E-238 VOL. 2 Sectoral Environmental Assessment …documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/368971468774915941/...E-238 VOL. 2 Sectoral Environmental Assessment Volume -II Appendices to Main

E-238VOL. 2

SectoralEnvironmentalAssessmentVolume - II Appendices to Main Report

of the

Rajasthan State Highways Project

Prepared on behalf of.

Government of Rajasthan

Public Works Department

Jaipur, India

Prepared by:

Louis Berger International, Inc.,

BCEOM, French Engineering Consultants

CES and ECI, Sub-Consultants

D-53, Hathi Babu Marg, Bani Park

Jaipur - 302016

May 1998

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VOLUME II

APPENDICES TOSECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

ii

VOLUME I1 APPENDICES TO MAIN REPORT

LIST OF APPENDICESNumber Appendix Page (s)

Appendix 1 Summary of Existing Regulations and Standards on Pollution 1-1

Appendix 2 Link Descriptions 2-1

Data Source, Location, Length Width and Status, Traffic Loads,Surface Condition, Bypasses Considered, Environmental Conditions-Topography, Annual Rainfall, Flood Potential, Water Logging, SoilsPresent, Erosion, Dunes, Salinity, Mineral Resources, IndustrialDevelopment, Agricultural development, Vegetation, Parks andSanctuaries, Forest Land, Wild Life, Endangered Species, CulturalResources, Mitigation Considerations, Reforestation, ErosionControl, Water Management, Highway safety, Wild Life Mitigation,Endangered Species

Appendix 3 Regional Baseline Data Tables 3-1

Table 3.1 Reserves of Principal Minerals Found in Rajasthan

3.2 Intensity of Irrigation in Rajasthan

3.3 Groundwater Potential and its Utilization

3.4 Percent Growth of Rajasthan by District

3.5 Major Rajasthan Festival Events

3.6 Major Pilgrimage Centres and Jataras in Rajasthan

3.7 Types of Vegetation in Different Regions of Rajasthan3.8 Forest Area in Districts Transacted by Project Roads

3.9 Environmentally Sensitive and Protected Areas of Rajasthan

3.10 List of Rare and Endangered Plants of Rajasthan

3.11 Endangered Species of Rajasthan

3.12 Wildlife Recorded along Alignments During Field Reconnaissance

Appendix 4 Contract Related Documentation 4-1Appendix 5 Road Safety and Emergency Response Plan 5-1

Appendix 6 Checklist for Environmental Monitoring 6-1

Appendix 7 Participant in Workshops and Consultations 7-1

APPENDIX 1

Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1I

APPENDIX-1

SUMMARY OF EXISTING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ONPOLLUTION

I Summary Of Existing Regulations

A. Air And Environmental Pollution:

1.1 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

The functions of this act are:

1. To provide for the prevention and control of air pollution.2. To establish air pollution control board for carrying out prevention and control of air pollution.3. To assign functions and confer powers on the Boards after establishment.

1.2 Functions Of Central & State Boards:

1.2.1. Functions of central board:

The main objective of the Central Board is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control orabate air pollution in the country.

The other functions are:-

1. Advice the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air andprevention, control or abatement of air pollution.

2. Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program for the prevention, control and abatement of airpollution.

3. Co- ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them.4. Provide technical assistance and guidance to the state Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations

and research relating to problems of air pollution and prevention, control or abatement of airpollution.

5. Plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs for the prevention,control or abatement of air pollution on such terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify.

6. Organize through mass media a comprehensive program regarding the prevention, control orabatement of air pollution.

7. Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the measuresdevised for its effective pevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guidesrelating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution.

8. Lay down standards for the quality of air.9. Collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution.10. Perform such other functions as may be prescribed.

The Central Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the central board toperform its functions efficiently. The Central Board may delegate any of its functions under this Actgenerally or specially to any of the committees appointed by it.

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Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -I

1.2.2 Functions of State Boards:

The functions of the state boards are as follows:

1. To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and tosecure the execution there of to advise the State Government on any matter concerning theprevention, control or abatement of air pollution.

2. To collaborate and disseminate information relating to air pollution.3. To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged

in programs relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to organize masseducation program relating the same.

4. To inspect at all times any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give,by order, such directions to such persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for theprevention, control or abatement of air pollution.

5. To inspect air pollution control areas at specified intervals and assess the quality of air in such areasand take suitable steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution in such areas.

6. To lay down standards for emissions in consultation with the Central Board. The emission refers tothe air pollutants let into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles.

7. To advise State Government with respect to suitability of any premises or location for carrying on anyindustry which is likely to cause air pollution.

8. To perform such other functions as may be prescribed from time to time by the Central Board or theState Government.

9. To do such other things and to perform such other acts as it may think necessary for the properdischarge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the purpose of this act.

The State Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the State Board toperform its functions efficiently.

2.1 The Air (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act, 1987

The air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981, was amended in 1987, to remove the difficultiesencountered during its implementation, to confer more powers on the implementing agencies and toimpose more stringent penalties for violation of the provisions of the act.

3.1 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986

3.2 Powers Of Central Government:

As per this act, the Central Govemment is empowered to:

1. To take all such measures as deems necessary for the purpose of protecting and improving thequality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution.

2. Co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers and other authorities under this act andrules or other laws which are related to this act.

3. Planning and execution of nation wide program for the prevention, control and abatement ofenvironmental pollution.

4. Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects.5. Laying down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources.6. Restriction of areas in which any industries, operations, or processes or class of industries, operations

or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards.7. Laying down procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances.

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Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1

8. Examination of such manufacturing processes, materials and substances as are likely to causeenvironmental pollution.

9. Carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmentalpollution.

10. Inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other processes,materials or substances and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities, officers orpersons as it may consider necessary to take steps for prevention, control and abatement ofenvironmental pollution.

11. Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functionsentrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions entrusted tosuch environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act.

12. Collection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmentalpollution.

13. Preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to the prevention, control and abatement ofenvironmental pollution.

3.3 Main Provisions Of The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Following are the important provisions under this act :-

1. No person carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to bedischarged or emitted any environmental pollutants in excess of such standards as may be prescribed.

2. No person shall handle or cause to be handled any hazardous substance except in accordance withsuch procedure and after complying with such safeguards as may be prescribed.

3. The person responsible for discharge of any environmental pollutant in excess of the prescribedstandards is bound to prevent or mitigate the environmental pollution caused and shall also forthwithintimate the fact of such occurrence or apprehension of such occurrence to the authorities concerned.The person is also bound to assist the authorities in attending to the work if he is required to do so.

4.1 The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988.

The important provisions of the act are with respect to emission of smoke, vapors etc. from motorvehicles, as given below:

1. Every motor vehicle is to be manufactured and maintained in such condition so that smoke, visiblevapor, grit, sparks, ashes, cinders or oily substance do not emit from them.

2. On and from Ist day of march 1990, every motor vehicle in use shall comply the followingstandards:-

* Idling CO ( carbon monoxide) emission limit for all for wheeled petrol driven vehicles shall notexceed 3 percent by volume.

* Idling CO emission limit for all two and three wheeled petrol driven vehicles shall not exceed 4.5percent by volume.

* Smoke density for all diesel driven vehicles shall be as follows:-

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|_____________ _ IMaximum smoke density

Method of test Light absorption units co-efficient Bosch units Harridge(a) Full load at speed if 3.1 5.2 7560% to 70% of maximumengine rated speed declared I(b) Free acceleration 2.3 65

3. On and from Ist day of April 1991, all petrol driven vehicles shall be so manufactured that theycomply with the mass emission standards as prescribed. The breakdown of the operating cycle usedfor the test shall be specified.

4. On and from 1st day of April 1991, all diesel driven vehicles shall be so manufactured that theycomply with the mass emission standards based on exhaust gas capacity as specified.

5. On and from 1st day of April 1992, all diesel driven vehicles shall be so manufactured that theycomply with the following levels of emissions under the Indian driving cycle:-

6. Mass of Carbon monoxide (CO) = 14 max. grams per KWH7. Mass of Hydro Carbons (HC) = 3.5 max. grams per KWH8. Mass of Nitrogen Oxides (No) = 18 max. grams per KWH

9. Each motor vehicle manufactured on and after the dates specified in paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5)shall be certified by the manufacturers to be conforming to the standards specified in the saidparagraphs and the manufacturers shall further certify that the components liable to effect theemission of gaseous pollutants are so designed, constructed and assemble so as to enable the vehicle,in normal use, despite the vibration to which it may be subjected to comply with the provisions of thesaid paragraph.

10. Test for smoke emission level and carbon monoxide level for motor vehicles:11. Any officer not below the rank of sub inspector of police or an inspector of motor vehicles, who has

reason to believe that a motor vehicle is by virtue of monoxide emitted from it, is likely to causeenvironmental pollution, endangering the health or safety of any other user of the road or the public,may direct the driver or any person in-charge of the vehicle to submit the vehicle for undergoing atest to measure the standard of black smoke or the standard of any of the other pollutants.

12. In the above case. the driver or any other person in- charge of the vehicle should submit the vehiclefor testing for the purpose of measuring the standard of smoke or the levels of other pollutants orboth.

13. The measurement of standard of smoke is done with the smoke meter of a type approved by the StateGovemment and the measurement of other pollutants like carbon monoxide is done with instrumentsof a type approved by the State Government.

14. Transportation of goods of dangerous and hazardous nature to human life has been regulated underthe act. The vehicle carrying such goods should have prescribed labels. The driver should know thefundamentals in case of the vehicle is involved in accident. Driver should have minimum X Standardqualification.

15. Every vehicle is required to meet the safety standards of components. Every vehicle manufacturershall have to certify that every part used in the vehicle complies with the standards relatable to suchcomponents laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards.

16. A prototype of the vehicle to be manufactured by the manufacturer will have to be tested by V R DE, Ahmadnagar, A R A I, Pune, or C M T T I Budni or any other agency specified by the CentralGovemment.

17. The hom to be used is to be in accordance with the approved specifications of Bureau of IndianStandards.

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18. Items are included for offenses and penalties in the act. A mounts of penalties for different types ofoffenses have been specified.

B: Water Pollution:

5.1 The Water (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act -1974

The following are the objectives of water (prevention and control of pollution Act, 1974.

I. To provide for the prevention, control of water pollution.II. To maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water.III. To establish water pollution control boards for the prevention and control of water pollution.IV. To assign suitable powers and functions for the water pollution control boards.

5.2 Functions Of Central & State Boards:

5.2.1 Functions of Central Board:

The main function of the central Board is to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areasof states.

The other miscellaneous functions are as follows:-

i) To advise the Central Govemment on any matter conceming the prevention and control of waterpollution.

2) To co-ordinate the activities of the state boards and resolve disputes among them.3) To provide technical assistance and guidance to the state boards, carryout and sponsor investigations

and research relating to problems of water pollution.4) To plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs for the

prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on such terms and conditions as the central Boardmay specify.

5) To organize through mass media a comprehensive program regarding the prevention and control ofwater pollution.

6) To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and themeasures devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes or guidesrelating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents and disseminate informationconnected there with.

7) To lay down, modify or annul in consultation with the State Govemment concemed, thestandards for a stream or well.

8) To plan and cause to be executed a nation wide program for the prevention, control or abatement ofwater pollution.

9) To perform such other fimctions as may be prescribed.

5.2.2 Functions of State Board:

1. To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streamsand wells in the state and to secure the execution there, of.

2. To advise the State Govemment on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement ofwater pollution.

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3. To collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention, control orabatement there of.

4. To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of waterpollution its prevention and control.

5. To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engagedin programs relating to prevention, control or abatement of water pollution or mass educationprograms relating there to.

6. To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and tradeeffluents and review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the treatment ofwater, work for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluentsor in connection with the grant of any consent as required by the Act.

7. To lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for thequality of receiving waters( not being water in an inter state stream) resulting from the discharge ofeffluents and to classify waters of the state.

8. To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents.9. To evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture.10. To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land as are necessary on

account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not provide for major part ofthe year the minimum degree of dilution.

11. To lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any particularstream taking into account the minimum fair weather, dilution available in that stream and thetolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of stream after the discharge of such effluents.

12. To make, vary or revoke any order:

* for the prevention, control or abatement of discharge of waste, into streams or wells.* requiring any person concemed to construct new systems for the disposal of sewage

and trade effluents or to modify after or extend any such existing system or to adopt suchremedial measures as are necessary to prevent, control or abate water pollution.

13. To lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing discharge of sewage orsullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and tradeeffluents.

14. To advise the State Government with respect to the location of any industry with respect to itspollution possibilities of stream or well.

15. To perforn such other functions as may be prescribed by the Central Boardor the StateGovernment.

The Board may establish or recognize a laboratory to perform its functions under this section, theanalysis of samples of water from any stream or well or samples of any sewage or trade effluents.There are 18 State Boards besides the Central Board.

5.3 Important Provision Of The Act:

Section 21: The section empowers the nominated officials of the State Board to take samples of waterfrom any stream or well or samples of any sewage or trade effluent, which is passing from any plant orvessel (for the purpose of analysis), Such samples will be collected after due notice is given to theoccupier of the area in question.

Section 22: The samples collected as refereed above will be analyzed by the nominated official ofrecognized laboratory and he will submit a report of the results of such analysis. One copy of the reportwill be sent to the occupier and another copy will be preserved for production before the court in caseany legal proceedings are taken against the occupier.

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Section 23: This section empowers the nominated person of the Board to enter any place for thepurpose of performing any of the functions of the Board entrusted to him. He is also empowered toexamine any plant, record, register, document or any other material object or for conducting a search ofany place in which he has reason to believe that an offense under this Act or the rules is suspected.

Section 24: This section deals with the prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of pollutingmatter etc.

The following actions are prohibited:

"No poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined (as per the standards laid down by State Board)should be permitted to enter any stream or well or sewer or on land"

Section 25 : As per this section, no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board

a) can establish or take any steps to establish any industry, operation or process or any treatment anddisposal systems or any extension or addition there to which is likely to discharge sewage or tradeeffluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land.

b) bring into use any new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or.

c) begin to make any new discharge of sewage.

Section 26 : According to this section, before the commencement of this Act, the person who wasdischarging any se,wage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land has to follow the rulesof section 25 mentioned above from a specific date as proposed by the State Govemment.

Section 32 and 33 : In these sections, the provision relating to accidental or unforeseen discharge ofpolluted, poisonous or noxious mater into the stream or well is dealt with. If such accident or event takesplace due to industrial operation or system, then the person in charge of such place has to inform theState Board about the occurrence of such accident or event. The State Board after assessing the extent ofsuch polluted discharge into the stream or well, can instruct the person to stop discharging the pollutedmatter. If necessary the Board can approach the local court in the matter for getting a judgment.

6.1 Water (Prevention & Control Of (Pollution) Amendment Act, 1988.

The water (Prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1974 was amended in 1988. An important amendmentwas to rename the Central/State Boards for prevention and control of water pollution as Central/StatePollution Control Boards as board will also deal with air pollution.

The boards have been given powers to close or stop supply of water and electricity to offendingestablishments. The citizens may file criminal complaint against offenders after 60 days notice toBoards. Even at the time of establishment of industry the person will have to take consent of the Board.

7.1 Hazardous Waste (Management And Handling) Rules 1989.

In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 6,8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986(29 of 1986), the Central Govemment has made the hazardous wastes (Management and Handling) Rules1989.

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7.2 Application:

These rules are applicable for the following types of hazardous wastes

1. Cyanide wastes2. Metal finishing wastes3. Wastes containing water soluble chemical compounds of lead, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel,

selenium, barium and antimony.4. Mercury, Arsenic, Thallium and Cadmium braving wastes.5. Non-halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents.7. Wastes from paints, pigments, glue, varnish and printing ink.8. Wastes from dyes and dye intermediate containing inorganic chemical compounds.9. Wastes from dyes and dye intermediate containing organic chemical compounds.10. Wastes oil and oil emulsions.11. Tarry wastes from refining and tar residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatment.12. Sludge arising from treatment of waste waters containing heavy metals, toxic organic, oils,

emulsions and spent chemicals and incineration ash.13. Phenols.14. Asbestos15. Wastes from manufacturing of pesticides and residues from pesticides and herbicides formulation

units.16. Acid/ Alkaline/ Slurry Wastes.17. Off- specification and discarded products.18. Discarded container and containers liners of hazardous and toxic chemicals wastes.

7.3 Authority For Handling Hazardous Wastes:

Every occupier generating hazardous wastes and having facility for collection, reception, treatment,transport, storage and disposal of such wastes should apply for the grant of authorization should besought from the State Pollution Control Board. The same rule applies to an operator who is entrusted tocarry out the above activities on behalf of any occupier.

Unless an occupier or an operator possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and equipment tohandle hazardous wastes safely or the State Pollution Control Board is not satisfied with thearrangements or facilities as mentioned above, it can refuse to grant authorization. The validity for suchauthorization is normally for 2 years before which period it should be renewed. If the authorized personhas failed to comply with any of the conditions of the authorization or with any provision of the Act orthese rules, he is liable for the suspension cancellation of the authorization given to him.

7.4 Packaging, Labeling And Transport Of Hazardous Chemicals:

Before hazardous wastes is delivered at the hazardous waste site, the occupier or operator of a facilityshould ensure that the hazardous wastes is packaged in a manner suitable for storage and transport andthe labeling and packaging should be easily visible and be able to withstand physical conditions andclimatic factors.

Packaging, labeling and transport of hazardous wastes should confirm to the provisions of the rulesissued by the Central Government under the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 and similar guidelines issued fromtime to time.

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The occupier generating hazardous wastes and operator of a facility for collection, reception, treatment,transport, storage and disposal of hazardous waste in a prescribed manner. They should send annualreturns to the State Pollution Control Board in the prescribed form.

8.1 Noise Pollution:

There are no legislation which exclusively and specifically deals with noise problems and pollution inIndia, however the Motor Vehicle Act 1988 and the Factories Act, 1948, deals with Noise Control,requiring inclusion of adequate measures for the control of noise.

8.2 The Environmental (Protection)Act 1986 And Noise:

The Environmental (Protection) Act 1986 came into force on November 19, 1986, the birth anniversaryof late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi. Section 2 of the Act has defined various terms including'environment'. But it does not specifically refer to noise. Only Section 6(2)(b) mentions the word noiseand provides that the Govemment may make rules for allowable limits of environmental pollutantsincluding noise for different areas. The Act provides heavy penalty for the violators of the environmentallaws. Any person who does not follow the standards or causes environmental pollution of the Act shallbe liable to be punished under Section 15 of the Act. The section provides punishment which may beimprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or fine up to one lakh rupees or both. if case theenvironmental pollution continues, beyond a period of one year after the date of conviction, the offendershall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to 7 years.

8.3 The Factory Act 1948 And Noise Control:

According to Factory Act 1948 and Factory Rules, the following provision has been made pertaining tohigh noise levels:

In every factory suitable engineering control or administrative measures shall be taken to ensure as faras reasonably practical, that no worker is exposed to sound levels exceeding the maximum permissiblenoise exposure levels given below:

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TABLE 1PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE IN CASES OF CONTINUOUS NOISE

Total time of exposure (Continuous or a number of Sound pressure level in dBAShort-term e:xposures) per dav in hour

8 906 924 953 972 100

1 Y2 1021 105

3/4 107Y2 ~~~~~~~~1 10

'/4 115

No exposure in excess of 105 decibels is to be permitted.

TABLE 2PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS OF IMPULSIVE OR IMPACT NOISE

reak Seoud pressure level in Db Permitted number of impulses or impacts per day

135 3151130 I1000125 I]31601

No exposure in excess of 140 dB peak sound pressure level is permitted. Every worker employed in areaswhere the noise exceeds the maximum permissible exposure levels specified above shall be subjected toan auditory examination by a certifying surgeon within 14 days of his first employment and thereaftershall be re-examined at least once in every 12 months.

