parasitism


11. Which of the following describes a similarity between predation and parasitism?a. Both involve the death of the host. b. Both are exclusively intraspecific interactions.c. Both are feeding interactions.d. Both affect the biomass and productivity of their host species.




12. Which of the following features defines the limits of an ecosystem?a. the size of the ecosystemb. the number of interactionsc. the number of environmental factors d. the purposes of the study examining the ecosystem

ANS: dPTS: 1REF: p. 6OBJ: BLM: Remember

13. What is the precise definition of an ecosystem?a. An ecosystem is a large area of habitat with many interacting species. b. An ecosystem is a physical area influenced by the same environmental factors. c. An ecosystem is defined by the flow of nutrients and rates of change in

productivity. d. There is no precise, broadly applicable definition of an ecosystem.


14. Which of the following is NOT a structural attribute of an ecosystem?a. biomass of organic matter (kg/m2)b. water flow rate (m3/hayr)c. density (number of individuals/m2)d. species richness (number of species/m2)


15. Which of the following is NOT a functional attribute of an ecosystem?a. productivity (kg/m2yr)b. water flow rate (m3/hayr)c. density (number of individuals/m2)d. carbon flux (kg/hayr)




16. Which unit is used to measure the structural attributes of an ecosystem?a. quantity per areab. area per timec. time per aread. quantity per time

ANS: aPTS: 1REF: p. 6OBJ: BLM: Remember

17. Which unit is used to measure the functional attributes of an ecosystem?a. quantity per area per timeb. area per timec. time per aread. quantity per time


18. Which of the following is a fundamental difference between structural attributes of ecosystems and functional attributes of ecosystems?a. Structural attributes are environmental factors; functional attributes are related to

interacting species.b. Structural attributes are related to interacting species; functional attributes are

environmental factors.c. Structural attributes are measured as quantities per area; functional attributes are

rates of change in structural attributes.d. Structural attributes are measured as rates of change in functional attributes;

functional attributes are measured as quantities per area.




19. If we consider the universe to be organized in hierarchical levels from subatomic particles to the entire universe, which of the following levels constitutes the realm of ecology?a. from populations to biomesb. from individual organisms to communitiesc. from communities to the biosphered. from individual organisms to the biosphere


20. Which of the following is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at a given time?a. a communityb. a populationc. an ecosystemd. a biome


21. What is an ecoscape?a. a mosaic of community-level patches in a terrestrial or a marine environment b. the distribution and abundance of interacting species in a communityc. a description of the functional processes connecting habitat patchesd. the spatial layout of populations over a large, heterogeneous area


22. Which of the following words best describes the subject matter of ecology?a. lifeb. connectionsc. speciesd. organisms




23. Consider a forest ecosystem in North America. Which of the following characteristics can be considered an emergent property of the ecosystem?a. the average annual temperatureb. the spatial variation in soil acidityc. the interactions among species of invertebrates in the leaf litterd. the amount of precipitation that falls in a given year


24. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an emergent property of an ecosystem?a. one that varies in space and timeb. one that varies among ecosystemsc. one that cannot be predicted by examining the components of an ecosystemd. one that affects living things rather than nonliving things


25. What do the biotic components of an ecosystem receive from the abiotic components of an ecosystem?a. resourcesb. interactionsc. homeostatic feedbackd. disturbance


26. Which of the following factors contributes to a high level of ecological development?a. a high level of stressb. a high level of resourcesc. a high level of constraint d. a high level of demand




27. Which of the following ecosystems would likely be particularly dynamic? a. one that experiences major seasonal changes in temperature and precipitationb. one that experiences consistently high inputs of nutrientsc. one that experiences very harsh conditions all year longd. one that is spread over a large spatial area


28. What is the term for the extended period of recovery that follows a large-scale and intense disturbance to an ecosystem?a. death of the ecosystemb. successionc. a microdisturbance d. environmental stress


29. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an anthropogenic disturbance?a. It is caused by humans.b. It affects mostly humans.c. It affects the interactions among species in a community.d. It is always destructive.


