Dwight D.

Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy

Foreign Policy

Relations with the Soviet Union

• Hungary rebellion

(1956)

• Soviets crush it

Impact of John Foster Dulles• Secretary of State

• Replace “containment” with

“rollback”

– “push back” to pre-WWII levels

• Weapons

– Less for conventional

– More for nuclear

– “Massive retaliation”/Mutually

Assured Destruction (MAD)

• Use of CIA

• Peace through strength

• Arms race

Alliances – more Collective

Security• U.S., South Korea, Taiwan

• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

– U.S., Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New

Zealand, Philippines, South Vietnam

• Allied with more “S.O.B.’s”

– Philippines, Cuba, Nicaragua, Iran,

Dominican Republic

Role of CIA

• Allen Dulles (John Foster’s brother)

• Help overthrow communist leaning

governments

– Prime Minister of Iran in favor of

Shah (oil)

– Arbenz in Nicaragua (fruit)

– Sukarno in Indonesia (failed)

– Castro in Cuba (failed)

Issues in the Middle East

• Main concern in the Middle East: oil

• Other issue: Israeli statehood

Issues in the Middle East

• British controlled Palestine

• U.N. created Israel and Palestine

• Jerusalem under U.N. control

• WARS

– 1947: Israeli Statehood

• U.S. supports Israel

– 1956: Suez Crisis

• U.S. supports Egypt

• Eisenhower Doctrine

– Assist any Middle Eastern nation attempting

to stop communist aggression

– Involved in Jordan and Lebanon

Issues in the Middle East

Impact of the

Cold War• Nuclear testing and impact

• http://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=JRS4CrFdXOk

• How to protect yourself

• http://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=11EWuW_aWCI

• People tested (without

knowledge) on effects

Impact of the Cold War

• Eisenhower attempted arms limits

• Geneva Summit (1955); met with

Khrushchev

– “Open skies” policy

– Worked on arms reduction treaty

• Second summit (1960)

– American U-2 plane shot down

Impact of the Cold War

• Farewell Address (1961) warned

about “Military-Industrial” complex

• Concerns

– Military buildup too strong?

– Contractors too much influence?

– Economy too dependent on

military construction?

Kennedy Foreign Policy

Kennedy Foreign Policy

• Peace Corps

– Help developing countries

• Alliance for Progress

– $20 million (Latin

America)

• Cold War?

Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign

• Accused Eisenhower of “missile gap”

• Wasn’t one but . . .

– Behind on conventional weapons

– Use special forces/small scale attacks

– Congress: spend on both

• Flexible Response

– Look at situation: determine best response

Kennedy Presidency -- Foreign

• Met Khrushchev in

Vienna (1961)

– Went badly

– Cuba, Laos, and Berlin

– Kennedy tried to reason

– won’t do it again!

Berlin Wall• Berlin – 1961

– Khrushchev builds wall

– Kennedy ramps up military

– Goes to Berlin

• Ich bin ein Berliner

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Fulgencio Batista -- an SOB

• cruel dictator

• 1959: Fidel Castro led bloodless

coup

• Batista fled

• Castro promised

– Jobs

– Education

– medical care

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Wanted US help; Eisenhower refused

• Nationalized American businesses

• Looked to Soviets for help

• Khrushchev happy to help

• U.S. – embargo sugar

– CIA

– Eisenhower: get rid of Castro (passed onto Kennedy)

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Bay of Pigs invasion

• Plan:

– 1500 Cuban exiles

– U.S. air support

(cancelled)

• Met by entire Cuban

Army

• Within 72 hours all

dead or captured

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Kennedy takes

responsibility (on TV)

• Castro: full invasion

• Soviet help: nukes in Cuba

• October 14, 1962: U2 spy

plane photographs sites

• Soviets can destroy most

of U.S. within an hour

Cuban Missile Crisis• 13 DAYS

• October 14

– U-2 photographs missile sites

• October 22

– Kennedy warns nation; confronts Soviets

• October 24

– US quarantines Cuba; stops Soviet ships

• October 27

– U-2 spy plane shot down; pilot killed

• October 27

– Telegrams from Khrushchev to Kennedy wanting a deal

• October 28

– Soviets agree to remove missiles if US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Crisis

• RESULTS

• Castro firmly in power; wary of US

• Khrushchev looks weak (out by 1966)

• Kennedy looks strong

• Closest to nuclear war EVER

• Hotline with Soviet Union

• Limited Nuclear test ban treaty

• U.S. embargo on Cuba (repealed by Obama)

Cuban Missile Crisis

How are Cold War relations

impacting life in America?