National Organizations On Environmental Issues In India

The Ministry of Environment and Forest created in Sept, 1985 serves as an administrative structure forplanning, promotion and co-ordination of environmental and forestry programmers. It has followingagencies and units:

-- The Head quarters of the Regional offices of the ministry is located at Delhi.-- International co-operation Division having two wings:

IC-I and IC-II, located at Delhi.

-- There are 16 associated units under the administrative control of the ministry.

* Forest survey of India is under Forest Survey and utilization.* Indira Gandhi National forest Academy, Dehradun is under Forest Research Education and training.* Six Regional officer of the ministry are located at Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubneshwar, Chandigarh,

Lucknow and Shillong with Headquarters at Delhi.

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* Five National Zoological parks.* Four wildlife Regional offices at Bombay, Madras, New Delhi and Calcutta, under wild life

conservation.

* Three National Museums of Natural History one at Delhi and two at Calcutta (Botanical Survey ofIndia and Zoological Survey of India)under Conservation and survey division.

Autonomous Agencies Assisted By The Ministry Of Environment And Forest

Following are the agencies and divisions attached to the ministry:

1. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History Bombay.2. Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling.3. Wild life Institute of India, Dehradun.4. Central Pollution Control Board New Delhi.5. Pant Himalayan Paryavaran Evam Vikas Sansthan, Almora.6. Centre for Environmental Education, Ahmedabad.7. Rama Swami Aiyar Environmental Education Centre, Madras.8. Centre for Ecological Research and Training Bangalore.9. Centre for Mining Environment, Dhanbad.10. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.11. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Dehradun.12. Indian Plywood Research Institute, Bangalore.13. Animal welfare Board New Delhi.

Other National Organizations:

There are other governmental and non-governmental organizations/agencies involved in environmentissues some important ones are as follows:

1. Advisory Board on Energy (ABE).2. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)3. Central Forestry Commission (CFC)4. Department of Non-Conventional Energy sources (DNES)5. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC)6. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)7. National Diary Development Board8. National Natural Resources Management System.9. National Wetland Management Committee10. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB)11. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)12. Several Research Institutes under I.C.A.R.

* I.G.F.R.I. Jhansi* Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal.

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II Standards On Pollution

Environmental Standards

The following standards have been promulgated under the Environment Protection Act and will have tobe met by the project.

Noise Standards1. Noise Limits for automobiles (Environmental Protection Rules 1986)

(at one metre in dB(A) at manufacturing)

a) Motorcycle, scooters and three wheelers 80b) Passenger car 82c) Passenger or commercial vehicle to 4MT 85d) Passenger or commercial vehicle 4-12 MT 89e) Passenger or commercial vehicle over 12 MT 91

2. Recommended External Ambient noise levels

a) Residential 65b) Commercial 70c) Places of national importance 55d) Places of workshop, schools, hospitals, etc. 65

National Ambient air quality standards (Schedule VII)

(In gg/m')

SPM 500S02 120NOx 120CO 500

General Standards for Water Discharge (Schedule VI of Environmental ProtectionRules 1986).

Parameter General Irrigated areaColour and Odour _ |_lSuspended solids (mg/I) 100 200Suspended Particle size (micron) <850 Is sieve X

Dissolved inorganic solids (mg/I) 2100 2100pH 5.5-9.0 5.6-9.0Temperature (above receiving) < 50 C+Oil and grease (mg/I) 10 10Residual Chlorine (mg/I) IBOD (5 days at 200 C) (mg/I, max.) 30 100

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APPENDIX 2

Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2

APPENDIX 2LINK DESCRIPTIONS

The main body of the SEA presents an overview of the Rajasthan environment surrounding all theroad projects studied and the range of environmental impacts which must be mitigated in a roadupgrade project of this nature. The descriptions presented herein are intended to enable the reviewerto understand the environmental aspects of the individual alignments, the specific potential impactsidentified, and the mitigation measures, or in some cases additional studies, which are considerednecessary to fully resolve impact concerns. Mitigation and comprehensive impact analysescoordinated with design engineers and contract specialists have been carried out on those projectsdestined for construction activities under Phase I (i.e., Alignments 1 and 3) of the RSBP arepresented in the main body of the SEA and various appendices. Although various road segmentshave been "dropped" from the RSHP, discussions presented in this appendix include all roadsegments to ensure that a complete record of the results of environmental investigations are availablein the event that any segment is considered for development in the future, and to present acomprehensive overview of the original project investigations. Issues which will require resolutionin a later phase through further work are identified to the extent possible given the absence ofengineering design information.

LINK 1 Endpoints: Jaipur - Nagaur - Phalodi

* Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published Sources, Agency Contacts* Location - Jaipur, Nagaur and Jodhpur Districts* Length, Width and Status- 370 Km of single lane

240 Km from Jaipur to Nagaur - to be upgraded as a priority in Phase 1130 Km Nagaur to Phalodi dropped from further consideration

* Traffic Loads - Mostly light except from Palara to Kuchaman which has already been upgradedto handle salt and marble trucks. 1550-7000 pcu's

E Surface Condition - Generally poor

# Bypasses and realignments considered - Nawa (5.5 Km), Mitlhri (1.5 Km), Bhadwa (1.2km),Manda (I.Skrm), Lunwa (0. 76km), Banvala, Budsui, Lohrana, and Cizoti Klsatau

* Environmental Conditions:

* Topography - Level to gently undulating (290 to 430 m above MSL)* Annual Rainfall - Arid to semiarid (250 mm to 500 mM)* Flood Potential - Limited to a few drainage crossings and depressions* Flash flood potential - Low* Vater logging - Insignificant* Soils Present - Predominantly brown sandy,* Erosion - Very local, except for general wind erosion, however arid, sandy soils may pose a

substantial challenge to stabilization when used for berms* Dunes - Nearly all stabilized except west of Nagaur (section dropped)* Salinity - Salt deposits extensive from Kuchaman to Nawa with Sambhar and Salt Lakes

supporting extensive salt pans. Surface water bodies are often too alkaline for even use bylivestock and movements of nomadic herdsmen through the region is constrained by wateravailability.

2-1


* Mineral Resources - Principal minerals are gypsum, limestone, salt, marble, and sandstone, allof which are exploited commercially. Several quarries are along the alignment.

* Industrial Development - Limited to processing of extracted minerals* Agricultural Development:

* Cropping Practices - Rain fed agriculture with agro-forestry, less than 1 percent is doublecropped, wheat, barley, and maize are the primary crops.

* Irrigation - Very limited with little potential for development.* Pasturage - ROW, wastelands, and fallow land all are intensively browsed and prosopis is

regularly lopped (pollarded), often beyond recovery.

* Vegetation - ROW generally not extensively treed, agro-forestry throughout, pastures limited tothom scrub wasteland.

* Parks, Sanctuaries - None on or near alignment* Forest Land - Forest reserves small and heavily grazed/browsed, no jungle remains, forest

constitutes less than 1 percent of region.* Wildlife - Nilgai present, Sambhar Lakes surrounded by active salt pans south of Nawa are

considered a wildlife resource (esp. for flamingos) identified as a Ramsar Wetland Site ofinternational importance (Gopal and Sharma 1994), all species in ROW are accustomed todisturbance.

* Endangered Species - Desert monitor lizard was seen dead on road near Nagaur; Chinkara,desert cats and blackbuck may occur in thom scrub lands (fide Forestry Dept.); and houlara arereported in winter (CAZRI 1989).

* Cultural Resources

* Historic Sites/Tenmples - Hilltop forts are present at Nagaur, Kuchaman, and Jobner but willbe unaffected by proposed improvement. Few religious objects/structures would be adverselyaffected.

* The westem end of this alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used bynomadic herdsmen during times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels from the desertto greener pasturage

- Mitigation Considerations

* Bypasses - Proposed at Nawa (5.5 Km) to avoid 2 railroad crossing and shorten thealignment while avoiding congestion, it will also move the road further from the RamsarSite; and at Mithri (1.5 Km), Bhadwa (1.2km), Manda (1.5km), Lunwa (0.76km), Barwala,Budsui, Lohrana, and Choti, to avoid social impacts and safety impacts on very narrowstreets.

* Reforestation - Recommended throughout where soil conditions permit, ROW is sparselytreed now and plantings are highly desired; plant selection for salt and drought tolerance andintense protection of seedlings from grazing will be necessary. Barren forest land isavailable for planting.

* Erosion Control - Only a few localized areas will require special attention. Check dams andsoil stabilization of berms should result in improvement in existing conditions. Selection ofplants for salt and drought tolerance and intense protection of seedlings will be necessary.Streams entering Sambhar Lake already have dams on them which reduce silt flow to thiswetland (WWF 1995).

* IVater Afanagement - Regional plans for catchment basins north of Nawa (CARZI 1989)were considered in sizing drainage structures.

* Higlhway Safety - Speed bumps, rumble strips and/or signage are essential at all villages andpaved road junctures.

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* Wildlife Mitigationt - Little impact should occur on wildlife. Internationally significantbrackish lakes are a substantial distance from the alignment and will be even further from itif the Nawa bypass is developed. The lakes are subject to intense commercial salt industryexploitation. Since the lake and salt pans are down gradient from the road, contractors mustimplement required pollution control measures during construction.

* Enidangered Species - Speed bumps and signs to slow traffic will be installed intervals inareas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats may occur. Suchlocations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff.

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LINK 2 Endpoints: Kota-Baran-Shivpuri

* Data Source - Field reconnaissance, maps, published sources* Location - Kota and Baran Districts* Length, Width and Status - 132 Kilometers single and 47 Km intermediate lane, in addition an

entirely new 20 km bypass of Kota has been proposed as an addition to the existing road system

72 Km Kota to Baran proposed for development under Phase IA60 Km Baran to Shivpuri proposed for development under phase 220 Km Kota bypass dropped from further consideration

* Traffic Loads - Moderate from Kota to Baran, decreasing to the Madhya Pradesh border - 550 to8267 PCU: there is, of course, no traffic on the proposed new bypass

* Surface Condition - Fair to poor* Bypasses Considered - None currently identified except for the 20 km Kota bypass* Environmental Conditions:

* Topograplhy - Relatively level Kota to Baran becoming hilly with switch-backs to the east atShivpuri, elevations range from 230 m above MSL to over 480 m.

* Annual Rainfall - 750 to 1000 mm* Flood Potential - Moderate, numerous ephemeral and a few permanent stream crossings.

There are numerous at-grade crossings where flooding may occur.Flash Flood Potenttial - Moderate in eastern portions where there is significant relief andnumerous drainages.

* Water logging - Problem due to poor percolation. Depth to bedrock is often very shallow.* Soils Present - Black soils consisting of clay loam and silty clay loans derived from

Vindhyan rocks and Deccan trap sediments; clays predominate near Kota, while silts andsand are intermixed further east

- Erosion - Common problem due to high rainfall, moderate slopes and vegetationdegradation.

- Salinity - Local problem due to poor drainage and high evaporation.

* Mineral Resources - Restricted to building materials (rock and limestone)* Industrial Development - Extensive around Kota which is considered the industrial center of

Rajasthan.* Agricultural Development:

* Croppintg Practices - Kharif, and rabi cropping, principally wheat, soybeans, barley andmaize, little agro-forestry.

* Irrigation - Locally from wells and canals from Chambal River System. near Kota and Baran* Pasturage - Extensive in ROW's wasteland and fallow land and in reserve/protected forests

at the eastem end of the alignment. A sheep herder in the protected forest area near Shivpuriwith 100's of animals indicated they were from Jodhpur. This area is probably usedintensively in times of drought by herdsmen from westem Rajasthan.

* Vegetation - The western half of the aligmnent is predominantly cropland while the eastern halfis extensively forested, principally with Anogeissus pendula, A. latifolio, and various Acacia andCassias. The Kota bypass is through protected forest land west of the river and bordered byreserve (but treeless) forest east of the River. Vegetation in the protected forest area is plantedAcacia. The existing ROWs are not extensively treed.

* Parks, Sanctuaries - The National Gavial Sanctuary (Chambal River) at Kota would beimpacted by the Kota bypass (Phase 2); Sorson Closed Area is 5-15 km. south of Palaita and

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Rajasthan State Highwvays Project Appendix 2

Shergarh Sanctuary in Baran District is more than 10km from the alignment, are outside areas ofpotential impact. The Chambal River crossing will bisect the National Gavial Sanctuary andwould have required further study.

* Forest Land - Over 30 percent of Baran District is reserve or protected forest. Most of this landis on or near the portion of the alignment from Baran to Shivpuri (which has been dropped fromthe project) and would have required further investigation to determine its condition andpotential impacts. Gathering of wood for sale was occurring in the ROW. Some forest appearedhighly degraded (scattered trees heavily pruned) and grazed. All forest area appears todesignated by stone fences. The Kota bypass is through protected dhol forest land and militaryland west of the river and bordered by reserve (but treeless) forest east of the River.

* Wildlife - Although species present from Kota to Baran are likely to be highly tolerant ofdisturbances, forest habitats east of Baran (section now dropped) may be less tolerant and moresusceptible to higher traffic speeds. Sorsan Closed Area, a stoney wasteland noted for itspopulation of Great Indian Bustard, will be addressed in Phase IA investigations.

* Endangered Species - A water lizard was observed in a wetland in the village of Baasthooniapproximately 18 km east of Baran. A number of other species may be expected in forested androcky areas near Shivpuri. Further investigations would be warranted to evaluate potentialimpacts along that portion of the alignment if it had not been dropped. The Kota Bypass mayimpact endangered birds of prey nesting on the cliffs along the Chambal River and theendangered freshwater crocodile and Ganges Soft-shelled turtle and would have required furtherstudy under Phase 2.

? Cultural Resources

* Historic and Religious Sites and Temples - There are old forts at Kota, Anta, Shahabad,Thana Kasba, Kilwara and numerous religious structures throughout the alignment but noadverse impacts have been identified. A substantial fortress at Shahabad could benefit fromimproved tourist access.

* Mitigation Considerations

e Bypasses - None currently identified* Reforestation - Recommended throughout along with increased protection to forest reserves.

Wood harvesting currently is carried out by tribal people within the eastern section of theROW and protection of the existing tree resources will be difficult unless alternative sourcesof income are found for these people.

* Erosionj Control - Necessary at numerous points due to topography, de-vegetation, constantdisturbance by grazing livestock, and potentially substantial rainfall.

* WKater M4Ianagement - Catchment basins or coffer dams to control and hold seasonal runoffconsidered necessary in hilly eastem portions of the alignment and numerous stream/wetlandcrossings were present east of Baran (e.g. 1, 8, 12, 30, 39, & 80 kilometers) but this segmenthas been dropped. Protection of water bodies will be addressed in construction contracts.

* Higlhway Safety - Speed bumps, rumble strips and/or warning signage is essential at allvillages, paved road junctures and the hilly section where switch-backs occur.

* WVildlife Protection - Provision of speed limit signs, rumble strips and/or speed bumps atintervals were recommended to slow traffic in two sections which pass through protectedforest just west of Shahabad but this section has been dropped. Similar provisions would benecessary on the Kota bypass if it is eventually approved.

* Nestinig Birds - A heronry 13 km east of Kota should be protected by leaving as many of thetrees as possible on the north side of the highway within this village. Trees should besurveyed for nests prior to construction and marked to ensure their protection. The heronryis in the village proper and should not disrupted by construction activities since the birds arealready acclimated to traffic, noise and people. Birds of prey nesting on Chambal Rivercliffs require additional study before the Kota bypass impacts can be fully assessed andmitigated.

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Endanigered Species - Additional studies are warranted to determine the potential impact ofthe proposed Kota bypass on endangered birds of prey and the endangered freshwatercrocodile and Ganges soft-shelled turtle which are known to frequent the Chambal River.

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Road Number 2E: Kota Bypass

* Data Sources - Field reconnaissance, maps, published sources.* Location - Kota District* Length , Width and Status - 20 Km. of new double lane dropped from consideration.+ Traffic Loads - None currently, proposed new construction* Environmental Conditions - Semiarid

* Topography - Relatively flat with one crossing of deep gorge containing Chambal River* Annual Rainfall - 750 to 1000 mm* Flood potential - Low* Water logginig - Low* Soils Present - Black and hilly soils, very stony* Erosion - Soils erodable* Salinity - None

* Mineral Resources - None developed although building stone outcrops are plentiful* Industrial Development - Kota is the industrial center of Rajasthan. This alignment bypasses

most of these industries.* Agricultural Development

* Cropping Practices - Predominantly wasteland, not croppedI irrigation -None seen along alignment

- Pasturage - Appears heavily grazed

* Vegetation - Acacia, scrub thorn* Parks, sanctuaries - Parallels reserve forest and military land and crosses unclassified forest

land, crosses the Chambal River Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary is about 8kmn southwest of the proposed bypass

i Forest Land - Extensive reserve forest and unclassified forest some of which must be acquiredand replaced by PWD

* Wildlife - Species typical of scrub thorn forest, rivers, and cliffs (e.g. nesting raptors) are presentand studies to determine probable impacts would be required.

* Endangered Species - Endangered crocodiles, gavial, Ganges soft-shelled turtles, andaccipitridae hawks are known to occur and will be impacted by construction and operation of thebypass bridge; intensive studies are recommended to evaluate these impacts.

* Cultural Environment

* Historic and Religious sites - Kota none observed along portions of alignment examined.


* Natural Resources - Potential impacts on endangered species are expected to be significantand further study will be required to determine if they can be mitigated

* Reforestation - Replacement of existing forest land and sanctuary property which would betaken by the bypass is necessary.

* Erosion Control - Significant erosion during bridge construction over the Chambal River islikely and will require special containment.

* Water Afanagernent- The bypass will open a new access point to the reservoir used by thepower plant at Kota. Public use of this reservoir is now prohibited. Special fencing may berequired to restrict access.

* Highway Safety - Signage will be required at villages and highway junctions.

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* Wildlife Protection - Provision of speed bumpsor rumble strips at intervals is recommendedto slow traffic in sections which pass through protected forest on the Kota bypass if it iseventually approved.

* Nesting Birds - Birds of prey nesting on Chambal River cliffs require additional study beforethe Kota bypass impacts can be assessed and mitigated.

* Enidangered Species - Additional studies are warranted to determine the potential impact ofthe proposed Kota bypass on endangered birds of prey and the endangered freshwatercrocodile, gavial and Ganges soft-shelled turtle

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LINK 3 Endpoints: Kota-Chittor2arh-Dohad

* Data Sources - Field reconnaissance, maps, published sources, agency contacts.* Locations - Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh and Banswara Districts.* Length, Width and Status - 52 Km. double, 209 Km intermediate, 155 Km single lane

176 Km Kota-Chittorgarh improved to double lane in Phase l53 Km Chittorgarh - Choti Sadri upgraded to four lane under Phase 2187 Km Choti Sadri - Dohad dropped from further consideration

* Traffic Loads - Light to heavy depending on section, varies 2400 to 14300 PUC's* Surface condition - Good to very poor, portions are unpaved and contain low points which are

virtually impassable during the rainy season* Bypasses Considered - None required* Environmental Conditions: Semi arid to sub humid, with thin rocky, highly eroded soils.

* Topography - Undulating, bordered with steep hills and ravines, 180 to 450 m above MSL.* Annual Rainifall - 750 mm to over 1000 mm.* Flood potential - Crossings of large dry washes very numerous, several catchment basins

present but maintenance programs are questionable as the dams are often breached.= Flash flood potential - Considerable due to relatively high seasonal rainfall, de-vegetated

areas, and steep adjacent slopes. Soils are very thin and have little potential to retain water.* Iater logging - Not a problem.* Soils Present - Shallow, rocky, highly erosive, Typic istochreps, low agricultural potential,

and low water retention potential because they are so shallow. Sands, silts and clays are allrepresented.

* Erosions - Severe flood erosion in some areas* Salinsity -Not a problem.

* Mineral Resources - Limited to clay and building stone including limestone and soapstone;graphite and manganese are found at Banswara. Very extensive rock quarrying activities arepresent along many kms of the alignment between Kota and Chittorgarh

* Industrial Development - Two textile mills in Banswara, sugar mills, rock quarrying andcement in Chittorgarh., Kota is the industrial center of Rajasthan, however, traffic from theseindustries seldom take this road south because it is in such poor condition. Truck traffic islimited to stone haulers frequenting the rock quarries between Kota and Bijolia

* Agricultural Development:

* Cropping Practices - Principally Kharif with maize, wheat, groundnut, jawar, pulses andgram widespread; cotton and sugar cane are locally important in areas which have deepersoils and can be irrigated (e.g. near Chittorgarh).