30. Which of the following conditions is required by heterotrophic organisms, but not required by autotrophic organisms?a. lightb. organic matter as a source of nutritionc. waterd. sulphide compounds




31. Which of the following organisms were likely the first photosynthetic organisms on Earth?a. algaeb. plantsc. cyanobacteriad. chemosynthetic bacteria


32. Which of the following best describes biogenic oxygen?a. oxygen that is present in the troposphereb. oxygen that is generated as a metabolic byproductc. oxygen that is available to be used in biological processesd. oxygen that can reduce sugar from carbon dioxide


33. Which of the following scenarios would have likely resulted if oxygen levels had not changed from the conditions of the early Earth?a. The most common organisms would be anaerobic bacteria.b. The most common organisms would be heterotrophic bacteria.c. Most organisms would live in the oceans.d. All organisms would have died out.


34. Which of the following regions of the atmosphere contains the highest concentration of O3?a. the troposphereb. the atmospherec. the stratosphered. the ozone layer




35. Which of the following processes maintains the atmosphere around the planet Earth?a. gravitational pullb. density differentialsc. variation in gas compositiond. biochemical interactions


36. Which part of the hydrosphere contains the most water?a. the surface of the planetb. rocksc. organismsd. the atmosphere


37. Which of the following conditions is the ultimate cause of hurricanes and tornadoes?a. seasonal variation in the location and strength of the jet streamb. decrease in air temperature with increasing altitudec. variation in tidal levels in the oceansd. uneven heating of the troposphere


38. What is the name given to the top layer of the solid Earth?a. magmab. lithospherec. soild. mantle




39. Which of the following processes is most important in the formation of sedimentary rock?a. coolingb. crystallizationc. pressured. eruption


40. Which of the following features is NOT usually considered a defining feature of a biome?a. the amount of anthropogenic disturbanceb. the interactions among speciesc. the abiotic conditionsd. the assemblage of species


41. Which of the following statements explains why ecology lacks laws such as those found in physics and chemistry?a. Ecology is a relatively young and undeveloped science, and laws will likely be

formulated later as more data are collected. b. In ecology, it is difficult to make accurate observations and thus develop laws.c. Complex interactions among biotic and abiotic elements make it difficult to make

accurate predictions. d. The laws of physics and chemistry are adequate for explaining ecological

phenomena.




42. Which of the following studies is an example of applied ecology?a. one that examines the effects that dams have on survival of migrating salmon b. one that examines habitat selection in monarch butterfliesc. one that examines mating behaviour in barn swallowsd. one that examines variation in flower colour of a plant over an altitudinal gradient


43. What is the name given to the study of energy and nutrient flows among and between organisms and the environment? a. landscape ecologyb. systems ecologyc. ecosystem ecologyd. holistic ecology


44. What is the name given to the study of human impacts on the natural environment?a. environmentalismb. environmental ecologyc. restoration ecologyd. impact assessment


45. What is the name given to the use of ecological knowledge to repair human impacts on the natural environment?a. environmentalismb. environmental sciencec. restoration ecologyd. impact assessment




46. Which of the following statements is an example of deductive reasoning?a. A goldfish that is not fed for several days will die; thus, food is essential for

goldfish survival.b. Children resemble their parents; thus, parents must contribute in some way to the

traits of their offspring.c. People who catch chicken pox as children rarely catch the disease as adults; thus,

having an illness may protect you from contracting it again in the future.d. Energy is neither created nor destroyed; thus, a fasting mammal that still feeds its

offspring must be using stored energy to make milk.


47. Under which of the following circumstances would an ecological hypothesis be considered faulty?a. It is proven to be incorrect.b. Ecologists disagree about it. c. There is no way to gather data that could prove it wrong. d. It requires too much data for proper testing, and so it is unlikely to be funded.


48. Which of the following statements describes the critical difference between a hypothesis and a theory?a. A hypothesis is unproven; a theory has been proven.b. A hypothesis is untested; a theory has been tested and is widely accepted in the

scientific community.c. A hypothesis is a specific, narrow explanation; a theory explains a large set of

phenomena.d. A hypothesis is vague; a theory is well defined.




