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Duty Recovery & Contraband Detection:
New Technology for Improved Results
WCO IT Conference 2014
Trey Sieger
Thermo Scientific
+1.202.669.3284
2
Agenda
1. Introduction
• Lab to the Field
2. Duty Recovery
• Chemicals
• Elements/Metals
3. Regulatory Enforcement
4. Contraband
• Accelerating Trends in Illicit Drugs
• Explosives & Programme Global Shield
3
Customs: Technology Toolbox
X-Ray Radiation Detection
RFID
Security Tags
GPS Tracking Secure Labeling
Risk/Data
Management
Document Scanning
Focus to date:
Detection that
“something” is wrong
Next:
WHAT IS THAT
SOMETHING?
Yesterday:
Send it to inspection,
then forensics lab.
Wait…
Handheld
Chemical/Elemental
Analysis
4
The World Leader in Serving Science
We are the leading provider
of analytical instruments, equipment, reagents
and consumables, software and service for research,
analysis, discovery and specialty diagnostics
Scale • Over $12 billion in revenues
• 40,000 employees in 40 countries
• 350,000 customers in 150 countries
• #227 on Fortune 500
• Top 100 of the non-financials
Depth of Capabilities • Innovative technologies
• Applications expertise
• Laboratory productivity partner
Leading Brands
5
Meeting Growing Needs in Many Applications
Accelerating
Lab to Field
Metal Alloy ID
• Recycling, PMI,
fabrication, QC/QA
Regulatory
• Lead paint,
environmental,
consumer product
safety
Safety & Security
• Explosives identification,
unknown threat
screening
Mining
• Exploration, ore grading,
ore trading
Pharma/Chem
• Raw Material
ID, counterfeit
drugs
Narcotics
• Crime scene investigation,
local police, border agents
• New application
• Building Awareness
Food/Feed/Ag
• Moisture, fat, protein for feed
producers
• New application
Precious Metals
• Non-destructive
identification of
precious metals
6
More than 40,000 Thermo Scientific portable analytical instruments in
use daily in more than 75 countries on six continents.
Worldwide Service and Support
A dedicated network of more than 100 distributors and 30 factory-trained service centers around the world
7
Which would you choose?
Many steps or 1 step
Hard or Easy
Slow or Fast
Complicated or Simple
Efficient or Inefficient
8
What’s in the package?
or
Answers in:
Weeks or Minutes
9
Illegal drugs?
Explosives? Precursors?
Mislabeled/smuggled goods?
Regulated chemicals?
Precious metals? Fake medicines?
What’s in the package?
10
What’s in the package?
Fundamental Truth:
If it’s fast and easy,
officers will check more often.
=
1. Increase duty collections.
2. Stop more contraband.
3. Improve regulatory enforcement.
4. Speed up trade.
11
INCREASING DUTY RECOVERY
High Value Chemicals, Precious Metals
Worth paying attention:
• Global average, Customs duties represent 11.5% of total tax
revenues (based on reporting countries)
• in many developing countries it can be as high as 20-30%. - World Bank, 2012 data set
12
Duty & Tariff Collection
• Duty avoidance /
Mislabeled Goods
• High value chemicals
• High value precious metals
?
13
How do you respond?
• What is it?
• What next?
14
How do you respond?
Sodium Sulfide
Sugar
Titanium(IV) oxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Nitric Acid
Chemical
Identification
$250 p/kg
High duties
High duties
15
Operation: Dual Use Modes
Point and Shoot
Vial Mode
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FirstDefender RM: Handheld Raman
• Technology: Raman spectroscopy + embedded analytics
• +12,000 units in the field world wide
• 12,000+ Chemical library
• Explosives
• Toxic Industrial Chemicals
• Narcotics
• Chemical Weapons
• Precursors
• Rugged & Lightweight
• Waterproof & chemical resistant
• Tested per MIL-STD-810F
• -20 C to +40 C Operation
• MTBF >6 years
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Clear results
NFPA 704
Diamond
CAS #
Chemical
Category
Pure chemical match
• Color coded
• “Tag” priority items
• Automatic mixture
analysis
Mixture Present
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Chemical ID: Over 10,000 units in the field
Customs, Military EOD & CBRNE, Police Forensics, Fire HazMat units:
• Key US Customers
• U.S. Military (Air Force, Army, Marine Corp, National Guard)
• Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms and Explosives
• Department of Homeland Security – Customs & TSA
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) HazMat & EOD
• Global users:
• Australian Customs
• Australian Defense Force & Federal Police
• Singapore - Customs,HSA & Civil Defense
• Dutch Customs
• German Bundespolizei
• Japanese Ministry of Defense (MOD)
• United Kingdom Ministry of Defense (MOD)
• Royal Norwegian Ministry of Defense
• Indian Police & Mumbai Airport
21
Duty & Tariff Collection
• Duty avoidance /
Mislabeled Goods
• High value chemicals
• High value precious metals
?