* Irrigation - Principally by wells with some tanks and canals where topography permits, butless than one quarter of the cropped land is irrigated. A few irrigated areas are found along-the alignment near Kota and the road crossed one major irnigation canal there.

* Pasturage - Cattle, goats, buffaloes, and sheep are the principal livestock; about 25 percentof the land area is fallow or wasteland used for pasture. Large numbers of goats and camels*were noted in forest areas.

* Vegetation - Natural vegetation along the northern end of the alignment is Anogeissus pendulaand tropical thom forest while dry teak forest predominate in Banswara. Extensive wetlandsoccur locally near Kota. These wetlands are in the form of irrigated fields, a fly-ash disposalpond associated with the power generating station encompassing several square kilometers, andflooded borrow areas. Protected forest areas are present within a kilometer of the alignment in

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Rajasthan State Highways Project , Appendix 2

several areas. Approximately 800 roadside trees will have to be removed between Kota andBijolia.

* Parks, Sanctuaries - The National Gavial, Jawahar Sagar and Bassi Sanctuaries occur along thealignment. Chittorgarh Fort is a bird sanctuary. Jawahar Sagar and Bassi Wildlife Sanctuariesand Menal Closed Area border the alignment. The former is a 315 sq. km sanctuary on theChambal River surrounding the Jawahar (Gandhi) Sagar Dam about 17 km south of Kota.Although principally noted for its breeding crocodile and gavial populations, the sanctuary alsohas dhok (Anogeissus pendula) forest areas reportedly supporting leopard, sloth bear, black buck,caracal, wild wolf, jackal, hyena, sambar, nilgai and fox. The Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary coverssome 13800 hectares on the watersheds of the Orai and Brahmini Rivers and includes the Oraiand Bassi Dams. Fauna reported present include gavial, leopards, chinkara, nilgai, wild boar,cheetal, jackal, four homed antelope, wild cat and hyena. Dhok trees are the principal forestspecies. Menal Closed Area covers some 20 sq. kmn. and borders the alignment for some 9.5 km.Impact mitigations for these three wildlife areas are presented.

* Forest Land - The alignment passes through or near numerous designated forest areas. Mostappear highly degraded and further evaluation is necessary to evaluate potential impacts alongthe southemmost portion of the road near Banswara where forest quality improves and thepossibility of endangered species occurring is greater.

* Wildlife - Habitat deterioration and past hunting and poaching have eliminated many sensitivespecies, however cliffs, ravines and forest provide habitat for a large variety of species. Forestareas along the southem portion of the alignment offer the best quality habitat for most sensitivespecies.

* Endangered species - Chinkara, red spur fowl, four homed antelope, peafowl, and accipitridaehawks occur. Desert cats, leopards and other carnivores are reported in Jawahar Sagar and BassiWildlife Sanctuaries and Menal Closed Area and could occur in forested and extensive wastelandareas. Mitigation measures have been developed to apply to the two wildlife sanctuaries and theclosed area which are present along the alignment which will assist officials in their ongoingwildlife management efforts. Further study would be recommended to evaluate potential impactsalong southem portions of the alignment in Banswara District which pass through forested areasbut this section has been dropped from the project.

* Cultural Environment:

* Historic and Religious Structures - In addition to the huge hilltop fort at Chittorgarh, thereare temples, forts, and historic sites at Kota, Bijolia, Menal, Bassi, Nagri, Kumbahera,Banswara and Kalingara.. Tourists would benefit from better access to these sites. Nohistoric sites will be adversely impacted by construction activities. Temples and structuresoccur in the ROW at several points andhave been addressed in the project design drawings.

* Mitigation Considerations* Bypasses- None currently considered

* Reforestation - Significant portions of ROW lack trees and are very rocky and heavilygrazed necessitating substantial efforts to achieve adequate roadside cover. Tree replacementshould be at a rate of at least 10 to 1 removed and replanting of trees removed should beconcentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can beprovided. Tree planting efforts will be used to supplement ongoing reforestation efforts atthe nearby wildlife sanctuaries to enhance wildlife cover at these facilities and will beconducted in accordance with the needs of these site managers.

* Erosion Control - Needed at many sites where ephemeral streams have caused broad erosionof surface soils. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth,resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary.

* WVater Mfanagement - Opportunities exist to establish numerous catchment basins existwhich would reduce. runoff and erosion and increase local water availability. Containmentstructures could aid farmers, reduce soil erosion, benefit wildlife and protect the alignment.

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Construction and maintenance of water control structures would require detailed hydrologicstudies to design and locate the structures, identification of a local group willing to undertaketheir maintenance, and compensation of local residents for property taken for the structureand resultant impoundments. Since there are several dozen potential sites which could beused as impoundments a comprehensive siting study would have to undertaken to determinewhich sites could most effectively developed and subsequently used by local residentsH Highway safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and paved roadintersections. Warning signs are also needed at areas subject to flooding. Signage andplacement of speed bumps have been identified by the Forestry Departrnent as a means tocontrol speeds in areas where endangered wildlife may be likely to cross. Specific crossingareas include the vicinity of the two wildlife sanctuaries and the closed area, while potentialsites would include any areas where extensive units of suitable forest or scrub wastelandoccur on either side of the highway.

* Endangered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at intervals in areas which arebordered by the Jawahar Sagar and Bassi sanctuaries and where waste lands occur on bothsides of the highway to reduce traffic speeds. Signage will also be installed along portions ofthe alignment which border the sanctuary areas to limit speeds to 40 kmn per hour. Suchlocations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff.

* Sensitive habitats - Measures which will be implemented to assist the Forestry Department inprotecting -the sensitive environments at the two wildlife sanctuaries and closed area alongthe alignment include; gating of access roads which lead to the sanctuary areas from thehighway, provision of two boats, two jeeps and two motorcycles to assist in patrolling,improvements in 71 km of access roads to assist in patrolling and fire fighting, constructionof four watch towers (at Bassi, Bichor, Amalda and Bhungadia) and construction of 50 kmof boundary demarcation stone fencing to restrict illegal grazing and protect habitats.

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LINK 4 Endpoints: Raiearh-Sikandra-Dausa-Sawaimadhopur-Indergarh-Baran-Jhalawar-Pachpahar.

* Data Sources - Field reconnaissance, maps, and published sources.* Location - Alwar, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Kota, Baran and Jhalawar Districts* Length, Width and Status - 392 Km. of single lane with some stretches of intermediate lane

especially in the northern portion between Dausa and Indergarh.

35 Km Rajgarh to Skikandra to be improved to two lane in Phase IA142 Km Dausa to Indergarh to be developed in Phase 2215 Km Indergarh to Pachpahar to be dropped from further consideration

* Traffic Loads - Variable - one river crossing impassable (no bridge) east of Indergarh, sectionsbetween Baran and Jhalawar are occasionally flooded, and south of Jhalawar the route is closedfor 2-4 weeks each year due to flooding and poor road condition

* Surface Condition - Variable-dirt to brand new pavement, east of Indergarh on both sides of theChambal River it deteriorates to a dirt track (planted to soybeans in one stretch). Severalkilometers between Jhalawar and Pachpahar are dirt in very poor condition with at-grade streamcrossings.

* Bypasses Considered - Not identified to date, however one new one is being constructed inDausa District by Hudco as part of a bridge project. The small villages on either side of theChambal River would almost certainly be bypassed since both are now only connected to thealignment by dirt tracks, but this section has been dropped.

* Environment Conditions - Semiarid in north to humid in south.

- Topographty - Undulating in north, with a hilly section between Baran and Jhalawar,becoming level again in south.

e Annual Rainfall - From 600 mm in north to over 1000 mm in south.* Flood potential - High, two bridges currently under construction or lacking, several sections

are impassable during the rainy season. These include sections between Baran and Jhalawarwhich occasionally flood, and south of Jhalawar a stretch which is closed for 24 weeks eachyear due to flooding

* Flash flood potential - Present at several points throughout but not a severe problem. Somecrossings south of Jhalawar are across dirt stream beds.

* Water logging - Little problem but occurs below some tanks next to road.* Soils Present - Young alluvial in north, brown and black soils in middle and black and hilly

soils in remainder. Clays predominate but sand and silts are also present.* Erosiotl - Extensive problems at numerous locations, soil type, topography and rainfall all

contribute to this problem. Severe erosion borders the road north and south of Dausa and atthe Chambal River crossing

* Mineral Resources - Only building materials.* Industrial Development - Small and local, e.g. brickwork, cement works, mostly concentrated at

larger towns, e.g. Rajgarh; Baran has an undeveloped industrial park* Agricultural Development

* Cropping Practices - Kharif, wheat, barley, maize, soybeans, sorghum* Irrigation - limited to wells and storage tanks in the north but near the Chambal River

diversions provide water to many fields* Pasturage - Common on wasteland, fallow areas and ROW, south of Jhalawar much of the

area is pasture:

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* Vegetation - Degraded dry tropical -Anogeissus pendula and tropical thorn with small plantingsof eucalyptus. ROW highly degraded. Very few substantial trees are within the potentialconstruction impact zone and long stretches are treeless.

* Wetlands - The alignment borders numerous water tanks which have wetland vegetation alongtheir borders. The shores of the Chambal River are also wetlands (mud-flats) of potential valueto water birds and the endangered freshwater crocodile and Ganges soft-shelled turtle.

* Parks, Sanctuaries - Ranthambore Tiger Preserve, National Chambal River and SawaiMansingh sanctuaries and Sorson Closed Area are located in the region crossed by the alignment.The Chambal River crossing (now dropped) is a freshwater crocodile sanctuary and would haverequired further study before development. Boundaries of the tiger preserve are separated fromthe alignment by other roads, a railroad, a major town and several kilometers and no impacts areidentified although it will be studied further under Phase 2.

* Forest Land - Very little remaining except between Baran and Jhalawar where the alignmentpasses through numerous designated forest areas. Field evaluation of this portion of thealignment indicates that these are scrub thorn forest areas subject to grazing and wood gathering.Only widely scattered trees remain in formerly forested areas south of Jhalawar which arecurrently heavily grazed.

* Wildlife - Extensive cultivation and habitat degradation have eliminated most disturbanceintolerant species except in the vicinity of the Chambal River crossing where some species maypersist in scrub thom forest. In Jhalawar district forest preserves may harbor more secretivespecies.

* Endangered species - Numerous species occur in Ranthambore National Park and the NationalChambal River Sanctuary. Tiger, panther, cheetal, sambar, chinkara, black buck and severallisted birds are reported from Jhalawar District and additional surveys are recommended toevaluate potential impacts. The crossing of the National Chambal Sanctuary (now dropped)would require further evaluation since it is habitat for the freshwater crocodile and Ganges soft-shelled turtle. A male marsh harrier, a northem breeding endangered species which could winterin the area, was seen over agricultural fields a short distance east of the river crossing. Althoughthe section including this river crossing has been dropped, further study would be required if it isresurrected.


- Historic and Religious Sites - Present at Rajgarh, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Indergarh andJhalawar, where the road skirts the outer wall of the city. Jhalawar is currently an importanttourist destination with temples and forts.


* Reforestation - Most sections of the ROW are relatively barren; rocky, high erosive soilswill present special challenges to establishment of roadside plantings. Heavy grazingnecessitates substantial efforts to achieve adequate roadside cover. Tree replacement shouldbe at a rate of at least 10 to I removed and replanting of trees removed should beconcentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can beprovided.

* Erosion Control - A serious need along many portions of the alignment, where re-vegetation,slope stabilization and design of drainage structures will be a necessary component ofcontract documents. The need for catchment basins or coffer dams to control and holdseasonal runoff and reduce erosion should be considered in the northem portions of thealignment. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistanceto grazing and soil holding capabilities is necessary.

* Water M4anagement - Opportunities to construct water retention structures exist at numerouspoints, particularly south of Dausa, where they are needed to reduce soil erosion.

* Higlhway Safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and paved roadintersections.

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* Nesting Birds - A heronry 10 km north of Baran should be protected by leaving as many ofthe trees as possible on the west side of the highway. Trees should be surveyed for nestsprior to construction and marked to ensure their protection. This section of the alignment hasbeen dropped.

* Endangered Wildlife Protection - A new bridge across the Chambal River (now dropped)would have required additional study to determine potential impacts on endangered reptilesin National Chambal River Sanctuary. This study should have been conducted during thebreeding season of the freshwater crocodile, gavial and Ganges soft-shelled turtle todetermine if any use the project area as a nesting site. Further surveys may also have beenwarranted to determine if the Ganges soft-shelled turtle is present in ponds and wetlandsalong the alignment east of the Chambal River. However, this section of the alignment hasbeen dropped.

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LINK 5 Endpoints: Kota-Indergarh

* Data Sources - Field reconnaissance maps, published sources* Location - Bundi and Kota District* Length, Width, and Status - 72 Km. of single and intermediate lane

entire 72 Km proposed for development as double lane under Phase 1A

* Traffic Loads - 1760-2300 PUC's+ Surface Condition - Fair* Bypass considered - None* Environmental Condition - Semiarid

* Topographzy - Relatively level* Annual Rainfall - 750 to 1000 mm* Flood Potential - Low, however ponding of irrigation water occurs on ROW.* Flash flood potential - Low* Water Logging - Appears to be problem along portions of the alignment.* Soils Present - Red loam and black soils including Ustocrept and Chromoustert Palesustert

Haplustalf. Silts and clays predominate.* Erosion - Erosive by wind and water on slopes* Dunes - None- Salinity - Not a problem

* Mineral Resources - Limited to building materials.* Industrial Development - Concentrated in Kota which is the industrial center of Rajasthan.* Agricultural Development

* Croppintg Practices - Rain fed and irrigated with wheat and sugarcane the principal cropsfollowed by rice, mustard, maize and jowar.

* Irrigation - About half the area sown is irrigated, more than 2/3 of that by canals.* Pasturage - Goats are to most common livestock followed by buffalo/cattle. More than 25

percent of land is probably pasturage (i.e. wasteland, and fallow land).

* Vegetation - District forests are tropical dry deciduous tropical thom, eucalyptus and acacia areoften planted in ROW.

* Parks, Sanctuaries - The National Gavial Sanctuary is paralleled by the alignment, whileRamgarh Bisdhari Sanctuary is northwest of it. Both are considerable distance from thealignment however no potential impacts were identified.

* Forest Land - Eucalyptus plantations were noted along the alignment. Although 23 percent ofthe region is classified as forest, most forest land appears highly degraded and is a considerabledistance from alignment. No impact potential identified.

* Wildlife - Restricted in vicinity of alignment to species highly tolerant to disturbance.* Endangered species - Although black bears, panther, and sloth bears are reported in "fairly good

numbers" in Bundi forests, and black buck, chinkara, four homed antelope, sambar, chital andcaracal are reported to occur, habitats along the alignment appeared unlikely to support them.


* Historic and Religious Sites - In or near Indergarh, Keshorai Patan and Kota .

2.15



*Reforestation - Replacement on a 10 to I basis of any trees removed and planting of de-vegetated ROW is recommended. Protection from grazing by fencing will be required.Impacts on protected forest are unlikely.

* Erosion Control - Bank stabilization of road embankments and drainage areas will benecessary where fill or drainage structures are required. Careful selection of plant species fordrought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will benecessary. In some situations, water tolerant species (e.g. Ipomoea aquatica) will benecessary because of water logging or seasonal flooding problems.

* Water Manzagentent - Seepage from irrigation canals floods portions of the ROW causingwater logging. Improvements in these canals may be necessary to prevent problems withroad pavement.

* Highway safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and warning signsare needed at road and railroad intersections

2-16



* Reforestation - Replacement on a 10 to I basis of any trees removed and planting of de-vegetated ROW is recommended. Protection from grazing by fencing will be required.Impacts on protected forest are unlikely.

* Erosiont Control - Bank stabilization of road embankments and drainage areas will benecessary where fill or drainage structures are required. Careful selection of plant species fordrought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will benecessary. In some situations, water tolerant species (e.g. Ipomoea aquatica) will benecessary because of water logging or seasonal flooding problems.

* Water Maniagement - Seepage from irrigation canals floods portions of the ROW causingwater logging. Improvements in these canals may be necessary to prevent problems withroad pavement.

* Hightway safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and waming signsare needed at road and railroad intersections

2-16


LINK 6 Road Endpoints: Sirohi-Mandar-Gujarat Border

* Data Source - Maps, field reconnaissance, published sources.+ Location - Sirohi District+ Length, Width, and Status - 71 Km., single lane

Entire 71 Km slated for development as two lane under Phase 2

* Traffic Loads - 4900 PUC's, 600 heavy trucks/day at BOT toll bridge* Surface condition - Fair to good* Bypasses Considered - None to date* Environmental Conditions - Semiarid

* Topographzy - Undulating 250 to 320 m about MSL.* Annual Rainfall - 450-600 mm* Flood potential - Moderate, all streams crossed are ephemeral. Over thirty at grade

stream/dry wash crossings were noted. Flash flood potential is fairly high since the routeparallels some of the highest and wettest peaks of the Aravalli range and crosses a largenumber of dry washes.IWater logging - Not a problem

e Soils Present - Hill soils, stony, highly eroded. Analysis indicated all were sandy and assuch will present stabilization problems when exposed to water erosion.

* Erosion - Moderate to high potential but gradients are generally low and depth of erosionchannels is shallow. Sand deposition on the roadway by streams is currently a problem.D Dunes - None

* Salinity - Minor problem

* Mineral Resources - Principally building materials, e.g. limestone, marble, masonry stone, plussome wallstonite and calcite.

* Industrial Development - Small cottage industries only, divided between animal husbandry,chemical, mining, textiles and engineering. The bulk of the heavy traffic is from industries inGujarat bound for Delhi and other urban centers to the north.

* Agricultural Development

* Cropping Practices - Agro-forestry, rain fed, major acreage plantings are bajara, rape andmustard, maize, pulses, wheat and millet.

* Irrigation - About 40 percent of area in the District which is sown is irrigated, principallyby wells.

* Pasturage - Barren wasteland equals area sown, and of the half million livestock pastured 60percent are goats and sheep, followed by cows (22 percent) and water buffalo. Land along thealignment appears to be mostly barren wasteland used for grazing livestock.

* Vegetation - Although Mt. Abu to the east supports the most diverse vegetation in Rajasthan,areas along the alignment are deforested wastelands with remnants of dry tropical Anogiessuspendula and tropical thorn forest.

* Parks, sanctuaries - Mt. Abu sanctuary is located well east of the alignment and will beunaffected by the highway improvements.

* Forest Land - The closest forest area is more than 2 Km. from the alignment.* Wildlife - "Not very plentiful" due to habitat condition, however desert cats and other wildlife

are expected to occur at low densities in the wastelands between the alignment and the mountainsto the east

* Endangered Species - Chital, chinkara, blackbuck and florican bustard could occur near thealignment. Panthers, reported as common, tiger, black bear, four homed antelope and red spur

2-17

Rajasthlan State Highways Project Appendix 2

fowl are reported from the region but are probably restricted to Mt. Abu sanctuary and themountainous forest preserves. Desert cat may be expected in scrub-thom habitats.


* Historic and Religious sites - A ruined fort and numerous temples are in Sirohi but noadverse impacts are identified.


• Reforestation- Stony wasteland offers extensive potential areas for reforestation if livestockgrazing can be curtailed. Few large trees would be removed by road widening. Replantingof trees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazingactivity and where water can be provided. Species must be drought tolerant.

* Erosion Control - An essential need along most of the alignrnent. Most drainages cross atgrade and deposition of eroded material on the highway is a potential hazard to rapid travel.Small coffer dams upstream of the crossings would help reduce the amount of material beingtransported. Selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance tograzing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary.