49. A researcher observes the rate of growth of tadpoles in several ponds that differ in water temperature. What type of experiment is this?a. a spatial experimentb. a temporal experimentc. a manipulative experiment d. a natural experiment




NARRBEGIN: Growth Rate of Tadpoles m

ean

dura

tion

of ta

dpol

e st

age

(d)

water temperature (C)

mea

n du

ratio

n of

tadp

ole

stag

e (d

)

water temperature (C)

A researcher observed the rate of growth of tadpoles (measured as the duration of the tadpole stage) in several ponds that differed in water temperature. The results of the experiment are shown above. Each circle represents the mean growth rate of 25 tadpoles randomly marked in each of 13 ponds. NARREND

50. What is the null hypothesis of this experiment?a. Water temperature has no consistent effect on the rate of tadpole development.b. Tadpoles cannot detect changes in water temperature.c. The rate of tadpole development does not vary under any circumstance.d. Water temperature does not vary among the experimental ponds.

ANS: aNAR: Growth Rate of Tadpoles PTS: 1REF: pp. 20–21OBJ: BLM: Higher order

51. What is the control in this experiment?a. It is the water temperature in the various ponds. b. It is the accuracy of the water temperature measurements.c. It is the precision of the water temperature measurements.d. Actually, there is no control in this experiment.

ANS: dNAR: Growth Rate of Tadpoles PTS: 1REF: pp. 20–21OBJ: BLM: Higher order



52. Consider the data point represented by a filled circle. What can we conclude about the data from this pond?a. Nothing can be concluded about the data from this pond. b. The accuracy of the measurements was probably poor.c. The precision of the measurements was probably poor.d. Some unknown factor is causing unusually rapid development in tadpoles in this

pond.

ANS: aNAR: Growth Rate of Tadpoles PTS: 1REF: pp. 20–21OBJ: BLM: Higher order

53. A number of genetically identical plants are planted into pots and treated with different fertilizers. After several weeks, their height is found to vary considerably across fertilizer treatments. What is this effect called?a. natural selection b. intrinsic variationc. phenotypic plasticityd. genomic variance


54. Which of the following ideas is fundamental to the Gaia hypothesis?a. Group selection can drive community-level processes. b. The biosphere has evolved homeostatic mechanisms.c. The biosphere has evolved consciousness.d. The Earth’s biosphere is likely replicated on other planetary bodies.


55. Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?a. sunlightb. metalsc. hydroelectricityd. photovoltaics




TRUE/FALSE

1. The word “ecology” is derived from Greek words meaning the study of nature.

ANS: FPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: Remember REF: p. 5

2. The first person to use the word “ecology” to describe a systematic study of the natural world was Charles Darwin.

ANS: FPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: Remember REF: p. 5

3. The biosphere can be considered an ecosystem.

ANS: TPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: Remember REF: p. 6

4. Intraspecific competition is competition among members of the same species.


5. Organisms sometimes exert an effect on environmental factors.


6. Ecosystems are defined as interactions among species and environmental factors over a large spatial scale.

ANS: TPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: Higher orderREF: p. 6



7. The functional attributes of an ecosystem are the rates of change of the structural attributes of the ecosystem.

ANS: TPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: RememberREF: p. 6

8. Life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years after the formation of the planet Earth.

ANS: FPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: RememberREF: p. 7

9. Photoautotrophs release H2O as a metabolic byproduct.


10. The introduction of alien species often stimulates the ecological development of an ecosystem.

ANS: FPTS: 1OBJ: BLM: Higher orderREF: p. 9

11. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.


12. Currently, the major gas (by % volume) in the atmosphere is oxygen.




13. Solar radiation plays a major role in powering the hydrological cycle.


14. The troposphere is thickest at the poles and thins around the equator.


15. The thickness of the troposphere may vary seasonally.


16. The innermost layer of the Earth is called the mantle.


17. The heat from the Earth’s core is generated by flowing magma.


18. Precision refers to the repeatability of an observation or measurement.




19. Paleoecology is synonymous with historical ecology.


20. Thomas Kuhn believed that scientific revolutions create new paradigms.



Documents

1 - testbankdirect.eu€¦ · Web viewabiotic. environmental factor affecting the distribution and abundance of species? a. disease b. toxins c. intraspecific competition d. interspecific