A New Battleground

Section 14.4

Cartoon explains “Mutual Assured Destruction” visually: Kennedy and Khrushchev are arm-wrestling. Each is sitting on a hydrogen bomb labeled as belonging to the other. Each has his free hand poised to set off the nuke his opponent’s seated on. It’s implied this will happen once one of the men starts to lose. Since they’re across a table from each other, though, the bomb that explodes will kill both (nations).

Review Questions• Describe the Soviet Union after WWII:• What is the Cold War?• How did Truman react to Stalin’s closing of Berlin?• What is the Truman Doctrine?

– What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?

– What is Containment?

• What is MAD?• Describe the Korean War. Was it a war? Who won?• Who was Mao?• How did Americans react to the Soviets acquiring the

Bomb?• What is Sputnik? Why was it a big deal?

What is the Third World?

What is the “Third World” and what role did it play in the Cold War?

• Usually non-white, developing, poor

• Asia, Latin America, Africa, Middle East

• Formerly under colonial domination

• Many rich in natural resources– Rubber, oil, sugar, coffee

• Newly independent (after WWII)• US and Soviet Union competed

for their support

Above and below: Impoverished people in Third World countries

Why was it difficult for America to get Third World nations support/friendship?

• Resented any outsiders trying to gain control

• Jealous of American wealth

• Saw hypocrisy in American race relations– Segregation in the South

• US support of wealthy, sometimes brutal dictators over poor– US wanted stability,

not revolution

Above: more poverty; below, the relative wealth of an American couple

Election of 1952

•Truman could have run for re-election: 22nd Amendment did not apply to him

•Truman gave it a shot- allowed his name to be placed on the ballot for the New Hampshire primary- but did poorly

•Stood aside in favor of Gov. Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois

•Stevenson was “intelligent and well-spoken” but not a “man of the people”

•Eisenhower, the Republican nominee, had a ‘common touch’

•“Ike” ran a modern campaign using television: “I like Ike” ads

•Personally moderate, he picked a more conservative running-mate, Richard Nixon of California

•After Nixon overcame a scandal, the Republicans sailed to victory

Steady Hand on the Nuclear Button

Capture from clip explaining the appeal of a war hero with experience and stability

America’s New President

Capture from another clip: Crowd cheers Eisenhower

How did the US wage the Cold War under Eisenhower?

• Sent aid to Third World– Farming, schools, medical care– “Win their hearts and minds”

• Used CIA – Created by Truman – Carried out covert missions, spying

without congressional oversight– Unlimited budget (after 1949) used to:

• bribe overseas politicians • hire secret armies• assassinate

– Budget• $4.7 million in 1947• $82 million in 1950

Above: Ike in uniform from WWII days; below: CIA insignia

Describe the crisis in Iran in 1951.

Capture: burning oil fields

Describe the crisis in Iran in 1951:• Iran ruled by Shah (king)

• Widespread poverty

• Oil controlled by British

• Prime Minister Mossadegh (socialist)

– Called for nationalizing the oil fields

• British refused to accept this

Above and below: Shahs (kings) of Iran

What was AJAX?• A CIA plan to save Shah’s

rule and eliminate Mossadegh

• Plot was discovered by Mossadegh who informed public on radio

• CIA Iranian agents provoked a battle with Mossadegh’s supporters– Made Mossadegh seem

violent and revolutionary

• Mossadegh surrendered and Shah was restored

Above: Mossadegh during brief time in power; below: facing trial after Shah was restored to the throne

Why did US involvement in Latin America and Cuba upset common people?

• US companies controlled over $7 billion of natural resources (90%)

• Nationalism was growing

• Fulgencio Batista – Brutal dictator of Cuba and

friendly to US

• Majority of Cubans lived in poverty

Cuba’s Poverty

Capture from clip on pre-revolutionary Cuba

How did Cuba become a Soviet Ally?• Fidel Castro seized power in 1958

– A Marxist (Communist)– Demanded the natural resources

of Cuba, owned by US firms (was willing to pay for them)• US firms refused

– Castro nationalized all Cuban resources

• Eisenhower (CIA) trained La Brigada to assassinate him

• Broke diplomatic relations with US

Above: Castro’s communist ‘guerrillas’ in the hills of Cuba; below, Castro as young leader after 1958

What happened at the Bay of Pigs?• Kennedy ordered La

Brigada to invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs & overthrow Castro (4/17/1961)

• 1, 500 commandos were captured

• Kennedy refused air support (to keep US involvement secret)

• Made US and Kennedy look weak

Above: Castro with Khrushchev; below: magazine cover shows Bay of Pigs disaster

Capture from clip on Bay of Pigs, 4/1961

The Bay of Pigs

What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?

U2 photo of Soviet missile sites in Cuba, 1962

What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?• Operation Mongoose

– Plot to disrupt Cuban trade, assassinate Castro

• Led Khrushchev to install nuclear bombers and missiles in Cuba

• US U2 spy plane took pictures (Oct. 14, 1962)

Above: U2 plane; below: mock-up of Soviet base in Cuba used by JFK in address to the nation

How did Kennedy handle the Crisis?

Photo of Kennedy meeting in the White House with members of the Joint Chiefs

How did Kennedy handle the Crisis? • His Options:

– Accept the missile bases– Negotiate w/ Khrushchev– Air Strike– Air Strike+ invade

• Solution– Naval Blockade (quarantine)

• Soviets removed missiles in exchange for US pledge not to invade Cuba (and secret pledge to remove US missiles from Turkey)

• US and Soviets accepted each others power and agreed to negotiate solutions to future conflicts

• Hotline was setup b/t Moscow & Washington

• Arms race continued

Above: Soviet cargo ship approaches US fleet; below: Soviet cargo ship leaving Cuba with missiles

Capture from a clip on Cuban Missile Crisis

Another clip on Cuban Missile Crisis (capture shows US colonial flag)