* Water Management - There appear to be numerous potential sites for water containmentstructures which would aid farmers and wildlife, reduce soil erosion, and protect thealignment. Construction and maintenance of water control structures would require detailedhydrologic studies to design and locate the structures, identification of a local group willingto undertake the maintenance, and compensation of local residents for property taken for thestructure and resultant impoundments. Since there are several dozen potential sites whichcould be used as impoundments a comprehensive siting study would have to undertaken todetermine which sites could most effectively developed and subsequently used by localresidents.

0

* Although streams crossed are ephemeral, they are used as spawning areas by several fishspecies. Culverts currently prevent fish from moving upstream and re-sized culverts, whenadded, should provide spillways which permit fish to move past these obstacles during timesof high water.

* Highsway Safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and warning signsare needed at road intersections and at areas subject to flooding. Signage and placement ofspeed bumps has been suggested as a means to control speeds in areas where endangeredwildlife may be likely to cross. Although no specific crossings have been identified to date,potential sites would include any areas where extensive units of suitable scrub thorn forestoccur on either side of the highway

* Endantgered Species - Signage and speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals inareas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats may occur andattempt to cross. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Departmentwildlife staff.

2-18


LINK 7 Road Endpoints: Nagaur-Merta Citv-Ajmer

* Data Source - Maps, published sources, field reconnaissance.

* Location - Ajmer and Nagaur District

* Length, Width and Status - 124 Km., single and 34 Km intermnediate lane

156 Km proposed for development as double lane under Phase 2

* Traffic Loads - Moderate to heavy (2100- 6680 PUC's)

* Surface condition - Fair

* Bypasses Considered - None identified

* Environmental Conditions - Semiarid

* Topographty - Undulating* AnnualRainfall - 350-550 mm* Floodpotential - Limited* Water logging - Low* Soils Present - Light brown sandy and gray brown, sensitive to wind and water erosion due

to dominance of sand.

* Erosion - Wind and water erosion possibleD Dunes - Most stabilized

* Salinity - Moderate to high

* Mineral Resources - Small lime kilns and stone quarries

* Industrial Development - little

* Agricultural Development

* Cropping Practices - Agro-forestry, cereals, gram and mustard grown under Prosopis

* Irrigation - Very limited* Pasturage - Two thirds of the livestock are sheep and goats, grazing is on wastelands, fallow

land, ROW's and forest land.

* Vegetation - Arid and semiarid - tropical thom

* Parks, sanctuaries - None known near the alignment

* Forest Land - Alignment crosses several Km of reserve forest between Pushkar and Ajmer.Further investigation of potential impacts recommended after detailed engineering is conductedto determine whether replacement and additional tree planting is required.

* Wildlife - Most species associated with and disturbed conditions.

* Endangered Species - Blackbuck, chinkara, desert monitor lizard, bustard and accipitridaehawks are reported in area.


* Historic and Religious sites - Ancient forts and/or temples are found at Nagaur, Merta City,Pushkar (also the site of a very popular annual fair), and Ajmer. The latter is a major touristcenter of attraction with the Rajasthan Museum, Taragarh Fort, several lakes, tombs andtemples including Dargah Khwaja Sahib (holiest Muslim shrine in India).


* Reforestation - Recommended throughout, select salt and drought tolerant species and

protect and water seedlings.

2-19


* Erosion Control - Localized needs, particularly where crossing hilly sections; some hillcrossings may require cuts which must be stabilized

* Water Managemenit - Runoff from hilly sections should be given special consideration.Some flooding of the existing alignment occurs and provision of adequate drainage structureswill be necessary.

* Highway safety - Speed bumps and signage are required at all villages.

2-20


LINK 8 Road Endpoints:Nagaur-Bikaner

* Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources.* Location - Nagaur and Bikaner Districts+ Length, Width and Status - 128 Km. intermediate lane

Entire 128 Km proposed for upgrading to double lane under Phase 2

* Traffic Loads - 5200-64000 (PUC's)* Surface condition - Fair to good* Bypasses Considered - None to date* Environmental Conditions - Arid

Topographty - Undulating with dunes mostly stabilized* Annual Rainfall - 200mm to 400 mm* Floodpotential - Low* Water logging - Low* Soils Present - Brown sandy* Erosion - Vulnerable to wind erosion, local flood erosion

Dunes - Present, mostly stable but vegatation cover generally degraded; they cover 40percent of area affected

* Salinity - Local problems

* Mineral Resources - Gypsum is locally developed, lignite reserves are present near Bikaner* Industrial Development - Very limited+ Agricultural Development

* Cropping Practices - Kharif mono cropping of grains, (bajra, jawar, wheat, barley, gram) andmustard, however, less than 35 percent of area is sown.

* Irrigation - Extremely limited* Pasturage - More than a million sheep and goat are pastured, 40 percent of area is wasteland

used as pasture.

* Vegetation - ROW's often treeless, heavily pastured, dunes are heavily grazed and easilydestabilized

+ Parks, sanctuaries - None* Forest Land - Scrub thorn, less than 3 percent of region is forest.* Wildlife - Arid zone species* Endangered Species - Chinkara, Blackbuck, desert cats, imperial eagle, accipiteridae hawks and

bustards may occur.* Cultural Environment

* Historic and Religious sites - Numerous historic and religious sites at Bikaner make it amajor tourist destination. Nagaur and Deshnok also have historic sites or temples.


* Reforestation - Planting of trees will require watering and grazing protection. A three rowwindbreak on one side of the road will reduce drifting and deposition of sand/soil on theroadway. A single row on leeward side would allow movement of soil across the roadway.More extensive plantations on both sides of the roadway cause sand deposition on the roadsurface and interfere with subsequent road cleaning operations.

2-21


* Erosiont Control - Wind erosion is the primary concern (see above) but water runoff may belocal problem requiring soil stabilization of berm slopes with riprap, cementing, sodding orgabbions to prevent further erosion during the infrequent extreme rainfall events. Carefulselection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soilholding capabilities will be necessary.

* Higlhway safety - Signage and speed bumps are required at villages and RR crossings.* Enidanigered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are

bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, chinkara, and blackbucks may occur.Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff.

2-22


LINK 9 Road Endpoints: Ratangarh-Sardarshahar-Pallu- Rawatsar-Hanumangarh-Sriean2ana2ar

* Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources.* Location - Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh and Ganganagar Districts* Length, Width and Status - 151 Km. intermediate lane and 89 Km double lane

184 Km from Ratangarh to Hanumangarh to be developed in Phase 1 A56 Km from Hamumangarh to Sriganganagar dropped from project

* Traffic Loads - 5600 to 12500 PUC's* Surface condition - Poor to good* Bypasses Considered -None to date* Environmental Conditions - Arid with

* Topograplty - Undulating to dunes dominated* AnnualRainifall - 200mm to 300 mm* Flood potential - Low* Water logging - Problem near canals

*Soils Present - Brown sandy, dune and interdune, and flood plain soils. Soil analysisindicated all soils were sandy along the roadway.E Erosion - Wind erosion is a problem throughoutD Dunes - Two major and many smaller ones

- Salinity - Problems with ground and surface waters

* Mineral Resources - Limestone, building materials* Industrial Development - Cement plant at Ratangarh, sugar, grain, textiles and other

agricultural processing industries are in Ganganagar.* Agricultural Development

* Cropping Practices - Kharif planting of bajra, gram and other pulses except in extreme northwhere irrigation permits planting of wheat and cotton as well.

* Irrigation - Extensive and expanding along the northemmost section of alignment* Pasturage - ROW, fallow areas, wastelands and dunes all heavily grazed.

* Vegetation - Only browse and drought resistant vegetation remains, ROW's have some fencedacacia plantings, thorn-shrub predominates in adjacent areas.

* Parks, sanctuaries -None* Forest Land - Forest reserves are used for grazing, cutting fodder and fuel and appear highly

degraded; they constitute less than 0.5 percent of the region* Wildlife - Highly tolerant of arid conditions* Endangered Species - Chinkara, desert cat, desert monitor lizard, lesser florican, houbara

bustard, imperial eagle and other accipitridae hawks probably occur* Cultural Environment

* Historic and Religious sites - Temples and other historic sites are found at Ratangarh,Sardarshahar, Hanumangarh

* This alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmenduring times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels to greener pasturage

2-23



* Bypasses -None currently planned* Reforestation - Tree removal has already occurred along northern sections of the alignment

to make room for irrigation culverts. It is inadvisable to replant those sections underlaid withpipe. Other areas need planting, fencing and watering to ensure plant survival. Replanting oftrees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activityand where water can be provided. Species must be drought tolerant.

* Erosion Conttrol - Wind deposition of soil/sand is a concern. Afforestation may alleviate thisproblem if conducted properly. Planting of trees will require watering and grazingprotection. A three row windbreak on one side of the road will reduce drifting anddeposition of sand/soil on the roadway. A single row on leeward side would allowmovement of soil across the roadway. More extensive plantations on both sides of theroadway cause sand deposition on the road surface and interfere with subsequent roadcleaning operations.

* WVater management - Minor issue except at canal crossings where water logging occurs; hereadditional drainage may be necessary

* Highway safety - Signage and speed bumps needed at villages and RR crossings.* Endangered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are

bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, and chinkara may occur and arelikely to cross. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Departmentstaff.

2-24


LINK 10 Road Endpoints: Sriganganagar- Chhatarearh-Bikaner

* Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources.* Location - Ganganagar and Bikaner Districts* Length, Width and Status - 262 Km. intermediate lane

Entire 262 Km dropped from further consideration

* Traffic Loads - 8500 to 1350 PUC's* Surface condition - Poor to good* Bypasses Considered - None currently considered* Environmental Conditions - Dune and interdune, desert and irrigated desert

* Topograply - Nearly level except in dune dominated sections* Annual Rainfall - 150 mm to 300 mm* Flood potential - Generally low, however flood waters from the Ganga River create disperse

in Ganganagar and Bikaner Districts causing local seasonal flooding.* Flash flood potential - Low* Water logging - Local problem along irrigation canals in north* Soils Present - Dune and interdune and flood plain soils* Erosion - Wind erosion and deposition of sand/soil is problem in the southem half of this

alignment; prevailing winds are to the northeaste Dunes - Dunes dominate nearly half this alignment; most are poorly vegetated due to

overgrazing and unstable* Salinity - Common problem along alignment

* Mineral Resources - Generally lacking* Industrial Development - Agriculturally oriented at Sriganganagar* Agricultural Development

C Croppinig Practices - Kharif in south with bajra and pulses by far the main crops, whileirrigation in north permits double cropping and a wide array of crops including wheat,sugarcane and cotton.

* Irrigation - Extensive along northem third of alignment* Pasturage - In southern half of alignment at least half land is used as pasturage including

sparsely vegetated dunes; sheep and goats are 90 percent of the livestock.

* Vegetation - ROW's are partially treed with acacia in dune areas, eucalyptus is the commonroadside tree in irrigated areas, esp. near canals

* Parks, sanctuaries - None* Forest Land - generally lacking, scrub thom when present* Wildlife - Arid land species and some disturbance tolerant aquatic species near irrigation areas* Endangered Species - Numerous chinkara, peafowl, and imperial eagles, were observed and

blackbuck and accipitridae hawks may occur* Cultural Environment

* Historic and Religious sites - Bikaner has a large array of historic sites, including palacesand temples, other sites are present at Anupgarh and Ganganagar

* This alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmenduring times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels from arid desert areas of westernRajasthan to greener pasturage

2-25



Reforestationt - Plant selection, planting, protection and maintenance of tree cover for theROW will require special efforts. Wind deposition of soil/sand is a concern. Afforestationmay alleviate this problem if conducted properly. Planting of trees will require watering andgrazing protection. A three row windbreak on one side of the road will reduce drifting anddeposition of sand/soil on the roadway. A single row on leeward side would allowmovement of soil across the roadway. More extensive plantations on both sides of theroadway cause sand deposition on the road surface and interfere with subsequent roadcleaning operations. Replanting of trees removed should be concentrated in areas which canbe protected from grazing activity and where water can be provided. Species must bedrought tolerant.

* Erosion Control - Dune stabilization is required both within and outside the ROW. Treewind breaks may exacerbate soil deposition on the highways and must be carefully planned.Wind erosion is the primary concern but runoff may be local problem requiring soilstabilization of berm slopes to prevent further erosion during the infrequent extreme rainfallevents. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance tograzing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary.

* lVater Mantagement - Water logging may be a problem in areas where the alignmentparallels or crosses irrigation canals. Additional drainage structures may be necessary atthese points. Water tolerant species (e.g. Ipomoea aquatica) may be necessary to stabilizeberms at these frequently wet points.

* Higlhway safety - Signage and speed bumps are required at villages and RR crossings.* Endangered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are

bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, black buck and chinkara may occurand are likely to cross. Such locations would be identified in consultation with ForestryDepartment staff.

2-26


LINK 11 Road Endpoints: Ratanearh-Talchhapur-Nokha

* Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources.* Location - Bikaner and Churu Districts* Length, Width and Status - 138 Km. of single lane

Entire 138 Km proposed for upgrading under Phase 2

* Traffic Loads - 6400 - 7500 PUC's* Surface condition - Variable, Poor to brand new* Bypasses Considered - None considered* Environmental Conditions - Arid

* Topograply - Nearly level* Annual Rainfall - 250 mm to 350 mm* Floodpotential - Low. Soils Present - Brown sandy* Erosion - Wind erosion and deposition of sand/soil may be a problem throughout this

alignment, prevailing wind flow is from the southeast.* Dunes - Present a general problem in the region, especially due to overgrazing, but only one

area of windblown sand accumulation was noted.- Salinity - Common problems throughout region

* Mineral Resources - Limestone* Industrial Development - Cement factories near Ratangarh* Agricultural Development:

C ropping Practices - Kharif with bajra and pulses the main crops.* Irrigation - Very Limited

Pasturage - About half land area is used as pasturage including sparsely vegetated dunes,and wastelands of scattered thorns; 90 percent of livestock are sheep and goats

* Vegetation - ROW's are sparsely treed and entire landscape heavily grazed, acacia and prosopisare principal trees, calotropis is a common shrub

+ Parks, sanctuaries - Tal Chapper is a small blackbuck sanctuary of 8.2 sq.lan. southeast of thealignment; although within the GOI 10km corridor of possible impact it is separated from thealignment by a railroad and several kilometers

* Forest Land - Only scrub land heavily degraded by grazing remains along the alignment* Wildlife - Restricted to arid land species* Endangered Species - Blackbuck occur on south side of the alignment at Tal Chapper, chinkara

were seen in numbers along the alignment, and great Indian bustards are reported from area,peafowl and accipitridae hawks are expected.


* Historic and Religious sites - Scared groves are located at Mukam, and old temples arelocated at Ratangarh

* This alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmenduring times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels from western Rajasthan to greenerpasturage

2-27



* Bypasses - None considered* Reforestation - Few trees currently exist but the ROW should be planted on the south side to

stop soil erosion and provide shade and fodder. Plantings must be protected from grazinguntil mature, selected for salt and drought tolerance, and watered periodically for the firstseveral years.

* Erosion Con2trol - Since wind blown sand is a problem, dune stabilization is required andROW plantings in areas where windblown sand is prevalent should be limited to one side ofalignment to minimize soil accumulation on pavement. Careful selection of plant species fordrought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will benecessary. Stabilization of one dune area is probably necessary.

* Water Management - Minimal concern.* Highsway safety - Signage and speed bumps are required at villages and RR crossings.

Endangered Species - Speed bumps will be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are borderedon both sides by wastelands where desert cats, black buck and chinkara may occur and are likely tocross. Such locations should be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff.

2-28

APPENDIX 3


APPENDIX 3REGIONAL BASELINE DATA TABLES

TABLE 3.1RESERVES OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS FOUND IN RAJASTHAN

Mineral Occurance Million TonnesMiscellaneous Minerals

Lignite Bikaner 23.0Garnet Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Sikar, Tonk & Udaipur Quantity unknownEmerald Aimer, Udaipur not estimatedBentonite Barner, Bikaner 20.0Calcite Bundi, Sikar, Sirohi, Pali not estimatedSlate Udaipur, Alwar not estimatedFuller's earth Bikaner, Jaisalmer 0.5Tal Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur, Dungarpur not estimatedOchre Chittor, Bikaner, Dungarpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Nagaur not estimatedSilaceous Earth Barmer 2.3Building & Ornamental Stones Jaipur, Sirohi, Nagaur, Udaipur, Alwar, Kota not estimatedSemi Precious & Precious Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur,Jodhpur, Bikaner, not estimatedStones Chittorgarh, Jaisalmer, Jalore

Metallic Minerals ,_,Iron Udaipur, Jaipur & Bhilwara 10Manganese Banswara 0.34Copper Khetri, Alwar belt 70.5Lead & Zinc Zawar Belt 149Tungsten Nagaur 6.2Barvtes Alwar, Udaipur 0.124Fluorospar Dungarpur, Sikar 1.2Limestone Sirohi, Pali, Chittor, Kota, Jaipur, Sikar, Nagaur, 2000

Jodhpur. BanswaraSalt and Salt based chemicals

Salt Naeaur, Jodhpur. Jaisalmer. Barner 50.8Fertilizer MineralsGypsum Nagaur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Pali, Ganganagar, Churu 1000Rock Phosphate Udaipur, Jaisalmer 55Pyrites Sikar 1116

lnsultants, Refractories & CeramicsAsbestos Ajmer, Bhilwara. Jodhpur. Udaipur 27.6 thousand tonnesClay Barner, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Jalore, Sawai Quantity unknown

Madhopur, SikarChina Clav Udaipur 10-12Kyonite Banswara, Aimer. Bhilwara. Udaipur. Dungarpur Quantity unknownFalspar Ajmer, Alwar. Pali. Sirohi. Dungarpur. Bhilwara Quantity unknownFire Clay Bikaner, Jaisalmer 18.5Graphite Banswara 1.0Maenesite Ajmer 1.5Mica Bh__ _ilwara Quantity unknownQuartz Silicz & Glass Sand Sawai Madhopur, Ajmer, Pali. Sirohi, Bundi 1.18Verzmiculite Ajmer a few thousand tonnes

Source: Chouhan 1996

3-1


TABLE 3.2INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION IN RAJASTHAN (1984 TO 1987)

Districts Districts Gross irrigated area as al_____ l ofpercentage the gross cropped area

Well Tank CanalAjmer 21.8 2.6 .67Alwar 24.0 0.05 .53Banswara 4.7 1.9 13.0Barmer 3.7 -- --

Bharatpur 7.0 - 0.24Bhilwara 30.4 6.7 8.3Bikaner 0.01 - 57.8Bundi 11.87 0.47 38.2Chittor 27.7 3.5 0.62Churu 0.01 - -

Dholpur 26.45 0.15 9.0Dungarpur 8.6 3.12 0.14Sri Ganganagar 0.08 - 54.1Jaipur 43.10 0.12 0.49Jaisalmer 0.01 - --

Jalore 21.30 - 0.20Jhalawar 16.6 0.18 1.26Jhunjhunu 13.9 - 0.01Jodhpur 6.4 - --

Kota 8.7 0.91 23.7Nagaur 7.6 - 0.02Pali 19.1 2.1 --

Sawaimadhopur 21.1 0.3 5.07Sikar 21.6 - 0.05Sirohi 27.4 2.3 -

Tonk 13.7 0.9 4.25Udaipur 18.8 12.1 0.41State 13.4 0.7 8.48

Source: Gurjar 1990

3-2


TABLE 3.3GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND ITS UTILIZATION

Districts f Net recoverable Net ground water Available for Percentage ofrecharge (MCM) draft (MCM) further ground water

development development(MCM)

Aimer 1214.04 224.78 989.26 18.51Alwar 563.98 346.48 217.50 61.43

Banswara 338.54 45.76 292.78 13.52(1976-77) 53.28

(1976-77)Barner 216.08 53.28 162.80 24.66

Bharatpur 556.97 291.94 265.03 52.42Bhilwara 616.92 316.22 300.70 51.26Bikaner 63.56 16.04 47.52 25.23Bundi 202.48 79.46 123.02 39.24