22
Precious Metals: Clear, Fast Answers
Karat $ per kg
8 $13,937.03
18 $31,361.45
24 $41,773.45
May 4, 2014 based on $1300.6 p/troy oz
Gold Value
India: 85 kg of gold seized
by Customs during Jan-
Mar, 2014. In 2013, only
6.8 kg of gold was seized in
the first three months.
- Mineweb, Mar 2014
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Niton XRF Users at the Border
• USA - Consumer Products Safety
Commission
• USA - Customs & Border Protection
(Washington DC, San Juan, Indianapolis,
USA)
• Mexico - Customs
• Check alloys upon import/export
• Jewelry analysis to ensure proper payment
tax payment on accurate grade of Gold
• UAE - Customs
• The Netherlands - Customs
• State Agency for Metrological and
Technical Surveillance (SAMTS)
• Estonia - Consumer Protection Board
• Germany - Labour Inspectorate at the
District Government of Central
Franconia
• Greece - Ministry of Development,
General Secretariat for Consumer Affairs
• Italy - Superior Institute of Health
• Lithuania - State Non Food Products
Inspectorate
• Slovakia - Slovak Trade Inspection
• Czech Republic - Public Health Prague
• Norway – Norwegian Institute of Health
• Serbia - Ministry of Environment (used
at customs border control & other areas)
• Canada - Health Canada
• China - Customs Lab
Over 30,000 in use every day
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REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT
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Fake Medicines
Counterfeit
Drugs
Substandard
Drugs
• Low quality product • Degraded
• Insufficient ingredients
• Incorrect ratio of ingredients
• Wrong ingredients
• Lack of registration or
documentation
• Willfully mislabeled • As to identity or source
$75B- $200B
market/year
26
Is this what it is
SUPPOSED to be?
27
Regulatory - Consumer Product Safety
http://www.niton.com/en/toys-consumer-goods-screening-with-handheld-xrf/applications/cpsc-video-file
Lead Paint Rare Earth Minerals
“as much as 20,000 tonnes, one-third
of the total volume of rare earth
elements leaving China in 2008 had
been smuggled out of the country.
- Royal Society of Chemistry, 29 Oct 2010
28
CONTRABAND
Drugs, Explosives, & Dual-use Precursors
29
Accelerating Growth of New Drugs
• More new drugs every year,
predominantly:
• Synthetic cannibinoids
• Cathinones
• Phenethylamines
• Often shipped from internet
Number of new psychoactive substances notified to the European early warning system under Council
Decision 2005/387/JHS; Source: EMCDDA 2012
30
New Drugs – Crossing Borders
Global Emergence of New Psychoactive
Substances - up to July 2012
• Manufacturing source countries
• Trafficking Routes
• End-use countries
Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, The Challenge of New
Psychoactive Substances (Vienna, March 2013).
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TruNarc • Clear results
• 3-button operation
• No touch scanning
• Narcotics, synthetics,
cathinones, precursors,
& other controlled
substances
• Automatic reports
Narcotics Screening
32
How the TruNarc Analyzer Collects Information
Computer Detector
Spectrum of the powder in the bag
Laser
33
What is a Spectrum?
Just like we
match
fingerprints in a
database of
known criminals
We match
chemicals to a
database of
suspect
chemicals
91
4.8
5
16
83
.44
1
75
2.2
7
16
08
.44
OH
34
How the TruNarc Analyzer Identifies a Spectrum
Computer Detector
Looking in the library for a matching spectrum
Match found!
