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Leukocytosis is a condition that affects all types of white blood cells. Other illnesses, such as

neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and granulocytosis, target specific types of white blood cells. Normal

white blood cell counts are 4,300-10,800 white blood cells per microliter. Leukocyte or white blood

cell levels are considered elevated when they are between 15,000-20,000 per microliter. The

increased number of leukocytes can occur abnormally as a result of an infection, cancer, or drug

intake; however, leukocytosis can occur normally after eating a large meal or experiencing stress. 

There are five principal types of leukocytosis :

1.   Neutrophilia (the most common form)

2.  Monocytosis

3.  Eosinophilia

4.  Basophilia

Leukocytosis

Leukocytosis is a condition that occurs when the bone marrow produces too many white blood cells. Leukocytosis can occur as a result of bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection, or as a

result of the inflammation that often occurs with disorders such as osteoarthritis. Physical or 

emotional stress, medication side effects, strong immune reactions, or disorders of the bone

marrow can also cause this disorder. Symptoms can vary, depending on the cause of the

disorder, but often include fever, fatigue, and weakness. Treatment can also vary, depending

on the cause of the disorder.

A number of health factors can contribute to elevated white blood cell counts. Often,

abnormally high white blood cell counts occur due to infection, since white blood cells are

the immune cells responsible for fighting bacteria, viruses and other pathogens inside the

 body. Inflammation, such as that caused by osteoarthritis, can also lead to increased white

 blood cell production. Damage to bodily tissues often results in a similar immune reaction, as

can allergies or asthma. 

Extreme emotional and physical stress can also lead to a raised white blood cell count.

Certain prescription medications can cause leukocytosis as a side effect. Disorders of the

 bone marrow, including leukemia, thrombocytopenia and myelofibrosis can lead to elevatedwhite blood cell counts.

Symptoms of leukocytosis can vary widely, depending upon the underlying cause of the

disease. Certain symptoms, however, can occur no matter what the cause of leukocytosis.

These symptoms include excessive bleeding or bruising, fever, lethargy and weakness,

dizziness, sweating, and fainting. Tingling pain might occur in the legs, arms, or abdomen.

Vision problems, confusion and difficulty breathing can occur, along with weight loss and

lowered appetite.

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Eosinophilia

Eosinophils are white blood cells that participate in immunologic and allergic events.

Common causes of eosinophilia are listed in Table . The relative frequency of each causeusually relates to the clinical setting. For example, parasitic infections are often responsible

for eosinophilia in pediatric patients, and drug reactions commonly cause an increased

eosinophil count in hospitalized patients. Dermatologists frequently find eosinophilia in

 patients with skin rashes, and pulmonologists often see elevated numbers of eosinophils in

conjunction with pulmonary infiltrates and bronchoallergic reactions.

A complete blood count (CBC) can often be used to definitively diagnose leukocytosis by

 pinpointing a patient's white blood cell count. A peripheral blood smear (PBS) might be

necessary if bone marrow disorders are suspected. These tests can help doctors look for 

abnormalities in the white blood cells.

Treatment usually seeks to resolve the underlying cause of leukocytosis. In some cases, such

as in the case of infection, no treatment is necessary, as leukocytosis will generally resolve

itself when the infection is treated or runs its course. Steroids, antibiotics, and drugs to reduce

 blood levels of uric acid can help treat leukocytosis. Where bone marrow disorders are the

cause of leukocytosis, bone marrow transplants, blood transfusions, and chemotherapy can beused to help treat leukocytosis.

Other causes of eosinophilia include malignancies, especially those affecting the immune

system (Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma),and immunologic disorders such

as rheumatoid arthritis and periarteritis. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, a recently described

disorder associated with dietary supplements of tryptophan, resembles a connective tissue

disease with fibrosis of muscle fascial tissue and peripheral eosinophilia

Bashopilia

Basophilia is an uncommon cause of leukocytosis. Basophils are inflammatory mediators of 

substances such as histamine. These cells, along with similar tissue-based cells (mast cells),

have receptors for IgE and participate in the degranulation of white blood cells that occurs

during allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Monocytosis

Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood.[1] 

Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the

immune system.

In humans, 950/μL is regarded as at the upper limit of normal; monocyte counts above this

level are regarded as monocytosis

Monocytosis often occurs during chronic inflammation. Diseases that produce this state:

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  Infections: tuberculosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, 

syphilis, and other viral infections and many protozoal and rickettsial infections (e.g.

kala azar, malaria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever).

  Blood and immune causes: chronic neutropenia and myeloproliferative disorders. 

  Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid

arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.   Malignancies: Hodgkin's disease and certain leukaemias, such as chronic

myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) and monocytic leukemia. 

  Recovery phase of neutropenia or an acute infection.

  Miscellaneous causes: sarcoidosis and lipid storage disease. 

Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease is a type of 

lymphoma, which is a cancer originating from white blood cells called lymphocytes. It wasnamed after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described abnormalities in the lymph system in

1832.[2][3] 

Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node

group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease.When Hodgkins cells are examined microscopically, multinucleated Reed – Sternberg cells

(RS cells) are the characteristic histopathologic finding.

Hodgkin's lymphoma may be treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hematopoietic

stem cell transplantation, with the choice of treatment depending on the age and sex of the

 patient and the stage, bulk, and histological subtype of the disease. The disease occurrence

shows two peaks: the first in young adulthood (age 15 – 35) and the second in those over 55

years old.

The overall 5-year relative survival for 2001 – 2007 from 17 SEER geographic areas was

83.9%. Since many patients are young, they often live 40 years or more after treatment.

However, few studies follow patients as long as 25 years, and those studies are of older 

treatments with more life-threatening adverse effects. There is insufficient data available

about the long-term outcomes of newer, less-toxic regimens and ones which limit radiation

exposure. Radiation treatments, and some chemotherapy drugs, pose a risk of causing

 potentially fatal secondary cancers, heart disease, and lung disease 40 or more years later.Modern treatments greatly minimize the chances of these late effects.

Patients with a history of infectious mononucleosis because of Epstein – Barr virus (EBV) may

have an increased risk of HL, but the precise contribution of Epstein – Barr virus remains

largely unknown.

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