Chittorgarh 1179.04 288.16 890.88 24.44Churu 133.73 13.13 120.60 9.82

Dholpur - 338.86 631.01 34.94

Dungarpur 78.08 28.57 49.57 36.59Ganganagar 183.69 66.21 117.48 36.04Jaipur/Dausa 985.80 751.20 234.60 76.20

Jaisalmer 100.24 4.77 95.47 4.76Jalore 309.40 239.40 70.00 77.37

(1978-79)Jhalawar 400.74 170.76 221.98 44.61

Jhunjhunu 239.40 __ __ _

Jodhpur 159.95 85.26 155.14 35.61Kota/Baran 1812.89 113.97 45.98 71.25

Nagaur 335.08 146.10 1666.79 8.06Pali 203.16 145.44 189.64 43.40

Sawai Madhopur 493.64 185.81 17.35 91.46Sikar 174.73 223.79 170.08 45.31Sirohi 253.47 107.44 67.29 61.49Tonic 351.73 71.66 181.81 28.27

Udaipur 979.87 164.46 187.29 46.76

Source: Gurjar 1990

3-3


TABLE 3.4PERCENT GROWTH OF RAJASTHAN BY DISTRICT

District 1971-81 1981-91 Alignment presantJaipur 38.4 37.3 1

Udaipur 30.6 22.4 noneGanganagar/Hanumangarh 45.6 29.0 9, 10

Alwar 26.1 30.2 4Nagaur 29.0 31.2 1. 8Jodhpur 44.8 27.5 none

Kota/Baran 36.6 32.1 2, 3, 4, 5Sawai Madhopur 28.6 27.2 4

Sikar 32.0 33.3 noneAjmer 25.5 19.6 7

Bharatpur 26.0 26.7 noneBhilwara 24.2 21.4 3Jhunjhunu 30.3 29.2 4

Churu 34.8 30.5 9, 11Pali 31.3 16.4 none

Chittorgarh 30.4 20.2 3Barmer 44.4 28.1 noneBikaner 48.0 42.4 8, 10, 11

Banswara 35.4 30.2 3Jalor 35.2 26.4 noneTonk 25.2 24.1 4

Jhalawar 25.8 21.7 4Dungarpur 28.7 28.0 none

Bundi 30.8 25.5 3,5Sirohi 27.9 20.5 6

Dhaulpur 27.2 27.9 noneJaisalmer 44.8 41.3 none

RAJASTHAN 32.9 28.0

3-4


TABLE 3.5MAJOR RAJASTHAN FESTIVAL EVENTS

Events Season Location/District Closest RoadAlignments

Nagaur Cattle Fair Jan./Feb. Nagaur 1, 8Baneshwar Fair Jan./Feb. Baneshwar, DungarpurDesert Festival Jan./Feb. Jaisalmer 1Jeen Mata Fair Bi-annual Novratras, SikarHadoti Festival February Kota 2, 3, 5Sheetla Mata Fair March Chaksu, Jaipur 1Braj Festival March Bharatpur _ _ _

Kaila Devi Fair March/April Kaila, Swai madhopur 4Gangaur Festival March/April Jaipur and Udaipur 1. 6Gom Fair March/April Bhimawa, Pali

Elephant Festival March/April Jaipur 1Karni Mata Twice a year Nokha, Bikaner 8, 10Sri Mahavirji Fair April Chandangaon, 4,5

Sawai madhopur

Banganga Fair April/May Bairath, Jaipur 1Urs Fair May/June Ajmer 7Sitabari Fair May/June Sitabari, Kota 2, 3, 5Summer Festival June Mt.Abu, Sirohi 6Gogaji Fair Nohar, Gangapur

Teej Festival July/August Jaipur, 1Ramdeora Fair Aug./Sept. Ramdeora, Jaisalmer 1Ranthambore Fair September Ranthambore, 4,5

Sawai madhopur 1

Marwar Festival October Jodhpur 7Kapil Muni Fair Kartika Pumima Jodhpur, Kolayat, Bikaner 7, 8, 10Pushkar Cattle Fair November Pushkar, Ajmer 7Dussehra Fair Oct./Nov. Kota 2, 3, 5Bikaner Festival November Bikaner 8, 10

3-5


TABLE 3.6MAJOR PILGRIMAGE CENTERS AND JATARAS IN RAJASTHAN

Religion Center District Closest RoadAlignment

Hindus Nathdwara Udaipur 3, 6Pushkar Ajmer 7Kaila Devi KarauliKarni Mata Bikaner 8, 10Sheetla Mata Jaipur 1Naraini Mata Jaipur 1

Muslims Dargah Khawaja Moin-Uddin Chisti Ajmer 7Gali Kot Dungarpur

Jains Shree Mahavirji Sawai modhopur 4, 5Nakora Jain Temple BarnerDilwara Temple Mount Abu 6Padampur Jaipur IShree Paras Nath-Chulgiri Jaipur 1Richab Dev Kesharia NathjiTijara Alwar 7

________Ranakpur Falana

-3-6


Table 3.7Types of Vegetation in Different Regions of Rajasthan

Regions Species of Plants ___.(alignments) Trees Shrubs Grasses

Acacia leucopholia Achyranthus aspera Athraxon ciliarisAnogeissus acuminata Artemisia parviflora Dicanthium annulatumBauhinia racemosa Carissa spinarum Eulalia trispicataDendrocalamus strictus Hemigraphis latebrosa Panicum maximum

Mount Abu Embelica officinalis Justicea simplex Pennisetum hohenackeri> 1100 m Erythrina indica Lantana camara Setaria glauca

Eugeniajambolana Phoenix spp. Themeda triandraEuphorbia neriifolia Vogelia indica Themeda quadrivalvisHydnocarpus spp. Zizyphus nummulariaKydia calycinaMangifera indicaMitragyna parvifloraSterculia colorataWrightia tinctoraAcacia leucopholea Aegele marmelos Heteropogon contortusAnogeissus latifolia Diospyros melanoxylon Pseudanthistirica hetero-Cochlospermum reli- Helicteres isora clita

Banswara & giosum Holarrhena antidysen- Themeda triandraBanas Lannea grandis terica

Madhuca indica Zizyphus xylocarpaSterculia urensTectona grandisTerminalia bellericaTerminalia tomentosaMitragyna parvifloraAcacia catechu Carissa carandus Bothriochola pertusaAcacia leucopholea Cassia tora Chrysopogon montanusAcacia senegal Diospyros melanoxylon Cymbopogon martiniiAegle marmelos Indigifera cordifolia Cymbopogon jwaran-Albizzia procera Lantana camara cusaAnogeissus latifolia Phaseolus trilobus Dactyloctenium aegyp-Anogeissus pendula Tephrosia strigosa tium

Chittorgarh Boswelia serrata Tephrosia tenuis Dicanthium annulatum& Kota Butea monosperma Zizuphus nummularia Digitaria marginata(2, 3, 4, 5) Embelica officinalis Digitaria rovelena

Garuga pinnata Shima nervosunLangestromia spp. Setaria glaucaLannea coromandalica Urochloa reptansMitragyna parvifloraPhoenix spp..Santalum albumTerminalia tomentosa

___._ .__ ._ Zizyphus jujuba ..

3-7


TABLE 3.7 (CONTD.)TYPES OF VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF RAJASTHAN

Regions Species of Plants

(alignments) Trees Shrubs Grasses

Anogeissus latifolia Apluda spp.Jaipur & Boswelia serrata Eragrostice spp.Alwar Embelica officinalis Heteropogon contortus(1, 4) Lannea coromandalica Themeda quadrivalvis

Sterculia urens

Anogeissus pendula Acacia jacquemontii Aristida hirtiglumaAjmer, Pali, Acacia leucopholea Calotropis procera Cymbopogon jwaran-Sirohi & Acacia senegal Capparis decidua cusaJodhpur Balanites aegyptica Fagonia cretica Dactyloctenium sindi-

Prosopis cineraria Indigodera cordifolia cumSalvadora oleoides Tephrosis purpures Dicanthium annulatumTecomella undulata Tephrosis tenuis Eragrostis ciliaris

Zizyphus nummularia Lasiurus hirsutusI__________________________ ___________________________ M elanocenchris jacquemontii

Acacia leucopholea Aerua persica Aristida funiculataGanganagar, Acacia senegal Calotropis procera Aristida hirtiglumaBikaner, Prosopis cineraria Calligonum polygonides Cymbopogon jwarancusaJaisalmer & Tecomella undulata Capparis decidua Cymbopogon parkeriBarmer Crotalaria burhia Eleusine compressa(1, 8, 9, 10) Lycium barbarum Lasiurus hirsutus

Tecomella undulata M. jacquemontii

Atriples spp. Aeluropus lagopoidsSalt Pans of Haloxylon salicomicum Eleusine compressaWestem Prosopis juliflora Sporobolus arabicusRajasthan Suaeda fruticosa Sporobolus marginatus(1) Tamarix dioica

Zygophyllum simplex

Source: Satyanarayan, Y. 1964.

3-8


TABLE 3.8VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT HABITATS OF RAJASTHAN

Habitat SpeciesTrees | Shrubs Grasses

Anogeissus spp. Asparagus spp.Granite Hills Salvadora oleoides Cocculus cebathaWindward face Commiphora mukul

Euphorbia caducifoliaGrewia tenaxVogelia indicaZizyphus nummularia

Acacia senegal AcaciajacqucmontiGranite Hills Anogeissus pendula Euphorbia caducifoliaLeeward face Prosopis cineraria Zizyphus nummularia

Salvadora oleoidesAcacia senegal Blepharis sindica Aristida depressaAnogeissus rotundifolia Commiphora mukul Aristida hystrixBalanites aegyptiaca Euphorbia caducifolia Aristida royleanaCapparis decidua Fagonia cretica Cenchrus biflorus

Rhyolite Hills Gymnosporia spinosa Grewia tenax Cloris barbataLycium barbaram Cynodon dactylonMimosa hamata Dactyloctenium sin-dicumTephrosia purpurea Digitaria adscendens

Eleusine compressaEragrostis ciliarisEragrostis pilosaLatipes senegalensisMelanocenchris jacque-montiOropetium thomaeumSehima nervosumTragus biflorusUrochloa panicoides

Acacia senegal Barleria acanthoides Oropetium thomaeumUpper Piedmont Anogeissus pendula Barleria prionitis Euneapogon elegans

Balanites aegyptiaca Boerhavia diffusa Aristida spp.Cassia auriculata Corchorus aestuansGymnosporia spinosa Grewia tenaxSalvadora oleoides Volutarella divaricataAcacia leucopholes Aerva persica Aristida hirtiglumaAzadirachta indica Aristida hertigluma Cenchrus biflorus

Lower Piedmont Balanites aegyptiaca Cocculus cebatha Eleusine compressaCaparis decidua Euphorbia caducifolia Eragrostis bifariaGymnosporia spmosa Grewia tenax Melanocenchris jacque-Prosopis cineraria Heliotropium marifoliurn mn eeSalvadora oleoides Indigodera cordifolia moni

Leptadenia pyro-technicaPanicum turgidumSericostorma pauci-florumTephrosia purpurea

_____________ ____________________ Zizyphus nuninularia

3-9


TABLE 3.8 (CONTD.)VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT HABITATS OF RAJASTHAN

Habitat SpeciesTrees Shrubs ] Grasses

Caparis decidua Acacia jacqucmontiOlder Alluvium Prosopis cineraria Aerva persicaPlains Salvadora oleoides Euphorbia caducifolia

Leptadenia pyro-technica(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Zizyphus numimularia

Acacia senegal Acacia jacqucmonti Aristidia adscensionisCaparis decidua Achyranthes aspera Aristidia funiculata

Sand Covered Gymnosporia spinosa Boerhavia diffusa Cenchrus biflorusOlder Alluvium Prosopis cineraria Cassia auriculata Cenchrus ciliaris(1, 4) Salvadora oleoides Commelina benghalen-sis Digitaria adscendens

Indigofera pauciflolia Eragrostis ciliarisJusticia simnplex Eragrostis uniloidsLeptadenia pyrotech-nica Leucas asperaPeristrophe bicalyculata Sida cordifoliaZizyphus nummularia Tragus biflorus

Urochloa panicoides

Acacia arabica Achyranthes aspera Cenchrus catharticusAcacia cupressiformis Amaranthus viridis Cenchrus setigerus

Younger Alluvial Acacia leucopholes Cynodon dactylon Chloris virgataPlains Ailanthus excelsa Demostachya bipinata Cyperus rotandus

Albizzia lebek Digera arvensis Dactyloctenium sindi-cum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Azadirachta indica Indigofera crodiflora Dicanthium annulatum

Ficus benghalensis Justicia procumbens Digitaria adscendensFicus religiosa Mollugo cerviana Eleusine compressaFicus mysorensis Solanum xanthocarpum Eragroatis pilosaInga dulcis Tephrosia purpurea Eragrostis tremulaMoringa pterygosperma Xanthium strumarium Sporobolus coroman-Prosopis cineraria deliansTamarindus indicaTecomella undulataZizyphus mauritiania

Aerva persicaCrotalaria burhia

River Beds in Cynodon dactylonYounger Cyperus arenariusAlluvium Cyperus rotundus

Demostachya bipinata(1, 2,3,4, 5) Echinochola colonurn

Erianthus munjaLeptadenia pyrotech-nicaTamarix troupiiXanthium strumarium

3-10


TABLE 3.8 (CONTD.)VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT HABITATS OF RAJASTHAN

Habitat SpeciesTrees Shrubs Grasses

Acacia senegal Acacia jacquemontii Arnevia hispidissima

Stable Sand Balanites aegyptica Aerva persica Aristida adscensionisIDuns Capparis decidua Calligonum polygo-noides Aristida funiculata(unes Gymnosporia spinosa Calotropis procera Celosia argentea(uncultivated) Prosopis cineraria Crotalaria burhia Cenchrus biflorus(1, 8, 9, 10, 11) Tecomella undulata Ephedra foliata Citrullus colocynthis

Zizyphus nummularia Leptadenia pyro-technica Convolvulus pluricaulisLycium barbarum Cyperus arenariusMelhania denhami Desmostachya bipi-nnataMimisa hamnata Eleusine compressaSericostoma pauci-florum Helitropium strigosum.Tephrosia purpurea Helitropium subulatum

Indigofera cordifoliaIndigofera linifoliaPanicum turgidumTribulus terrestris

Unstable Sand Acacia senegal Acacia jacquemontii Amebia hispidissimnaDunes Gymnosporia spinosa Aerva persica Aristida adscensionis

Prosopis cineraria Crotalaria burhia Cenchrus biflorusSalvadora oleoides Euphorbia caducifolia Cenchrus ciliaris

(1, 8, 9, 10, 11) Grewia tenax Cenchrus setigerusLeptadenia pyro-technica Eragrostis poacoidesSericostoma pauci-florum Fagonia cretica

Helitropium strigosumHelitropium subulatumPanicum turgidumPolygala eriopetraTribulus terrespris

Dissected Sand Acacia senegal Ephedra foliata Boerhavia verticillataDunes Balanites aegyptica Cenchrus biflorus

Coimmiphora mukul Justicia procumbensOropetium thomaeumPupalia lappseea

. - _ _________. _______________. ___________ _ Tragus diflorusSource: Shankar 1994

3-11


TABLE 3.9FOREST AREA IN DISTRICT TRANSECTED BY PROJECT ROADS

Forest Area by Classification RoadDistrict Reserved Protected Unclassified Total % of _LSgment|

:__________________ ____________ __________ D istrict PresentAimer 189 421 <1 611 7.2 7Alwar - 582 113 1486 17.7 4Banswara - 1190 - 1190 23.6 3Bhilwara 433 292 8 733 7.0 3Bikaner - 131 1113 1245 4.5 8,9,10Bundi 800 647 34 1482 26.7 5,3Chittorgarh 1543 1088 1 2632 24.2 3Churu 7 31 40 78 0.4 9Ganganagar/Hanumangarh - 136 730 867 4.2 9,10Jaipur/Dausa 670 266 11 948 8.5 1,4Jhalwara 361 937 4 1303 20.9 4Jodhpur - 180 97 277 1.2 1Kota 434 874 83 1391 25.3 2,4Nagaur <1 205 55 261 1.4 1,7,8Sawai Madhopur 874 1817 78 2770 26.3 4Sirohi 602 989 0 1591 30.9 6Baran - 2172 14 2186 31.4 2,4

Note: Units in hectares

3-12


TABLE 3.10ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AND PROTECTED AREAS OF RAJASTHAN

Name Location SizeBhensrodgarh Sanctuary Rawatbhuta, Chittorgarh 229 Sq.KmDarrah Sanctuary Kamalpura, Kota 266 Sq.KmDesert National park Jaisalmer 3172 Sq.KmJaisammnand Sanctuary Udaipur, Jaisammand 52 Sq. KmKeoladeo Ghana National Park Bharatpur 29 Sq.KmKumbhalgarh Ranakpur Sadri, Udaipur 578 Sq.KmMount Abu Sanctuary Mount Abu 289 Sq.KmNational Chambal Sanctuary Kota 549 Sq.KmRanthambhore National Park Sawai Madhopur 392 Sq-KmSiriska National Park Alwar 492 Sq.KmSitamata Sanctuary Chittorgarh 423 Sq.KmTal Chapper Sanctuary Chapper, Churu 8 Sq.KmJamwa Ramgarh Jaipur 300 Sq.KmJawabar Sagar Kota, Bundi _ 00 Sq. KmKaila Devi Sawai Madhopur 676 Sq. KmNahargarh National Park Jaipur 50 Sq. KmPhulwari Ki nal Udaipur, Pali 511 Sq.KmRamgarh Bisdhari Bundi 250 Sq.KmShergarh Baran 99 Sq. KmSonkhalia Closed Area Aimer 71 Sq. KmSorson Closed Area Kota 80 Sq. Km.Todgarh Raoli Aimer,Udaipur,Pali 495 Sq.KmVanvihar & Ramn Sagar Dholpur 59 Sq.KmSajjangarh Udaipur 5 SKm.Band Barretha Bharatpur 192 Sq.KmSawai Man Singh Sawai Madhopur 103 Sq.KmNational Gavial Chambal 280 Sq.KmBassi Chittorgarh 153 Sq.Km.Baju Bikaner 100 Sq. Km.Jorbir Bikaner 75 Sq. KmDeshnok Bikaner 25 Sq. KmMukaini Bikaner 168Sq KmDiyatra Bikaner 50 Sq. KmSawantsar Kotasai Churu 7091 Sq. KmRotu Nagaur 50 SR, Km

3-13


TABLE 3.10 (CONTD.)ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AND PROTECTED AREAS OF RAJASTHAN

Name Location Size

Jorada Nagaur 30 Sq. KmBarrod Alwar 23 Sq. KmJodian Alwar 30 Sq. KmSaithalsagar Jaipur 3 Sq. KmMehlan Jaipur 5 Sq. KmJamsesnaroi Jodhpur 3500 Sq. KmLohawat Jodhpur 1242 Sq. KmDechu Jodhpur 2000 Sq. KmSathin Jodhpur 244 Sq. KmPhitkasni Jodhpur 569 Sq. KmDhawa Doli Jodhpur 424 Sq. KmGudhavishnoi Jodhpur 424 Sq. KmRamdeora Jaisalmer 3000 Sq. KmUjalan Jaisalmer 3000 Sq. KmTilbra Ajmer 2000 Sq. KmGahwana Ajmer 2100 Sq. KmRanipura Tonk 120 Sq. KmDhorimanna Barmer 69 Sq. KmSanchore Jalor 1813 Sq. KmJawai Banoh Pali 5 Sq. KmBagdharrah Udaipur 34 Sq. KmMenal Closed Area Chittorgarh 20 Sq. KmKanakbahar Bundi 8 Sq. KmKwalji I Sawai Madhopur 40 Sq. Km

3-14


TABLE -3.11LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANTS OF RAJASTHAN

S. No. Latin Name Local Name Habit1 2 3 41. Ammannia desertorum Blatt. & Hallb. Moto-jalbhangro Under shrub

tree2. Anogessus sericea Brandis var indok tree

nummularia King ex Duthie (= A.rotundifolia Blatt. & Hallb.)