Laser
Caffeine
?
Cornstarch Cocaine HCL
35
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WCO Global Shield: High Risk Chemical Precursors
37
High-Risk Precursors – Priority & Opportunity
• Precursors tend
to travel farther
than finished
HMEs
• More opportunity
for interdiction T
ime
Distance
Legal manufacture of
precursor materials
Manufacture
of HME
Subversion
to illicit intent
Opportunities
for interdiction
Potential
Detonation
Required for Success:
Training/SOPs
Intelligence
Technology in the field
38
Why Do We Need Technology in the Field?
Possible threat Unclear Clear threat
39
Index Chemical Name Raman FTIR 1 Acetic anhydride Y Y 2 Acetone Y Y 3 Aluminum powder* N (requires XRF) N (requires XRF) 4 Ammonium nitrate Y Y 5 Calcium ammonium nitrate** Yes, as a mixture Yes, as a mixture 6 Hydrogen peroxide Y N 7 Nitric acid Y Y 8 Nitromethane Y Y 9 Potassium chlorate Y Y
10 Potassium nitrate Y Y 11 Potassium perchlorate Y Y 12 Sodium chlorate Y Y 13 Sodium nitrate Y Y 14 Urea Y Y
Program Global Shield: High Risk Chemical Precursors
* Metals, such as aluminum, are not amenable to Raman or FTIR analysis.
** The components of calcium ammonium nitrate (calcium carbonate + ammonium nitrate) are currently in the
FirstDefender RM library as individual chemicals, which would both appear in a result labeled as a mixture.
“Tag” priority items
40
SUMMARY
41
Summary – Field Technology Helps Customs
Interdict core drugs &
new synthetics
Identify explosives &
precursors (Programme Global Shield)
Increase duty & tariff
collection
Improve regulatory
enforcement
2
3
1
42
Please visit our booth for further discussion.
Trey Sieger
+1.202.669.3284
THANK YOU
44
Chemical Weapons Treaties
Chemical Weapons Convention Overlap with Thermo Scientific – PAI Instruments
FirstDefender RM
(Raman) TruDefender FT
(FTIR) Schedule 1 46% 35% Schedule 2 35% 24% Schedule 3 76% 47%
Australia Group – CW Precursors Overlap with Thermo Scientific – PAI Instruments
FirstDefender RM
(Raman) TruDefender FT
(FTIR) Australia Group 68% 56%
Organisation For The
Prohibition Of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW)
Prohibits the development,
production, stockpiling, and use
of chemical weapons.
www.opcw.org
Informal forum of countries
which, through the
harmonisation of export
controls, seeks to ensure that
exports do not contribute to the
development of chemical or
biological weapons.
www.australiagroup.net
45
3rd Party Explosives Evaluation
• James T Thurman (Tom Thurman)
• 30 Year FBI Field Agent and Explosives Laboratory Chief
• Hundreds of Investigations Include:
• U.S. Embassy in Lebanon 1983
• Pan American Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland 1988
• World Trade Center Bombing 1993
• Eastern Kentucky University Professor
• Author “Practical Bomb Scene Investigation”
• Advisor and Trainer for many agencies worldwide
• 6 Test Sites
• University of Rhode Island, Center of Excellence for DHS Explosives Research
• Eastern Kentucky University
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Loudoun County VA Fire Marshall
• Skylighter; Firework & Pyrotechnic Manufacturer
• DHS, TSA (Transportation Security Admin), Atlantic City, NJ
46
Explosives : Evaluation Results Summary
• 231 Samples, categorized into four groups
• Three possible results
• Positive Match, Green Screen: Positive Identification
• Mixture Result, Blue Screen: Mixture Identified
• No match Found, Red Screen: Not in library, fluorescent or operator error
Category Positive Match
Green Screen
Mixture Result
Blue Screen
No Match
Found
Red Screen
Summary
Commercial Explosive 17 3 4 24
Explosive Component 101 6 9 116
HME 16 5 2 23
Military Explosive 53 5 10 68
Grand Total 187 (81%) 19 (8%) 25 (11%) 231
89% (206/231) Positive Identification
Full report available
47
How Handheld XRF Works
48
Handheld XRF Total Element Range