3. Anticharis gladulosa Asch, var caerulea ---- HerbBlatt. & Hallb. ex Sant.

4. Bouchea marrubifolia Schauer ( Bai HerbPleurostigma subrotundum Hoechst.nomnud)

5. Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari ( gugul Shurb aceae= C. mukal Engl. and = Balsamodendron dendroidmukul Hook. ex Stock) form

6. Convolvulus scindices Stock Kaland Herb7. Crypsis schoenoides Lamk. -- Herb ( grass)8. Dignathia hirtealla Stapf. -- Herb (grass)9. Dipterygium glaucum Decne -- Under shrub10. Ephedra ciliata Flan & Mey ex. C. A. Suo-phogaro Climbing

May ( = e. foliata Boisas.) shrub11. Eriolaena hookeriana W & A. bhoti dhaman Tree12. Euphorbia jodhpurensis Blatt. & Hallb. Dudheli Herb13. Farsetia macrantha Blatt. & Hallb. Motio-Hiran chabbo Under shrub14. Grewia damine Gaertan (= G. salvifolia Phalsa Shrub

Weyne ex Roth non Linn. f. )15. Monsonia heliotropoides Boiss Herb16. Malhania denhamii R. Br. Herb17. M. magnifolia Blatt. & Hallb. Shrub18. Morina concanensis Nimmo Sarguro Tree19. Nannae pulla Lamk. ex D.C. Herb20. Pulicarua rajputanae Blatt. & Hallb. Dhola ligru Herb21. Rhynchelytrum villosum (Parl) chiov. - Herb ( grass)22. Rose lyellii Lindl. Shrub23. Seetzenia orietalis Decne Dhakri Herb24 Talinum portulacifolium Aschers ex - Shrub

Schweinf25. T. avemiera cuneifolia Am. Under shrub26. Tecommela undulata ( Sm) seem rohida Tree27. Tribulus rajasthanensis Bhandari et gokhru Herb

Sharma28. Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf Herb ( grass)29. T. roxburghuanus Bhide Herb (grass)30. Withania coagulans Dunal Paneer bandh Under shrub

TABLE 3.12

3-15


ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES OF RAJASTHAN

Species Habitat Requirements Livelihood of ProjectOccurance * Impact

& (Route Potentiall__________________________________ recorded) _

MammalsTiger Forest or dense grassland U LLeopard Forest, scrub, plains U LCaracal scrub jungle L MDesert Cat desert scrub L MFishing Cat Forest near streams U LLeopard Cat Forest, scrub, plains U LIndian Wolf Forest, scrub U LSloth Bear Rocky forests U LPangolin plains L LRatel Forest, scrub, plains L LFlying Squirrel Forests U LMouse Deer Forests U LBlack Buck plains, open scrub M(l I) MChinkara scrub, plains R( 10, 11) MFour-homed Antelope light forest L LGangetic Dolphin river U LReptilesAgra Monitor Lizard arid, sandy country R(1) MBarred Monitor Lizard plains M MWater Lizard wetlands, trees R(2) LCrocodile river, lake, marsh H MGavial rivers H MPython L LGanges Soft-shelled Turtle river M MIndian Flapshelled Turtle ponds M LStarred Tortoise sandy scrubland M MBirdsIndian Peafowl Forest, scrub, cultivation R(ALL) LArvalli Red Spurfowl Deciduous, scrub, ravines, ruins L LGreat Indian Bustard Grassland, scrub. cultivation L LLesser florican Grassland, scrub, cultivation L LHoubara Bustard sandy semi-desert L LSiberian White Crane Marsh U LWhite Stork Marsh, cultivation U LSpoonbill Marsh, Lake U LOsprev River, Lake U LPeregrine Falcon Wetlands, cliffs U LLaggar Falcon Dry open country L LRed-headed Merlin Open country L LBlack-winged Kite Open forest, Grassland, scrub R(1,2,4,8,9,10) LCrested Honey Buzzard Open forest, cultivation M L

3-16


TABLE 3.12 (CONTD.)ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES OF RAJASTHAN

Species Habitat Requirements Livelihood of ProjectOccurance * Impact

& (Route Potentialrecorded) L

Pariah Kite Urban, cultivation, marsh R(ALL) LBrahminy Kite Urban, shores L LGoshawk Forest U LCentral Asian Shikra Forest, scrub, cultivation M LIndian Shikra Forest, scrub, cultivation R(9) LBesra Sparrow hawk Forest L LLong-legged Buzzard Cultivation,Scrub,Open forest M LAsiatic Sparrow hawk Forest L LDesert Buzzard Open areas M LWhite-eyed Buzzard Eagle Cultivation, Scrub, grassland M LCrested Hawk-eagle Dry forest, near cultivation M LBonelli's Hawk Eagle Open forest L LBooted Hawk Eagle Open forest, scrub L LTawny Eagle Dry scrub, cultivation L LImperial Eagle Open country R(10) LGreat Spotted Eagle Shorelines U LSteppe Eagle Dry scrub, cultivation L LLesser Spotted Eagle Woodlands, scrub, cultivation L LPalla's Fishinz Eagle Lake, river U LWhite-tailed Eagle Lake, river U LKing Vulture Open forest, scrub, cultivation M MIndian long-billed Vulture Open country H MIndian white-backed Vulture Open forest, Marsh, cultivation R(ALL) MWhite Scavenger Vulture Dry open country R(ALL) MPale Harrier Open country, Marsh, scrub L LMarsh Harrier Wetlands R(4) LHen Harrier Open plains, cultivation, foothills L LShort-toed Eagle Open country L LMontagu's Harrier Marsh, cultivation, grassland L LCrested Serpent Eagle Open forest, scrub, cultivation L LOsprey River, lake U L

Source: GOR 1996(#)= Alignment where recorded* U= unlikely, L= low potential, M= moderate potential, H=high potential, R= recorded

3-17


TABLE 3.13WILDLIFE RECORDED ALONG ALIGNMENTS DURING FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

MammalsFive-lined Squirrel Cormnon Langur MonkeyNilgai ChinkaraSmall Indian Mongoose Indian Gerbil

ReptilesIndian Pond Terrapin Desert Monitor LizardIndian Mud Turtle Water Monitor LizardCommon Indian Toad Common Frog

BirdsDabchick Little CormorantBlack Ibis White IbisPond Heron Cattle EgretPurple Heron Median EgretLarge Egret Little EgretFlamingo Black StorkPintail Duck Lesser Tree DuckSpotbill Duck Black-winged KitePariah Kite Indian ShikraImperial Eagle Indian White-backed VultureEgyptian Vulture Black PartridgeMarsh Harrier Indian PeafowlGray Partridge Conmnon CraneSarus Crane White - breasted WaterhenBrown Crake Pheasant-tailed JacanaWatercock Bronze-winged JacanaBar-tailed Godwit RedshankGreenshank Wood SandpiperComnmon Sandpiper RuffRed-wattled Lapwing Black-winged StiltAvocet Indian River TemBlue Rock Dove Turtle DoveRing Dove Red Turtle DoveSpotted Dove Little Brown DoveRose-ringed Parakeet Conmnon Hawk CuckooIndian Koel Spotted OwletIndian House Swift Lesser Pied KingfisherWhite breasted Kingfisher Blue-checked Bee-eaterSmall Green Bee-eater Indian RollerHoopoe Grey HombillCoppersmith Barbet Mahratta Pied WoodpeckerRed-winged Bushlark Black-bellied Finch LarkDusky Crag Martin Wire-tailed SwallowRed-rumnped Swallow Indian Grey ShrikeIndian Baybacked Shrike Rufous-backed ShrikeBrown Shrike Golden OrioleBrahminy Myna Black DrongoBank Myna Pied MynaTree Pie Common MynaJungle Crow House CrowRaven Common Wood Shrike

3-18


TABLE 3.13 (CONT.)WILDLIFE RECORDED ALONG ALIGNiMENTS DURING FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

White-checked Bulbul Red-vented BulbulCommon Babbler Large Grey BabblerJungle Babbler Indian Streaked Wren WarblerAshy Wren Warbler Plain Wren WarblerTailor Bird Dull Green WarblerCollared Bush Chat Indian Magpie RobinWhite-tailed Bushchat Pied Bush ChatBrown Rock Chat Indian RobinYellow Wagtail Large Pied WagtailPurple Sunbird House SparrowYellow-throated Sparrow Red MuniaBaya Weaver Bird White-throated MuniaWhite-backed Munia

3-19


TABLE 3.14SUITABLE PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC SOILS

Soil Type | Plant SpeciesTrees I Shrubs Grasses

Sandy Acacia arabica Aerva javanica Aristida spp.Acacia cynophylola Aerva pseudotomentosa Cenchrus prieuriiAcacia modesta Capparis aphylla Cenchrus setigerusAcacia senegal Calotropis procera Erianthus munjaAcacia sieberriana Calligonum polygonoides Eragrostis supp.Acacia tortilis Cassia auriculata Eragrostis tremulaAilanthus excelsa Clerodendron phloemoides Eragrostis ciliarisAlbizzia amara Crotolaria burhia Lasiurus hirsutusAilanthus gregii Euphoria bivula Panicum antidotaleAlbizzia lebbek Grewia tenex Panicum turgidumAzadirachta indica Indigofera argentea Schima nervosumBalaniles aegyptiaca Leptadenia pyrotechnieaButea monospherma Zizyphus spp.Cordia rothiiDalbergia sissooEucalyptus melono-phloiaEucalyptus papuanaEucalyptus populifoliaEucalyptus oleosa vargalaucaEucalyptus tesselerisEucalyptus terminalisHoloptelia integrifoliaParkinsonia aculeataPongammia pinnataProspis juliflorProspis spicigeraSalvadora oleoidesTamarix articulataTecomella undulata

Shallow Rockly Acacia catechu Acacia jacouemontiii Aristida spp.Acacia leucophloea Aerva pseudotomen-tosaAcacia senegal Aerva tomentosaAnogeissus pendula Barleria acanthoidesAzadirachta indica Comnmiphora mukulBoswellia serrata Capparis aphyllaDichrostrachys cinerea Cassia auriculataProsopis juliflora Euphorbia nerifoliaSalvadora oleoides Euphorbia royleanaTecoma stans Grewia tenax

Indigofera argentea-Zi2hus argentea

3-20 -


TABLE 3.14 (CONTD.)SUITABLE PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC SOILS

Soil Type Plant SpeciesTrees [ Shrubs [ Grasses

Gravelly Acacia senegal Boehmeria diffusa Aristidfa spp.Acacia catechu Cassia auriculata Aristida mutabilisAnogeissus pendula Euphorbia royleana Dactyloctenium sindicumAzadirachta indica Tribulus terrestris Elusine compressaBoswella serata Zizyphus nummularia Eleusine artistataCassia siamea Elesine aegypticaDalbergia melonoxylonHardwickia binataProsopis spicigeraProsopis juliflora

Saline & Alkaline Azardirachta indica Clerodendron phloemoides Aristida spp.Albizzia lebbeck Calotropis procera Cenchrus ciliarisAlbizzia procera Capparis decidua Cenchrus setigerusAcacia modesta Leptadenia pyrotechnica Chloris montanaAcacia tortilis Salsola foetida Cynodon dactylonAcacia arabica Scaevola putascens Dicanthium annulatumButea monosperma Scaevola koeniqii Eragrostis spp.Eucalyptus teretecornis Zizyphus sppp. Panicum antidotaleEucalyptus Saccharum munjagomphocephaea Sporobolus pallidusEucalyptus robustaParkinsonia aculeataProsopis julifloraPongammia pinnataSalvadora oleoidesTamarix articulata

Source: Shetty 1994 In: Singh and Singb

3-21

tb XRLMIJJV


APPENDIX 4CONTRACT RELATED RECOMENDATIONS

Road side tree planting: Necessary provision will be made in the contract documents forincorporation of the roadside tree planting scheme proposed here. Table 4.1 below, presents theplanting regimes for Rajasthan State Highways Project (RSHP). The quantity and speciescomposition of each mix is presented in the 4.2/4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 tables. These regimes are based onrainfall patterns, soil types and the list of plant species of each district.

TABLE 4.1PLANTING REGIMES FOR PHASE I AND PHASE I A ROADS

ROAD GRASS NATIVE NATIVE AVENUEMIX GRASS MIX SEED MIX SEEDLING

Phase 1 _Jaipur- Nagaur 1 E A VKota-Chittorearh 1 G D ZPhase laKota- Baran 1 F B WRajgarh- Sikendra 1 E C XKota-Indergarh 1 G A -Sardarsahar- Pallu I E B Z

TABLE 4.2GRASS MIX -1

Species Season Quantity(Kgeha)Millet Summer 30

Wheat Winter and summer 30

The grass species used will grow quickly to reduce the level of soil erosion. Following the rains it isanticipated that native grass species will grow also.

TABLE 4.3NATIVE GRASS AND SHRUB SEED MIX COMPOSITION AND QUALITY

(IDENTIFIED TO RESIST GRAZING).

SPECIES i~ATT ~IaMix E Mix F Mix G

Koocha Grass (Unpalatable) 20 15 10Euphorbia (lJnpalatable) 15 15 10Oleander (Unpalatable) 15 10Anwal 15 10

Native grass species should be seeded at the same time as the crop to allow them to germinate assoon as the rain comes.

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Rajasthan State Highways Project Appcndix 4

TABLE 4.4NATIVE SEED MIX COMPOSITION AND QUANTITIES

= Quantity (Kg/ha)

Species Common name Mix A | Mix B Mix C [ Mix D

Delbergia sissosa Shisham 0.5 0 0.5 1.0

Acacia nilotica Babul 0.5 0 1.0 1.0Cassia fistula Amaltas 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2

Boswellia serrata Salar 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5Acacia catechu Khair 0.5 0.5 0.2 1.0Strecularia Urenus Karaya 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2Diospyros melonoxylon Tendu 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5Cordia dichotoma Lisorha 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2Ficus bengalensis Banyan 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2Tamarix aphylla Farash 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2Ziziphus Mauratiana Ber 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2

Anogeissus latifolia Dhavra 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.5Bauhinia racemoasa Kanchan 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2Albizzia lebbek Siris 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5Procopis Cineraria Khejri 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5

Moringa Oleifera Drumstic 1.0 0..2 0.2 0

Whenever necessary seed requirements pre-treatment of 24 hours soaked in water

TABLE 4.5SPECIES FOR AVENUE PLANTING

Species Common Mix V Mix W Mlix X Mix Y Mix ZNamel

Azadiracht indica Neem . ._._.__Ficus bengalensis Banyan * .Ficus religosa Pipal ._ _

Syzygium cumini JamunTamarind Indica Tamarind _

Anogeissus pendula Dhok . . _

Species have been selected to complement the endemic vegetation of each area. The variety ofspecies used ensures that species not suited to the local conditions and micro climate will be replacedby those suitable for that area. Only the fittest species will survive in each locality therebymaintaining the genetic variation that is essential for bio-diversity.

Figure I Shows a typical cross section for the planting regime with the larger mature avenue treeslocated no closer than 6 metre from the centre line of the road and the seeded species growing inbetween. The native seed mix will be applied following the application of water to the recently turnedand topsoil natural surface. Seeding will not take place in unfavourable weather such as windsexceeding 15 kn/hr or during rain periods. Fast growing ground covering species mentioned in the

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PAVED ROAD WAY

Figure 1

TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION WITH

PLANTING REGIME

Rajasthan Statc Highways Project Appendix 4

grass table will be seeded immediately after the area has been landscaped to reduce erosion, with theseeding and avenue planting occurring closer to the rainy season.

Figure 2 illustrates a longitudinal section of road with the associated planting regime. Avenueseedlings will be placed at 25 m intervals with the listed species being placed in turn. Approximately2000 seedlings per hectare are intended to be planted. The native trees will be seededindiscriminately within the ROW and at bends etc. Where larger areas of the ROW occur the seedingwill fill these areas to create small groves of native bush land. Where ROW is available, an additionalrow of seedlings will be placed. This will be to ensure a thick ROW vegetation along the road. Thiswill act as wind block and will in tum act to increase crop production through the reduction of evapo-transpiration.

The seedlings may be grown in nurseries near or along the project road by the contractor. Thesenurseries may be situated within the road ROW or in nearby land under contractual arrangement withlocal social forestry programs. The seedlings will be placed in holes (lCu.m) the base of which willbe filled with 0.2 m of top soil and organic fertiliser (eg. manure). An area around the base of theseedlings will be dug out in the most recent method of seedling protection used in India (see Figure3) . This method provides a moat like barrier around the plant which makes the leaves of the tree outof reach from browsing herbivorous. Furthermore the moat retains water to aid the plants survival.The seedlings will be between 12 -18 months old when they are planted to increase their chances ofsurvival. Another method of protecting the seedlings will be tried also. The thom bush Prosopis

juliforia is cut into 1.2 -1.4 m lengths and the stock is buried in the \hole dug around the seedling andbound with a length of the vegetation. The thorn bush is between 15-30mm. in diameter and spearedin to the ground at 20 cm spacings.

Three months after the seedlings are planted , those not surviving will be replaced with others stillgrowing at a nearby nursery and of a similar age. About 10 % of the total seedlings used should bestored for this replacement. Areas where the seeding has not been sufficient will also be re-seededfollowing the application of an organic fertiliser. A similar process will occur one year after theinitial planting. During the first year after planting, watering will occur every month except in the wetseason. In the hottest season(February to mid June) this will occur more frequently. From 1"February to 15" April watering will occur every two weeks and from then until 15' June every 5days. Watering will be done as early in the morning and as late in the evening as possible to reduce,evaporation especial in more airid part of Rajasthan and increase the amount of water reaching theroots.

The contractor will be paid half his fee following the initial planting and the rest one year latercontingent on previously established survival criteria.

All revegetation shall take place within 14 days of each work completion. Top soil shall be stockpiledon site in low mounds no greater than 3 metres heigh and where it is to be stored for in excess of 14days it shall be seeded with the above mentioned grasses immediately. Where imported topsoil isrequired it will be friable and porous and free of weeds, toxic material, lumps, stumps or roots.

Fertiliser where required will be organic in nature such as cow manure.

On steeper slopes a binding agent will be used to reduce erosion and keep seeds in place at the onsetof the rains. Bitumen emulsions has been used before in India and will be used here. Straw will bemixed with the bitumen emulsion to further aid the binding process..

Other measures to mitigate against environmental impacts that are standard in contract documentswill naturally be included. These include provisions covering soil erosion and selection andrestoration of quarry sites.

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Figure 2

TYPICAL L- SECTION OF ROADS WITH

PLANTING REGIME

GROUND LEVELI

C mSE; 1.0 SHRUB

TREE

Figure 3

INDIVIDULAL SEEDING PLANTING REGIME FOR

TREES AND SHRUBS

Rajasthan State hlighways Project Appendix 4

TABLE 4.6ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

RAJASTHAN STATE HIGHWAYS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY REPORT

Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible ContractualOrganization Organization Clause

DESIGN PHASE The existing alignment was selected to During design Designing Unit RPWD Not ApplicableAlignment minimize the land disturbance to avoid PCC

archaeological sites, temples and otherenvironmentally sensitive areas.

Land and Property acquired Information dissemination and community During Design Phase RPWD RPWD Not Applicable(Resettlement Action Plan) consultation. NGOs recommended EMU

Compensation will be given to PAPs based in RAPon the RAP which includes the EntitlementPolicy.Affected persons will be moved beforeconstruction starts.ROW to be acquired must be identified.

Cultural Heritage Cultural heritage sites along the alignment During design Archaeological RPWD Not Applicablewas identified. Archaeological sites and Survey of India (ASI) EMUTemples were avoided by adjustment ofalignment. Shrines, will be moved only withprior consultation and approval of localcommunity.

Flood Bridges and culverts have been well designed During Design Designing Unit RPWD Not Applicablefor the 50 year flood frequency. Fill height Engineeringhas been designed for 50 year flood Consultantsavoidance.

CONSTRUCTION Water will be sprayed during construction During reconstruction Contractor RPWD SpecificationPHASE phase, in the lime and earth mixing sites, of grade and wherever EMU II1, p13Dust asphalt mixing site, and temporary roads. In asphalt is removed up At present no in

filling sub-grade, water spraying is needed to until asphalting is housesolidify the material. After the compassion, replaced. environmentalwater spraying will be done at regular During the capacity inintervals to prevent dust. construction phase RPWD, inductVehicles delivering materials will be covered During the Env. Eng. fromto reduce spills. Construction phase RSPCB for

._______________________ ._____________________________________ .____________. _____ _ ___. ___. ____. ___. _ m onito ring. ____mn to i g

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Asphalting Asphalt mixing sites will be over 500 m from Specificationany communities. I11 1, p13Mixing equipment will be well sealed, andvibrating equipment will be equipped withdust-removal device. Operators will weardust masks and ear protection

Air Pollution Vehicles and machinery will be regularly Beginning with and Contractor RPWD Specification lmaintained so that emissions conform to continuing throughout EMU I I 1, p13National and State Standards construction

Noise Noise standard at processing sites, e.g. Beginning and Contractor RPWD Specificationaggregate crushing plants, will be strictly throughout EMU 11 1, p 13enforced to prevent exceedances of GOI constructionnoise standards. Workers in vicinity of strongnoise will wear earplugs and their workingtime will be limited.In construction sites within 150 m ofsensitive receptors construction will bestopped from 22:00 to 06:00.Machinery and vehicles will be maintainedenhanced to keep their noise at a minimum.

WATER

Loss of wetlands and ponds Alignment shifting and filling avoided ponds Whenever Design Unit and RPWD Specificationand wells. encountered during Contractor PCC 201, p4 1,In sections along water courses, earth and construction. spec301.3,301.10

Alteration of drainage stone will be properly disposed of so as to not Contractor RPWD , p53, sec 304.33,block rivers and streams, through preventing EMU p64adverse impact on water quality.All necessary measures will be taken toprevent earthworks and stone works relatedto the road form impeding cross drainage atrivers \ streams and water canals or existingirrigation and drainage system. __ _

4-5


Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual.____________ _ Organization Organization Clause

Siltation Construction materials containing fine Throughout Contractor RPWDparticles e.g, in limestone or fly ash will be construction period. EMUstored in an enclosure such that sediment Forest Dept.laden water does not drain into nearby watercourses, but rather percolates slowly into the

.... _________________ _ soil. ,

Contamination from All measures will be taken to prevent the Tlroughout Contractor RPWDWastes waste water produced in construction from construction period. EMU

entering directly into rivers and irrigationsystem. A minimum distance of any sewageor toilet facility from water sources will be200 m.

Contamination from fuel Vehicle maintenance and refueling will be Throughout Contractor RPWDand lubricants confined to areas in construction camps construction period. EMU

designed to contain spilled lubricants and RSPCBfuels. Waste petroleum products must becollected stored and taken to approveddisposal sites, according to GOI laws. l

Sanitation and Waste Sufficient measures will be taken in the Before and during Contractor RPWDDisposal in Construction construction camps, i.e. provision of garbage building of RSPCBCamps tanks and sanitation facilities. Waste in septic construction camps.

tanks will be cleared periodically.Drinking water will meet Indian NationalStandards.Garbage will be collected in a tank anddisposed of daily.Special attention will be paid to the sanitarycondition of camps.Camps will be located minimum distance of200 m from water sources.

4-6



Borrow pits Borrow pits will be identified out side the During construction ContractorROW Before opening additional borrow pits RPWD IRC:10 1961operating pits will be closed as per the IRC EMUSpecification

Selection of Equipments All Construction plant and equipment's will During construction Contractor RPWD spec106.p8,1RC:72be selected to mcet recognized international EMU -1978;IRC:90-1995standards for emissions and will be maintainedand operated in a manner that ensures relevantair, noise, and discharge rules. l

Quarrying Quarrying, will be carried out from approved During construction Contractor RPWD Spec3O2,P57,Sec3and licensed quarries only. _ EMU 05. 2 .2 .2,p70

Sand dune areas Regarding route selection, design, During construction, Contractor RPWD IRC Speclconstruction and maintenance of rural roads and operation Statge. EMU Publication 20special criterias need to be followed. III I

SOILSoil Erosion In slopes and other suitable places along the Upon completion of Contractor RPWD

roadside, trees and grass will be planted. On construction activities Forestry Dept. Specification onsections with filling (>3 m) and deep cutting at these sites. GOR 306 p8 3

their slopes will be covered by stone wallssod, or planted with grass, etc. If existingirrigation and drainage system ponds aredamaged, they will be rebuilt by suitable During constructionmethods. Contractor RPWD

Loss of agricultural Arable lands should not be used as earthtopsoil borrowing whenever possible. If needed, the During construction

topsoil (15 cm) will be kept and refilled afterexcavation is over to minimize the impact or Contractor RPWDproductive lands.Construction vehicles will operate within the

Compaction of Soil Corridor of Impact i.e., approx. II m to eitherside of the carriageway centerline to avoiddamaging soil and vegetation.

4-7


Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to he taken lTime frame Inplemcnting Responsible ContractualOrganization Organization Clause

Flora Areas of tree plantation cleared will be After completion of Forest Dept. GOR RPWD Specification onLoss of trees replace according to Compensatory construction activities. Forest Dept. 307, p85

Afforestation Policy under the Forest GOR specification onConservation Act - 1980. During cleaning 308, p87

Tree clearing within ROW should be operations Contractor *specification onavoided beyond what is directly required for 301.3.2, p.50construction activities and / or to reduce During constructionaccidents. Contractor

Compaction of vegetation See soil compaction.Fauna Construction workers will be told to protect During construction Contractor Specification 201.2,

natural resources and wild animals. Hunting p41,is prohibited. 201.3, p41,

201.4, p42

SOCIALLoss of Access Temporary access will be built at the During construction Contractor RPWD and Specification

interchange of the highway and other roads. State Police 112, p14Traffic jams and If there are traffic jams during construction, During construction Contractorcongestion measures should be taken to relieve the

congestion with the coordination oftransportation and traffic police departmnent. RPWD SpecificationControl speed of construction vehicles During construction Contractor p 112, p14, spec

Road safety through road safety education and fines. 119, p22

Collisions with vehicles, Allow for adequate traffica flow aroundpeople and !ivestock construction areas. Specification

Provide adequate signage, barriers and flag 112.4, p16, specpersons for traffic control. 124, p33

Communicate to the public through radio / month previousTV / Newspaper announcements regardingthe scope and timeframe of projects, as wellas certain construction activities causingdisruptions or access restrictions.

Increase in disease Make certain that there is good drainage at during construction Contractor RPWD Specificationwater borne all construction areas, to avoid creation of Health Dept., 122, p30, spec 121,insectbome stagnant water bodies especially in GOR p26, spec 120, p2 2

communicable diseases urban/industrial areas, including water in oldtires. At start-upProvide adequate sanitation and wastedisposal at construction camps. throughoutProvide adequate health care for workers and constructionlocate camps away from vulnerable groups. _ -

4-8

Rajasthan State Highwoys Projeqt Appendix 4

Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible ContractualOreanization Organization Clause

Accidental Risks from Effective safety and warning measures will be During construction Contractor RPWD State Specificationblasting taken to reduce accidents. Police 302, pS7, sec- along roadway Blasting will not be carried out during rush 305.22, p70

- in quarries hours so as not to cause traffic jams andinjuries.The management and use of blasting materialswill be in strict conformity with the safetyrequirements for public security. I

Cultural Remains If archaeological relics or remains are Throughout Contractor with RPWDdiscovered, the ASI will be notified construction Archaeologicaliimmediately. The construction will be stopped Survey of Indiauntil authorized department assesses theremains.Archaeologists will supervise the excavation toavoid any damage to the relics. l

OPERATIONALPHASE IlI

AIRDust Provide adequate fill height to avoid Design then build Contractor PCC Specification

accumulation of dust. during construction RPWD 11 1, p13Replace roadside trees lost to construction at 10 Plant Forest Department EMUfor I basis and encourage new afforestation immediately afterprojects. area is no longer

disturbedPollution Check vehicular emissions of CO, HC, NO, After completion of Motor Vehicle Dept. Motor Vehicle

SPM, RPM reinforce PUC Programmes. construction Dept.Monitoring air pollution see APMP Forest DepartmentAfforestation programs - Tree Plantations see Flora

Noise According to monitoring results, at places with After completion of Motor Vehicle Dept. RPWDexcessive noise, sound barriers or other construction EMUmeasures should be considered. Motor VehiclePublic will be educated about the regulations see APMP Dept.on air pollution and noise of vehicles.

_____ _____ ____ .___ ___ .WATER _Contamination from spills Contingency plans for clean up of spills of oil, If not existing will Flying Squad of Flying Squad of Specificationdue to traffic movement fuel, toxic chemicals. be developed Motor vehicle Dept. Motor vehicle 201.2, p4 1, specand accidents I and State Police I)ept. and State 301.3, 10, p53, sec

Police 304.33, p64

4-9


Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible ContractutalOrganization Organization Clause

Maintenance of Storm The urban drainage systems will be Beginning and end RPWDWater Drainage System periodically checked and cleared so as to of monsoon Municipal Corps.

ensure adequate storm water flow.

FAUNACollision with wildlife Post signs for Wild Life Crossing. At end of Forest Dept. RPWD Specification

Construction EMU Forest Dept. 201.2, p41, 201.3,_ l. GOR p41, 201.4, p42

Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible ContractualI Organization Organization Clause

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SO C IA L

Accident of hazardous COMPLIANCE with "Rules" as defined in Prepare plan within RPWD Specificationmaterials Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, 6 months of Flying Squad of 122, p30, spec

including: commencement of Motor Vehicle 121, p26, specFor delivery of hazardous substances, three construction and Dept. and State 120,p2 2

certificates issued by transportation department familiarize policeare required permit license, driving license, and contractor with SCPguarding license. Vehicles delivering at start of work andhazardous substances will be printed with implementationunified signs. measures arePublic security, transportation and fire fighting required.departments will designate a special route forthese vehicles. These vehicles can only beharbored at designated parking lots.This project's hazardous substances will beadministered by highway managementdepartment registration system, as specified inEPA, 1986In case of spill of hazardous materials, report ofthe relevant departments at once and deal withit in accordance with the spill contingencyplan. l

Safety and noise Buildings are prohibited within 50 m of the Throughout and Env. Eng. ofeach RPWD IRC 35-1971disturbance edge of CW. No schools and hospitals are after project Division of RBD and IRC 79- 1981

allowed within 200 m of the 10 m from the development period planning Department IRC 93- 1995edge of CW. _

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TABLE 4.7ENVIIRONMENTAL, MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

RAJASTHAN STATE HIGHWAYS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY REPORT - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PHASE

Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Timeframe Implementing ResponsibleOrganization Organization

Atmosphere Operation Phase Refer to left RSPCB prescribe RPWD.Monitoring item: SPM, RPM, NOX, CO standards. EMU - RSPCBMonitoring Frequency 4 times/year for one dayLength of time: 5 years Motor Vehicle Dept.Monitoring Points: I location on Link 033 enforcesMonitoring StandardAtmospheric Monitoring Standard Issued by theCPCB. I

Noise A. Monitoring Frequency Refer to left RPWD RPWD(1) Operation Phase: 4 times/ year in EMU - RSPCBcollaboration with RSPCBB. Monitoring Points(I) Construction Phase: Ad hoc only ifcomplained is lodged(2) Operation phase: I location on link 033Monitoring StandardExisting noise standard issued by the CPCB

Water Quality Parameters: BODs, COD, SS, OIL, Grease, During construction. RPWD RPWDGasoline, Detergent, Pb, Asphalt, pH Co-ordinate water EMU - RSPCBA Monitoring Frequency; quality with erosionConstruction phase: 3 times during bridge control andconstruction activity (twice/day) revegetation programs.B Monitoring Points: At water crossings where If mitigation notbridges and culverts are to be replaced to be complied begin WQdetermined in ESR monitoring.C Monitoring StandardWater qualitv standard issued by the CPCB.

RPWD = Rajasthan Public work DepartmentPCC = Project Coordinating ConsultantEMU = Environmental Management UnitPAP = Project Affected PersonsRAP = Resettlement Action PlanRSPCB = Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board

4-11

.I:

I:


APPENDIX 5ROAD SAFETY AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

MINISTERSURFACE TRANSPORT

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MESSAGE FOR NINTH ROAD SAFETY WEEK 5-11 JANUARY, 1998

With the tremendous boom in the vehicle population in India, Road Safety is becoming a matter of greatconcern. We are losing about 70,000 valuable lives every year due to road accidents and this cannotcontinue to happen. Road Safety Week which is being observed throughout the country with the themeof "Pedestrian Safety" intends to create awareness amongst the people to observe safety precautionswhile on the road. Road discipline and safety consciousness has to be inculcated among road users. Ihope that the Road Safety Week being observed from 5 th - llth January, 1998, with emphasis on"Pedestrian Safety", will achieve this objective of public awareness.

Remember that the pedestrian has the first Right of Way (ROW).

New Delhi

5.1 Introduction

Road safety aspects have been neglected very badly till the last decade. Ministry of Surface Transport(MOST) Government of India (GOI) started observing Road Safety week in 1990. The 5-11 January ofevery year is being observed as the road safety week. Unless road safety aspects are put in to the designwith environmental precautions, very little can be achieved on road safety. All necessary clauses need tobe incorporated in to the bidding documents before the construction work start. This chapter is aboutaccidents, Emergency Response Plans and important preventive measures against accidents.

5.2 Road Safety Concerns

With the rapid industrialization in the country and the fast growth of human as well as vehicularpopulations, it is impossible to eliminate accidents altogether. But accidents can be drastically cut downwith a little cooperation from the road users and proper collection and use of accident data. The expertshave been advocating the adoption of measures under three broad categories.

1) Engineering Design2) Enforcement, and3) Education

However, overall the following are the main concerns:

* The presence of road side trees, poles, ditches, steep slopes and barriers* The use of signs, road markings and intersection layout* Roadside access, parking and bus stop arrangements* Provisions for pedestrians, livestock and non motorized traffic* Provision of measures to control vehicles speeds in urban areas* Over loading of vehicles

5-1


In Rajasthan like other parts of India, there can be little doubt that improving the surface of the road andits alignment will encourage increased speeds and with that comes the risk of even more seriousaccidents. Pedestrians not used to fast traffic, will also be exposed and their behavior as well as that ofthe drivers, needs to be considered. Improvements in alignment and better traffic separation, as well asincreased roadway width based on modem standards will help alleviate current dangers but attentionmust also be given to safety as part of any road improvement. Safety audits can provide a useful tool foranalysis and consideration will be given to pre and post construction auditing as part of the overallproject monitoring.

5.2.1 Non motorizedtraffic,pedestriansandlivestock

In Rajasthan like other part of India, the non motorized traffic is a serious concem in the light of highwayimprovements which generate faster traffic. Unless provided extra space is provided for non motorizedtraffic, high speed vehicles will cause more accidents than ever before.

5.2.2 Over loading of vehzicles

Over loading of vehicles is a common problem on all Indian highways. The overloaded vehicles includepassenger buses, cars, trucks and goods vehicles including non motorized vehicles. The overloading ofvehicles increases chances of occurrence of accidents. Hence every effort shall be made to discourageoverloading. A total ban of this may not be well accepted by the public. On many routes the peak hourtraffic is rarely sufficient to meet the increasing demand for travel and transport. The inadequate roadsand the availability of vehicles to meet the peak hour demands are both constraints. Vehicles with lesserloads may be operating during the peak hours may not be profitable unless off hours are also availablefor operation. In most of the cases off hours travel loads are much less.

The penalty for the violators could be applied to both the extra passengers as well as the vehicle ownersand drivers. However, identification of the extra passengers is in fact difficult. To meet the peak hourpassenger demand. the best solution will be to operate additional government vehicles.

5.2.3 The presence of roadside trees, poles, ditchies, steep slopes and barriers.

The presence of roadside trees, poles, ditches, steep slopes and barriers may contribute to the frequencyand severity of road accidents. The roadside trees may affect highway safety in several ways. They maycut off proper lighting during moming and evening hours. The shadow of trees attract people andlivestock to the roadside during hot sunny days thus increasing the risk of accidents. Similarly poles,ditches, steep slopes and abutments can also increase the risk of accidents by reducing the roadwayavailable to avoid livestock, non motorized vehicles, and other common obstacles.

5.2.4 The signs, road markings and intersection layout

If road signs and marking are not properly made or if the markings are not clearly visible due to fading orobstacles which interfere with visibility (e.g. vegetation), the nrsk of accidents increases. Intersectionlayouts which were developed are spacious and properly marked.

5.2.5 Roadside access, parking and bus stop arrangements

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Speeding vehicles commonly fail to reduce speed or stop when approaching roadside access, parking andbus stop arrangements. In these locations sufficient space to pull off the roadway will be provided andmerge lanes will allow vehicles to merge with faster traffic.

5.2.6 Provisionsforpedestrians, livestock antd nzont motorized traffic

Provisions for pedestrians, livestock and non motorized traffic will be made to avoid accidents in settledareas. Engineering designs play a major role in road safety.

The road safety advertisement of Government of India on 5 January 1998 gives a number of guidelinesfor pedestrians crossing and walking on the road.These are:

a) Look to your right, then look to your left and look to your right again. If there is no trafficcoming, cross the road quickly

b) Cross the road at safer places, at preferably at zebra crossings, subways, foot bridges, etc.c) Keep looking and listening for traffic while crossing the roadd) Where there is a foot path use it and where it is lacking walk on the road facing oncoming

traffic.

5.2.7 Provision of measures to control velzicles speeds in urban area

Speed control provisions shall be made in the designs and these shall be properly observed. If violated,heavy penalties shall be imposed on defaulters.

5.3 Some Typical Accidents and Emergency Situations

There are many type of situation to be considered.Some of this include:

-Accidental spillage of hazardous chemicals leading to pollution and other major healthhazards.

-Accidents involving human being, requiring first aid and hospitalization

-Collapse of road structures viz., culverts, bridges etc.

-Natural calamities, fire, processions, riots, political badhs, andforceful closing of roads by miscreants

5.4 Accident cases and Public Response

Public responsibility is one of the most important part of road safety measures and emergency responseplan. Immediately after an accident either the passerby, resident or inhabitants is required to inform thenearest petrol station or police station so that the accident victims get first aid and the message reachesthe District Collectors office. This kind of timely help can save possible maximum number of people.In many cases, timely help will reduce the number of fatalities per accident. Both the petrol station andpolice station shall be entrusted with the duty of informing the District Collector. For smoothfunctioning of the system there shall be an emergency response cell in the collectors office.

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5.5 Special Cases of Accidents

Spillage of hazardous chemicals shall be dealt with utmost care. Some 18 categories of hazardous wasteshave been identified so far (ref :MOEF Hand Book 1994). An efficient and coordinated effort can onlyreduce the potential impact on human beings, water, and air. Although the hazardous chemical handlingrules of the government for industries are strong enough to minimize the impact upon environment,emergency response plans for the road require a prompt and coordinated effort. Per the provisions of theEnvironment (protection) Act 1986, rules regarding Management and Handling of Hazardous Wasteshave been formulated. Under this act the District Collector is the authority responsible for preparation ofthe off-site emergency plan. Before commencement of activity, the public in the vicinity of the plantneeds to be informed of the nature of a major accident that might occur on-site and the Do's and Don'tsto be followed in case of such an occurrence. In the case of highway accidents, local emergency officials(e.g. police) must be prepared to react to highway accidents which threaten the safety of the public.

5.6 Removal of Road Blockages

The efficiency of the road network is largely dependent on how efficiently public agencies are able torespond to the emergency situations when something happens on the road which hampers the free flowof traffic. This is same in the case of accidents, natural calamities, riots, processions, after effects ofpolitically motivated 'bandhs' etc. Anticipating such situations is necessary if remedial measures are tobe planned. Failure to have and apply planned remedial actions may lead to traffic congestion, pollutionand result in further accidents.

5.7 Responsibility of Petrol / Diesel Stations & Police Stations

Responsibility will have to be assigned to the petrol/diesel stations in addition to police stations. Thepetrol stations and police stations will be required to keep a record of qualified doctors within an easilyaccessible range of distance who can be summoned to give first aid to the accident victims.

5.8 Responsibility of Voluntary Organizations

Any amount of effort by the Government of Rajasthan in creating proper awareness about road safetywill be insufficient considering the vastness of the state and its population. Recognizing this fact, theGovernment should solicit the cooperation of voluntary organizations in this cause. It is expected thatvoluntary organizations will come forward to help the government in its efforts to reduce road accidents.

5.9 Accidents near Schools, Colleges and other Educational Institutions

The duties to be entrusted with schools and similar institutions in case an accident happens in theirvicinity shall be clearly defined. The parent teachers association shall evolve a plan for theirschool/college children to meet emergency situations.

Every school/college shall have the minimum first aide facilities. Normally in schools these charges shallbe entrusted with the NSS, NCC etc. There shall be communication facilities as well. They must keepthe record of all nearby hospitals/clinics and doctors including nearest 24 hour chemists/medical storeetc. so that any emergency situations can be sorted out very easily.

5.10 Role of hospitals

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Hospitals shall keep an account of all doctors and also those doctors whose services will be voluntarilyavailable with little or minimum effort. Hospitals must keep a record of all petrol stations, schools andpolice stations in and around the highways.

5.11 Accidents near towns

Unlike rural areas, in and around towns the accident victims get first aid and other medical aid muchfaster depending up on the facilities available in the town. Accidents are also reported much faster to theconcemed public officials. Frequently these accidents are much more severe because of the highernumber of personnel involved.

5.12 Road Accident Statistics

No reliable road accident statistics are available for any of the road segments considered. Road accidentstatistics were sought as part of the domestic consultant studies from records kept with local police.These proved to be far from accurate nor comprehensive, and the data available was very limited.

5.13 Preventive Measures Against Accidents

5.13.1 Identificatiois of Black Spots or Accident Prone Areas.

This was carried out during the initial Engineering surveys. Every one involved in the detailedengineering studies, as well as the police/public/highway users have responsibility to pin point thelocations. Locations of this type include hairpin bends, junctions of one or more roads, steep slopes witha bent, ghat areas, etc. The black spots and the accident prone areas were identified as a part ofengineering design and corrective measures like realignments, culverts, bridges, signage, etc. wereselected as appropriate.

5.13.2 Speed Restrictions in Urban /Scl ooL/Hospitals etc.

As a part of detailed engineering studies all accident prone areas like urban areas and the vicinity ofschools and hospitals was delineated. Strict speed restrictions are being proposed for such areas.

5.13.3 Road Safety and Wildlife Habitats

Like human concerns, equally important are the wildlife concems, particularly since Rajasthan is thehome of a number of species rare in India. In areas where rich wildlife is present, speed restrictions of40 km/hour are considered necessary. Such areas are to be identified in consultation with ForestryDepartment wildlife officials.

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5.13.4 Public awareness

Government of India gives special attention to new methods of educating the school children. Essaycompetitions on the subject of road safety are organized annually which has evidenced a lot of interestand the number of student participants is increasing tremendously. While this has to continue, effortsshould be now directed to involvement of students in Emergency Response Plan for attending accidentrescue operations. School children can play a greater role in 'Act and Save Life' process. The life ofabout 50 % of all road accident victims can be saved if he or she is provided medical aid immediately.

5.14 Emergency Response Plan (ERP)

5.14.1 Introduction

In ERP, the most important step is the formation/constitution of an Emergency Response Cell underDistrict Collector's chairmanship. After this, district collector shall notify various institutions in settingup the Emergency Response Council (ERC). The notified institutions shall include all of the educationalinstitutions, petrol stations, police stations and hospitals. Selected representative from theseorganizations will constitute the Council. This council will issue guidelines for the Emergency ResponsePlan (ERP) for the district. Figure 5.1 Shows the flow chart for emergency response cell andmessage flow.

5.14.2 Sequence of events after an accident.

Occurrence of an accident at any place on the highway

Accident victims are taken to any of the notified places like a petrol or diesel station, police station,schools, any educational institution or local PWD office for first aid.

Message reaches to petrol or diesel station or police station or schools or any educational institutions orlocal PWD office.

Message is sent to District Collector from any or all the above places.

District collector receives a detailed report of the event with in not more than 6 hours bythe fastest available communication Viz, fax, phone, telegram or E-mail etc. from the nearest policestation.

District collectors office will evaluate the seriousness of the problem based on the report available. Ifdetails are not clear, further clarification will be sought from various notified places.

Then messages will be forwarded from the District Collectors office to all concerned if urgent necessaryaction is further required.

From the District Collector office again the messages are send to police station and PWVD office to makesure that all relief operations are working smoothly and will be coordinated from District Collectorsoffice. PWD office will in turn redirect the message to the local PWD office.

Depending upon the situation, serious cases will be referred to the hospitals.

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FIGURE 5.1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN& Emergency Response Council

EMERGENCY RESPONSE CELL-IN DISTRICT COLLECTORATE

HOSPITALS & |C> |POLICE ST ATION |E_DU|INSTIONAlBFLT CAE IN.rTO

_PETROL / DIESEL STATIONE

Most of the time accident message flow will be both ways.This is indicated by arrows in the above figure.


5.14.1 Role of Doctors in ERP

It is the duty of doctors to provide medical treatment to road accident victims instantaneously andthereafter to leave resolution of other crisis needs to the law enforcement agencies. There is no legalimpediment to doctors in attending to such cases immediately. Always remember that every second isprecious after an accident has occurred for saving the victim. Large number of lives in accidents can besaved only if medical aid is provided immediately. This is also what the ethics of medical professionasks for.

Per section 134 of the Motor Vehicles Act, it is the duty of every registered medical practitioner or thedoctor on duty in the hospital to immediately attend to the injured person and render medical aid ortreatment without waiting for any procedural formalities.

5.14.2 Role of Public in EAP

Highway users should always give passage of way to the vehicles on emergency duties, such asambulances, fire brigade or police. They have the first right of passage. The public at large is expectedto help in this regard and the policeman on duty should also ensure their immediate passage. Asexplained earlier also the public response to an emergency situation is the most important aspect of theEmergency Response Plan. The successful resolution of any emergency situation largely depends onhow fast the public react to a given emergency situation.

SECRETARYSURFACE TRANSPORT

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MESSAGE FOR NINTH ROAD SAFETY WEEK 5-11 JANUARY, 1998

Road Safety Week is once again being observed from 5 th-1 1 th January, 1998. The objective of this campaign is tomake each one of us realize that as road users we have a sense of responsibility to our fellow users and in our oninterest we need to observe road discipline and safety precautions. Accidents on roads can happen to anyoneincluding those who are near and dear to us. We should not allow precious lives to be lost because of drunkendriving or carelessness on the roads. I hope that this campaign each year will not end with the "week" but continueto be carried on by educational institutions and voluntary organizations to make our roads safer for us and ourchildren.

We must make our roads safer for the pedestrians.

New Delhi

5-7

,\*z

I:*

¢1

COMMENTARY ON FIELDQUESTIONNAIRE

APPENDIX 6

CHECKLIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Environmental monitoring refers to the continuing environmental assessment of project, starting atthe project preparation stage and continuing through out the construction and post construction stageof the project. In most cases a monitoring program consists of the identification and selection of keyenvironmental indicators or parameters which may be qualitatively measured and compared overtime. These can be any environmental indicators viz. physical, chemical or social indicators. Ageneral monitoring tool is useful and there is advantage in adopting a uniform monitoring proforma.It is frequently based on recorded project details combined with recording of expected project actionsor outcomes. For these reasons the following Checklist/ Questionnaire purposely has been kept simpleand generalised. It should, however, be reviewed and improved in the light of experience.

Objectives of Monitoring and Evaluation

1. To demonstrate that unfavourable effects have been addressed and adverse consequencesminimised.

2. To monitor and promote favourable impacts which enhance environmental quality.3. To record conditions, actions and project impact, enabling adoption of better mitigation

methods and documenting legal or community obligations4. To evaluate the adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment already carried out, and to

suggest improvement.

Methodology

The methodology adopted is basically a subjective rapid appraisal based on visual observation withquantification of some key parameters. This requires a basic knowledge and some understanding ofenvironmental impacts.

Only a limited number of key impact areas have been adopted in order to frame a simple and generalquestionnaire and to encourage its completion by site supervisors. Sources of information are largelyvisual observations and basic project details and it allows the collection of base line data. Thecollation of this information fed into an Environmental unit provides the basic data on which furtherselective analysis and investigation may be undertaken. Strict specification of sampling numbers andnumerous tests should be avoided. Supplementary tests can always be arranged by the EnvironmentalUnit if so required. This avoids the cost of unnecessary tests, the results of which are often seen as anend in themselves, and it simplifies the process. This approach of selective investigation andquestioning should provide a practical and achievable development of environmental awareness.There are already numerous returns and reports required from construction activity and protection ofthe environment should not be seen as an unnecessary additional burden on limited time resources. Itshould, however, become a regular procedure and part of routine contract management.

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Kajasthan State 1lilghways Project Appenawx o

FIELD OUESTIONNAIRE

CHECKLIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

1. Name of Person completing report:

Signature Date

Part -1

(A). General Information

1. Location: District: Mandal:

Gram Panchayat: Road No.:

2. Project Name/Identification:

3. The road work connects: width Length: km

4. Type of Road: National/StatelDistrict/Feeder/Local Surface type: Asphalt/gravel

Existing Final

5. Physical dimensions: Embankment Base width (m):

Pavement (m):Average Height/depth (m):ROW width (m):

6. Attach a map of road, if available

(B). Ecological Impact1. Does the road pass through?

Landuse Forest Reserve Wetland Dryland WildlifeSanctuaries

Total Length (km):

2. Are any natural water resources interrupted or reduced in waterway Yes/Noarea?If yes, attach list of bridges/culverts (location, length, size) andstream width.

3. Numbers of trees (over 3 inch diameter) to be removed:-Species:

Number to be planned Species:

Instructions

SECTION I of the questionnaire should be completed at the commencernent of a construction or maintenance contract by the SuprvisingEngineer in consultation with the Contractor and forwarded to the Environmental Unit SECTION 2 should be completed at the hand overof accepted construction work and forwarded to the Environmental Unit. Reference should be nmde to any Environmental Assessment ofthe project or Management Plan prepared as part of the approval process.

4. Is the road embankment likely to interfere with fisheries production or Yes/Nomitigation?

5. Are there any animals or vegetation unique to this area or known to be Yes/Noendangered?

6. Is it necessary to open borrow pits outside the road alignment? Yes/No

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rJaJLi4l1 ..)4L olslg *lUayn r AUJLuL '2F'F';LU^ LAu

(C) Impact up on Physio-Chemical environment

1. Is the construction and soil to be used likely to lead to siltation Yes/Nodownstream?If yes, is batter protection around waterways included? Yes/No

2. Is the embankment likely to obstruct natural drainage? Yes/No

3. Does the area regularly flood? Yes/NoBoth sides? Yes/NoIf yes, to what depth above ground level (m)?Frequency (times per year)?

4. Are there urban or industrial area along the road alignment? Yes/NoIf yes, attach details of sites, distance off centreline and type of activity.

5. Are the proposed construction camp sites away from water resources Yes/Noand settlement?If no, has provision been made for safe disposal of wastes and septic? Yes/No

(D) Socio- Economic impacts

1. Have the local people been informed when construction is to Yes/Nocommence?

2. Is land acquisition and compensation finalised? Yes/No

3. Number of Residences to be removed or shifted?

4. Are there any mosques, temples, graveyards or historical sites on the Yes/Noroad reserve?

Part H (Complete at hand over of works from Contractor)

(E) Record of Compliance

1. Were there any complaints from the local people during construction? Yes/No

2. Has there been any erosion or damage to the embankment? Yes/No

3. Were there any spillage of chemicals or bitumen? Yes/No

4. Have all borrow pits, camps sites and roadsides been restored? Yes/No

5. Pavement Structure used? Macadam/Gravel/FCR

6. Have all replacement trees been planted? Yes/No

Signed:

Senior Engineer

Date

Please now forward to: Head of Environmental Unit

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APPENDIX 7


APPENDIX -7PARTICIPANTS IN WORKSHOPS AND CONSULTATIONS

Consultations with government officials and NGOs

Name Address Aspectes discussedMr Mathur Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), Forest & Wild Life

Dept of Forests, Govemmenrt Of Rajasthan. Forest clearenceMr VC Sachathi Chief Conservator of Forests (Administration) Forest & Wild Life and

(CCF) Forest clearenceMs Alka Kala Forest Secretary Government of Rajasthan Forest & Wild Life

(GOR) Forest clearenceMr Virendra Sigh Working Plan Officer ,Forests ForestsMr RG Soni Chief Conservator of Forests (Wild Life) Forest & Wild Life

(CCF)Mr Suresh Chadra Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Jaipur Forest & Wild Life

EastMr VK Salwan Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild LifeMr OP Sharrna Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild LifeMr DN Panda Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) Forest & Wild LifeMr Sunayan Sharma Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild LifeMr Khan Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild LifeMr RP Siyag Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild LifeMr VK Bissa Forest Range Officer Bassi Wild Life Bassi Wild Life sanctuary

SanctuaryMr A Thomar Working Plan Officer ,Wild Life Wild LifeMr Sidhartha Kaul Joint Secretary, Wet lands, Ministry of Wetlands & Ramsar Sites &

Environment and Forests Sambhar lakeDr SK Agarwal Secretary Infrastructure Ministry Of EIA requirements and GOI

Environments and Forest Clearence proceeduresDr Trishal Wet land Inter national Wetlands & Ramsar Sites &

Sambhar lakeDr B S Nathawat Scientist Birla Institute of Technology Wetlands & Ramsar Sites &

Sambhar lakeMr Meena IAS Chairman, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board Public Hearing & state level

Clearence proceeduresMr A Bhargawa Rajasthan Pollution Control Board Public Hearing & state level

Clearance proceduresMr. S. Sharma Forestry Dept. Bhilwara Forest Clearance'Mr. Y. Singh Forestry Dept. Chittorgarh, ACF Forest Clearance'Mr. V.K. Bissa Wildlife Warden, Bassi Sanctuary Wildlife MitigationMr. Solanki Wildlife Warden, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary Wildlife MitigationMr. Yogendra Singh ACG, Chittorgarh ForestMr. R.P. Gupta ACG, Jaipur Forest Clearance ApplicationMr. Hanuman Ram ACF, Nagaur Forest Clearance Application

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List of participants in the consultative workshop conducted in september 1997

Name Designation Organization and Contact

Mr. S.S. Mathur S. E. Public Works Department, JaipurMr. B. S. Bhatnagar A.C.E. Public Works Department, JaapuMr. Sudhindra Jai President Sajag Upbhokta Shakti Sangathan

C-166SunderMag,Jaipur Tel: 622508Mr. D.K. Lalla * Ex. En. Public Works P M- nt, Ja lpur _Mr. NS Jainm S E. _ Public Works DspDr. R. Chandra Dy. Director & Head Anthropological Survey of India

16, Madhuban,Udaipu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..._.__._......_._ .: . _.__.._._ ....... __:...t___t__. ...... . _ _..~Mr. K.C Sharma . S E. Public Works Departnent,JaipurMr. Mukesh Mittal Ast. Town Planner B-13, JDA Flats, Lal Kothi, Jaipur.

Tel: ® 519962Mr. Mukesh Chawla . Research Ast.. * Consultant, LBII

P.C.C. Rajasthan State Highways Project,Jaipur.LTel :203766 ,203279 ,203308 (0). ...~~~~~~. ... . ............ ............... ... _ _.. ..................... ......_ . ..... . _. ...e.l 2076 .....,20380

Mr J.K Jain Reader MREC, JLN Mars, JaipurDr. R.C. Swarankar Anthropologist Consultant

P.C.C. Rajasthan State Highways Project,Jaipur.Tel: 2037662 203279 , 203308(0.......... .. ........................... ........ ...... ..............l ....... ............. _.. . T e J!20 .... ... .203.7., 2030 ..

h.~a~y Khar Engineer ORG, DelhiMr... AbayKhr,Cosul. ..... n.tE.n.i......r....... G. jD . e .. . -..._............... ...... ..Mr. R.P. Khandelwal Ex. En. P.W.D, Jaipur. Tel: 379459 (0)Mr. Ru pa Ram Bhobia Pradhan . Nagaur.Mr. P.K.Kar Consultant _ .ORG, Delhi_ _

Mr Surendra Jain Director . LE.S.......... .*......... 07 Hospital Road, Jaipur. Tel: 363487

Mr. Or Srivastava ._Representaive ASTHA, Kharol Colony. UdaipurMr. D.N. Pandey S E. Public Works DeFtarent, JaipurMr. R.G. Dangayach Vice President Consulting Engineers Group Pvt. Ltd.

CEG EE-12 Mozi Colony, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur.I..*... Tel: 521899(0), 60731 1.(Oq

Mr. P.R. Salecha I lAS (Retd.) * 3/1 Heera Bagh, Jaipur.Tel: 566267®

Dr. H.S. Mathur .FAssociate Professor 7 ka 5, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur~_ ........... - G . o . . . . . ......

Mr. P. Paliwal . Secretary IIRDIIRD C-80, Ram Das Marg

. Tilak Na ar,JaipurProf. R.S. Goyal *Professor IIMR, Sanganer, Jaipur

Tel: 55070 ______

Mr. L.L. Singatwaria Consulting 71 Saraswati Marg. Engineer Udaipur

Ms. K. Panjwani Secretary B. No. 25 Sindhi ColonyAravali Sewa Samiti Abu Road (Rajasthan)

.... _ _ _ _._ ......... _ _______ 307026 ____-

Mr. N.K. Sharma Ex. En. Public Works Departnent.____ _____ _____ ____ ._________ Jaipur

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Dr. A. Panigarhi Consultant ORG, DelhiMr. R. C. Vyas Ex. En. Public Works Department, JaipurMr. S.L.Mathur Ex. En. Public Works Deparente Jaipur~~~~~~~~~~~~............................. .................... .. R ..................... _. ......

Dr. P.R. Bindra Cartographer Department of Geography, University of...... .... .Rajasthan, Jaipur.

Dr. Mohan Advani Director * Population Research Centre, M.L SukhadiaUniversity, Udaipur.

............................... ...... . ..Tel-412117 . O) 583519 .Dr. A. B. Gupta Professor of Civil Malvia Regional Engineering College, J.L.N.

Engineering Marg, Jaipur..~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~Tel: 522858 (P 51 99~~~~~~.. .............. ............. ....... ............... ......... .. .T..e... . . ....528 , O),519

Dr. G . Ramn . Head, Department of Government Dungar College, Bikaner.._ Sociology Tel: 0151 - 528036

Dr. M. Hassan . Professor of Natural . HCM Rajasthan State Institute of PublicDisaster Management Administration, Jaipur - 302017

Tel: 510003-6 (0J 7 511514~~~~~~~~...... ... ............... ..._.__..___._._..... .. _ ___...__ . _...__.L_.____.__

Mr. Hemant Mangal Social Scientist Institute of Sustainable development ResearchStudies 7, Manav Ashram Colony, GopalpuraMod. Tonk Road, Jaipur - 302015Tel: 513168

Mre Bhagwan Geriani .Superintendent Chief Engineer Office, P.W.D, JaipurEngineer 5PWD. Tel: 360908

Mr. G.N. Sharma Executive Engineer Executive Engineer, P.W.D. Distt. Div (South),Jaipur

. .............................................. .... .. ....... . ...Mr. G.S. Shekhawat . Zonal Manager RIICO Ltd., Udhyog Bhawan, Tilak Marg,

Jaipur.__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ .Tel: 380751

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Documents

E-238 VOL. 2 Sectoral Environmental Assessment …documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/368971468774915941/...E-238 VOL. 2 Sectoral Environmental Assessment Volume -II Appendices to Main